Features of the composition and structure of complex proposals. Complex proposals: Types of complex offers. Types of communication in a complex proposal features of the construction of simple and complex proposals

§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts

Difficult sentence - This is a syntax unit.

Complicated Called suggestions consisting of two and more grammatical foundations associated with a single integer in meaning, grammatically and intonational.
From a simple supply, complex is distinguished by the fact that in a simple proposal one grammatical basis, and in a complex one more. A complex offer, thus, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a difficult offer is not a random set of simple sentences. In the complex proposal of the part are interconnected by meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic bonds. Each part, being framed as a proposal, does not have a semantic and intonation completion. These signs are characteristic of the whole complex proposal as a whole.

Complex proposals, as well as simple, are characterized by the goal of the statement. They can be non-promotional and exclamation.

In contrast to the simple supply, the complex requires determination, from how many parts it consists and which link is connected to its parts.

§2. Types of syntax communication parts of a complex offer

The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex offer may be:

• union
• nessuzny

Union communication - This is a type of syntactic connection expressed with the help of alliances.

Union connection can be:

• writing
• subordination

Writing syntactic communication - This is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. Writing syntactic communication is expressed with the help of special means: writing unions.

The thunderstorm passed, and the sun looked out.

Communicating syntactic communication - This is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. Parts of a complex offer with a subordination link are different: one is the main proposal, the other is a subordinate offer. The verification syntax is expressed with the help of special means: subordinate unions and allied words.

We did not go walk because the thunderstorm began.

(We did not go for a walk - Main proposal, and because the thunderstorm began - subordinate clause.)

Non-union syntactic communication - This is a connection in meaning. Parts of a complex offer are only connected punctuation. No unions nor allied words are not used to express the non-union syntax. Example:

The coach fell ill, the lesson was transferred to the next week.

The character of the syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence - This is the most important classification sign of complex proposals.

§3. Classification of complex proposals

The classification of complex proposals is a classification of the syntactic connection between its parts. Complex proposals are divided:

by 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - by 1) complex and 2) complex.

Therefore, three types of complex proposals are distinguished:

• complexed
• complexed
• nessuzny

Each of these types is subject to further classification.

Sample forces

Find out how you understood the content of this chapter.

Total test

1. How many grammatical foundations in a complex sentence?

   • two or more

2. How are part parts in a complex proposal?

   • within the meaning of

3. Does the Completeness have a complete proposal?

   • yes, each part is a separate independent offer.

4. Are challenging suggestions on the purpose of the statement?

5. Can complex sentences be exclaimed?

6. Is it true that the syntactic relationship between parts of a complex offer is only allied?

7. What could be the allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?

   • the main thing
   • putty

8. Is the syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence without unions possible?

9. For what type of allied syntactic communication is characterized by the equal relationship of parts of a complex supply?

   • equal attitude characterizes the verification

10. For what type of union syntactic relationship is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

    • unequal relationships characterizes writing

Right answers:

1. two or more
2. in meaning and syntactically (using the syntactic connection)
3. no, only all parts together are an independent offer.
4. writing and supervisory
5. equal attitude characterizes writing
6. unequal relationships characterizes a subordination

The structure of a complex supply is a specific complex of the above distinctive features. It is enough to indicate the following constructive signs: 1) the potential quantitative composition of the complex proposal; 2) means of connecting predicative parts of a complex sentence; 3) the possibility of the order of predicative parts.

Nr, you were late for many years, / but still I am glad.

This is a complex proposal, as it consists of two predicative parts. The means of combining predicative parts is a compound union but. The procedure for following predicative parts in this complex proposal is fixed.

The symbolically structure of this proposal can be expressed [- \u003d], but [- \u003d].

The structure (model, scheme) of a complex proposal reflects its main structural signs.

Types of complex offers

A complex proposal is a proposal that consists of two or several parts associated with one of the meaning and intonational. Complex proposals are divided into allied (unions and allied words serve as a means of communication) and non-union (parts are intonational and meaning).

The allied proposals are divided into complex (parts are connected using writing unions and, but, or, then ... then, etc.) and complex unions and allied words that, as if, as, although etc.): In the non-union complex proposal there are no unions and allied words, although in many cases you can substitute the union at the site of separation of simple proposals. Communication between proposals only sense

Discharges of writing unions

Writing alliances are divided by the meaning on the connecting (and, yes in the meaning "and" nor ... neither, also, both, both ... so), dividing (or, or ... or, or, or .. . Either, then ... then, or even ... either, not that ... not) and confirming (A, but, however, in the meaning "but"), including comparative (not only. .. But, not only ... Ah, not just not ... But, not so much ... how much).

Union and is used if it is necessary to indicate the similarity of phenomena, their simultaneity or a logical connection between them: She felt his back with a restless man's hand, and it seemed to her that there was some silent conspiracy between them, and was glad and not glad (S. Antonov) - similarity of phenomena; On the very first evening, Sasha Gavrilov walked along the village of Dachnik, and the curious women stolen looked at him because of the curtains (S. Antonov) - simultaneity of action; She was often left alone, and she was accustomed to not afraid of neither darkness, nor silence (Ya. Seifullin) - causal relationship.

In the case of the use of the union and with some adoles and particles, its meaningful function is modified, it acquires the ability to express the circumstantial values: temporary (and then), causal (and therefore, and therefore), seeding (and yet, and Yet) and others: the public was supposed to be aware of his rights, and then the literature will steadily go ahead (N. Chernyshevsky); He is now not the groom you, you are outsiders, and therefore you can not live in the same house (A. Ostrovsky); I could only guess about the act of Vasil and therefore I could not judge, rightly or incorrectly now receive Lebuki (A. Penribeth).

If you need to specify the similarity of information in two parts of a complex supply, alliances are used and, too, too. Union and at the same time put at the beginning of the sentence: this summer was hot, and last year the summer was hot. Unions are also put before the word with which an analogy is established; At the beginning of the proposal, these unions are not used: this summer was hot, last year the summer also (also) was hot. The Union is also peculiar to the book, official style, and the Union is also spoken.

Mutually exclusion of facts, processes, signs are expressed by unions or, or ... or, or, or ... either, or even ... Either, not that ... Not that: (will win or lose the leader today's match, ongoing provided Himself a victory in the competitions; whether it will rain, or the snow, whether there will be, or not. Logical alternation of events, the facts are transmitted by the Union ... That: that the wind will trigger with terrible force, then suddenly an amazing silence will come.

If it is necessary to indicate the nobility of the compaled phenomena, the Union is used, A: Then he drank tea, and she looked at his blond viper, sticking out on the back of his head (S. Antonov).

If it is necessary to indicate the connection of the phenomena at which the second phenomenon is logically not associated with the first, unions are used, but, however: the mechanic repaired the car, but (however) we could not continue our way, i.e. The impossibility of continuing the path is not related to the fact that the mechanic has already repaired the car. The second part of a complex sentence with the Union But (however) contains information opposite to what could be expected by becoming acquainted with the information in the first part.

If, when comparing or contrasting any objects, actions or signs, it is necessary to designate the degree of this comparison or opposition, the double unions are used not only ... But, not only ... and, not only ... but even (even ), not so much ... how much: I hurried him to assure that not only I do not smoke, but I don't even like to see when the ladies are smoked (A. Dostoevskaya); Not only children, but also adults when visiting their grief, are made unfair to the closest people and friends (N. Pomleyovsky). These unions are also called gradual.

Sometimes relatives are sometimes attributed to writing unions (that is, namely, or, somehow), which are used to clarify: Once a person, ten of our officers dined with Silvio. Drank on ordinary, that is, a lot (A. Pushkin); Almost simultaneously with the faience production in Egypt, products of another kind are beginning to appear, namely purely glass (N. Kachalov); Why would I do not become a teacher, or, speaking simply, the teacher (I. Turgenev).

Sophisticated allied proposals allow us to convey all the variety of causal, temporary, conditional and other relations in the text. Such proposals are usually used in bookspeople, artistic and specialized texts (scientific, journalistic, legal, etc.).

What are complex allied suggestions?

Sophisticated allied sentences (SSP) - proposals that consist of two or more parts, combined with writing or subordination, intonation, unions and allied words. Sophisticated allied proposals may include simple, common and complex offers.

By the type of communication, allied complex proposals are divided into two groups:

• Complexed - Complex proposals consisting of equal parts.

  Examples: The man was angry, and he turned around. Katya wiped the board, and Anya Soap Paul in the classroom.

• Complexed - Complex proposals consisting of unequal parts (the main offer and dependent).

  Examples: A woman had a heavy bag in her hands, so Sasha offered to help. We did not know how much the film starts.

Features of complex proposals

Complex proposals - proposals in which equal parts are associated with written, separating or constituent unions. The table shows the main types of complex suggestions with examples.

What value is expressing	What unions are used between parts of the SSP	Examples
Time values \u200b\u200b(simultaneity, sequences), less often - causal	connecting unions and, yes(in meaning and)nor - no, both - not only - but also, too, also	Grandfather poured fresh honey, and Two bees joint over a saucer. how you'll say, so We will do.
Meaning of opposition, comparison of phenomena	promotional unions a, but yes (in meaning but), however, but	We were going to go for a walk, but By evening it was cold. Pierced midnight but He could not sleep.
The value of alternation of phenomena or the indication of the possibility of implementing one of the indicated phenomena	Separate unions or (il), or, something, not that - not that, then - is it	That mouse in the corner scraped, that Cricket behind the stove shocking. You can come to me tomorrow or There is no free time?

There is always a comma between the parts of complex proposals before the union.

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If there is a secondary member of the proposal in the complex sentence, relating to both parts of the SSP, or if both parts of the SSP are question or motivating, the comma between them is not put. Examples: A cake was baked and balloons were baked and bought. What paint will choose and who will paint?

Features of complex proposals

Complexed proposals consist of non-equivance parts, one of which is the main (independent), and the second apparent (depending on the main). Parts of complex proposals are connected using unions or allied words that are included in the apparent part. The table shows the types of complex items with examples.

Type of Putitive Offer		What question is the apparent part	Unions and Union words	Examples
Determined (refers to the noun)			which, what, whose, when, where, where, from where, what	On the outskirts stood a house which the built in the past century.
Issuctive (belong to verbs with speech, thoughts, feelings)		Caidal questions	what, who, how, as if,, etc.	We were delighted what The weather improved.
Attachment (refers to the entire main part, expresses additional, explanatory meaning)			what, why, why, and others, etc.	Professor has already gone about what The student learned from the laboratory assistant.
Constentive (express the importance of circumstances)		When? How long?	when, as, while, barely, before, while, since	When I will come home, we will discuss this question.
		Where? Where? Where to?	where, where, from where	Sasha does not remember where There is an old library.
		Why? From what?	because, because, since, for, since	I bought apples because Pears in the store was not.
	corollary	As a result?	so that	The train was delayed for an hour so that We managed to drink coffee.
		With what condition?	if, if something, if, since, since	If a It will start rain, hideing under the tree.
		For what purpose? What for?	so that (so that) in order to, in order not, if only	To Do not forget anything, I wrote a list.
		Contrary to what? Despite what?	although (at least), despite, for nothing that, let, let	Although Masha did not like this book, she finished her to the end.
	comparison	Like what? Like what?	as if, as if, just, just like, as well as	The apartment was dark like night has come.
	image image	How?	as if, as if, exactly, like	Misha collected the airplane model so as It was shown in the picture.
	measures and degrees	To what extent and degree?	how, how much, so	Here it is so beautiful, what Just the spirit captures.

On the letter, the pressing offer is always separated from the main thing with the help of commas on both sides. Example: Path, on which the forester pointedwas covered with acorns and cones.

What did we know?

• Sophisticated allied sentences are complex proposals whose parts are combined with the help of intonation, unions and allied words.
• In Russian, there are comprehensive and complex and complex allied suggestions.
• Complex proposals are complex proposals consisting of equal parts.
• Complexed allied sentences are complex proposals with allied words and unions, which consist of non-equivance parts.
• On the letter between parts of a complex allied supply is a comma.

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Syntax of a complex sentence

Lecture No. 1. A complex proposal.

Concept of complex proposal

Plan

The structure of a complex offer (SP).

Grammatical importance

The structure of complex proposals.

Free and non-free structural suggestions.

Typology of complex proposals.

I.. The structure of a complex sentence. Complex Proposition (SP) - such a unit of speech communication, which consists of two or several parts having separate predicative centers and connected between unionsor non-union connections In a holistic structural-semantic and intonational unity. For example:

In the Tatar Strait stillice piledled , deepsnow yetlying on hill and in the hollows, wildwinds yetthought up above the island butspring Stillapproached ... when sunnyrays accelerated fog, in the air immediatelyfelt headysmell Close spring. (A. Chokovsky.)

In the first complex sentence, four parts with predicative centers include a structural-semity. i looked overwhelmed, the snow lay, the winds were dried out, the spring was approaching ; In the second - two parts with predicative centers: rays accelerated, smell felt . There is a non-union, as well as an allied connection between the specified parts.

Predicative parts of complex proposals on the structure are similar to simple proposals, but do not have independence and completeness. In addition, in predicative parts of some complex proposals, there are structural components that are not characteristic of simple proposals, for example, indicatively correlative words in the main part and relatively-allied pronouns and subordination unions in the apparent part of complex proposals: what will take a person to makethat Causes for him nature (I. Brodsky); I justtOT i love flower,which the Erose root to the ground (S. Yesenin); Who afraid and avoids lovetOT not single (A. Chekhov); I returned home withthus feelingas if I saw a good dream (A. Chekhov). Therefore, they can only be considered simple suggestions. Parts of a challenging offer is more correct to call not simple suggestions, but predicative parts (centers). The distinction between the simple and complex proposal is structural: in the simple sentence there is one organizing predicative center consisting of two or one main members: Through lowered curtainsdid not penetrate Sunnyrays (A. Chekhov); In the sky alonebrozzhil (A. Chekhov) and others; There are two or more predicative sites in the complex sentence: The night was overcast but for cloudslighting Moon (A. Chekhov); Rudin said This is the last word somehow strange: not thathe envied Natalia, not thathe regretted about her (I. Turgenev) and others.

