Progress - this is an upward development associated with improving the content and forms of the organization of public vital activity of people, the growth of their material and spiritual well-being.Progress is most often understood as progressive movement to a specific purpose. If there is progress, then in the estuary: the directional movement to the realization of the goal, the accumulation of innovations is accumulated, continuity is carried out, sustainability in the development of society is maintained. If there is a refund to the forms and structures, stagnation, and even the coagulation and degeneration of any significant functions occurs, then we can definitely say what happened. regression.
Public Progress - this is the transition from less perfect forms of human activity to more perfect, this is the progressive development of the entire world history.
Types of social Progress:
1) antagonistic:the progress of one part of society occurs largely due to operation, oppression and suppressing another part, promotion in some areas - due to losses in others;
2) neakantagonistic Characteristic of socialist society, where progress will be carried out in the benefit of the whole society, the efforts of all social groups, without man exploitation.
2) revolution - this is a complete or comprehensive change in all or most of the sides of public life affecting the foundations of the existing social system.
Reform - this transformation, reorganization, a change in any side of social life, which does not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure, leaving the power in the hands of the former ruling class. The path to the gradual transformation of existing relationships in this sense is opposed to revolutionary explosions, emitting to the base of old orders.
Marxism: the evolutionary process is too painful for the people + if reforms are always conducted by the "top" by the forces already having power and to part with it, the result of the reforms are always lower than expected: transformations are half and inconsistent.
For determining progressive level of this or that society is used three criteria: How progressive is characterized by a society in which these indicators are quite high.
1. Labor productivity level - Criterion reflecting the state of the economic sphere of the life of society. Although today it is necessary to take into account the fundamental changes that occur in this area
2. Level of freedom of personality - For a long time, it was considered reflecting the progressiveness of socio-political changes in society.
3. Moral level in society - Integral Criteria, which summarizes together the variety of approaches to the problem of progress, reflecting the trend of harmonization of social changes.
Of course, we must not forget that in the real life of his development process itself controversial, respectively, contradictory and the path of its direction. In real life of each society, there may be a breakthrough (progress) in some spheres of society and the backlog or even regression in others.
The search for a general criterion of public progress in philosophy led thinkers to the conclusion that such a meter should express an inseparable connection in the development of all areas, public life processes of people. As a general criterion of public progress, the implementation of freedom, the health of people, the development of morality, the achievement of happiness, etc. All this is undoubtedly important criteria for public progress, but with the help of these indicators it is difficult to still evaluate the achievements and losses of the modern history of history.
Currently, the environmental comfort of a person's life is put forward as the most important criterion of public progress. As for the general universal criterion of public progress, then a decisive role belongs to productive forces.
Specific features of public progress:
1. Global, the global nature of modern civilization, its unity and integrity. The world is associated with a whole: a) a comprehensive nature of scientific and technological progress; b) the processes of internationalization of world economic relations in production and exchange; c) the new worldwide role of the media and communication; d) global problems of humanity (danger of the emergence of war, environmental disaster and the need to prevent them).
2. Multipoleness, segment.
Humanity realizes itself in a variety of types of societies, ethnic communities, cultural spaces, religious beliefs, spiritual traditions - all this poles, segments of world civilization. The integrity of the world does not contradict his multipolenity. There are values \u200b\u200bthat we refer to universal: morality; lifestyle, worthy of humane essence of man; kindness; Spiritual beauty and others. But there are values \u200b\u200bthat belong to certain societies or social communities: classes, individual individuals, etc.
3. Contracted. The contradictions are arranged one to another: between man and nature, state and personality, strong and weak countries. Contradictions of the progress of the modern world give rise to global problems of humanity, i.e., those problems that affect the vital interests of all the peoples of the planet and pose a threat to her survival, and therefore require an urgent decision, and the efforts of the peoples of all countries. Among the most serious global problems should be called the problems of preventing the world slaughterhouse, the environmental catastrophe, development and improvement of education and health care, ensuring the population of the Earth by natural resources, the elimination of hunger, poverty, etc.
The concept of progress is applicable only to human society. As for the living and inanimate nature, in this case the concepts of development or evolution should be used (wildlife) and changes (non-living nature).
Any development is a forward or backward movement. So society can develop either progressively or regressively, and sometimes the society is characterized by both of these processes, only in various spheres of life. What is progress and regression?
Progress
Progress- From Lat. Progressus is a forward movement, it is such a direction in the development of society, which is characterized by the movement from the lowest to the highest, from the less perfect to the more perfect, is a forward movement forward for the better.
