What soils prevail in mixed forests, you will learn from this article.
What are the soils in the zone of mixed forests?
* Dernovo-podzolic soils
In mixed forests, the soil of the dermal-podzolic type is widely formed. Thanks to weather conditions, a powerful gumuo-accumulative horizon has been formed here, in which a small proportion belongs to a turf layer. The following elements are involved in the processes of formation of ferrous-podzolic soils:
1. Solo particles
3. Calcium
7. Hydrogen
8. Aluminum
Since the environment of this type of soil is oxidized, then its fertility is not too big. It contains 3-7% humus. Derne-podzolic soil is enriched with silica, but at the same time practically does not contain nitrogen and phosphorus. Contains a large amount of moisture.
* Forest gray soils
Gray soil is considered transitional soil from podzolic soil to chernozem. This type was formed due to the warm climate and plant diversity. The basis of the formation of gray soils - particles of plants, excrement of animals, residues of microorganisms. Stirring, they create a large layer of humus.
* Brown soils
Brown soils are also formed under the influence of a warm climate, or rather moderate-roast and constant moisturizing of the soil. Have a rich brown shade. Due to the fact that a large amount of grass grown on such soils, they are enriched with humus. But its level of fertility is somewhat lower than that of the chernozem due to the fact that the increased humidity leads to the washing of some elements.
What is a mixed forest?
Mixed forests are a natural zone where various types of hardwood and coniferous trees germinate.
In mixed forests there are different types of trees. The main rocks are maple, oak, linden, birch, ram, pine, larch, fir, spruce. Due to the high level of humidity and frequent change of weather seasons in these areas, various types of soils were formed, namely brown, dend-podzolic and forest gray soils. They are characterized by a large level of gumus capacity.
The dend-podzolic soils of the zone of mixed coniferous-decide forests are widespread in the northern regions of the Ryazan region. Here are the conditions for the flow of the turf process, leading to the formation of the humula-accumulative horizon and the weakening of the podzolic process. This circumstance is explained by the fact that in mixed forests there are broader and finely tree species, in the ground tier a lot of herbs.
In the composition of the biological circulation, nitrogen leads, the ash elements - CA, MG, K, P, S, FE, Si are less active. For this, with good drainage under the conditions of washing water, sulfur-podzolic soils are formed. The natural fertility of these soils is low due to the acidic reaction of the medium, a low degree of saturation of the bases, small humation, a small range of active moisture, minor security by biogenic elements. The prevailing part of the turf-podzolic soil is in the forest fund, their involvement in agriculture is carried out during chemical ameliorations (liming, making organic and mineral fertilizers, sediment). Lained vegetation The sandy varieties of these soils are subject to deflation. On the garishes and deforestations, the dend-podzolic soils are often poured.
In the subzone of southern taiga with difficulty natural drainage, usually in decreases, the dend-podzolic soils are subjected to glea formation, which leads to their transformation under conditions of a stagnant-washing water regime into marsh-podzolic soils. Increased moisturizing is accompanied by the accumulation of coarse humus, the enhancement of eluvirovative processes. The increase in the diagnostic signs of the Odzolyvanny and the flocks is well pronounced in Katenh on alluvial-zandrovy plains of the vesets and in other fields. Katna from top to bottom down the slope as moisturizing is increasing the following soils: weakly prolonged\u003e podzolic\u003e strong-oxoleted deep-haired\u003e podzolic glue\u003e podzolic guery\u003e Dernovo-Gley\u003e peat-guery.
For the depths, it was characterized widespread in the second half of the XX century. Conducting desiccit and chemical amelios, which made it possible to significantly increase the fertility of swamp-podzolic soils and increase the area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land.
Swamping soils in the region are formed mainly in the subtitle zone of the pollen territories folded with waterproof rocks. Such a situation was predominantly in and Mokshin nizenas, where in the ancient alleavial plains, extensive sandy arrays are littered with the waterproof Jurassic clays.
The swamps and swamp soil are formed under congestion water conditions with excess surface, soil or mixed moisture. By the nature of water nutrition and the provision of mineral biogenic substances, the swamps shall be divided (oligotrophic), transitional (mesotrophic) and low-rise (tarphous).
The formation of horse marshes occurs on watersheds and is associated with surface fever when atmospheric ultrasonic water accumulates in various decrees. In addition, the rollers can form at the increasing of the splawers on the lakes with relatively climbing shores. As the peat layer grows, a marsh riding peat soil is gradually formed. The oligotrophic peat is formed mainly by sphagnum moss. Under the conditions of fearing atmospheric waters, the marsh riding peat soil acquires low ash content (0.5 - 3.5%) and a very acidic reaction of the medium (pH \u003d 2.8 -3.6). Under the freight from the living sphagnum moss, there is a peat horizon with low water permeability, over which water is causing. All of these adverse properties determine the low fertility of swamp riding peat soil.