Complex proposals consisting of two predicative parts are called twisted, and suggestions consisting of three or more predicative parts - polynomials: The night was full deep silence anddarkness herit seemed velvet and dark (A. Kubrin); Morning was glorious, bright ; Little motleytuchci stood lambs on pale-clear lazuries; smallrosa poured on leaves and herbs,blindale silver on cobwebs; wet, darkland it seemed yetstrank ruddy trail of dawn; from all overflashed songs Zhavoronkov (I. Turgenev).

Thus, the difference between the complex proposal from simple is not quantitative, but high quality. A complex proposal has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, its own structural indicators.

II.. The grammatical value of a complex offer. Grammar meaningscomplete proposal is typical semantic relationships between predicative parts, characteristic of complex proposals of the same structure.

The grammatical value of a complex proposal depends on its structure. For example, sentences To repel, discard the enemy shaft, Such delivered the city test... (V. Inbert). I sat down under larch,to relax filled with various specific contents, but have the same grammatical importance - express target relations. The same grammatical importance of these proposals is due to their identical structure: in both sentences, the dressing part refers to the entire main part and connects to it by the target union to. Another example, Slept in Rigabecause in the hut was stuffy (S. Sergeev-Price); As in the hut was stuffy , slept in Riga. In connection with the change in the position of the presidency, the relationship between parts of a complex proposal is changed (in the first sentence of investigative relations, in the second - causal).

III. The structure of complex proposals. Complex proposals are built on certain samples - structural schemes. "The structural scheme is a distracted sample, according to which the minimum designs of complex suggestions of a type or another" are being built (Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian. M., 1989, p. 727.) The structural scheme includes the most essential elements of the structure of complex Suggestions that distinguish one type (variety) of the joint venture from the other.

TO elements of structure The joint venture includes:

1) First of all, the basic means of communication between predocal parts: semantic and assemantic writing and subordinate unions, allied words, indicate words;

2) features of the structure of parts of the joint venture;

3) A definite interpordability of parts of the joint venture.

The elements of the structure in different combinations form a structural scheme of the joint venture. Moreover, the system elements directly determine the grammatical meaning of the joint venture, others play a minor role in creating a grammatical value of the sentence, the third are only a formal indicator of the syntax communication of parts of a complex supply.

1. a) semantic and assemantic writing and subordinate unions. Semantic - Unions that have a certain meaning. For example, a combination union but . They are a means of communication of predicative parts and determine the grammatical importance of complex proposals. For example, a combination union but Creates an opposition value in the proposal One worksbut other; Soyuz but Creates a comparison value: April came,but at night it was still cold; with conditional union if a - Conventional relationships in the sentence: If a There will be no rain, we will go beyond the city; In sentences with temporary unions when, so far There are temporary relations: All worrieduntil there was a landing on the aircraft;When Raw, we left the city.

Assemantic - Unions of wide values \u200b\u200bthat serve only the means of communication of predicative parts and do not affect the grammatical importance of the joint venture. For example, in the proposal Sparkling Lightning, I. Thunder,and Rain rains Soyuz and has the meaning transfers, and in the proposal The sun clone to the sunset, I. Shadows became longer - The causal meaning of that is, the same union has a different meaning. The grammatical importance of proposals with assemantic unions is created by the specific content of parts and intonation.

b) allied wordsThe role of which relative pronouns and prime deputies are used and serve as a means of communication of parts of complex proposals and are at the same time the constructive members of the pressing part. For example, in the proposal From raspberry, fir branches,which Was installed Paul, walked weight, thick smell... (b. Field) The Allied Word acts as add-ons, etc.

in) Signal words.They do not always determine the grammatical meaning of the joint venture. Thus, in the elective and intruded-attribute (definable) complex proposals (SPP), these words are not pronounced and serve only the means of communication of the apparent part with the supporting word of the main part, for example: I tookt. book I needed; To mereported about that he left.

Indexing words in collaboration with unions and allied words determine grammatical significance only when attaching prime-allied or prime-coordinate pairs ( so - that, what is that, that is, that one - who, so much - how much and etc.). For example, in the proposal About stoneso Enough for themwhat Only splashes flashed (I. Krylov) by the ratio of the indicative word so with the union that the values \u200b\u200bof the degree and consequence are expressed; The battle will winthe one who firmly decided to win it (L. Tolstoy), etc.

2. Features of the structure of the parts of the joint venture.The features of the structure of parts of the joint venture are: the ratio of species-time and modal forms of verbs-beyond in predicative parts of the joint venture; large or smaller structural independence parts of the joint venture; lexical elements, intonation.

In the joint venture, the semantics of which is associated with the expression of time, is of particular importance The ratio of species-temporal and modal forms of verbs-fag in predicative parts of the joint venture. For example, Freshly wind,mercnet night (A. Fet) The use in parts of this joint venture of the imperfect species is associated with the ratio of simultaneity; Flashed Lightning, I.he thundered thunder – the verbs of the perfect species passes the value of the sequence of listed phenomena, events; Itknew man whocould help his – predicative parts of the joint venture have a different modal value; Sea deafroptalo , and waves Beat about shore mad and angry (M. Gorky). In this complex sentences the Union and Connects two simultaneous phenomena, their simultaneity is emphasized by the forms of the imperfect species of verbal fag. Split lightning, and afteri heard Sharp thunder. In the sentence sentence and connects successive phenomena; their sequence is emphasized by the forms perfect Sea deafroptalo , and waves beat about shore mad and angry (M. Gorky).

Large or less structural independence parts of the joint venture. Predicative units in the joint venture are structurally adapted to each other and therefore often have a peculiar structure. Thus, the most typical feature of the building of Issuctive NGN and non-union complex suggestions (BSP) with explanatory relations is the incompleteness of the first part, which is created by the presence in the first part of informative words in need of object distribution: Itunderstood (what?), what's impossible next (I. Turgenev); Suddenly I.self (what?) : Someone takes the shoulder and pushes (I. Turgenev).

Lexical elements. The grammatical value of the joint venture can be created by special words - lexical concretizers(Therefore, nevertheless, because, it means dr.), which clarify the semantic relations between the predicative parts. For example, in the proposal In the room is stuffy and I went out into the air Semantic relations can be specified ambiguously: as a relationship or as causal. And in the sentence In the room is stuffy andso I went out to the air word so Clearly transfers causal relationships.

Intonation. To special means of registration of parts of the joint venture is intonation: All joint ventures are designed as a holistic communicative unit. The role of intonation in non-union proposals is especially important. Depending on the intonation, the grammatical value of the joint venture may be perceived differently. For example, offer In the summer there is hot, winter frost It can be read with the intonation of the listing and with the intonation of opposition: In the summer there is hot,(but) In winter frost.

3. A certain interpordability of parts of the joint venture. Order location of parts in the joint venture may be free, i.e., allowing the permutation of parts in the proposal without changing its meaning (offers of a flexible structure): At the edges of the road, the birch transfer was slightly noisy, with a swamp with a cold(K. POUST)); and non-free i.e., not allowing the permutation of parts (proposals in the inflexible structure: In the evening she lit candles, sat down to the piano, and Dim filled with a ringing (K. POUST).

Free and non-free structural suggestions.Depending on the structure of predicative units of the joint venture, the degree of their sparesiness and the use of certain means of communication are allocated free and non-freeSp.

In the free joint ventures, predicative parts reproduce the structural schemes of simple proposals, have a different degree of sparesiness and one with another basic communication means (alliances, allied words, intonation, etc.) are connected. Free suggestions are the most common joint ventures.

In non-free joint ventures, predicative parts do not always reproduce structural schemes of simple proposals and are very closely related. The structural and meaningful integrity of non-free proposals is created along with the basic and special system elements: particles, wordforms, phrases.

Unfigured joint ventures have their own design features, their own models.

both parts of the proposal are a combination of the same names in the forms of nominative and efficient cases and are connected by the Union. but : Friendship friendship,but service service; Rest restbut Work work.

Parts are connected by the comparative union, the obligatory element of the first part is the word phrase other With prime words: What else , and there is enough worries;Where else place, and we are quiet.

Particles are used in the first part only or not and word-to-word verb have time , parts are connected by the Union as : Just managed I enter the houseas thunderstorm began.Did not make it she leaveas Skirovna in house.

The first part uses a combination of words concerning with a name or pronounty parental case, at the beginning of the second part - particle that : Concerning me, that I do not lose;As for the brother, then He was pleased.

Communication of parts is ensured by using certain wordforms (shape of the imperative inclination in the value of the subjunctive in the first part and the form of the subjunctive inclination in the second part): Sliding hairs Lisanot praise , b. remained Tail in Ne. (I. Wings); Come he used toit would not happen .

As can be seen from examples, non-free proposals are built as it were for "frozen" models. The structure of non-free sentences is so peculiar that in the NGN of this kind it is often difficult to determine which part main, and what is the apparent.

V.. Typology of complex proposals. Taking into account these funds and expressed relationships, complex proposals are divided into two structural type:union complex and.

For example: The trees were noisy, and cloths were rushed over the sky(M. Gorky); Night was overcast, but behind the clouds shining the moon (A. Chekhov); The wind has taken away with such a fierce expressiveness, which seemed animate (A. Pushkin). The forest in which we entered was extremely old(I. Turgenev); The whole day was a hot day, somewhere gathered a thunderstorm (L. Tolstoy); We have not seen the sun on the road in the afternoon - the weather was thunderstorm (M. Svetlov) and others.

Alliedcomplex proposals, in turn, are divided into two structural and semantic subtypes: complexedand complexed.

The structure of the Allied SP is determined by the amount of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by allied means ( scrapers). Parts of complex suggestions are associated with each other winning unions, and parts of complex - subordinate unions and union words. For example: At the bottom of the river Dompell Smoke,but there was a steamer (A. Chekhov); On the shore stood a few winds,but The shadow fell from them not to the ground, but on the water (A. Chekhov); I do not remember,to someday was so quiet, such a clear morning (M. Gorky). Especially a lot of this deciduous noisy gold accumulated in ravines,where to did not penetrate the wind (K. Powers), etc.

Parts of a complex proposal can relate in shape not only with simple proposals, but also with various types of complex proposals. For example: To me i wanted him to speak also still, // eachword that pronounced Andrey Fedorovich , downed I have strength. (A. Chokovsky.)

The example of an example is a non-union complex proposal consisting of two parts, each of which in form is a complex proposal.

Types and communications between parts of a complex proposal can be submitted in the table (see Appendix Table 2).

Questions:

What is a complex proposal and what is the similarity and the difference between predicative units in a complex proposal and independent simple proposals?

What is the grammatical meaning of the joint venture, what does it depend on?

What is the structural scheme of the joint venture, what elements of the structure does it include?

What is the feature of the structure of parts of the joint venture?

How can there be an order of location of the parts of the joint venture than it is determined?

What words are involved in creating a grammatical value of the joint venture?

What signs are characteristic of free software?

What are the structural features of non-free joint ventures?

What types of complex suggestions are allocated in Russian?

difficult sentence; predicative units (parts) of the joint venture; structural scheme; alliances, allied words, intonation, indicative words, correlate words; flexible or inflexible structure of the joint venture; free and non-free joint ventures; Union connection, non-union link; Union Safety proposals (complex and complexized), non-union complex suggestions.

Lecture 2. Difficult offer

Plan

SSP open and closed structure.

Structural and semantic types of complex suggestions:

a) SSP with connecting unions;

b) SSP with separation unions;

c) SSP with interpretation unions;

d) SSP with explanatory unions.

I.. SSP open and closed structure. Complexed This complex proposal is called, parts of which are syntactically equal and associated with each other writing alliances.

Writing alliances create a grammatical shape of the SSP, so do not belong to any of the predicative parts: All the sky clouded cloudsand began to stick rare, fine rain (A. Chekhov).

In addition to writing unions, the associated means of communication of the complex proposal can be: correlation of species-time forms of verbs-beyond, a certain order of words, some lexical elements directly indicating the relationships of parts. For example:

Fox shaved his nicesmiled , and eyespushed looking around all the gathered (L. Tolstoy) - Here the correction of the verb forms of the imperfect species of the past time expresses the relationship of simultaneity.

Gavrickpushed feet wicket and friendsclimb in a dry palisader(V. Katayev) - Here the correction of the verb forms of the perfect species of the past time expresses controversation.

On the basis of writing communication is formed by SSP open and closed Structures that differ in quantitative composition. Ssp. open Structures consist of two or more predicative parts, the number of which can potentially increase. Open writing communication is characteristic of proposals with the value of the listing (with connecting and divided unions): Transparent forest one blackand spruce through frost greenand River shines with ice (A. Pushkin); That the sun was shining,that it was raining.

The SSP closed structure is always twisted, it is impossible to increase the number of parts: Zuevaya wanted to know much about herbut he did not dare to ask (K. POUST); A lot of labor to himbut Winter will be easier (K. POUST); Winter was snowy, and therefore everyone was waiting for heavy flood.

In the structure of a complex proposal, its separate parts themselves are often in form are complex proposals (the so-called complete SSP), For example: It was raining, I. From strong wind noisy trees, // but There was no rain nor trees in the floor (A. Chekhov).

II.. Structural and semantic types of complex proposals.

