■ 1. Turtle Series. The body of turtles is covered with a shell, from which the head, limbs and tail protrude. The turtles' ribcage has become immobile, and they breathe through the throat pump and movements of the limbs. Aquatic turtles even use cutaneous respiration (for example, through the skin of the mouth). Among the turtles there are herbivorous and carnivorous; terrestrial, freshwater and marine (24.1). Slowness is a sign of terrestrial herbivorous turtles... Many others, like marsh marsh is widespread in Ukraine (Table 24.1), are quite dexterous animals.
■ 2. A number of Crocodiles. Crocodiles are semi-aquatic ambush predators. At the end of the Mesozoic era, they lay in wait for dinosaurs; nowadays they hunt fish, mammals and birds. More than half of all crocodile species are on the verge of extinction. These complex animals (24.2) may disappear due to the demand for wallets, shoes and other crocodile leather goods.
■ 3. Row Scaly. The number of species in this series is close to 10 thousand. Among them there are real giants (Table 24.1), but mostly they are small animals. In a certain way, the number of insectivorous lizards is a consequence of the number of insects. Many tropical species surprise with bright colors and unusual appearance (24.3).
In Ukraine, there are several types of lizards, the shape of the body resembles a nimble one, and two legless species, in particular, spindle-breaking. As with other legless lizards, the spindle
easy to distinguish from eyelid snakes that are capable of blinking. Like most lizards, the spindle, which is grabbed by the tail, easily loses it, over time the tail regenerates (24.5).
Snakes evolved from lizards adapted to burrowing life. The limbs prevented the ancestors of snakes from squeezing through the soil. their body was stretched (24.6), the rib cage became mobile and flexible. In snakes, the eyes are covered with immovable transparent eyelids (24.7). Certain species of snakes have venomous teeth that resemble syringe needles in structure (24.7). Through them, during a bite, injects poison, which kills the victim and facilitates its digestion. In addition, the poison protects many snakes from enemies.
In general, any snake, when danger approaches, tries to escape, and if it fails, it warns the enemy of its presence. The American make-up maker shakes a rattle for this. This is a chain of hollow bubbles rubbing against each other with a crack. If the enemy does not retreat, the snake can bite.
Some snakes have heat-sensing pits on their heads - thermo-locators. Even in complete darkness, such snakes feel warmth from their prey - mammals and birds.
■ 4. Poisonous snakes of Ukraine. Vipers are common among poisonous snakes in Ukraine (24.8). The steppe viper lives in the Steppe, the common viper in Polesie, and Nikolsky's viper in the Forest-steppe. Two species - steppe and Nikolsky's viper - are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. Maximum length snakes - almost 1 m, but usually they are much smaller. Vipers are an important part of natural ecosystems, so they limit the number of murine rodents.
The bite of a viper causes excruciating swelling, malaise. Having bumped into this animal, you just need to step aside. Vipers never attack first. Killing snakes is stupid and cruel: fear and hatred do not paint an intelligent creature. If there are no caches or food for mice in the area next to you, there will be no snakes.
A wide range of reptiles are Scaly, which include lizards and snakes.
In the event of a meeting with snakes, you must be extremely careful.
1. Compare the features of known reptile groups.
2. Why do you think some snakes have thermal radars, but lizards, turtles and crocodiles do not?
3. What reasons can lead to a decrease in the number of modern reptiles?
4. What venomous snakes live in your area? What do you need to do to protect yourself from the dangers associated with them?
five *. Suppose: how could poisonous snakes arise?
■ 5. Chameleons. In Africa and in the south of our continent, an amazing group of lizards lives - chameleons (24.9). All features of their structure testify to their adaptation to life on woody vegetation. Chameleons' toes have grown into special pincers with which they grip tree branches. The long tail is twisted in a spiral, entwining the branches. The skin of these lizards is capable of changing color depending on changes environment, temperature and emotional state of the animal. The eyes are closed with skin so that only the pupil is visible, but it is clearly noticeable that they move independently of each other. Chameleons have the ability to quickly eject from the mouth long tongue to grab prey - some kind of insect. Chameleons are very strange in appearance and are difficult to spot in the foliage. The movements of these animals are slow, and the patience with which they lie in wait for prey is worthy of real admiration.