Social Progress - This is a world-historical process for which the ascent of humanity from primitiveness (wildness) is typical of civilization, which is based on the achievements of scientific and technical, political and legal, moral and ethical.
Types of progress in society
| Social | The development of society on the path of justice, the creation of conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual, for its decent life, the fight against the reasons that prevent this development. |
| Material | The process of satisfying the material needs of humanity, which is based on the development of science, technology, raising the living standards of people. |
| Scientific | Deepening the knowledge of the surrounding world, society and man, the further development of micro and macrocosmos. |
| Scientific and technical | The development of science is aimed at the development of technology, improving the production process, its automation. |
| Cultural (spiritual) | The development of morality, the formation of conscious altruism, the gradual transformation of a person - the consumer in the man-creator, self-development and self-improvement of the individual. |
Progress criteria
Question about progress criteria (i.e signs, groundsAllowing to judge phenomena as progressive) always caused ambiguous answers to different historical epochs. I will give some points of view about progress criteria.
| Thinkers | Point of view on progress criteria |
| J. Kondorse | Development of human mind |
| Volter. | Education development, Celebration of human mind. |
| Sh.Montackie | Improving legislation of countries |
| K. SEN-SIMON SH.FURI, R.EEN | Lack of humans man, happiness of people. |
| Gegel | Maturity of freedom of society. |
| A.German, N. Chernyshevsky, V. BELINSKY, N.DOBRYUBOV | Dissemination of enlightenment, development of knowledge. |
| K. Marks. | Development of production, mastery, the change of one formation is another. |
Modern progress criteria are not so unequivocal. There are many of them, in the complex they indicate the progressive development of society.
Criteria for public progress of contemporary scientists:
- The development of production, the economy as a whole, an increase in human freedom towards nature, the life level of people, the growth of popular welfare, quality of life.
- The level of democratization of society.
- Freedom level, enshrined legislatively provided opportunities for comprehensive development and self-realization, reasonable consumption of freedom.
- Moral improvement of society.
- Development of education, science, education, increase in human needs in the scientific, philosophical, aesthetic knowledge of the world.
- Life expectancy of people.
- Increase human happiness and good.
However, progress is not only a positive phenomenon. Unfortunately, humanity at the same time creates, and destroys. The skillful informed use of the achievements of the human mind is also one of the criteria of the progress of society.
Disability of public progress
| Positive and negative consequences of progress | Examples |
| Progress in some regions can lead to stagnation in others. | A bright example is a period of Stalinism in the USSR. In the 30s, the course of industrialization was taken, the pace of development of industry increased dramatically. However, the social sphere developed a weakly, the light industry worked on the residual principle. As a result, a significant deterioration in the quality of life of people. |
| The fruits of scientific progress can be used both for the benefit and in harm to people. | The development of information systems, the Internet is the greatest achievement of mankind, which opens up the broad opportunities. However, simultaneously there is a computer dependence, human departure in the virtual world, a new disease has appeared - "Game Computer Dependence". |
| Progress to achieve today can lead to negative consequences in the future. | An example is the development of virgin lands to the rule of N. Khrushchev .. At first, a rich harvest was really received, but after a time of soil erosion appeared. |
| The progress of the water country does not always lead to progress in another. | Recall the state of the Golden Horde. This at the beginning of the 13th century was a huge empire, with a numerous army, advanced military equipment. However, progressive phenomena in this state became a disaster for many countries, including for Russia, which is more than two hundred years under the IGA Horde. |
Summarizing, I would like to note that humanity has a desire to go ahead, opening new and new opportunities. However, you need to remember, and scientists first of all, what are the consequences of such a progressive movementwhether it will be wrapped by a catastrophe for people. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the negative consequences of progress.
Regression
The opposite progress by public development is regression(from Lat. Regressus, that is, the movement in the opposite direction, returns back) - movement from more perfect to less perfect, from more higher forms of development to the lower, movement back, changes to the worst.
Signs of regression in society
- Worsening the quality of people's life
- Decline in the economy, crisis phenomena
- Mortality growth of people, reducing average living standards
- Demochement of the demographic situation, decline in fertility
- The increase in the incidence of people, epidemic., A large percentage of the population having
Chronic diseases.
- The fall in morality, education, culture of society as a whole.
- Solving issues by force, declarative methods and methods.
- Reducing freedom in society, its violent suppression.
- Weakening the country as a whole and its international situation.
The solution to the problems associated with the regressive processes of society is one of the tasks of the government, the leadership of the country. In a democratic state, coming about the path of civil society, which is Russia, I have great importance to public organizations, the opinion of the people. Problems need to be addressed and solving the reporting of the authorities and the people.
Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
What is progress? The idea of \u200b\u200bregress
Progress (from Latin: "Movement is forward") - the direction of development for which the transition from the lowest to the highest.
Regression - Movement from the highest to the lower, degradation processes, return to the forms and structures outlined.
Humanity as a whole has never regressed, but his movement forward could stay and even stop for a while, which is called stagnation.
Characteristic features of progress
1. Peeliness
2. Specific historical character
3. Multidimensity
4. Nonlinear character
5. The relativity of progress
Social Progress - Global, world-historical process of climbing human societies from primitive states (wildness) to the heights of a civilized state, based on higher scientific and technical, political and legal, moral and ethical achievements.
Progress area: Economic Progress, Social (Public Progress), Scientific and Technical Progress.
Forms of social progress:
1. Reformist (evolutionary), i.e. gradual
2. Revolutionary, i.e. scaccuming
Reforms can be economic, political, social.
The revolutions are distinguished by a short-term (French revolution of 1848, the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, etc.) and long-term ("Neolithic revolution", "Industrial Revolution")
Contracted progress
What is the inconsistency of progress?
1) If you depict the progress of mankind graphically, it will turn out not ascending straight, but a broken line, reflecting the lifts and decals, tides and foals in the fight of public strength, an accelerated movement forward and giant jumps back.
2) Society is a complex organism in which various "bodies" (enterprises, associations of people, government agencies, etc.) are functioning, and various processes (economic, political, spiritual, etc.) occur at the same time. These parts of one public organism, these processes, various activities are in mutual communication and at the same time they may not coincide in their development. Moreover, individual processes, changes occurring in different areas of society's life can be multidirectional, i.e., progress in the same area may be accompanied by regress to another.
Throughout history, the progress of technology is clearly traced: from stone tools to iron, from hand tools to machines, from the use of muscular power and animals to steam engines, electrical generators, nuclear power plants, from carriage on pack animals to cars, high-speed trains, aircraft, Spaceships, wooden bills with knuckles to powerful computers.
But the progress of the technique, the development of the industry, chemicalization and other changes in the field of production led to the destruction of nature, to irreparable damage to the human environment, to undermining the natural bases of the Company's existence. Thus, progress in one region was accompanied by regress to another.
3) The progress of science and technology had ambiguous consequences. The discovery in the field of nuclear physics was given an opportunity not only to get a new source of energy, but also to create a powerful atomic weapon. The use of computer equipment not only unusually expanded the possibilities of creative labor, but also caused new diseases associated with long-term, continuous operation at the display: impairment of vision, mental deviations associated with additional mental loads.
The growth of large cities, the complication of production, the acceleration of the rhythm of life - all this increased the load on the human body, gave rise to stresses and, as a result, the pathology of the nervous system, vascular diseases. Along with the greatest achievements of the Human Spirit in the world, the erosion of cultural and spiritual values \u200b\u200bis observed, drug addiction, alcoholism, crime are distributed.
4) Humanity has to pay for the progress of a high price. Amenities of urban life are paid by "urbanization diseases": transport tensile, contaminated air, outdoor noise and their consequences - stress, respiratory diseases, etc.; Ease of movement in the car - the overload of urban highways, transport traffic jams.
The idea of \u200b\u200bCroat
Course of historical theory - Various concepts according to which society as a whole or some of its spheres move in their development on a closed circle from barbarism to civilization and to new barbarism.
Progress criteria
Progress criteria
1) French enlighteners (Condorse): Development of Mind.
2) Socialists-Utopists (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen): society must take such an organization form, which would lead to the implementation of a moral principle: all people should treat each other as brothers.
3) Shelling (1775 - 1854): gradual approximation to the legal device.
4) Hegel (1770 - 1831): As the consciousness of freedom increases, the progressive development of society occurs.
6) Marxism:
The highest and universal objective criterion of public progress is the development of productive forces, including the development of the person himself. The direction of the historical process is due to the growth and improvement of the productive forces of society, including the means of labor, the degree of mastery by man by the forces of nature, the possibility of their use as a basis of human life. Public production is the origins of the entire life activity of people.
According to this criterion, those public relations are recognized by progressive, which correspond to the level of productive forces and open the greatest space for their development, labor productivity growth, human development. A person is seen as the main thing in productive forces, so their development is understood from this point of view and as the development of the wealth of human nature.