Starting from the nineteenth century SSP are classified by their semantics.

Semantics SSP is created by lexical filling parts and allied means. The semantics allocate connecting, interconnected, dividing, explanatory and gradation SSPs.

Consequently, complex proposals are divided into: 1) complex sentences with connecting unions: and, yes (in meaning "and" ), none, too, also; 2) Complex proposals with transportation unions: a, but yes (in meaning " but, but, however; 3) Complex proposals with separate alliances: or, or, something, not that - not that, whether - or - or - or, whether; 4) SSP with explanatoryunions: that is, namely ; 5) SSP with graduation alliances:yes, and not only - but not, not that - but .

Complex offer with connecting unions

Connecting unions and, yes, nor ... neither, too, also Various shades of the connecting relationship between parts of the complex supply are expressed.

The most commonly commonly union andthat expresses:

relations simultaneous phenomena, events: In deep humility from the sky watched the stars,and Starmeva's steps were distributed so sharply and (A..chekhov);

relations partial coincidence Long and non-breaking actions: Blind all sat on the shore, I. So I heard something similar to sobs (M. Lermontov);

relations sequences phenomena, events: The door opened without a knockingand the room entered the room lit from the back of the hallway, slim, thin girl (A. Tolstoy);

relations fast, sudden change of events or unexpected result: Crack of a torn shirt -and Gavril lay on the sand, insanely staring his eyes (M.Gorky);

causal investigativerelations: I realized that I am a child in her eyes- I. I became very hard (I.Turgenyev); In the sky brightly flashed the first asterisk,and In the windows of houses flew lights (I. Goncharov).

attachments relations: Let me talk about my love, do not chase me awayand this one will be the greatest happiness for me. (A.hekhov)

Soyuz yes Serves Synonym Union and when expressing the relationship of simultaneity and gives the statement with a shade of speaking, ease: Young leaf leaves,yes chasing someone sangyes two Gorylinka stuck everything on the same tree... (I.Turgenyev)

Soyuz no no Used instead of the Union and in the case when parts of a complex proposal are in the form of negative proposals: Old crosses crowded into a pile.N. kalina does not grow between them,n. grass is not green (N. Gogol.); N. Sun is not visible to the light,n. for the roots of my donor no (I. Wings) and others.

Unions too, also Used very rarely. They are usually found in the second part of a complex proposal: Mother looked out the window, girlalso Looking outside. (A. Gorky.)

Parts of a complex proposal with connecting unions may have a general secondary member: ... AND It was stuffyin the gorge Dark, I. Plowed rot. (M. Gorky)

In its composition, a comprehensive supply with connecting unions can be both twisted and polynomial: Rumor about me will pass throughout Russia,and I'll call me any language in it ... (A. Pushkin.) - Two-choke design; She spoke a lotand I have questions from her, I. She herself immediately forgot what he asked (A.hekhov.) - a polynomial design.

Difficult proposal with dividing unions

In a complex sentence dividing Unions or (il), either .. either, lee ....li, then ... then, not that ... not that, then if ... Show:

1) that from all the listed events or phenomena at the moment anything can happen anything;

2) that two or more events or phenomena alternately replace each other;

3) What speaking is not sure which one of all the listed events or phenomena is currently going on.

For example: Il. The plague will picker meIl. Moroz opasenit,Il. I am in the forehead barrier will shift a disabled person(A. Pushkin); Or I will killeither I will pumped the wings (A. Tolstoy); Dumalie Reveaver-incoherent, cryinglie heart in chest... (A.Fet); That In a fragile snow with a leg of a cute, a wet shoe will be bogged downThat She will relieve a handkerchief ... (A. Pushkin); Not that He envied Natalia,not that He regretted her (I. Turgenev); Then the rustle of the chaser, the breeze thrill,Then strokes hair warm hand (A. Surkov); Only occasionally the deer is muttony through the desert runsor Horse Tabun playful silence gave outrage(M. Lermontov); That heat smells,that Need a purgot (V.Solukhin) and others.

Certain offers S. divided Unions are most often the polynomials. Therefore, dividing unions are usually repeated. Only unions can be unofficing. or, or .

Complex proposal with interpretation unions

Between the parts of the complex proposal as a means of communication can be used advisory Unions a, but yes, but, however, and etc.: Until the evening remained no more than half an hour, but dawn barely practiced (I. Turgenev); The root of the teaching of the town,yes The fruit of his sweet (Proverb) and others. With the help of these unions, various shades of relations are expressed composition and contrast.

Due to the fact that only two of any phenomena may include comprehensive proposals with interpretation unions twisted.

Soyuz but expresses comparative relationships on the signs of contrast, inconsistencies or simply asplication of facts: He did notger, but i hurt (A. Pushkin) - contrast; He is a nonsense man, rash, drowned,but his face is almost beautiful(M. Gorky) - inconsistency; Memories of performances were festive,but City Theater caused reverence (K. Fedin) - Association of related facts.

Soyuz but Expresses controversy or some contradictions: Here in the city, no one understands the music, no soul,but I, I understand (A. Chekhov) - opposition; Sidorin waited that she was about to go away,but Daria Something Medal (M. Sholokhov) - inconsistency.

Soyuz but Synonymized by the Union but . The relationship of opposition he can give a grappling. For example: Oleg grinned -but Man and gaze darked by the Duma (A. Pushkin).

Soyuz but Makes a compatibility with a compatibility relationship: He is never not crybut At times, there was a wild stubborn (I. Turgenev).

Soyuz same according to the meaning of opposition close to the Union but . However, it also has the value of an amplifying particle and is raised after the first word of the second predicative part of the complex proposal: Hours and lunch did the days very interesting, yesterday Same Passed boring (A.hekhov); My sister knew neither mountains or forests or fields; Isame Separated five hundred wool (S. Aksakov).

Unions and then, not that, not that They have the value of opposition with a tint of convention. Suggestions with these unions are characteristic of speech-style speech: You must talk to my father today,and that He will worry about your departure (A. Piseman); Do not hurt Finti in front of Boris Petrovich,and not that I will give you to know! (M. Lermontov); Wait her herebut not that She will be mistaken.

Difficult unions with explanatory unions

A special group is made up explanatory unions that is, namely expressing the attitude of the explanation. In complex proposals with explanatory relations, the second predicative part serves to disclose, clarify the content of the first predicative part: We sleep,i.e Sister slept, and I lay with open eyes and thought (V. Korolenko); Time was the most favorablei.e It was dark, lightly freezed and completely quiet (S. Aksakov); Men's room serving was brought to a minimum,namely For the whole house, no more than two Laces (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Questions:

What suggestions are called complex?

What unions are parts connected in a complex sentence?

What means, except for unions, are the semantic relationships between the parts of the complex supply?

What are the main types of complex proposals allocated in modern Russian?

What values \u200b\u200bhave compound proposals with connecting unions?

What values \u200b\u200bare the comprehensive proposals with dividing unions?

What values \u200b\u200bhave complex suggestions with interpretation unions?

What values \u200b\u200bare created in complex suggestions with explanatory unions?

What punctuation signs are set between parts of a complex sentence?

Support words and phrases:writing alliances: connecting, dividing, explanatory, interpretation, species-temporary forms of verbs-beyond; Predicative parts of complex proposals.

Lecture number 3. Complete offer (SPP)

Plan

The concept of a complex sentence.

SPP flexible and inflexible structure.

Structural and semantic types of complexized proposals:

a) the NGP of an unrelated structure; b) NGN dissected structure.

I.. The concept of a complex sentence. Combined complexthis complex proposal is called, in which one of the parts is syntactically subordinate to another part with the help of subordinate unions or allied words. In this case, the subordination (independent) part is called the main thing, and subordinate (dependent) putty. Both parts form a structural-semantic unity, expressing a certain type of relationship. For example: , what i love painfully and very much; Nikolai Ivanovich was surrounded by leaving the crowd of womenthat Throw flowers, I was screened and kissed him hands (A. Tolstoy).

In the first example, the main part is I needed only to say (about what?); Press part - what I love you painfully and very much , Joined to the main union what . In the second example, the main part is Nikolai Ivanovich was surrounded by leaving the crowd of women (What?); Press part - who threw flowers, screamed and kissed him hands joined to the main union word which the . The main means of communication parts of complex proposals are subordination unions and union words.

Subordination unions (that, as if, for, because, if, although etc.), being in the apparent part, are not its members, they only associate the apparent part with the main one. For example: We want,to In the upbringing dominated (N. Dobrolyubov); I am very early understood, what man creates its resistance to the environment (M. Gorky); If a life will deceive you, not sad, do not be angry (A. Pushkin).

In these examples of the Union for what and if a serve only for the connection of the apparent part with the main one. Being in the apparent part, they themselves are not members of the proposal.

Unlike alliances union words Not only associate the apparent part with the main one, but also answer some question and are members of the apparent part of the complex proposal. The role of union words use pronouns ( who, what, what, whose whose et al.) And locomotive adverbs ( where, where, from where, why, why et al. for example: The air was full of sharp freshness,what It happens after a thunderstorm (K. Stanyukovich) - Union Word that It is in the pressing part, refers to the word freshness the main part is subject to; Villagewhere I missed Eugene, there was an adorable corner (A. Pushkin) - Union Word where It is in the apparent part, refers to the noun village The main part is the circumstance of the place.

In the main part of the complex proposal, indicative words are often used ( the one, there, there, from there, so, then, so et al.), which indicate the presence of the apparent part. For example: OnlytOT Destinations of life and freedom, who day after the day for them comes into battle (Goethe); It happens often to us and work, and wisdom to seethere where it is worth only to guess for a business just take (I. Wings); About stoneso Enough them that only spray sprill (S.krylov); That what i want to tell was in fortieth year (L. Tolstoy); Who lives without sadness and anger, T. Does not love schism (N. Nekrasov) and others. If there is an index word in the main part of the question, the connection between the main and pressing parts of the complex proposal is closer. In some complex detachable offers, the use of the index word is mandatory, in others - no. For example: Ignites onlytOT who is on fire (P. Pavlenko); Lopatin notedthat that the commissioner Shelf lasted from them to one run (K. Simonov).

In the first case, the use of an index word is required, since without it impossible to contact part. In the second case, the indicative word may be omitted without prejudice to the general sense of the sentence.

In a complex proposal, the function of indicative words can also perform parts of a complex union, when, decaying into two parts, one is part of the main offer as an index word, and the second acts on the role of the Union. Wed: All the agesbecause (A. Chekhov) - I walked Belikov to us onlybecause , what He considered it comrade duty (A. Chekhov); Thanks to summer was very roast and dry, it took to water every tree (A. Chekhov) - A few minutes later, this is a small fragile face. it seemed charming, preciselythanks to It was so wrong (A. Karavaeva); Raskolnikov was silent and did not resistalthough felt B it's enough forces to raise (F. Dostoevsky) - Although Wind ... free rushed over the sea, clouds were still (M. Gorky).

Complex proposals with index words and subordinate unions cannot be mixed with complex offers, the predicative parts of which are connected by double unions: if ... then when ... then, since ... then et al. for example: If a You successfully choose the work and put your soul into it,that happiness will delete you(K. Ushinsky); When I think about my vocation,that Not afraid of life (A. Chekhov); As We gathered here for the holiday of scientific thought,that I found appropriate to choose the subject of our conversation question about thinking (I. Sechenov).

The second component of the double unions is used in the main part, which follows the apparent one. Unlike double unions, complex unions are entirely in the apparent part. For example: Apple trees are gone, because of mouse leaves all bark around (L. Tolstoy); In the evening guests left,because In the house there was no place to fit (S. Aksakov), etc.

A distinctive feature of complex proposals is that the pressing part may be: a) before the main part ( in preposition): What wolves greedy Anyone knows (I. Wings); When I was still a child , he sled me on of his horse (A. Pushkin); b) inside the main part ( in interposition): Gossipthat Germans started offensive turned out to be false (A. Tolstoy); In the room,where was ours bedroom , Locksmith with wife lives (A. Chekhov); c) after the main part (in postposition): Nothing violated that remote-spin silence,what came around (K. Fedin); He involuntarily feels like a trap,from which there is no way out (A. Chekhov) and others.

II.. SPP flexible and inflexible structure.Fashioned NGN parts can vary in places, others have no. The first refers to the NGN flexible structure (What wolves are greedy , everyone knows; Everyone knowswhat wolves are greedy etc.), the second - to the NGN inflexible structure (All things exude that strange smell,which give flowers torsion and etc.) .

Structurally - semantic types of complex proposals.

In structural relations, all complex-in-block offers are divided into two groups: 1) with pressing parts, which relate to any single word or phrase in the main part and are called single, or unrelated; 2) with pressing parts that relate to the entire main part as a whole and are called twisted, or dismembered.

The appendage of the first group with the main part are connected more closely than the apparent second group. For example, in the proposal You pleasedo not think that I'm your fan what I'm your fan refers to the tautionem do not think And fills his semantic failure. And in the sentence When went out on the street, unexpectedly cheerfully and sweetly smelled by frost (A. Tolstoy) Pressure When went outside Refers to the whole major proposal with full semantic sufficiency.

As part single constructions are highlighted by complex proposals with the apparent determinants (prisonant-attributive), thantening (inexpensively object) and prime-related and prime-allied; And among two-headed - various circumstantial Complexed proposals: temporary, causal, conditional, seeding etc.

Structural elements of single designs may be the so-called corrective words (Indexing and definitive pronouns and adverbs), which are located in the main part and to which the appling part is attached directly, which reveals their specific content. For example: Both have leftthat feeling,what Nothing this conversation has been achieved. - I was now sittingwhere You left me.(A. Tolstoy)

Questions:

What features are complex suggestions?