■ 6. What to do in case of a viper bite? The main thing is not to panic. If there is no damage to the mucous membrane of the mouth, it is advisable to suck the poison from the wound within a few minutes after the bite, sometimes rinsing your mouth with water. You can remove the poison with a plastic syringe with the tip cut off, the syringe is applied to the site of the bite. Incisions at the site of the bite, a tourniquet is applied for a long time, cauterization with hot objects significantly complicates recovery. The fact is that at the site of the bite, the poison destroys the tissues, and subsequently this can lead to serious consequences - the death of tissues, suppuration, and the like. The victim needs to drink plenty of fluids (water, hot tea, coffee, but never alcohol!). The bitten end must be motionless. Antiallergic drugs (antihistamines), hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs will be useful. A person who has been bitten by a viper must be taken to the hospital immediately. If the bite is life-threatening, an anti-snake serum should be administered.
SUBMIT:
The world of modern reptiles numbers about 6,300 species, which represent the remains of a class that was numerous and diverse in the Mesozoic era, which dominated on land and in water. The present-day representatives of reptiles are united into four groups: First Beasts, Scaled, Turtles, Crocodiles.
Detachment of the First Beast. It is currently represented by the only species-tuatara. Lives on the islands of New Zealand. Retains the primitive features of the structure: the mobile upper palate, biconcave vertebrae, abdominal ribs, parietal eye.
Squad Scaled. There are about 6100 species of lizards, chameleons, snakes. The body of all is covered with horny scales. Lizards have an elongated body with a long tail, well-developed limbs. The exception is the spindle, the yellow-bellied lizard - legless lizards. The eyes are protected by movable eyelids and a blinking membrane. The teeth are small, tapered. The middle ear is covered by the tympanic membrane. The chest is well developed. When shedding, the skin comes off in flaps.
Snakes have a long, cylindrical, legless body. The eyes are covered with a transparent eye plate, formed as a result of fusion of the eyelids. The eardrum covering the outside of the middle ear is absent. Sharp teeth are curved back and serve to grip and hold food. Have poisonous species the teeth have grooves or channels through which the secretion of the poisonous glands flows. The mouth is able to stretch strongly due to the suspension of the lower jaw to the skull on extensible ligaments. In addition, the right and left arches of the lower jaw do not grow together, but are connected by an elastic ligament. There is no closed chest. This allows large prey to be swallowed. The tongue is bifurcated at the end. Snakes are beneficial by killing rodents. Their poison is used in medicine.
Turtle Squad. There are about 200 species. They have an armor covering the body from above, from the sides and from below. It consists of dorsal and abdominal shields, connected by a bone plate or tendon ligament. The carapace develops from the overgrown bones of the skeleton, which are covered from above with horny shields. Have land turtles the shell is domed, in aquatic ones it is flattened. Only the cervical and caudal parts of the spine are mobile, and the rest grow together with the dorsal shield. The jaws are devoid of teeth and covered with a horn that forms sharp cutting plates. The limbs are well developed. Turtles living in rivers and lakes have a swimming membrane between their toes. In sea turtles, the limbs are modified into flippers.
Detachment Crocodiles. There are about 20 species. The body is lizard-like, large - from 1.5 to 6 m, covered with large horny shields, under which lie the bony plates. The nostrils and eyes are raised above the muzzle. The teeth sit in the cells of the jaws - the alveoli. The heart is four-chambered, but the blood is partially mixed. They reproduce by eggs. Females guard the clutches. They feed on fish, mammals.
ORIGIN OF THE REPRESENTATIVE. The separation of the ancestors of reptiles from amphibians began in the Middle Carboniferous. About 320 million years ago, the forms that gave rise to cotylosaurs, adapted to life on land, separated from primitive stegocephals.
The formation of terrestrial vertebrates was facilitated by the fact that at the end of the Carboniferous period and the beginning of the Permian period, intensive mountain-building processes took place. This led to a reduction in wet areas and an increase in the proportion of dry biotopes. Adaptive radiation has led to the formation different types reptiles adapted to life on land, water, air (pterosaurs). These animals flourished in the Mesozoic era. At the end of the Mesozoic, there was a cooling of the climate. Due to the fact that reptiles are not able to maintain a constant body temperature, there was a decrease in vital processes, which led to their gradual extinction over 70-90 million years.
ANCIENT REPRESENTATIVES. Ancient reptiles include dinosaurs, animal-toothed lizards. Dinosaurs appeared at the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era. They had sizes from rabbit to giants, weighing 30-50 tons, small head, a long tail... The predators had strong teeth and moved on their hind legs, armed with claws. Herbivorous dinosaurs (diplodocus) had a long tail and a long mobile neck, moved on two pairs of limbs, reached lengths up to 30 m and had a mass of 20-25 tons.
Animal-toothed dinosaurs evolved from the primitive cotylosaurs of the Carboniferous period. Outwardly, they looked like lizards. Their ancient forms had undifferentiated teeth. In later forms, the teeth were differentiated into incisors, canines, molars. The secondary palate has developed.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CLASS.