Sometimes the formation of rolling swamps is associated with the lagarment of sushi with fresh (soft) groundwater, which is explained by the rise of their level into soil horizons. In this case, the atmospheric precipitates, leaking through the looming rocks, are forced on sea, coating, lake sediments with low water permeability. High standing groundwater causes excessive soil moisturizing, leads to the formation of peat-gley and peat soil of the rolling swamp.
Transitional swamps are formed by mixed inching and have an atmospheric type of power. Perhaps the occurrence of transitional swamps during the overhang of water bodies. Mesotrophic peat transient swamps in its properties and nature of use are close to oligotrophic peats, although plants mineral conditions are more favorable due to some influence of groundwater.
Milk swamps occur with the soil moisturizing and overgrowing the lakes. These swamps are alpopic, differ in significant content of mineral substances from groundwater. Therefore, the composition of plant-in-forming plants of low-spirited swamps is more diverse: dowry, reed, rogoz, alder, birch, spruce, pine. Peat soils of low-spirited marshes are distinguished by increased ash content (more than 6%), weakly acidic and neutral medium reaction (pH \u003d 5 - 7), good waterfront.
For low-spirited maver marshs characteristic of the accumulation of swamp ore
(clusters of limonitis). Hanging rigid groundwater contributes to the deposition of Mergel, as is observed, for example, in the floodplain of the Oka and its tributaries. In the presence of mineral impurities (limonitis, mergel), the ash content of the low-rise peat may increase to 20 - 30%.
The formation of marshes and swamp soil is primarily due to the formation and accumulation of peat, which constitutes an organogenic horizon. The peat deposition is the result of a slow decomposition of plant residues in an anaerobic medium characteristic of subakval landscapes. In the middle and southern taiga of the European territory of Russia, the growth of the peat horizon of soil occurs very slowly - with a speed of 1 cm per year. For the millennium, the surface of the mineral bottom of the swamp is formed by a peat layer of about 1 m.
Under the peat horizon in swamp soils there is a mineral guery horizon. Therefore, the profile of swamp soil has a simple structure of T-G. Depending on the power of the peat layer, swamp soils are distinguished on small peats (less than 100 cm), on medium peats (100 - 200 cm) and in powerful peats (more than 200 cm).
Swamp soils can be evolving when the water supply conditions change and under the influence of sukcessions of plant-in-forming plants. For example, when separating from the capillary border of groundwater, the soils of low-spirited marshes can transform into transitional and rollery marsh soils.
In the second half of the XX century. In the Ryazan region, large-scale drainage dies of wetlands were carried out in order to develop luragov and agriculture. With a reclamation foundation in 320 thousand hectares, 100 thousand hectares were drained, including about 40 thousand hectares of closed drainage. The main arrays of drained lands are located in the northern part of the Ryazan region, i.e. in the Meshcherskaya and Mokshin nizenas, as well as in the floodplain of the Oka.
Drain of lowland soils of the rigging and transient swamps is considered inappropriate. Therefore, after drafting, peat sphagnum is applied to fuel, composts, litter for livestock. Natural, not depleted state of these swamps allows you to preserve them as water protection areas, valuable hunting grounds, berries, medicinal herbs.
In the main objects of the acelioration were eutrophic soils of low-rise marsh, capable of providing farmland plants with mineral nutrition elements.
The involvement of dried low-walled soils in agriculture causes a number of negative environmental consequences, which is associated with their hydrothermal and pyrogenic degradation.
Reducing the moistening of these soils after draining aiming leads to a peat deposit shrinkage, an increase in the temperature of organogenic horizons, an increase in the soil aeration, change the reducing medium to the oxidative, increasing biological activity. In the new hydrothermal conditions, peat (especially herbaceous and moss) quickly decomposes with the formation of carbon dioxide, water, nitrates. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surface layer causes a local "greenhouse effect", which even more increases the peat temperature. Soil processing, the type of crop rotation also has a noticeable effect on hydrothermal and biochemical degradation of dried peat soils. As a result, the natural process of conservation of carbon and nitrogen in the organic substance of swamp soils is replaced by an irreversible loss of this chemical element due to the mineralization of peat, the deposancy of crop crops, wind erosion, washing out with groundwater. The peat horizon of soils in the disappeared crop rotations (at a speed of up to 3 cm per year), so on is reduced. When cultivating vegetables and potatoes, a meter peat deposit formed for the millennium will disappear within 35 -40 years. In her place will be the underlying mineral rock. In Poles, we should expect the appearance of low-grade sand glezers.