What signs vocabulary and bicked complex suggestions differ?

What parts are complex suggestions and what means these parts are connected?

What could be the order of the location of the parts of complex proposals?

How are the apparent parts of the complex proposal from the main part are separated?

Support words and phrases:complex sentence; the main part, the apparent part; subordination unions, allied words, indicative words; preposition, interposition, postposition; Side (unrelated) and twisted (dissected) offers.

Lecture № 4. Sided NGN

Plan

Determined (invantable-attribute) complex proposals.

Issuctive object-based complex offers.

Completed proposals of the image, measures and degrees.

I.. Determined (invantable-attribute) complex proposals. Determined these complex proposals are called, in which the apparent part refers to any name of the noun main part, complies with respect to it the definition function and is joined by the allied words. which, what, whose, when, where et al. and answers the question what?. For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar subject,which the immediately and began to move towards us(A. Pushkin); From the street came the noise,what It happens only in the day (A.hekhov); Not about Lee Gez, you say,whose the ship is called "waves running"?(A. Green); I went down in a brightly illive room,where besides us two, no one was (A. Green); Fit momentwhen I understood the whole value of these words(I.Gongcharov).

With a definable noun may be indicable pronouns that, such , which emphasize the attribution of the apparent part precisely to this noun and allocate the phenomenon denoted. For example: Also also disappearedthat mood,what it began morning. - I passed along the embankment totogo placeswhere Stopped yesterday steamer(A. Green.).

Allied words of the nareny type where, where, from where, when used only with nouns with spatial or temporary value ( ... room,where ...; ...city,where to ...; ... on the otherfrom ...; ...time,when ...; ... evening time,when ...).

Pressing part of the prisonance proposals can perform or purely determined, or includes an additional message. For example: On the eve of the dayfrom which Much began, my morning walk on the embankments was somewhat delayed (A. Green) - the dressing part performs a purely determinant function; Ekaterina Dmitrievna brought order in the mirror cabinet,where lay gloves, pieces of lace, veil(A. Tolstoy) - the apparent part contains an additional message.

In the prison sentences, the pressing part always stands after the identified noun main part, i.e. In postposition. Sometimes the apparent part may be in the middle (interposition) of the main offer. For example, Smallhouse where I live in Messen , deserves descriptions(K. POUST); In largefarms , where mowed cars , wheat lay no in the copper, but in a pile(A.hekhov) and others.

II.. Analyznaya complex proposals. Issuctivethese complex proposals are called, in which the apparent part replenishes the semantic and structural insufficiency of the main part and joins the withdrawal alliances what to like And differs by the allied words. Candidate spectacles respond to all the case-made issues, so they can be liked to add or subject to.

The appling part "explains" in the main part of the word with the meaning of speech, thoughts, perception, feelings, state or evaluation. In the role of such words, verbs, nouns, adjectives and words categories of states can be.

For example: Makar I.did not notice earlier,what on the plain as if it became light(V. Korolenko) - the dressing part refers to the verb of perception did not notice; This letter and money returned backwith news , what Petruch killed in war (L. Tolstoy) - the dressing part refers to the noun with the message value with news; This Vankaglad , what Now turmoil in the house (L. Tolstoy) - the apparent part refers to a brief adjective glad with feeling.

Pressing part may also fill in a specific content. determinatory or indexingpronouns, through which it binds to the "Issuctive" word.

For example: Approaching the Kremlin, he began to take careabout , to He was not squeezed (L. Tolstoy) - here this pronoun serves about; Asya understood the need for our separation; But beginningin order , what got sick and almost died(I. Turgenev) - Here, this pronoun is in order.

With use union words (relative pronouns and adverbs), as well as particles lie Analyznaya Pressing Part gains value indirect question. For example: They drove to the hut,ask , where here to find the economic part (D. Furmanov.); Youdid not tell us , why don't go to school(K. Fedin); Difficultto tell , waslie He is offended by such an appeal(V. Korolenko).

Puttingle part of the Istlying Offer is always located after the main part.

III. Complexed proposals of the image, measures and degrees

The complex proposals with appointments of action, measures and degrees also apply to universal. They answer the questions as? how? How much? To what extent? To what extent?and contain an indication of the image and a method of performing actions, the degree of quality referred to in the main sentence; attached to it using alliances what is like, exactly and union words as . In the main part there may be indicable words so, before that, to such an extent, so et al. for example: Unclesang as sings the simple people (L. Tolstoy) - Yesterday we are beforetogo weretired, that not even looked like(V. Arsenyev); The shrick seemed Aksiniso loud that she fell apart on the ground(M. Sholokhov); We need onlybe in order to Polar star found out just above the bell tower of St. George(A. Kookin) and others.

Pressing part of the image, measures and degrees follows the main part of the proposal.

The so-called complex proposals are the so-called locomotive-correlate Offers that are built on compulsory interaction correspondence words(pronouncements or shorter) located in the main part and union words or union Included in the apparent part than the structural and semantic equilibrium of these parts is created. At the same time, corrective words in the main part may be different members, whose value is specified by the entire content of the apparent part, as these words themselves, being indicable, do not express a specific meaning.

Thus, in the prisoner-correlation proposal, the pressing part in relation to the correlation word of the main part can disclose:

value subject to:Notwhat Belongs to me, does not belong to the same and you?(L. Tolstoy);

value name portion faithful: Ione whom nobody likes...(M.Lermonts);

value supplements: More often grievingthose who you are especially expensive and close (V.Sayanov);

value definitions: TOT heaster,which the came to Husaru, treated him (A. Pushkin);

value places: From wind,from there And happiness(M.Lermonts);

value image image: Fox rummed in the snow clawsas she saw him before(V. Korolenko);

value degree of action, state, sign: These disputes occupied mebefore that I made a new fierce for Hegel (A.German); It wasso dark,what Cooking with difficulty poured the road (A. Fadeev); Savelichso was amazed by my wordswhat splashed hands and dumbfounded( A. Pushkin.), Etc.

So, within the framework of a prisoner-corrective proposal, it is possible to allocate individual semantic-syntactic varieties corresponding to the syntactic role of correlate words in the main part.

In the school course, the syntax of plain-corrective complexities as separate types are not allocated, but relate to those or other similar types.

Questions:

For how structural features are classified asked complex suggestions?

What is the structure of the Incentive proposals?

How are the involving suggestions are built?

How are the offers of an image of action, measures and degrees?

Support words and phrases:

sided and twisted suggestions; Indexing (correlate) words; Issuance, identifying proposals; An image of action, measures and degrees

Lecture number 5. Two (dissected) NGN

Plan

Temporary complex offers.

Completed proposals with pressing places.

Causes of complex proposals.

Completed proposals with additive goals

Completed proposals with apparent conditions.

Sustained complex offers

Comparative complex proposals

Complexed proposals with apparent consequences

Comparative complex proposals

Connecting complex proposals.

I.. Temporary joints. Temporary a complex proposal is called the relationship of simultaneity or time between events and phenomena, which is reported to the main and apparent parts associated between teemless Unions: when, while, only, while, since, before, as soon as, only only et al., and answering questions when?, how long?, since when?, How long is it?, what time?

Relations simultaneous Can be represented by:

but) full coincidence Long actions (states) in time: Warm and nice it waswhen Black Grishkina Eyes caressed her hard and soften(M.Sholokhov);

b. ) Repetition Action (states): Everytime,when I came, Olesya met me with his usual restrained dignity(A.Kuprin);

in) partial coincidence Action (States): A short-term action (the main part) flows against the background of a long (apparent part): Until laid horses, Ibrahim entered the Yamsk hut(A. Pushkin).

Relations difficult may indicate the following:

a) action (condition) putty Parts preceded by Action (status) of the main part: After The clock struck at midnight, the hurried steps were heard(A. Chekhov);

b) action (condition) the main thing Parts preceded by action (state) of the apparent part: Before They got to the city, people had already fled to meet them (V. Panova).

Relationships of simultaneity and abundance are transmitted not only by numerous temporary unions, but also a certain relation vido-time forms Baked main and pressing parts.

Temporary suggestions in structure can become smeltedIf the main part includes a corrective word or the circumstance of the time clarified by the pressing part. For example: Only then she raised her loose look at the coming manwhen he stopped next to her(I. Turgenev) - In childhood when My father beat me, I had to stand straight, hands on the seam ...(A. Chekhov).

Among the complex proposals with temporary values, proposals are allocated, the parts of which are mutually due, as a result, it is impossible to separate neither the main one or the apparent part. For example: Barely he left the yardas Her father entered(A. Pushkin); Not passed five minutes, as from all sides they shook and stood fires(L. Tolstoy); Just he wanted to jumpsuddenly The horse stayed on the whole go ... (N. Gogol), etc.

In these complex proposals, they say that in the first action quickly and unexpectedly began the second.

Pressing part of temporary proposals in relation to the main part occupies a trojacit position: the preposition, interposition and postposition. For example: Barely bright sun came out of the mountain and began to illuminate the valley, Wavy fog clouds scattered(L. Tolstoy); On blue ocean waves,only stars flashed in heaven, The ship is lonely rushing, rushing on all sails(M. Lermontov); Workshowing serve hands (N. Nekrasov) and others.

II.. Complexed suggestions with pressing places.Pressure places indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions where? where to? where?They are attached to the main sentence with the help of allied words where, where, from where.

Pressure places can directly explain the faithful main offer. For example: He laughed I.went where he wanted him (M. Gorky) But more often they relate with the circumstances of the place, pronounced by the locomotive adverbs there, there, from there. For example: Iwas where none of us was (B. Gorbatov); Aunt shuddered I.looked where shouting (A. Chekhov); Where did the wind come from And happiness(M. Lermontov) and others.

Pressure places may be subject to refinement: in this case, they relate to the circumstances of the place where the indicative words may be ( ahead, below, at the top, away etc.). For example: Ahead where the grove remains stood birch(A. Chekhov); Onlyin the east, where, where the sun was swimming in the fiery glow, still crowded, pale and melting with every minute, nesy dawn tucci(A. Kookin) and others.

In relation to the main proposal, pressing places in their main, the spatial value is usually held by the postpositia with respect to their disseminated to them with an indicative word. For example: He wroteeverywhere where he forced his passion to write (K. POUST); He leftfrom there, from where one after another went to the yard of the horse(A. Tolstoy) and others.

In the preposition of the pressing place, the relationship between the main and pressing offers is changing. Standing after the apparent, the main proposal is perceived as its necessary constructive and semantic continuation; The main and apparent offer is interrelated. For example: Where fast noisy water recently flowed Pedestrians passed today, the calls with the goods were held(N. Nekrasov); Wherever I draw a gaze, Circle lights a gracious boron(A. Fet), etc.

With interposition of the pressing place, the same relations may be manifested as when it is prepos. For example: For us even therewhere there is nothing something there will be(M. Gorky) (Spatially comparative relations with an additional seeded tint of the value that occurs due to the particle even) and etc.

III. Causes of NGN. Causalthis complex proposal is called, in which the apparent part explains the reason for what is reported in the main part, and the unions joins it since, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that because and others and answers questions why? Why?, as a result? For example: From the text, the doctor did not understand a single word,as it was some kind of foreign, apparently English(A. Chekhov); Chichiki should have grilled his eyes for a minute,because Glitter from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible(N.Gogol).

The apparent part can not only "explain the cause", but also to justify the consideration expressed in the main part. For example: As you look at the items with their funny side, it is impossible to rely on you(I. Turgenev).

Unions because and because of used primarily B. conversational speech. All others express various shades scientific and businessspeech.

Candidage with alliances since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and the like can stand both before the main part and after it. Candidage with alliances because because Usually occupies position after the main part. It is also possible to turn on the apparent part in the middle of the main one. For example: As Kashtanka screamed and hit him under his feet, he could not not pay attention to her(A. Chekhov); Due to the fact that Grazian is so clearly unpleasant, he could not be at the beginning of the meeting(L. Leonov); You can not live only today,for It is most often unfinished yesterday(P. Pavlenko); All the agesbecause They laid bales with wool, seemed very high and plump(A. Chekhov).

Depending on the meaning, intonation, the logical underscore, the presence in the complex proposal of certain lexical elements and other conditions of the composite (complex) union can disintegrate into two parts: the first one is part of the main proposal as a co-relative word, and the second acts on the role of the Union. Wed: He did not come,because sick (The emphasis is done on the very fact of the non-appearance, the reason is not emphasized). - He did not comebecause sick (On the fore Wound an indication of the cause of the failure to appear). Cf. also: The horse could not move WHO because rear wheel jumped(L. Tolstoy); He walked (Belikov) to us onlybecause considered it his comrade duty(A. Chekhov) and others.

The conditions for the dismemberment of the composite union include the presence of a negative particle not or amplifying particle restrictions only, only, especially and etc.; Introductory words, input combinations. For example: Moscow looked emptynot because the life was lifted in her, and because the war went out of it all outsourcing, which prevented focused on the main (L. Leonov); He holds Evpracseyushionly because which thanks her home offense is not having confused with one day scheduled (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin); Natasha This winter began to sing seriously for the first timein particular, because that Denisov admired her singing (L. Tolstoy); All this has an expressive charm for me,maybe because that I will not see them already ...(N. Gogol); Young aunt for a long time did not respond to my whistle,probably because what i whistled not enough (I. Turgenev) and others.

Subject to the dismemberment of the causal union and the inclusion of the relative words resulting in this way in the main part ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that ... what ) The causal supply from twisted can turn into a single one. For example: Became We do not have fun and look at life so gloomy,what Do not know labor (A. Chekhov); Battery Tushina continued to shoot and was not taken by the Frenchjust because The enemy could not assume the boldness of the firing of four none of protected guns (L. Tolstoy).