Also, it is impossible to find a universal, universal progress criterion only in the public consciousness (in the development of the mind, morality, the consciousness of freedom), it is impossible to find it in the field of material production (technology, economic relations). The story gave examples of countries where the high level of material production was combined with the degradation of spiritual culture.
Conclusion: The disadvantage of all attempts to solve this problem was that in all cases, only one line (or one side, or one sphere) of social development was considered as a criterion. And the mind, moral, and science, and technology, and the legal order, and the consciousness of freedom - all these indicators are very important, but not universal, not covering the life of a person and society as a whole.
Universal progress criterion
The criterion of social progress is the measure of freedom, which society is able to provide an individual, a degree guaranteed by the Society of Individual Freedom. The free development of a person in a free society means also the disclosure of its truly human qualities - intellectual, creative, moral.
The development of human qualities depends on the living conditions of people. The more fully the variety of human needs are satisfied in food, clothing, housing, transport services, in the spiritual area, the more morals are the relationship between people, the more accessible to humans are the most diverse types of economic and political, spiritual and material activity. The more favorable conditions for the development of physical, intellectual, mental forces of a person, his moral qualities, the wider the space for the development of individual properties inherent in each individual person. Than a human living condition, the greater the opportunities for the development of human human: mind, morality, creative forces.
Humanity, the recognition of a person with the highest value is expressed by the word "humanism". From the above, it can be concluded about the universal criteria of social progress: progressively, which contributes to the elevation of humanism.
Integrative indicators of the progressive development of modern society
Integrative indicators of the progressive development of modern society:
1. Average life expectancy;
2. Children's and maternal mortality;
3. Level of education;
4. Development of various spheres of culture;
5. Interest in spiritual values;
6. Health;
7. Feeling satisfaction with life;
7. The degree of compliance with human rights;
Public Progress - The movement of society from ordinary and backward forms to more perfect and complex.
Opposite concept - regression - Returns of society to the already taught, backward forms.
Since progress implies an assessment of changes in society as positive or negative, it can be understood in various researchers in different ways, depending on progress criteria. As such, allocate:
development of productive forces;
development of science and technology;
an increase in freedom of people;
improving the human mind;
moral development.
Since these criteria do not correspond, and often, and contradict each other, the ambiguity of public progress is manifested: the progress in some spheres of society can lead to regression in others.
In addition, progress has such a feature as inconsistency: any progressive discovery of humanity can turn against him. For example, the opening of nuclear energy led to the creation of a nuclear bomb.
P rogress in society can be carried out in various ways:
I. .
1) the revolution - The violent transition of society from one social and political system to another affecting the majority of the spheres of life.
Signs of revolution:
a fundamental change in the existing system;
affects all spheres of public life sharp;
scrolling change.
2) reform - Permanent transformation of individual spheres conducted by the authorities.
Two types of reforms are distinguished: progressive (useful for society) and regressive (having a negative impact).
Signs of reform:
smooth change that does not affect the foundations;
touching, as a rule, only one sphere of society.
II. .
1) the revolution - sharp, hoppy, unpredictable changes leading to a quality conversion.
2) evolution - Gradual, smooth transformations that are mainly quantitative.
1.17. Multivariates of the development of society
Society - So complicated and multilateral phenomenon that it is impossible to uniquely describe and predict its development. However, in the social studies there are several types of classification of societies.
I. Classification of society for the main factor of production.
1. Traditional (agrarian, pre-industrial) society. The main factor of production is land. The main product is produced in agriculture, extensive technologies are dominated, out-economic coercion, undeveloped technology is widespread. Social structure unchanged, social mobility is practically absent. Religious consciousness determines all spheres of society.
2. Industrial (industrial) society. The main factor of production is capital. Transition from manual labor to machine, from traditional society to the industrial - industrial revolution. Mass industrial production dominates. Science and technology develop, and they are improving industry. Social structure changes and the ability to change social status appears. Religion goes into the background, the individualization of consciousness occurs, and the pragmatism and utilitarianism is approved.
3. Post-industrial (informational) society. The main factor of production - knowledge, information. The scope of services and small-scale production dominates. Economic growth is determined by the increase in consumption ("society of consumption"). High social mobility, determining in the social structure, is the middle class. Political pluralism, democratic values \u200b\u200band significance of the human personality. The significance of spiritual values.