Another type of degradation of degraded peat soils up to their complete disappearance is caused by pyrogen factors. Usually in the inter-period period there are devastating fires on the drained marsh arrays, often leading to a complete burnout of peat to the mineral bottom of the marshes. In the Polessian landscapes, peat soils are saturated with a powerful thickness of fluvioxy and ancient aluminum fruitless stale quartz sands. After burning out peat deposits, these sands come out on the day surface. In addition, a plasterometric level of the territory is noticeably reduced, which contributes to intense secondary lap the previously drained marsh massif. It should also be noted that fires cause many negative social consequences associated with the smoke of the atmosphere.
To protect the dried peat soils from accelerated biochemical mineralization and fires, sanding, i.e., the introduction of sand into arable horizon or its surface is used as an agromeliorative event. In order to preserve the positive balance of the organic matter on the meliorated peat lowers, herbal crop rotations are introduced, hay and pastures are created.
With minor accumulation in low-alkaline and transitional swamps of organic matter in the form of peat (less than 30%), marsh mineral soils are isolated, belonging to glezhams: humid-gley, deropy-gley, illosteo-gley. The profile of these soil includes organogenic (at) and guery (G) horizons.
The sliced-gley soils of the subtaper zone belong to the wetlands (heavily), since it is characterized by a long-term water type of water regime. In this regard, narrow soils occupy usually poorly drained areas: depressions on interflunes, foots of the slopes, etc. The largest arrays of the delicate-gley soils are located mainly in the northern regions of the Ryazan region.
The formation of ferrous-glying soils is associated with the flow of two soil-forming processes, namely: the delicate and guery, which are accompanied by a biogenic and hydrogenic accumulation of chemical elements. The development of the turf process is due to herbal meadow
vegetation, as a result, a powerful soil horizon with a high content of humus (10 -15%) is formed, a large absorption capacity (30-40 M-eq / 100 g of soil), a significant saturation of the bases with a neutral or weakly acidic reaction and water supply structure. Gleay formation is caused by long water stagnation in the soil, which is reflected in the appearance of appropriate morphromatic signs in the form of alternation of nasy (bluish, greenish, gray) and oath rusty spots in soil horizons and in the mother breed. Depending on the type of convergence (superficial, soil, mixed), geletics features are manifested in different parts of the soil profile (AG, BG, G horizons). Because of the convergence in the dermal-gley soils, a torn bed may be present, under which the humus horizon is located (AT horizon).
Dernovo-gley soils have a large margin of biogenic elements, but have an adverse water-air regime. After drying, these soils are introduced into the agroecosystems.
Records on the letter
Smes of Smes and Wide Forest .
In mixed forests of moderate belt podzolic soils (see Soil Taiga) Purchase humus soil horizons. First of all, this is due to the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed with soil animals (worms, crumbs, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, the horizon of washing iron and clay particles, as well as with the brown horizon of the washing are called dernovo-podzolic .
In the subzone of mixed forests there are also converted soils of wetlands with humus and guery soil horizons - they are called ferris-guery soils . These soil types are widespread very wide, especially in the European part of Russia.
In large forests of moderate belt, gray forest soils and brown forest soils are formed, or burosemes.
Gray forest soils There are a transition between the turf-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernoles of the forest-steppe and steppes. They are formed in a heavier and dry climate and under more abundant vegetation than the dend-podzolic soils. The vegetable remnants and mixing their soil animals are more here, so the humus horizon is deeper and darker in them. However, due to the steady snow cover, each spring, when melting the snow, the soil experiences a kind of blow - is actively washed, therefore, the horizons for washing and washing are formed.
Brown forest soils - This is the soil of a more warm, but no less wet climate than the one in which the turf-podzolic soil is formed. Completed in zap. and center. Europe, north-east. Coast of the United States, on the Y. Russian D. East and Japan. Since in these regions there is no period of hot, dry summer and sustainable snow cover in winter, brown forest soils are moisturized almost evenly throughout the year.
In such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually formed
Soil mixed forests
Soil mixed forests
Soils of mixed and deciduous forests
In mixed forests of moderate belt podzolic soils (see Soil Taiga) Purchase humus soil horizons. First of all, this is due to the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed with soil animals (worms, crumbs, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, the horizon of washing iron and clay particles, as well as with the brown horizon of the washing are called dernovo-podzolic. In the subzone of mixed forests there are also converted soils of wetlands with humus and guery soil horizons - they are called ferris-guery soils. These soil types are widespread very wide, especially in the European part of Russia.