IV.. SNP with pressing goals. SNP Obel this complex proposal is called, in which the apparent part explains the purpose of the active actions described by the main part, joins the unions to, in order to, then so that in order to and others and answers questions why?, for what?, for what purpose? For example: Coal had to be carried up and throw awayto from not rolling on his head (N. Ostrovsky); I tried to seem cheerful and indifferent,in order Do not submit any suspicion and avoid the impact issues (A. Pushkin).

Pressing part in the target sentence may be before the main part, after it, as well as in the middle of the main part. At the same time, the leakage of the apparent part usually has the form of a subjunctive ignition, or the appling part itself relates to an infinitive proposal. For example: To Hair did not fall on face, Nikita tied their birch branch (M. Gorky); Petya went to the cabin, in order to The first to notify the aunt about the seen spectacle. (V. Kataev); I lived in the fog of a bumping longing and,to To overcome her, tried to work as much as possible.(M. Gorky).

In dismembering the target union, the proposal of the target becomes unrocked. For example: All this is saidin order to To initiate attention to the life of the numerous army of novice writers. (M. Gorky); I invited you gentlemen,so as to inform you a prenection news. (N. Gogol), etc.

V.. SNP with apparent conditions. Conditional called such a complex proposal, the apparent part of which indicates realor presumaging conditionneeded to make what it is said in the main part, joins the unions if, if, if, when, times et al. and answers the question with what condition? For example: If a The sun shines and there are no clouds in the sky,that singing and smell of hay feels stronger (A. Chekhov) - the actual condition; Real gentleman,if a would lose and all his state should not worry(F. Dostoevsky) - an estimated condition; Then the father would hit her dagger and killedif a would not take it(L. Tolstoy) - an estimated condition.

As can be seen from the above examples, when specifying to the actual condition, both parts are the form of expressive inclination, and, when specifying the presumative condition, the form of the subjunctive inclination.

The above examples also show that the pressing part in relation to the main thing can occupy any position and that in the main part there may be a correlative word that (so, then).

Unions if, once have a conversational tint. Soyuz if It is obsolete. Soyuz when it is used when converging conditional and temporary values.

For example: If man without roots, without soil, without his place - wrong it is a man (F. Gladkov); If What do you needthat Come to me...(L. Tolstoy); When B I had a hundred souls,that i would have looked at you(A. Pushkin).

Conventional relationships can be expressed by the infinitive or imperative ignition used in the value of the subjunctive. In this case, the conditional union is missing. For example: Be She and her son, she would be calmer (N. Ostrovsky) - Listen you, so we are outside of humanity, outside of his laws (I.Turgenov).

VI. SEED NGN.A collaborative proposal is called a complex proposal, indicating its attachment to those circumstances that could prevent, but did not prevent the commission of what they say in the main part. At the same time, the pressing part connects to the main union although (at least), let (let), despite the fact that, despite the fact that and allied words with a particle n. . For example: Although I have already traveled once to Churasso, but the terrain of the whole path was completely unknown to me(S. Aksakov); The work was boiling,despite what night has come(I. Goncharov); And then saylike n. It was bad rapidation of Chertopkhanov, nevertheless, in comparison with the upbringing of Tikhon, it could seem brilliant.(I. Turgenev).

From the above examples, it can be seen that the apparent part may be before the main, behind it, as well as in the middle of the main part. At the beginning of the main part, confirming unions can stand but, however, yet .

Sevective offers with the union words under which there is a particle n. (no matter how night etc.), express a generalized-seign value.

II.. Wow. Comparatively called such a complex proposal, in which the pressing part encompass comparison with something for a more visual or figurative and emotional characteristic of what is said in the main part, and it is connected to her comparative unions how, as if, as if, exactly, like et al. for example: Schgin walked carefullyas spring walk on fragile ice river (A. Gorky) - image clarity; With deaf soundsas if Someone has a palm on a cardboard box, pomegranates(A. Firstborn) - the visuality of the image; Skilled foliage gold in pzzy water on the pond,like Butterflies Easy flock with a slaughter flies on a star(S. Yesenin) - figurative-emotional characteristic; how Sometimes a bright month floats due to clouds,so One in the night of the oldest ray shines (F. Tyutchev) - figurative-emotional characteristic.

Pressing part, as can be seen from examples, in relation to the main one can occupy any position, but most often is after the main part.

In the presence of correlative words in the main part, as well as when attaching the apparent part to one of the words, the main, comparative complex proposal becomes smelted.

Comparative offers are close to design with than ... Top and comparative forms of comparative degree in the main and pressing parts. For example: Than Rather, drowned fire,top The moonlight becomes better (A. Chekhov).

VIII.. SPP with apparent consequences.The proposal of the investigation is called such a complex proposal, in which the apparent part indicates the result (consequence) of what is reported in the main part, and is joined by the Union so that . For example: I looked at her on the side,so that I was visible clean, gentle profile of her slightly tilted head (A. Kubrin); The brown office was placed on the embankment, very close,so that I did not cost the car(A. Green).

Union of Corollary so that Does not allow dismemberment. Therefore, the proposals of the investigation cannot become printed-co-relatives.

With the proposals of the investigation should not be mixed in structure locomotive-correlate structures in which the apparent part, although it has a shade of the investigation, but mainly indicates degree of action (status) or manifestations of a sign. For example: Chineseso went to his thoughtswhat, It seemed completely forgot about our presence(V. Arsenyev) - Here Vera Ivanovna was angry and said a few words in my addressso strongwhat My ears flooded with blood and began to grow(M. Gorky).

IX.. Comparative NGN. Comparable this complex proposal is called, in which the apparent part is compared to the content with the main part and joins the unions if, whereas, while et al. for example: If a In the division and the case, Herkina data were perceived as events of particular importance, then for the headquarters of the army they had ... not decisive(Em. Kazakevich) - She knows how to read and write, whereas Marya Porfiryevna is completely ill-dimensional.(M. Saltylkov-Shchedrin) - ... She did not see Alexey yetmeanwhile, All young neighbors only about him and said (A. Pushkin).

As can be seen from examples, the apparent part in the comparative offer is always standing after the main one.

X.. Connecting NGN. Attachmentthis complex proposal is called, in which the apparent part expresses additional remark or conclusions and connects to the main part of the union word what. At the same time, this word, pointing to the general content in the main part, converts this content to the value of the member of the apparent part, in the role of which the allied word what. This word can be used in any case, without an excuse and with a pretext and go to relative adverbs why why, why et al. for example: Yamchika wondered to ride the river,what should have reduced us the way three versts(A. Pushkin) - By destroying the fish in some area, the otter moves up or down the river,for what Going along the bank(V.Arsenyev); Goose took into the beak another rope and pulled her, from what Immediately heard a deafening shot(A.hekhov).

As can be seen from examples, the appling part in the attachment is usually in the postposition.

At night as if Evenks would almost all sing in a dream, and sowhat one drink, and the other pulls up (M. Privine).

Unions can be dismembered or not dismembered depending on the logical accents of a particular offer. For example: Any of us, on your time becoming a member of life, is a unique way in it, it acquires a purely individual experience representing, however, interest and others,because The power of people, their faith in the future is based on the experience of each (V. Chilivichin.) - when shifting an accent on the word because (If the comma is put in front of the union that) the value of the causal justification will manifest itself in a complete measure and will become the main one in this statement (Wed: Any of us ... Acquires a purely individual experience representing, however, interest and othersbecause Power of people...).

As a result of the displacement of the accents and the permutations of the punctuation, the semantics of the pressing part may vary. This property has, in particular, the Union so that. For example: He rushed into three techniques, and suddenly, Ivo all the body full of a circle so that at one moment his legs were right above the head , he pushed himself from Bruusyev with force, flew by an elastic arc for a half of the soot forward, turned over in the air and deftly, feline, sat down on the ground. (A.Kuprin) - the apparent part of the investigation; ... having described the full circle to all the body so that at one moment his legs were right above the head - Pressing image of action with a tint of this quality (word soit became correlative, thanks to the transfer of stress on it). However, this transfer is not always possible. This prevents the lexical organization of a proposal that does not allow changes to the value. For example: On the courtyard there was a completely black, impenetrable night, so first Romomash had exactly blind, feel the road(A.Kuprin) -in this proposal, the quality of quality is already designated in the main part, and therefore the apparent part cannot be transformed; In addition, the quality thoughts not at action, but at the naming (subject). Wedway: Possible transformation: The courtyard was completely black, impenetrable night, such that at first Romashov had to feel the road.

Recently, there is a tendency to not dismember the Union, if the pressing part stands before the main thing: As the snow in the boiler Sell and addressed a dairy liquid, Paul added snow from the bucket(O. Bergolz). The unusual union in such a situation is explained by the fact that the last part of the proposal is usually emphasized, at the beginning the accents are rare. Wed: But what happened at the last minutebefore he, after Elizabeth, Alexandrovna came to the front (A.Fadeev).

The dismemberment of the Union is mandatory in the presence of words adjacent to the first part of the union and logically distinguishing it: with the use of denying, amplifying, restrictive and other particles, input words, adverbs. All these words are "pulling" the emphasis on the first part of the Union, contributing to the transition of it to the correlate word: The windows in the house were open,apparently, because it was very stuffy . Unions are dismembered and in cases where the first part of the union combination as a correlation word is included in a homogeneous number of membership members: Romashov also blushed to real tears from his impotence and confusion, and from pain for an offended Shurachochka, andbecause he did not manage to insert any words through the deafening sounds (A. Kookin).

Can break the union and in contrasting: Melodies, mixing with tears, flow directly on your nerve to heart, and you crynot because you are sad, and because the path to you inspired is so true and insightful (B. Pasternak).

Questions:

What role does the unions play in the organization of bounced complex proposals?

What types of pressing parts are allocated in bicked complex suggestions?

Support words and phrases:

bounced proposal; Complexed proposals with additives: temporary, places, causes, objectives, concessions, conditions, seeding, comparisons, consequences, comparison, connecting; preposition, interposition, postposition.

Lecture number 6. Complete proposal

with multiple pressing parts (polynomials STP)

Plan

SPP with consistent submission of the pressing parts.

SNP with coented: a) homogeneous coented

b) inhomogeneous coented (parallel).

SPP with mixed (combined) subordination.

Completed proposals with two and more pressing parts are called polynomials. The polynomial complex proposals are built on the structural schemes of the bounced proposals and have the same grammatical meanings as bounced proposals. Nevertheless, the numerous proposals have their own specifics: in them, for example, there may be a host of two unions, the skipping of unions.

By the nature of the relationship between the pressures with the main part and among themselves, the following types of polynomial complex proposals are distinguished:

) consistent submission, at which the first pressing part is subordinate to the main, the second is the first subordinate, the third is the second pressing, etc., for example: Bobrov remembered the poems cleaners in some magazinein which the poet spoke his cutewhat They will not swear to each other,because oaths would insult their gullible and hot love(A.Kuprin):

[... SUN], (in which ... verb.), (that ...), (because ...);

2) sports, PR Which two or more appropriate parts are subordinated to the main part as homogeneous or inhomogeneous units:

BUT) uniform coented - This is such subordination of the pressing proposals when they relate to one general to the main proposal for them and are the same meaning. For example: I remember,as We fled through the forest, as buzzed bullets,as fell aparted branchesas We dug through the hawthorn bushes(V. Garshan) - homogeneous coented: Putinals relate to the same word of the main offer and are the same in value (than-mentionable):

[... verb.], (how ...), (like ...), (like ...), (like ...).

subcidant digesional cans have with them writing alliances that the same punctuation signs are set as with homogeneous members. For example: Obviously it waswhat Savelich in front of me was rightso what I insulted him with reproach and suspicion(A. Pushkin):

[... verb], (that ...) and (that ...).

With the main sentence there are two homogeneous appendages associated with a single alliance and .

idev Surushka, as little little bit the skyand lowered to earthas lit up one after another star(A.hekhov):

[

... verb], (like ...) and (...), (like ...).

At the main part there are three homogeneous apparent (than-mentionable); In the second attachment, the union is omitted as .

onelet wrote, what Mood is heavy, but so that he is not worried about them(V.Panova):

[

... verb], (what ...), but (to ...).

b) Inhomogeneous coented (parallel) - Such submission of the apparent parts of the complex proposal, when the apparent belongs to one general proposal for them and are different in meaning:

iWA the whole valley was filled with the golden rays of the setting sun, I understoodwhat the day is over(V.Arsenyev):

(


When ...), [... verb.], (that ...).

With the main proposal, two apparent, where the first (temporary) refers to the whole main proposal, and the second appling - to the verb-to the main part;

se what Built on Earth, belongs towho Build(M. Gorky):

[


... places., (that ...), ... topics], (who ...)

Two apparent proposals belong to the different words of the main part.

) Mixed (combined) submission With consistent submission and coented, for example: Only in the eveningwhen the sun is at all already sitting, my father won a huge bream,whom left in his boatto disgust (S. Aksakov):

[..., (when ...), ... SUB.], (which ...), (so ...).

This is a complex proposal with inhomogeneous and consistent subordination of the apparent;

the beginning was scary seemed to vacule, when he rose from the ground for such height,what nothing could see anything at thenime, and flew over the most month sowhat if would not be leaning a little, then it would hook his hat(N.Gogol):

[...], (when ..., (that ...), ...), (that (if ...), ...).

This is a complex proposal with consistent and inhomogeneous submission of four departing proposals.

There are many options in the construction of a complex proposal with several pressing parts based on all sorts of combinations of consistent subordination and coented.

Questions:

What are the polynomialic complexes?

How are suggestions with consistent submission are built?

How are sentences with homogeneous and non-homogeneous coented?