Reptiles- the first class of higher terrestrial vertebrates. Their skin is dry, covered with horny scales and shields. Their axial skeleton is characterized by the division of the spine into five sections. The skull is bony, there is a chest. Muscles are, for the most part, specialized. New muscle groups appear - cervical, intercostal. The digestive system is more differentiated than that of amphibians. The oral cavity is well demarcated from the pharynx. The teeth are not differentiated. Due to the development of the neck, the esophagus is lengthened. A cecum appears at the border of the small and large intestines. Respiratory organs are lungs. The airways develop - the trachea and bronchi. The surface of the lungs has a complex folded structure.
Their ventilation occurs at the expense of the chest. The excretory organs are the secondary kidneys, the ureters open into the cloaca. The nervous system is characterized by the progressive development of the forebrain and cerebellum. The rudiments of a new cortex appear in the cerebral hemispheres.
The circulatory system is closed. The movement of blood is carried out in two circles of blood circulation. The heart is three-chambered. Consists of two atria and a ventricle, in which it develops incomplete septum... The arterial cone disappears, and therefore the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch separate from the ventricle as separate trunks. The carotid arteries branch off from the right aortic arch.
The body is supplied with mixed blood, except for the brain. In this regard, the level of metabolism in reptiles, although higher than in amphibians, does not allow maintaining a constant body temperature. Therefore, they belong to cold-blooded (poikilothermic) animals.
Reptiles dioecious. The testes and ovaries are paired. Their excretory ducts open into the cloaca. They reproduce by laying eggs or ovoviviparity. The eggs are protected by shells and are rich in yolk. During the development of the embryo, embryonic organs characteristic of all higher vertebrates are formed - the amnion and the embryonic bladder- allantois.
Distributed everywhere, with the exception of the polar regions.
BIRD CLASS.
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE, SKELETON, MUSCULATION. Birds are warm-blooded
animals, the forelimbs of which, in connection with adaptation to flight, turned into wings. The body is covered with feathers and is divided into head, neck, torso, tail, limbs. The head is small, bears a short beak, consisting of an upper and lower beak. The nostrils lie at the base of the beak. On the sides of the head are large eyes, equipped with movable eyelids and a nictitating membrane. Behind the eyes lie the ear holes, covered with an eardrum and covered with feathers. The head sits on a long movable neck. The body of birds is ovoid, compact. The tail is short, tail feathers are attached to it. The forelimbs - the wings - are located on the sides of the body. The hind limbs perform support function when moving on the ground.
The skin of birds is thin, dry, devoid of skin glands. Only above the root of the tail is the coccygeal gland preserved. Its greasy secretion serves to lubricate feathers. It is especially strongly developed in waterfowl. The secret of the coccygeal gland in the sun turns into vitamin D, which is swallowed by the bird when cleaning the feather. The growths of the stratum corneum of the epithelium form the horny sheaths of the lower and upper jaws, scales on the tarsus and toes, and claws. The feather cover, consisting of contour and down feathers, also belongs to the horny formations of the skin.
An outline feather consists of a core, a point and a fan. The fan is formed by horny plates extending from the rod on both sides - first-order barbs, from which numerous second-order barbs with hooks located on them extend. The hooks of adjacent barbs, interlocking with each other, connect them into a light elastic blade of the fan. The lower part of the trunk, devoid of a fan, is called a quill. Its base is immersed in leather and reinforced in a feather bag. The contour feathers are tiled overlapping each other, covering the entire body. Long and strong contour feathers that form the plane of the wing are called flight feathers, located on the tail - tail feathers.
Down feathers lie under the outline feathers. They have a very thin shaft, and the barbs do not carry hooks, therefore they do not form a fan. Down is down feathers with a very shortened shaft and heavily pubescent barbs, which extend in a bunch from the ochin. Down feathers and down provide thermal insulation because contain a lot of air between the barbs.
The skeleton of birds is subdivided into axial skeleton, skull, skeleton of the chest, limbs and their belts.
The axial skeleton is divided into five sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. The cervical vertebrae (from 11 to 25) are movably connected to each other and allow you to turn the head 180-270 degrees. The thoracic vertebrae (from 3 to 10), growing together motionlessly, form a complex sternum. The ribs are movably attached to the thoracic vertebrae. Each rib of birds consists of two parts - dorsal and abdominal, which are respectively articulated with the thoracic spine and with the sternum. Both parts of the ribs are also movably connected to each other. All birds (except ostriches) have a high keel on the sternum. The muscles that move the wing are attached to it.