Progress and regress of society - (from Lat. Progressus - movement forward), the direction of development, for which the transition from the lowest to the highest, from less perfect to more perfect. The concept of progress is opposite to the concept of regression. Faith in progress refers to the basic values \u200b\u200bof industrial society. Progress is directly related to freedom and can be considered as its steady historical implementation. Progress can be defined as a translational development, in which all changes, especially qualitative, go along the uplink, disclosed as a transition from the lower to the highest, from less perfect to more perfect. On the cultural and value horizon of mankind, the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress appeared relatively late. Antiquity did not know her. Did not know her and the Middle Ages. A truly faith in progress began to be approved in the fight against religious faith for human spiritual emancipation. The triumph of the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress, appropriate sentiment and expectations fell on the XVIII century, the age of enlightenment, reason, faith in the great liberation mission of science, objective and true knowledge. Faith in progress becomes something for granted, but in depth, inner conviction, readiness to serve, follow and obey - even akin to faith in God. The attribute is fixed behind progress
Historical immutability.
Progress and regress - dialectical opposites; Development cannot be understood as soon as progress or regression. In the evolution of living organisms and the development of society, progressive and regressive trends are interacting. Moreover, the interrelation of these trends in living matter and in society is not exhausted by the bonds of alternation or cyclicity (when development processes are thinking by analogy with growth, flourishing and subsequent fading, aging of living organisms). Being dialectically opposite, the progress and regression of society are intermittently related to each other. "... every progress in organic development," Engels noted, "is at the same time and regress, because it consolidates unilateral development and excludes the possibility of development in many other areas" 102.
In the twentieth century, progress was carried out ambiguously. A tangible blow to guaranteed progress caused World War II. She showed
The futility of hopes for significant improvement of human nature. Subsequent events This tendency of disappointment in progress only strengthened. In the conditions of the post-industrial society, aware of the fact that neither automation, nor warranty in progress in itself, no, what should be struggling for him. And that progress is ambiguous that he brings with him negative social consequences. With regard to a separate person, progress means faith in success, approval and promoting productive activities. Success, personal achievements determine the social status of a person, his own progress. The lifestyle focused on success is extremely creative and dynamic. He allows a person to be an optimist, do not fall in spirit in case of failure, strive to new and tirelessly create it, it is easy to part with the past
And be an open future.
Progress and regress in the development of society
All societies are in constant development, in the process of changes and transition from one state to another. At the same time, sociologists allocate two directions and three main forms of society. First consider the essence progrescent and regressive areas.
Progress (from lat. Progressus - movement forward, mustache) indicates development with an upward trend, movement from the bottom to the highest, from less perfect to more perfect. It leads to positive changes in society and manifests itself, for example, in improving the means of production and labor, in the development of public labor separation and the growth of its pro-junction, in the new achievements of science and culture, improving the living conditions of people, their comprehensive development and etc.
Regression (from Lat. Regressus - Inverse Movement), on-mind ensures development with a descending trend, to reverse the movement, the transition from the highest to the lower, which leads to negative consequences. It may appear, let's say, in reducing the efficiency of production and the level of people's welfare, in distributing smoking, drunkenness, drug addiction in society, the health of the population, increasing mortality, falling the level of spirituality and morality of people, etc.
Which path is society: along the path of progress or regression? From how will the answer to this question, the presentation of people about the future depends: Does it be the best life or does not succeed anything good?
Ancient Greek poet Hesiod (8-7 centuries BC.) He wrote about five stages in human life.
First Piece "golden age",when people lived easily and carelessly.
Second - "silver Age" - The beginning of the fall of morality and piety. Going down and lower, people were in "Iron Age"When evil, violence is reigning everywhere, justice is trampled.
How did he seen the Hesiod of mankind: progressive or regressive?
Unlike Hesiod Ancient philosophers
Plato and Aristotle considered the story as a cyclic cycle, repeating the same stages.
With the achievements of science, crafts, arts, revival of public life in the Renaissance Epoch, the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bhistorical progress is connected.
One of the first the theory of public progress put forward a French philosopher Ann Robber Turgo (1727-1781).
His contemporary french philosopher enlightener Jacques Antoine Condorse (1743-1794) Sees historical progress as a path of social progress, in the center of which is the upward development of the human mind.
K. Marxit believed that humanity goes to an increasingly mastery of nature, the development of production and man himself.
Recall the facts from the history of the XIX-XX centuries. The revolutions often followed counter-revolution, for reforms - counter-processors, for indigenous changes in the political structure - the restoration of old orders.
Think on which examples from domestic or universal history you can illustrate this idea.
If we tried to portray the progress of humanity graphically, we would not have a straight line, but a broken line, reflecting the lifts and decline. In the history of different countries, there were periods when the reaction was triumphant when the progressive forces of society were subjected. For example, what disaster brought Europe with fascism: the death of millions, the enslavement of many peoples, the destruction of centers of culture, fires from the books of the greatest thinkers and artists, a cult of coarse power.