What punctuation signs are put in polynomial complex suggestions?

Support words and phrases:polynomial complex suggestions; coented; homogeneous coented; inhomogeneous (parallel) coented; consistent submission; Mixed (combined) submission, etc.

Lecture number 7. Unionless complex proposal

Plan

The concept of non-union complex proposal

Non-union complex proposal of the open structure (polynomial)

The non-union complex proposal of the closed structure (twisted).

I.. The concept of non-union complex proposal

Nessuzny A complex proposal is such a complex proposal, parts of which are associated with each other in meaning, with the help of intonation, the procedure for following parts, the ratio of the forms of verbs-beyonds.

In the non-union complex proposals allocated proposals open and closed Structures.

Non-union complex suggestions openthe structures form an unclosed series, consist of two, three or more parts, the number of which can potentially be increased by adding new parts.

For example: Brighten the air, you can see the road, whine the sky, whites clouds, green fields (I.Turgenyev); Knives knock, dishes rings, butter hits (A.hekhov) and others.

Non-union complex suggestions closed Structures form a closed row, consist of two parts and do not allow the distribution of the third and subsequent parts. For example: Grave graves grave - the pain is overgrown. (M. Sholokhov); We are very funeral: the nights were already cold (N. Chukovsky), etc.

II.. Non-union complex proposal of the open structure (polynomial)

open structure called such polynomial The design, parts of which lists any single-type events (phenomena) occurring simultaneously or sequentially. These designs allow new parts. for example : The sky is breathing in the autumn, even less often the sun shone, in short, the day became (A. Pushkin); Noise, laughter, running, bows ... (A. Pushkin); Earls quietly beat you in the face, cornflowers cling to their feet, quail shouting around(I. Turgenev) - the value of the simultaneity of phenomena . Meanwhile, tea has slept, I pulled two hiking cups from the suitcase and put one before him (M. Lermontov); A strong wind suddenly threw in the embroidery, looked around the leaves, flashed lightning, hit the thunder, the thunderstorm broke out (I. Turgenev); Horses have moved, the bell stuck, the kibitka flew ... (A. Pushkin) - the value of the sequence of events ..

III. The non-union complex proposal of the closed structure (twisted).

Non-union complex proposal closed The structures are called such two-headedthe design that expresses the following types of relationships: comparable, conditionality, causal, valetative, subject-object, spinning and definitive and explanatory.

For comparablerelations are observed the values \u200b\u200bof opposition to the action and its result or comparison. For example: You are rich - I highly Poele. . T.s prose -i poet... (A. Pushkin.) - contrast; Youslide Wet bush - youso hudd accumulated by the warm night of the night ... (I.Thevergen.) - action and its result; POLVIT. Word - Solovysings . (Proverb) - comparison.

When relationship conditional The first part of the design is director reverse condition In relation to what is said in the second part. For example: Do In my opinion - married youcame out ! (P. Bazhov) - direct condition; ... Chinfollowed he is he served suddenlyleft ... (A. Griboedov) - the reverse condition (assignment).

When expressing causal investigative Relations The second part of the construction explains the reason for what is reported in the first part. For example: ...Inot could to fall asleep : in front of me in the darknessspread boy With white eyes (M. Lermontov).

For issuctive subject-object Relations The second part denotes a subject or an object with respect to the content of the first part. for example : From their storiesit was clear: life Worker everywherethe same (A. Gorky) - subject relationship; Ifelt : everythingblood myin face to merined ... (A. Pushkin) - Object Relations.

For identally definitive relationships The second part "defines" any member of the first part, specifying it attributely predicative or adverbialsign. For example: Here are mineconditions : You are now publiclyrefuse from her slander andwill be ask I apologize ... (M. Lermontov) - an attribute characteristic; Like all Moscow, your fathersuch: Wasting a son-in-law He with the stars yes with the ranks ... (A.Griboyedov) - predicative characteristic; Houses foma metsolemnly : Father gave the boy a heavy silver spoon with an intricate monogram, and a thread scarf of his knitting (M.Gorky) is a circumstantial characteristic.

For explanatoryrelations in the second part is accurately characterized act or signwhich without specification is reported in the first part. for example : Immediatelyrose muddle : to mebegan to scratch head, wash your face(F.Dostoevsky); And exactly, sheit was good: high, thin, black eyes like mountain sulna... (M.Lermonts).

Questions:

What complex suggestions are called non-union?

What kind of signs are the non-union complex suggestions?

What non-union complex suggestions are called an open structure?

What non-union complex proposals are called a closed structure?

What signs of punctuation are put in non-union complex suggestions?

Support words and phrases:

non-union complex proposal; closed structure; open structure; a polynomial proposal; Two-headed offer.

Lecture number 8. Multifunction complex

Plan

SME complicated structure.

Complication of complex proposal.

Complex proposals with complicated structure.

Unsoyous complex proposals with complicated structure.

Difficult, complex and non-union complex proposals may have complicated structure. The complication of the structure is expressed in the fact that one, several or all parts of a complex proposal, in turn, turn out to be in their own structure any complex proposal.

Complications of a complex proposal

Complications of a complex proposal It is observed in cases of consistent subordination, coented and combinations of these methods. In addition to these cases, the complication of the structure of a complex proposal occurs when a complex proposal is also acting as the main part. For example: When Any was taken home,then the light and the cooks went to the market (A. Chekhov).

Examples complex proposals with complicated structure:

1) It was unthinkable, it is impossible, but she insisted, and maybe in fact it was necessary to immediately rush on the wanted, and then I would have managed to fix something, to prevent something (F. Colundsev).

Here are two parts, each of which, in turn, is in form complexed sentence:

[, but], and [, and].

2) Victor finished now work,when The sun was just beginning to sit for flat roofs of huge new homes, and no longer had such a feeling that all life takes place in this plywood booth. (F. Colundsev).

Here are two parts, each of which, in turn, is in form with falconic sentence:

[, (when ...)], and [[... SUD], (that ...)].

Examples non-union sophisticated suggestions with a complicated structure:

1) Lucy stopped near the transition: the green light broke out, and a whole flock of cars broke off (F. Colundsev).

Here non-union bounced sentencein which the first part in the form is simple offer, and the second complexed:

: [, and].

2) Water, of course, tastelessbut Anyway, this is pleasure: gas bubbles pinch the tongue, they give you a wet trifle, and all this means togetherwhat summer almost already came (F. Colundsev).

Here unsoyous twisted offer, the first part of which in form is complexed offer, and the second, being too complexed The proposal, in turn, has two parts: the first - non-union polynomialic offersecond - complex sentence:

[, but]: [[,], [[... ch], (that ...)]].

Thus, some special "type" of a complex proposal "with an essay and submission" does not exist - There are only all sorts of extremely diverse cases of complicationscomplexed, complex and non-union complex proposals due to the use of their parts of such structures, which themselves in their structure are various complex offers.

Questions:

What is the complication of the structure of a complex sentence?

Call different types of communication in complex syntactic structures?

What punctuation signs are put in complex syntactic structures?

Support words and phrases:

complicated structure; a complex proposal with a complicated structure; writing and non-union link; writing; Communication and non-union connection.

Complex syntax whole

Complex syntactic integer (superflazable unity) is called such a unit of monologue statement, which reveals one of its private topics and consists of a number of proposals, combined between a parallel or chain bond. For parallel Communication offers are homogeneous character independent In meaning, possess compliant forms. For chain Communication offers heterogeneous And their meaning is revealed only in context.

An example of syntactic unity with a parallel bond suggestion: His father wakes up early, fills the whole number, and without the silent, caustic smoke, then shouts into the corridor, demanding a samovar, drinks tea and smokes again, and Sasha sleeps and sleeps on the sofa, feeling that you can sleep as much as you like The gymnasium should not go. Finally, the father caresses Sasha, jokingly paints a blanket from him. Sasha pray to sleep at least one minute, and then immediately comes to himself, sitting on the sofa and, happily looking around, says that he dreamed of him, as if he had a worker in Latin, but only not in the gymnasium, but somewhere on the dullness(I. Bunin).

This complex syntactic whole reveals a private topic ("Awakening"); The proposals in it are independent in meaning, although they paint the overall picture of the awakening; They have similar verb forms of the imperfect type of present.

An example of syntactic unity with a chain bond suggestion: Streshnev turned, drove back without the road, on the stuffing. The dog was published accompanied him, clearly visible among the golden fields. He stopped, threatened with her arapnik. She also stayed, sat down. - "Where will I go? - As if she asked. And as soon as he tried, he fled to him with a leisurely ardor. He thought about a distant station, brilliant rails, the drill of the outgoing train ... (I. Bunin).

This complex syntactic whole is also revealed private topic. But here all the offers "chain" are connected with each other through primhensionsAnd all but the first, have a complete meaning only in mutual communication with each other.

Parallel and chain relationships of proposals usually functions in unity, intertwining with each other within one complex syntactic whole. For example: Before dawn on the floor near the bed, the candle was burning. Streshnev, long, in boots and harsher, in the unbuttoned space, slept on his back ... Vera sat near him, leaning on his knee. Her brilliant eyes were red, swollen from tears. She smoked and stupidly looked at the floor. She put her leg leg. Little leg I liked her very much. But the heartache was too strong (I. Bunin).

Here the first and second proposals, as well as the last in relation to all the previous ones have a parallel connection. In all other cases, there is a chain connection.

Questions:

What is called complex syntactic whole?

What is the nature of the connection of the components of a complex syntactic whole?

Support words and phrases:complex syntactic integer; syntactic unity; parallel connection of proposals; Chain connection of proposals; means of communication

Alien speech and ways to transfer

The concept of someone else's speech and methods of its transfer

Alien speech It is called a speech of any person transmitted by the author of this statement literally (literally) or on behalf of the author.

According to the method of transferring someone else's speech different: direct speech and improper direct speech.

Direct speech. Punctuation signs with direct speech

Direct speech called someone else's speech made by the author verbatim So, as if he says exactly the face whose speech is transmitted by the author. Direct speech is usually accompanied by in words Self author who informs the reader or the listener about who exactly says as He speaks, to whom drawn, kom. Replies, etc.

Depending on the mutual location of the direct speech and the words of the author, the following structures differ:

1. The author's words are preceded by direct speech. In this case, after the author's words, a colon is put, direct speech is written with a capital letter and is in quotes. for example : The prince quietly on the skull of the horse came and brought:"Sleep, a friend is lonely! Your old owner survived you! " (A.S. Pushkin).

2. The words of the author follow a direct speech. In this case, direct speech is in quotes. At the end of the direct speech there is a comma (if the proposal is a narrative), a question or exclamation mark (if the proposal is a question or exclamation) and a dash. The words of the author are written with a little letter. For example: "Grushnitsky is angry for him for the fact that he beat him the princess," - said someone. (M.Yu. Lermontov);

"Who knows this person?" - asked the boss, groaning all the sharp, sparkling look. (A.Fadeev); "You do not understand!" - solemnoy said Metelitsa, until the very last minute I could not blame for what could be twisted. (A.Fadeev).

1) If the author's words are embedded in the middle of a direct speech in the place where without the words of the author there would be no sign or stood a comma, point with a comma, colon or dash, then the words of the author on both sides are highlighted with a comma and dash, quotes are set in The very beginning and at the very end of the design.

For example, "And I heard , - everything is also fun said Serpilin, - that the tankers of Colonel Klimovich are interacting with the neighbor, " (K. Simonov),

2) If the author's words are embedded in the middle of a direct speech in the place where a point would be without words of the author, then after the first part of the direct speech there is a comma and dash, and after the author of the author, point and dash. The second part of the direct speech is written with a capital letter. Quotes are put as in the previous case.

For example: "Without a special order not a single shot , - annealing the voice of Ivan Mountains. – Comrades, I warn you, for healing - shooting in place ... " (A.N. Tolstoy).

3) If the author's words are embedded in the middle of a direct speech in the place where there would be a question or exclamation mark without words, then after the first part of the direct speech there is a question or exclamation mark and dash, and after the author's words, the point and dash. The second part of the direct speech is written with a capital letter. Quotes are put as in the previous case. For example: "You can't do anything, and do not think! – roaring wings. – Now I will treat you. " (I. Ehrenburg).

4) the author's words dissected a direct speech. In this suceum before the direct speech is usually put a colon, and after it dash. Direct speech is in quotes and written with a capital letter. For example: My question is: "Is the old caretaker live?" - no one could give me a satisfactory answer.. (A.S. Pushkin).

Indirect speech

Indirect speech It is called someone else's speech transmitted from the author's face. In this case, a form of transmission of indirect speech is a complex proposal, the main part of which is related to the words of the author, and the apparent - with someone else's speech.

If direct speech is narrative offer, then in indirect speech used - the Union what. For example: He says: "I saved you life." – He says,that saved my life (A.S. Pushkin).

If direct speech is wise offer, then in indirect speech used union to. For example: Then she told me:"Get some sleep". - Then she told meso I lay down to sleep . (F.M. Dostoevsky).

If direct speech is questionative offer, then in indirect speech there is a design with an indirect question with the union words or the union lie. For example: Volyntsev did not ask:"What was the word?" - Volyntsev did not ask What a word it was (I.S. Turgenev). I asked fairly way:"You caught in our direction? "- I asked quite inappropriately,for business, he drove into our direction . (A.S. Pushkin).

Personal forms of personal and attractive pronouns are used in direct and indirect speech, respectively or "on behalf of the author" of the author, or "on behalf of the person". For example: Guys scream:"Help us to knit her grass!" - Guys scream toi helped them Grass knit. (M. Sholokhov).