All lumbar, sacral and part of the caudal vertebrae grow together and form a complex sacrum, with which the pelvic bones are motionlessly fused. The coccygeal vertebrae form the tail section. The last few caudal vertebrae fuse into the coccygeal bone. The steering feathers are attached to it.
The skull is bony, it is light and has a voluminous cerebral box. In front, it ends with a beak, and on the sides it bears large eye sockets. The teeth and the secondary palate are absent.
The forelimbs are modified into wings and consist of the humerus, the bones of the forearm (ulna and radius). The bones of the wrist and metacarpus grow together to form an unpaired metacarpal-carpal bone. Of the fingers, only three are preserved, corresponding to the 2, 3 and 4 fingers of the five-fingered hand. The reduction in the number of fingers and the formation of the metacarpal-carpal bone provides the strength of this wing section during flight.
The hind limb consists of the thigh, lower leg, tarsus, and foot. The tibia and tibia are fused together. Due to the fusion of the bones of the metatarsus and tarsus, a tarsus was formed. Most birds have four toes: three forward and one backward.
Shoulder girdle formed by three paired bones, scapula, coracoid and clavicle. The clavicles grow together from below and form a fork.
The pelvic girdle gives firm support to the hind limbs due to the immobile fusion of the complex sacrum with the ilium. Due to the fact that the pelvic bones in the abdominal region are widely spaced and do not grow together, birds can lay large eggs. On the sides of the pelvis are the glenoid cavities for the heads of the femurs.
The muscular system, due to the variety and complexity of movements, is more differentiated than in reptiles. The most powerful muscles are located on the trunk and limb movements are carried out. The largest - the pectoral muscle, serves to lower the wings. On the one hand, it attaches to the sternum, coracoid and keel, and on the other to the humerus. The subclavian muscle is located under the pectoralis and raises the wing. It starts at the coracoid and sternum and attaches to the head of the shoulder. About 30 muscles are involved in the movement of the hind limb. They are especially strongly developed in running birds. Neck muscles are well developed. The intercostal muscles are attached to the ribs.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE. FLIGHT EXCHANGE FEATURES. Flight adaptation, high physical activity identified structural features digestive system birds. The jaws form a beak - the organ for capturing food. No teeth. A conical tongue is located in the oral cavity. The secret given out salivary glands, moistens food and facilitates its movement along the esophagus. In most birds, it has an expansion - a goiter, where food accumulates, swells, and undergoes chemical processing. During hatching of chicks, the wall of the goiter of some bird species secretes a nutritious secret - "milk", which the chicks feed on. The stomach consists of two sections - glandular and muscular. In the thin-walled glandular region, rich in glands, food is exposed to enzymes. The muscular stomach has thick walls, is covered with a keratinized integument from the inside and serves for mechanical processing food. Pebbles swallowed by birds also contribute to this. From the stomach, food enters duodenum where the ducts of the liver and pancreas open. Moving further along the small intestine, it is digested and absorbed. In herbivorous birds, it is longer than in insectivores. The intensity of digestion is very high, which is ensured by thorough grinding of food and high activity of digestive enzymes. Sparrows, for example, digest caterpillars for 15-20 minutes, pigeons for grain - 2-3 hours. Undigested food debris enters the short colon, which opens into the cloaca. Rapid digestion of food and rapid bowel movement relieve the birds of excess weight, especially during flight.
Since birds consume a lot of energy, they feed often and a lot. The mass of food eaten per day in some small birds is 50-80% of their body weight, and in larger ones - 15-40%.
A high level of energy metabolism requires an intensification of the oxygen consumption process. Due to this respiratory system birds differ significantly from the respiratory systems of other vertebrates. Through the nostrils, air enters the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, in the lower part of which is the vocal apparatus of birds. In the body cavity, the trachea is divided into two bronchi, which, entering the lungs, branch into 15-20 secondary bronchi. Some of them end blindly and are connected with each other by smaller bronchi, from which small bronchioles depart, densely braided with blood capillaries. This is where gas exchange takes place. Thus, the lungs of birds are not bags, as in amphibians or reptiles, but spongy, low-stretching bodies. However, their respiratory surface, despite their compactness, is comparable to that of mammals.
Part of the secondary bronchi, without being interrupted in the lungs, passes into the air sacs. These are thin-walled outgrowths of the mucous membrane of the secondary bronchi, located between various internal organs... Their processes penetrate under the skin, between the muscles, in the bone cavity.