Separate changes occurring in different areas of society can be multidirectional, i.e. Progress in one area may be accompanied by regress to another.
So, throughout history, the progress of technology is clearly traced: from stone tools to iron, from hand tools to machines, etc. But the progress of the technique, the development of the industry led to the destruction of nature.
Thus, progress in one region was accompanied by regress to another. The progress of science and technology had ambiguous consequences. The use of computer equipment not only expanded the possibilities of labor, but led to new diseases associated with the long-term work at the display: impairment of sight, etc.
The growth of major cities, the complication of the production and rhythms of life in everyday life - increased the load on the human body, gave rise to stresses. Modern history, as well as past, is perceived as the result of people's creativity, where progress and regression have.
 |
For humanity, in general, the development of the ascending line is characteristic. Evidence of world social progress, per hour, there may be not only the growth of material well-being and social security of people, but also weakening confrontation (confrontation - from the lat. CON - against + IRONS - Front - Anti-Standing, Anti-Fiction) Between the classes and the peoples of different countries, the desire for peace and cooperation is an increasing number of Zem-Liang, the approval of political democracy, the development of the body-leather morality and genuine humanistic Kul-tours, the whole human in man finally.
An important feature of social progress, further, scientists believes and a growing tendency for the liberation of a person - an rally (a) from the suppression by the state, (b) from the dictate of Collections, (c) from any exploitation, (d) from the vital closetness spaces, (e) from fear for their safety and future. In the other words, the tendency to expand and more efficient protection everywhere in the world of civil rights and freedoms of people.
According to the degree of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, the modern world is a very little picture. Thus, according to the estimates of the Ame-Rican organization in support of democracy in the world community "Freedom House" (English Freedom House - House of Freedom, Osnovan in 1941), annually publishing "Freedom Card" of the world, from 191 countries of the planet In 1997
- completely free were 79;
- partially free (where Russia is related to both) - 59;
- non-free - 53. Among the latter, 17 of the most unprofitable states were especially allocated (category "Worst of the worst") - such as Afghanistan, Burma, Iraq, China, Cuba, Saudi Arabia, North Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Drukimi . It is curious the geography of the spread of freedom on the globe: its main foci is concentrated in Western Europe and North America. At the same time, from 53 countries in Africa are recognized only 9, and among the Arab countries - not one.
Progress is visible in human relations themselves. More and more people understand that they must learn to live together and comply with the laws of society, should respect the vital standards and be able to search for compromises (Compromise - from Lat. Compromissum - Agreement based on mutual concessions)must suppress our own aggressiveness, appreciate and protect nature and all that have created previous generations. These are welcome at the signs that humanity is steadily moving towards relations of solidarity, harmony and good.
Regress is more often wearing a local character, i.e. it concerns either individual societies or life spheres, or individual peri-od. For example, while Norway, Finland and Japan (our neighbors) and other countries of the West confidently climbed the steps of progress and prosperity, the Soviet Union and His "Most Bourgeing on Socialist Unfortunate" [Bulgaria, GDR (BRE-accurate Germany) , Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and others] regressed, uncontrollably rolling in 1970-80. In the abyss of collapse and crisis. Moreover, progress and regression are difficult to intertwine.
So, in Russia, the 1990s clearly take place and the other. The decline in production, the gap of the former economic ties between the wip-out, the decline in living standards in many people and the growth of criminally and is obvious "tags" regression. But there is also the opposite - signs of progress: the liberation of society from the Soviet totalitarianism and dictatorship of the CPSU, which began movement to the market and democracy, the expansion of the rights and freedoms of citizens, considerable freedom of the media, the transition from the Cold War to peaceful cooperation with the West, etc.
Questions and tasks
1. Give the definition of progress and regression.
2. How did you consider the path of mankind in antiquity?
What has changed on this issue in the Renaissance?
4. Is it possible for ambiguity to talk about public progress in general?
5. Think about questions set in one of the philosophical books: Is the progress of the replacement of the boom with firearms, a flint rifle - automatic? Is it possible to consider progress to replace when torture of hot electric shocks? Justify your answer.
6. Which of the listed one can be attributed to the contradictions of public progress:
(A) The development of technology leads to the emergence of both the means of creation and the means of destruction;
B) the development of industries leads to a change in the social status of the worker;
C) the development of scientific knowledge leads to a change in the representations of a person about the world;
D) Human culture undergoes changes under the influence of production.