When translated into an indirect direct speech, saturated with modal words, particles, appeals, etc., the latter are usually lowered and only the general meaning of the line is transmitted in indirect speech. For example: "The same, look at me, the ballobs, do not expect anything else!" - Moldova at the same time Arina Petrovna. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). - Arina Petrovna saidso that the ballins did not wait anymore .

And Averkin was happy with the first time,that he is at home served (indirect speech).

Insupply-direct speech, transferring a lexical and emotional-expressive peculiarity of direct speech, together with the fact that it is not identical to it by lexical filling and syntactic structure. Incomplete-direct speech is a stylistic synonym for direct speech. For example:… He came twice the soldiers who visited Port Arthur and in Japan, - in war and captive. And did not tell anything worthwhile anything about war or about captivity ...In war scary, and then nothing, and you do not think, and in foreign countries everything is not in human: there are a lot of land, but there are no place, everywhere the mountains, people all sorts and not consider, but not to talk with… (I.A. Bunin).

Income-direct speech

Incomprehensive - direct speech - This is a special way to transfer someone else's speech, in which the merger of the components of direct and indirect speech is observed: its lexical and emotional-expressive peculiarity, and from the indirect - forms of personal and attractive pronouns, passes into the incomprehensive speech. For example: Here he and at home, served! (I.A. Bunin.)

Wed: And Averaky all rejoiced at first:"So I and at home, served!" (direct speech).

Dialogue as a form of oral speech communication

Dialogue Represents a set of questionative and motivating proposals, as well as proposals - replicas, united by the general theme, which is devoted to the conversation of two or more people. Dialogical speechAlthough she transmits literally to those who participate in the conversation of persons can not be considered as direct speech, as it is not introduced into the text words of the author. The proposals included in the dialogue are characterized by the fact that they are usually incomplete and each of them can be understood only in connection with the other consideration of the situation of the conversation. For example:

And when will you die, Pankrat? I suppose, you will be a hundred years?

How do you like to talk, father?

How many years do you, ask?

But I do not know, s, father.

Yes, Plato Apollonian-from remember?

How-C, father, clearly remember.

You see now. You mean, no less than a hundred. (I.A. Bunin).

There may be such cases when the dialogue includes full common sentences, having a complete meaning, and even groups of proposals included in the same dialogue segment. For example:

And what is your question?

I'm about bricks. We had to ship brick. - Poor building.

So why do you, I apologize, chief engineer? I can tell you without the chief engineer that we did not ship anything to the email stroke. And this month is unlikely ...

So after all ...

Understand. I understand everything, and I even sympathize with you. But I can't help you ... (A.remchuk).

When recording a dialogue, the speech of each of its participants is written from the Red Row and it is rated before it (see examples).

Another way to record dialogue is also possible: the speech of each of the interlocutors is in quotes and separated from the speech of another interlocutor of the dash. In this case, the recording is continuous.

Complex is called a proposal that has two or more grammatical foundations in its composition,eg: Stood July, the days were clear and sunny.

Parts of a challenging offer can be connected with the help of unions, in this case it is customary to talk about the union challenge. Depending on the meaning of the Union, allied proposals are classified for complex and complex: Nobody slept in the house when I returned(Proposal complex, since the Union when It is a supervisory). The sky was cloudy, gray, and rains began on Wednesday. (The proposal is complex, since its parts are connected by the writing union and ). The connection of the part of the proposal can be carried out with the help of intonation, that is, non-union, in this case the proposal is called non-union: Cheese fell - with him there was a cheer of this (wing). It is impossible to go: the road blured.

In strictly complex offer There is a lot of difficulties. Therefore, when using complex syntactic structures, it should be remembered:

1. Eating near two unambiguous unions is a grammatical error: Your recommendations deserve attention but howeverit is impossible to implement this project yet.(Unions but however are interpreted and transmit the same value) ; He claims, as if The aircraft was refilled by substandard flammable(Unions that and as if transmit an extreme value) .

2. In a complex sentence, you need to pay attention to the right choice of the Union: Your assumption will be confirmed only if it is proven ... (instead if you need a union when, correlated with the word then in the main sentence).

3. In a complex proposal, an inappropriate repeat of the particle is not allowed. would be in the apparent part ( If these measures would be accepted, everything would end well). Repetition of unions or allied words with consistent subordination of the apparent gives the phrase heavywealth.

4. It is necessary to avoid tautology of unions, that is, their unjustified repetition: The vertices of the mountains were visible, which were covered with snow, which sparkled in the sun. - The vertices of the mountains covered with snow, which glittered in the sun was visible. In the first example, the replacement of the apparent part of the complex offer is involved not only simplified the design, but also clarified the definable word (not the mountains, and the vertices).

5. The structure of a complex proposal is violated and with a combination of one of its members and the apparent part. In one row, it is impossible to install, for example, the addition and an appropriate offer: The prime minister spoke of a decrease in inflation and that wages will no longer be. Unlawful and compound involuntary turnover and apparent identity: Consisions deserve people who recognize criticism and which correct their mistakes. It should be replaced by the apparent proposal by the involvement of the turnover ( fixing their errors) or instead of involved turns.

6. When building a complex proposal, ambiguity should be avoided, for example: A conversation was held with the head of the dramatic team, which recently set a new play(It is not clear who put a play, head or team). In this case, it is better to replace the complex offer with two simple, for example: A conversation with the head of the dramatic team took place. This director recently set a new play.

7. When transferring direct speech using the indirect, it should be remembered that in direct speech, the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons are used, and in the indirect - only 3rd, eg: To the question of how you We spend time on the way, passengers answered that the Russian liner deserves a high marks.This is an indirect speech, so instead of pronoun youpronoun must be used they are.

Control tasks for chapter 5

1. In sentences, find errors related to the violation of the negotiation standards, give a corrected option:

There was a conversation with Nastorhukhina, one of the strongest sprinters of the country. For many years, he lives spiritual orphan. A third of the company's directors did not want to discuss this topic at all. Million children in our country are deprived of parental care. People wish to know how their heroes live. The organization sells cereals: bunch, buckwheat, wheat. Half of Russians live below the subsistence level. The left and right door sash was opened. There are more than two thousand specialists in restoration specialists. Over the past couple of years, university left about one hundred and fifty scientists.

2. In proposals, find errors. associated with violation of control standards, give a corrected option:

Of course, looking at these parties, it is awesome. At the meeting must be attended by all clubs. An expert is needed competent on disarmament issues. We instirm confidence in you in our bright future. Weekend on another galaxy is cool! Arriving to Moscow, he overtook all the negotiations. Upon arrival you will meet buses. From the Arctic has reached in winter. The certificate can be issued only upon presentation of insurance. According to the law, such misconducts can be punished with administratively. Many things you bought, but do not use, could serve others. This creative union has long been familiar and love our listeners. The events will be held in connection with the upcoming holiday of the builder's day. Legal acts guarantee a person. Losing or not working, minimal means of existence.

3. In sentences, find errors associated with the syntactic standards, determine their type, give a corrected option:

In March, the enterprise will host a competition for the title of the best employee by profession. Now there is an opportunity to buy in installments, paying only one third of the cost of the car. When working with details, you should remember: you need to carefully evaluate the unit number. We really miss you. Completing the meeting, a personnel question was raised. In this struggle, presidential administration either leave the political arena, or the government should change. 32 Aviavatcher takes part in the strike. To the question of how you spent time on the way, passengers answered that the Russian liner deserves a high marks. Firm, unfortunately using other people's money, which has debts in front of citizens, continues to flourish. We admire and bow the courage of the soldiers. Children's plant "White" again takes children after major repairs. Illustrations for stories sent to the competition are well done.

Despite the fact that the norms of spelling are familiar to you from the school course of the Russian language, relax early!

• Orthography is a section of linguistics. Learing the principles and rules for transferring speech sounds on the letter.

In the area of \u200b\u200bstudy of spelling, be theoretical understanding of the principles, rules of graphic design of the word, as well as the definition and study of internal trends and external factors affecting the changes occurring in the graphics system of the Russian language. Modern spelling includes: a) the rules for transferring speech sounds on the letter; b) the rules for the use of fusion, weapons and separate writing; c) the rules for the use of lowercase and capital letters; d) the rules for writing comprehensive words (abbreviations); e) words transfer rules.

At the heart of Russian spelling, which means many of the rules of writing words, lie the following principles of spelling:

1. The phondematic principle, according to which all Russian phones indulge in the letter uniformly. Most of the writing in Russian is subject to the phonematical principle. For example, the phoneme [o] in the word seapassed on letter letter -about-. In this case, we write - and pronounce the sound [o]. In a word nauticalin place of this letter we pronounce the sound a-loosehowever, we transmit it the same letter. The phonderatic principle determines the writing of all verified vowels and consonant letters.

2. The morphological principle, according to which all morphemes (parts of the words) in Russian have a uniform writing. This principle is close to membar. For example, the root morpheme "City" in the words of urban, cityit will be transmitted uniformly dependent on which phonetic conditions are the beams of the sounds. In accordance with the morphological principle, a uniform writing has most Russian roots, suffixes, consoles. However, there are deviations from the morphological principle, for example, the word town plannerit has another writing horse morpheme.

3. Phonetic principle. It is a retreat from the morphological principle. According to this principle, we write a letter that is fully appropriate to certain sound. Phonetic in Russian are the following writing:

a) writing consonants -, At the end of the consoles without a demon, out, once-races, Upoles, etc.According to the rule, before ringing consonants we write -, before deaf - c-, for example, pinspectorate, blurred, disappear, wriggle, cheap, is too, an extraordinary, sorry, disobedient, etc.

b) writing vowels -and-after the consoles ending with solid consonants. In the words of nonsense, play, toville, raise, summarize, damnitative, preinfarcity, etc. We write - how to hear this sound. The exceptions make up words with consoles -Hell, above- Words with foreign-speaking consoles, as well as comprehensive words, for example: disinfection, Pobrong, Pedysplace, Fininpector, Panislamic, Stermented, Mezhinskitsky, etc.

4. Traditional principle. These writing are determined by the Russian spelling tradition. They own writing - Schu, cha, sch, -zhi,writing alternating vowels in the root of words, writing -Oh, After hissing I. -,, Writing consoles -Pre, etc.

5. Differential principle according to which various writing is determined by different conditions in the text or different values, for example: Company of friends, but election campaign; during the river (sults.), but during the day (preposition); Despite the surrounding (Deeprich.), But despite the snowfall (preposition), etc.

Exercises to the topic

1. In these words, insert the missed letters, arrange the stress. . In case of difficulties, contact the "sensible dictionary" and "spelling dictionary"

F ... Ximile, F ... Liant, Triptych, Ur ... Nista, b ... RK ... Rola, with ... p ... nada, ang ... zh ... ment, b ... Nuar, Impre ... Sario, ... Ratriory, in ... PH ... SAZ, P ... g ... nation, m ... n ... script, m ... ristin, with ... Guidilla, f ... Ltzet, m ... z ... Nszen, AKV ... Rail, P ... Mflet, B ... N ... FIS, K ... Media, in ... Olonchel , K ... L ... RIT, B ... T ... Foria, P ... N ... Rama, K ... T ... Log, Beech ... Nista, P ... Tit, M ... Zaica, KV ... NT, Pr ... d ... Ser, K ... RD ... ballet, m ... Zanssen.

2. Spariate words by inserting where you need missed letters. Explain the meaning of the words using the "Explanatory Dictionary".

AK ... MPA ... MENT, ACES ... WAR, A ... Nexia, AP ... ND ... Cyt, Ac ... Mbleya, AT ... She, AT ... Ribut, AF ... ECT, BAL ... AST, BAR ... OK ... Oh, Dis ... ONANS, Buck ... Laurel, Gut ... Apercha, DEF ... ECT, D ... FIRITE, DILEM ... A, DI ... Gram ... A, DIF ... Usi, Drive ... Ma, Peri ... A, Dres ... IT, Dural ... Yuminiyevy, and ... Юся, They ... tation, they ... the unit, to ... to ... Fonia, them ... Grant, im ... Netnaya, imp ... Zanany, impresses ... Ario, IP ... Odour, to ... League, count ... EZHVIUM, Kolos ..., Quinte ... Section, Cor ... Zia, Cat ... EZH, KOM ... ERTION, PALATS ... Oh, Plis ... E, Ef ... Ect.

3. Insert the letters. Determine the lexical value of word data, using dictionaries: intelligent, etymological, foreign words. Make up proposals with them.

PR ... Ambula, pr ... Baby, pr ... dick, etc. Zent, \u200b\u200betc. ... Zentabel, etc., etc. ... People, pr ... Mjer, etc. PARING, PR ... Rhinet, etc. Tenitiousness, pr ... Cedent, pr ... cotton, etc. Madonna, etc. Mat, etc. Matual, etc. Viley.

4. Explain the spenting pronouns. To do this, rewrite, inserting the missed letters, opening brackets.

1. He lived ... Who, the man rootless, lonely, away from the city, in the wilderness (cr.). 2. N ... that he did not touch him, he did not notice H ... What (P.). 3. Samghin is unnoticed, n ... Who is not easy, gone (MG). 4. N ... what to relax the view, exhausted monotony of an endless picture (Rong.). 5. The boy made something from the seashells, almost without staging and ... what not to notice around (Fed.). 6. There is a ... what - friends kissed (kr.). 7. (N ...) (y) who had no doubt that the enemy shelves are going, that much (FAD.) Will depend on this fight. 8. He left Nastya from the fence to suffocate, trying not to ... that did not see it and (N ...) (o), as he did not ask (paust.). 9. Lisaweet Ivanovna (N ...) (c) who was advised: she had no girlfriends, nor mentoring (P.). 10. He is very contracted to me, and strange: (N ...) (for) what I didn't want, so that I didn't like it as well (P.). 11. Morgach do not like, because he himself is ... there is no business (T.). 12. Klim never (N ...) (c) who did not say as with Marina (MG). 13. He understood everything and (N ...) (C) that did not want to interfere (hump.). 14. (N ...) What weather is not foreshadowed (ARS.). 15. Two minutes later, the keys, who (that), seemed to have come down the stairs (G.). 16. Suddenly, the door was squealed on the block and trampled the floor from whose (TO) steps (C.). 17. He lived secluded, only occasionally something (who) came to him.