In large forests of moderate belt, gray forest soils and brown forest soils are formed, or burosemes. Gray forest soils There are a transition between the turf-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernoles of the forest-steppe and steppes. They are formed in a heavier and dry climate and under more abundant vegetation than the dend-podzolic soils. The vegetable remnants and mixing their soil animals are more here, so the humus horizon is deeper and darker in them. However, due to the steady snow cover, each spring, when melting the snow, the soil experiences a kind of blow - is actively washed, therefore, the horizons for washing and washing are formed. Brown forest soils - This is the soil of a more warm, but no less wet climate than the one in which the turf-podzolic soil is formed. Completed in zap. and center. Europe, north-east. Coast of the United States, on the Y. Russian D. East and Japan. Since in these regions there is no period of hot, dry summer and sustainable snow cover in winter, brown forest soils are moisturized almost evenly throughout the year. In such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually formed humus It acquires a more brown (brown) color, and without the annual influence of the snowming, the horizon of washing iron can not be formed.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
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The mixed forest is a territory on which deciduous and coniferous trees are harmoniously adjacent. If the admixture of the tree breed is more than 5% of the total flora, you can already talk about the mixed type of forest.
The mixed forest forms a zone of coniferous-decide forests, and this is already a whole natural zone characteristic of forests in a moderate belt. There are also coniferous-fine forests, which are formed in a taiga as a result of the restoration of the pines or fetters cut down earlier, begin to displacing different types of birch and aspen.
Basic characteristic
(Typical mixed forest)
Mixed forests are almost always in the south coexist with broad-sized. In the northern hemisphere, they also border taiga.
Allocate the following varieties of mixed forests in a temperate belt:
- coniferous-wide;
- secondary finely with the addition of coniferous and wide breeds;
- mixed, which is a combination of deciduous and evergreen rocks.
Subtropical mixed fox highlights the combination of laurel and coniferous rocks. Any mixed forest is distinguished by a pronounced longline, as well as the presence of areas without a forest: the so-called opolea and the cassier.
Location zones
Mixed forests as a combination of coniferous and broadcast rocks are found on the Eastern European and West Siberian Plains, as well as on the Carpathians, the Caucasus and the Far East.
In general, both mixed and wide forests occupy not so much share of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation as coniferous taigas. The fact is that in Siberia such ecosystems do not take root. They are traditional only for European and Far Eastern regions and at the same time grow by intermittent lines. Pure mixed forests are found south of the taiga, as well as behind the Urals before the Amur region.
Climate
Mixed type forest stations are cold, but not very long in winter and hot summer. The climatic conditions are such that precipitation falls no more than 700 mm per year. Moisturizing coefficient at the same time increased, but can change over the summer. In our country, mixed forests stand on turf-podzolic soil, and in the West - on the Bura Forest. As a rule, winter temperatures are not lowered below - 10˚C.
Bolitary forest stations are distinguished by a wet and temperate wet climate, where the sediments are distributed evenly throughout the year. The temperatures at the same time quite high, and even in January there is no colder -8˚C. Increased humidity and abundant heat stimulate the work of bacteria and fungal organisms, due to which the leaves are quickly decomposed, and the soil retains maximum fertility.
Features of the plant world
Features of biochemical and biological processes cause a sealing of species diversity as progress towards broader rocks. European mixed forests are distinguished by the obligatory presence of pine, spruce, maple, oak, linden, ash, elm, and among shrubs, viburnum, lion, honeysuckle leading. Ferns are very common as herbs. Caucasian mixed forests in large volumes contain beech, fir, and Far Eastern - Birch, Walnut, Grab, larch. The same forests are distinguished by a variety of Lian.
Representatives of fauna
In mixed forests, those animals and birds inhabit, which are generally typical for forest conditions. This is moose, foxes, wolves, bears, boars, hedgehogs, hares, badgers. If we talk about individual wide forests, then it is particularly striking the species diversity of birds, rodents and hoofs. In such forests there are roasted, lows, deer, beavers, ondatras and nutria.
Economic activities
A moderate natural zone, including mixed forests, has long been mastered by local residents and are tightly populated. The impressive part of the forest strokes cut down several centuries ago, because of what the composition of the forest was changed and the share of fine breeds has grown. In the place of many forests there were agricultural territories and settlements.
Wide forests can generally be considered rare forest ecosystems. After the XVII century, they were largely burned, largely, because the wood was required for the sailing fleet. Also wide forests were actively cut down under arable land and meadows. Especially strongly from such a person's activity suffered oak plantings, to restore which ever it is unlikely to succeed.
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