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Ege. Society. Topic 6. Progress. Regression
Any development is a forward or backward movement. So society can develop either progressively or regressively, and sometimes the society is characterized by both of these processes, only in various spheres of life. What is progress and regression?
Progress
Progress - from from Lat. Progressus is a forward movement, it is such a direction in the development of society, which is characterized by the movement from the lowest to the highest, from the less perfect to the more perfect, is a forward movement forward for the better.
Social progress is a world-historical process for which the ascent of humanity from primitiveness (wildness) to civilization is based on the achievements of scientific and technical, political and legal, moral and ethical.
Types of progress in society
| Social | The development of society on the path of justice, the creation of conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual, for its decent life, the fight against the reasons that prevent this development. |
| Material | The process of satisfying the material needs of humanity, which is based on the development of science, technology, raising the living standards of people. |
| Scientific | Deepening the knowledge of the surrounding world, society and man, the further development of micro and macrocosmos. |
| Scientific and technical | The development of science is aimed at the development of technology, improving the production process, its automation. |
| Cultural (spiritual) | The development of morality, the formation of conscious altruism, the gradual transformation of a person - the consumer in the man-creator, self-development and self-improvement of the individual. |
Progress criteria
The question of progress criteria (i.e., signs, grounds that allow you to judge the phenomena as progressive) always caused ambiguous answers to different historical era. I will give some points of view about progress criteria.
Modern progress criteria are not so unequivocal. There are many of them, in the complex they indicate the progressive development of society.
Criteria for public progress of contemporary scientists:
- The development of production, the economy as a whole, an increase in human freedom towards nature, the life level of people, the growth of popular welfare, quality of life.
- The level of democratization of society.
- Freedom level, enshrined legislatively provided opportunities for comprehensive development and self-realization, reasonable consumption of freedom.
- Moral improvement of society.
- Development of education, science, education, increase in human needs in the scientific, philosophical, aesthetic knowledge of the world.
- Life expectancy of people.
- Increase human happiness and good.
However, progress is not only a positive phenomenon. Unfortunately, humanity at the same time creates, and destroys. The skillful informed use of the achievements of the human mind is also one of the criteria of the progress of society.
Disability of public progress
| Positive and negative consequences of progress | Examples |
| Progress in some regions can lead to stagnation in others. | A bright example is a period of Stalinism in the USSR. In the 30s, the course of industrialization was taken, the pace of development of industry increased dramatically. However, the social sphere developed a weakly, the light industry worked on the residual principle. As a result, a significant deterioration in the quality of life of people. |
| The fruits of scientific progress can be used both for the benefit and in harm to people. | The development of information systems, the Internet is the greatest achievement of mankind, which opens up the broad opportunities. However, simultaneously there is a computer dependence, human departure in the virtual world, a new disease has appeared - "Game Computer Dependence". |
| Progress to achieve today can lead to negative consequences in the future. | An example is the development of virgin lands to the rule of N. Khrushchev .. At first, a rich harvest was really received, but after a time of soil erosion appeared. |
| The progress of the water country does not always lead to progress in another. | Recall the state of the Golden Horde. This at the beginning of the 13th century was a huge empire, with a numerous army, advanced military equipment. However, progressive phenomena in this state became a disaster for many countries, including for Russia, which is more than two hundred years under the IGA Horde. |
Summing up, I would like to note that humanity is characterized by the desire to go ahead, opening new and new opportunities. However, it is necessary to remember, and scientists first of all, what are the consequences of such a progressive movement, whether it will be wrapped by a catastrophe for people. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the negative consequences of progress.
Regression
The opposite progress by social development is regressing (from Lat. Regressus, that is, the movement in the opposite direction, returning back) - movement from more perfect to less perfect, from more higher forms of development to the lower, movement back, changes to the worst.
Signs of regression in society
- Worsening the quality of people's life
- Decline in the economy, crisis phenomena
- Mortality growth of people, reducing average living standards
- Demochement of the demographic situation, decline in fertility
- The increase in the incidence of people, epidemic., A large percentage of the population having
Chronic diseases.
- The fall in morality, education, culture of society as a whole.
- Solving issues by force, declarative methods and methods.
- Reducing freedom in society, its violent suppression.
- Weakening the country as a whole and its international situation.
The solution to the problems associated with the regressive processes of society is one of the tasks of the government, the leadership of the country. In a democratic state, coming about the path of civil society, which is Russia, I have great importance to public organizations, the opinion of the people. Problems need to be addressed and solving the reporting of the authorities and the people.
Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
The concept of public progress
Starting any new thing for yourself, a person believes that it will be successfully completed. We believe in the best and hope for the best. Our grandfathers and fathers, undergoing all the lives, Military Lipherette, working not to twist the hands were convinced that we were, their children would get a happy life, lighter than that they lived. And so it was always.
Throughout the XVI - XVII centuries, when Europeans spread over the expanses of Okumen (promised land) opening a new light when new branches of science began to emerge, the word appeared. progress».
This concept is basically the Latin word "progressus" - "move forward".
In the modern scientific dictionary under public progress They began to understand the totality of all progressive changes in society, its development from simple to complex, transition from a lower level to higher.
However, even the short-circuited optimists, convinced that the future will inevitably be better than the present, realized that the update process does not always go smoothly and progressively. Sometimes, behind the move ahead, a rollback should be a reactive movement when society can ride more primitive levels of development. This process was named " regress" Regress opposes progress.
Also in the development of society, it is possible to distinguish periods when there is neither explicit improvement, translational dynamics, but no movement to reverse. Such a state began to call the word " fromtignion"Or" stagnation ". Stagnation is an extremely dangerous phenomenon. It means that in society included "braking mechanisms" that it is not able to perceive new, advanced. Society in a state of stagnation rejects this new, striving for anything to save the old, taught structures, opposed to the update. Ancient Romans emphasized: "If you do not move forward - moving back" ..
And progress, and regress and stagnation do not exist separately in human history. They are bizarrely intertwined, replace each other, complement the picture of social development. Often when studying historical events, such as reforms or revolutions, you met with such a concept as "counter-processors", "reaction rotation". For example, when considering "Great Reforms", Alexander II, which touched upon all spheres of Russian society, led to the overthrowing of the serfdom, the creation of immovable local governments (zemstvo and urban duma, an independent judiciary) we cannot not note the reaction that followed them - "counter doors" Alexander III. It usually happens when innovations are too significant, fast and public system does not have time to successfully adapt to them. The correction of these changes is inevitable, a peculiar "sweeping" and "Utruska". The well-known Russian publicist M.N.Katkov, a contemporary "Great Reforms", wrote that Russia has moved too far along the path of liberal transformations, which is time to stop, look back, comprehend how these changes correlate with the Russian reality. And, of course, make amendments. As you know from the lessons of history, it was in the 1880s - the beginning of the 1890s that the powers of the jury vessels were limited, there were more strict control over the activities of the state from the state.
Significant shocks called Peter I reform for our country, according to A.S. Pushkin, "Raising Russia,". And to a certain extent, as the modern Russian historian A.Yanov was determined, the Detairization of the country was required after the death of King Peter.
In other words, the reaction should not be considered only in a negative plan. Although most often, in the lessons of history we are talking about the negative side of it. The reaction period is always coagulation of reforms, the attack on the rights of citizens. "Arakcheevshchina", "Nikolaev reaction", "dark seven years" - here are examples of a similar approach.
But the reaction is different. It may be a response, both on liberal reforms and conservative transformations.
So, we noted that public progress is a complex and ambiguous concept. In its development, the Company does not always go along the way of improvement. Progress can be complemented by regressive periods and stagnation. Consider and another side of public progress that repulses us in the controversial essence of this phenomenon.
Progress in one of the areas of public life, for example, in science and technology, not necessarily should be complemented by progress in other areas. More, that, even the fact that today we consider progressive, tomorrow or in the foreseeable future can turn into a catastrophe. Let us give an example. Many great discoveries of scientists, so, for example, the opening of X-ray rays or the phenomenon of the division of uranium core caused new types of terrible weapons - weapons of mass defeat.
Further, progress in the life of one of the countries does not necessarily entail progressive changes in other countries and regions. History gives us many similar examples. The Central Asian commander Tamerlan contributed to the considerable flourishing of his country, the cultural and economic rise of its cities, but due to what? Due to the robbery and ruin of other lands. The colonization by Europeans in Asia and Africa contributed to the growth of the wealth and the living standards of the peoples of Europe, but in some cases it was molded the archaic forms of public life in the countries of the East. We affect another problem affecting the topic of the progress of society. Speaking of "best" or "worst", "high" or "low", "primitive" or "complex" - we always mean the subjective characteristics inherent in people. Progressive for one person may not be as for the other. It is difficult to talk about progress when we mean the phenomenon of spiritual culture, creative activities of people.
The public development will be influenced by both objective factors that do not depend on the will and desire of people (natural phenomena, cataclysms) and the subjective, due to the activities of people, their interests, aspirations, possibilities. It is the action of a subjective factor in history (human) and makes the concept of public progress so complex and contradictory.
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