2. This failure (N ...) What other than the fascinated crater. 2. The question may be allowed by the director, and (N ...) who is different. 3. The project is made (H ...) by someone else, as a famous specialist. 4. The proposal is (H ...) than other, as the result of misunderstanding. 5. (N ...) What other could not help so help as a change of climate. 6. (N ...) Whoever, besides the little chalunca, could not do this. 7. The work will bring to the end of the assistant master, and (N ...) who will not fulfill it better.

5. Rewrite, inserting missed letters in the verb endings of the future time and imperative.

1. Fit ... Those of the room. - After the left ... those, the room will be carried out. 2. Drink ... Those unfamiliar words in a notebook. - Will you write down ... those newspaper for the next quarter? 3. Revenue ... those me, please, and this time. - If the reserves ... those, I would be very grateful. 4. Released ... those ordered by cash on delivery. - When it came out ... those report it. 5. Jump ... those again? - Please jump ... Those, you do it well. 6. Picky ... those hands: they are wet you. - When Pickup ... Those hang a towel on the hanger. 7. Accustomed ... those to the regime in the holiday home. - When accustomed to ... those, you will like it. 8. Lack ... those at least for a minute! - Not yet liquefied ... Those, I will not tell. 9. If the door is locked up, knocks ... those in it or a viller ... those of some of us. - Once you are knocks ... Those or angles ... those will open. 10. Feed ... those stain. - When the extended ... Those, swallow the fabric.

6. Rewrite, inserting letters, denoting communion suffixes. In brackets, indicate the hinge of the verb, from which the sacrament is formed.

Rast ... La ... SHOPE STEP, START ... FIRST BUILDING, T ... Jelly breathing man, Col.-free firewood young man, chalk ... Flour worker, hate ... a lot of traitors, a man drank ... the shoulder ... in the water of the kids, glue ... Box boy, tremble ... Sick, meaning ... The number of the list, Bouring ... Burning the crew, is ready ... A student is ready for the tests, slept ... the elderly, stele ... ... School dog, specialty grapes, chokoloch ... Laughter, Hake ... Burning splashes

7. Spariate texts inserting missed letters, opening brackets.

Palaughter of children

Children's children are dangerous not only on (for this) that the palls ... Suggested in them egocentrism and iRD ... Verity, but also (for reason), that it is very soon ... leads to the priest and equal ... soul. (NOT) I was spoiled ... The child is much ... easier to ... put joy: Any gift, any delicacy or entertainment ... carry it much ... More pleasure than a dick, knowing ... Mu, what he just wants to wanted him, and the whole world will be Services. For the completeness of the sensation of life at all (not), it is necessary that the child had a lot of expensive toys, (which) would be in the praz ... Dashing days (not) ... Mentally visited ... Ti or six Christmas tree, that () ... NFETA and Corrosen ... OE IT ... Ball for first requirement.

Collection of berries

Large ground ... Nick and strawberries everywhere Alelie so brightly, that ... Located rubies on the dark green grass. The guys worked deftly, I am (like) (nor) (from) who did not leave ... shaft. Tinged to the ground and ran so much (as), agile, like the most shrinking yag ... Damn. (C) lies ... (no) how many h ... owls my bucket was so (as well), as well as the guys. Closer to the (semi) day we are already sick ... Roles of the berries to their mouth or cap. RJ ... Noah Xle ..., Fresh berries, rest on the tra ... Ke quickly rest ... Newly our strength. Through (Paul), we rushed to the forest river ... NCA, which is so (as) served one of the priest ... the manoka of our way ... processions. In the evening we rushed home, that (if) on the next day to repeat then (as well as) ... Procession. During the day, we have chub ... (no) low fatigue. For (TO) How nice to be in the forest and sob ... Raint berries!

Caution, punctuation marks! Kopinate deeper and does not hurry!

• Under the punctuation, it is customary to understand: a) a system of graphic non-alphabetic signs, that is, punctuation marks; b) the system of rules for the use of punctuation marks.

In modern Russian speech, there is a variety of use of punctuation marks and graphics, which constitute a single graphic system of the Russian language, including the following punctuation marks: point, point with comma, comma, colon, dash, exclamation mark, question mark, quotes, dots, brackets ( They are central), as well as metagographs ( italics, R a s r d k a font), which relate to peripheral signs.

The formulation of punctuation marks in a written speech is determined by the following principles of punctuation:

1. The grammar principle according to which the punctuation marks separate one grammatical part of the text from the other. For example, the point separates one sentence from another, the punctuation marks in a complex proposal separate one predicative part of the proposal from the other, etc.

2. Logical or semantic principle. According to this principle, punctuation marks allocate a part of the proposal having a special meaning. For example, the logical principle is put by a comma, highlighting the involved, particle gain, comparative turns, as well as punctuation marks with an unconqual complex sentence, which transmit semantic relations between parts of such a sentence: Rusting gold, and silent steel - only the word power is given (dash transmits the semantic relationship of comparison).

3. intonation principle. According to this principle, the punctuation marks transmit an intonational pattern of oral speech on the letter. For example, after each phrase, we make a logical pause, in the place of which a point or any other sign is required in the written speech: To joke with a dream dangerous: a broken dream can be a misfortune of life. (In place of the pause we put the colon).

However, the punctuation marks most often are put in writing in accordance with several principles, for example, the point is set in accordance with all three principles of punctuation.

Exercises on the topic

Take the texts, insert the missed punctuation marks, explain the formulation of punctuation marks, determining the rule and principle of punctuation, which acts in one case or another.

The long shine strip stretches from the west to East Taimyr Lake. In the north, the stone boulders behind them loomed the black ridges. Spring water bring from the upwards traces of the person's stay torn networks, floats, broken oars and other unwitting affiliation of fishermen.

The wetland shores of Tundra were denied only to someone whiten and shine on the sun specks of snow. Still tightly holds the legs with ice with ice, and the ice in the mouths of the rivers and the river will stand for a long time, and the lake will be cleaned about ten days. And then the sandy coast is powered by light will go into the mysterious glow of sleepy water and then in solemn silhouettes and bizarre outlines of the opposite shore.

In a clear windy day, inhaling the smells of an awakened land, we ferment on the protanes of the tundra and we observe a lot of adultery phenomena from under the legs, it will be run away from the partridge land; Robbles and immediately as a shot will fall on the land of a tiny catchokok, who trying to lead the uninvited visitor from the nest also begins to tumble at the worst. At the base of the stone placer, a voracious text, covered with shreds of woolly, and guts with stones makes a well-calculated jump pushing the jumped mouse with his paws. And further the ermine, holding silver fish in the teeth, jumps to the chopped boulders.

Slowly melting laders will begin to revive and bloom the plants, the first among which will be roses, because they develop and fight for life even under the transparent ice crust. In August among the first mushrooms, the berries will appear among the polar birch hills, the berries in the word all gifts of the short North summer. In the scoring pitiful vegetation, the tundra also has its own adorable flavors. When summer and the wind will come, the bunks of the flowers of the buzz of the bumps will arrive and sit down on a flower bumblebee of a large connoisseur of wonderful nectar.

And now the sky again frowned and the wind madly began to arrange us that it was time to return to the boardwalk of the polar station, where the baked bread and her comfortably smells of human housing. Tomorrow starts reconnaissance work.

Another one else is an eleventh hour on the outcome and have not dewenery anywhere from heavy heat, how breathing July day. The hot air is barely pegs over the gentle sandy road. Not yet confused but half the wrath of the grass and the stele from the heat of almost unbearable for a living being. Dorming without a lifeful moisture greens of grove and passed. Something unintelligible incentively whispers in a meadiness of a restless grasshopper. No one else fights the animal in the insect no longer with the insect. Apparently, everyone surrendered by making sure that the strength of the Istoma, who was prompting themselves invincible and irresistible. Alone of the dragonfly feels still and, as if nothing has happened, it fears without tired in Pakhuchi needle. At certain meadows, no breeze nor Rosinki. In the grove under the foliage cannay, it is also stuffy as in the open field. Around the boundless sup, and in the sky or the cloud.

Housing sun ready to hit every ray, burns unbearably. Silently, barely napically pure water, called to refresh the body in cool in the cool depth.

But I don't want to go swimming and I do not want to go, and there is no need to break up after swimming even more on the sun.

One hope on a thunderstorm is only one can wake a rustic nature and dispel a dream.

And suddenly, really something rumbles into Dali, obscure and foggy, and the ridge of dark clouds is moving from the south-east. In continuation of a very short time for any ten-fifteen minutes, the sinister silence reigns and all the sky is covered with clouds.

But here, from nowhere, either taking into the dead wilderness breaks down a sharp gust of the wind, which seems to do not restrain anything. He rapidly drives him a pillars of dust mercilessly tears and mosses the woody foliage ruthlessly many and brings field cereals to the ground. Brightly gloring lightning cuts blue thick clouds.

It would be nice to take place from this very unexpected but welcome guest. Coming to the village will not be able to sit down in the hollow of an old oak point only to a child. The thunderstorm comes occasionally away the lightning flares, a weak buzz is heard, gradually amplifying, approaching and passing into intermittent rollers, hugging the entire horizon. But the sun looked out the last time, illuminated the gloomy side of the skyscland and disappeared. The whole surroundings suddenly changed, took a gloomy character and thunderstorm began.

The quiet September day was on the outcome. Forest roads under the mountain moved skillfully masked guns and three shoes, they walked the caravans of the horses loaded with apparently mines. All on this day there was a raised mood that were bred in the last days of the fighters, settled down in small, but dense bandages or a single way, letters wrote and in a low-voice speaking reinforced by stew.

It was already completely dark and in the gorge it became cold when leaving the position of the battalions went on the road. It was not clear how in a dense forest with a barely light of the moon, moving a touch, people will find their place in the mountains and prepare for battle. However, the commander of the mouth was examined in advance surroundings, and therefore the waste proceeded normally.

The enemy during the night almost did not try to storm at dawn in the open rushed to our ariirgard company left in the tesnin ... But none of the fascists saw as on top of crystal rocks, covered with the oakhas of the lightweight plants, as soon as there were observers, literally not Hung out eyes from the enemy.

Excited long expectations ready to handle to death, lay fighters on the rocks, and fascists went on the roads inaccessible fire. The danger was so great that no one had a thought to neglect her or at least inharacted her. ^

The swan for its magnitude strength and beauty and the greatest posture has long been and rightly named the authentic king of the entire underwater bird. White as snow, with brilliant little eyes long, it is beautiful when calmly calmly sails on a dark blue mirror surface of the water. But all his movements are filled with the idle charms: whether he will drink and jumping out the nose of water will raise his head up and pull out the neck; Will you begin to swim, dive as a breaking swimmer in a barrel splashing with its mighty wings, far spreading water splashes; Whether the wing is blown through the air, as if a long oblique sail, and it will begin with an indifferent nose to sort out in it every feather, airing and drying it in the sun is incomprehensible picturesque and great in it.

Swan flocks I did not see in those places of the Orenburg province where I was constantly hunted and where I have met the shoals of other birds swans there are gaps only by a span. However, it also happens to be a few swans staying in the idle state, like an attractive place not far from my boardwalk, and if they just will not be discharged during the week, or even more. How they arrive and where I do not know. Once, their guests continued for three months, and maybe it would have happened more than yet: a local old-timer, not anyone else as a companion of our site, killed one pumped for a fluff, the unsurpassed advantages of which are known to us.

In most vintage songs, especially in South Russian Swan is presented as a luxurious, noble bird, never throwing brethren on a flock in misfortune. Excessive, sacrings they will be desperate to protect others. Swans are not inclined even before insurmountable obstacles.

Their non-light power is not pretty. It is said that if the dog rushes to the Swan's children or someone approaches it easily enjoyed he blows the wing can be killed to death.

By exploring the explosion of Metlia Levinsoi punished him by all means to return the same night. But the village where I sent the pleasant actually lay a lot further than levinson assumed: the Metelitsa left the detachment of about four hours of afternoon and on the conscience of the stallion chant, bent over him as a bird of prey, cruelly and fun blowing thin nostrils to bexicated with this mad jogging after five Slow and boring days, but to the sweetest, fled after, without decreasing the taiga in the rustling of herbs, in the cold and sad light of the dying day. It was already completely dark when he finally got out of the taiga and held a stallion near the old and rotten with the failed roof of Omchanika, as seen the long ago abandoned people.

He tied a horse and, grabby for loose-spirited cutters, climbed to the corner at the corner of the risk of falling into a dark hole, from where it was glad to smell his strangal herbs. Having lifted on the chain semi-bent feet. He stood for about ten minutes, not lying around virtue and listening to the night, unidid on the dark forest background and even more like a bird of prey.

Metelitsa jumped on the saddle and drove on the road. Her black long-lasting ruts barely appeared in the grass. Thin trunks birchly belel in darkness as dwarked candles.

He rose to the Borgorm left was still a black ridge of sobes, curved, as the ridge of a giant beast rushed river. The versts in two must be near the river itself, the bonfire burned, he reminded Metelice about the syromest solitude of the shepherd of life; Further crossing the road, the yellow, non-moving village lights stretched. The line on the right turned aside, lost in the blue Mol in this direction the terrain was greatly reduced.