The act of breathing at rest is carried out by narrowing and expanding the chest. When you inhale, the sternum drops, when you exhale, it rises. During flight, the sternum is motionless and ventilation of the lungs is carried out using air sacs. When the wings are lifted, the bags stretch and air partially enters the lungs, where gas exchange takes place, and partially into the air bags. Blood oxidation does not occur in them. When the wings are lowered, the air sacs are compressed and the air from them enters the lungs, where blood oxidation occurs again. Thus, in flight, gas exchange in birds occurs both during inhalation and exhalation. This mechanism is called double breathing. The adaptive significance of such a mechanism is that an increase in the intensity of wing movements during flight is accompanied by an increase in gas exchange. In addition to participating in gas exchange, air bags protect the body from overheating during great muscular work, removing excess heat with the exhaled air.
The circulatory system of birds is characterized by complete separation of arterial and venous blood currents due to the formation of a four-chambered heart, consisting of two atria and two ventricles. Like all terrestrial vertebrates, there are two circles of blood circulation. Venous blood from the right ventricle enters the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and is oxidized. Arterial blood through the pulmonary veins enters the left atrium. This is a small circle of blood circulation.
The systemic circulation begins in the left ventricle. Only one originates from it, the right aortic arch, which carries arterial blood to the organs. Venous blood is collected in paired anterior and unpaired posterior hollow veins that flow into the right atrium. Here the systemic circulation ends. Birds have a high blood flow rate. It is provided by a high heart rate - from 200 to 600 per minute, a relatively large heart volume. This, along with the high oxygen capacity of the blood, as well as intensive gas exchange in the lungs, allows for effective saturation of the body tissues with oxygen, maintaining high level energy metabolism. Thanks to this, the birds
are able to maintain a constant body temperature, which significantly expands their adaptive capabilities, in conditions of seasonal temperature changes.
The excretory organs are paired secondary kidneys. They make up 1-2% of body weight. From each kidney there is a ureter that opens into the cloaca. The bladder is missing. Economical consumption of water for excretion is achieved by the concentration of metabolic products due to the reverse absorption of water in the renal tubules, as well as in the cloaca.
The nervous system has a larger brain than that of reptiles. The hemispheres are large, the lobes of the midbrain are well developed. In connection with flight, the cerebellum in birds is large; the surface of its middle lobe has transverse grooves. The olfactory lobes are small. 12 pairs of cranial nerves branch off from the brain. The spinal cord has thickenings in the shoulder and lumbar regions, from which nerves run to the extremities.
The senses play great importance in adaptation to the environment. The eyes are relatively large, especially in nocturnal and crepuscular birds, and are the main organ for orientation in space. Color vision. The accommodation is double, because is carried out not only by moving the lens relative to the retina, but also by changing its curvature.
The organ of hearing consists of the inner and middle ear. The structure of the inner ear is distinguished by a greater development of the cochlea than in reptiles. In the middle ear, there is one auditory ossicle - the stapes. The eardrum is buried below the skin level. A short canal leads to it - the rudiment of the external auditory canal, covered from the outside with contour feathers. Most birds hear in the 30 Hz to 20 kHz range, but there are some that are capable of receiving ultrasounds. Voice and hearing play important role in the sound communication of birds. The olfactory organs are poorly developed. The taste buds are located on the tongue, in the mouth. The organs of touch are represented by a variety of receptors located in the skin.
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT... Reproductive organs. Birds are dioecious animals. In males, the testes are paired. Their vas deferens open into the cloaca. In females, only the left ovary and the left oviduct, which opens into the cloaca, are developed. Eggs ripening in the ovary are rich in yolk. When moving along the oviduct, they are fertilized and covered with several membranes secreted by the glands of the walls of the oviduct. The yolk is surrounded by a vitelline membrane, over which a thick albuminous membrane is formed. Outside, they are covered with two sub-shell membranes, which exfoliate at the blunt end of the egg and form an air chamber. From the inner shell membrane to the yolk, two dense protein cords - chalases - are stretched. They hold the yolk in suspension with the embryonic disc facing up. The outer hard shell - the shell, consists mainly of calcium carbonate. The thinnest pores that penetrate it provide oxygen to the air chamber for the embryo to breathe. Birds lay eggs in specially constructed nests, where they incubate, creating a favorable temperature for the development of the embryo. Incubation in small birds lasts 11-14 days, in large birds from 35-40 days (swans) to two months (penguins, albatrosses). According to the degree of maturity of the hatched chicks, all birds are subdivided into brood and chicks. In brood chicks, they hatch pubescent, sighted, able to immediately follow their mother and feed on their own. In chick birds, the chicks emerge from the egg blind, naked, helpless. For a long time, remaining in the nest, they are fed and warmed by their parents.
CARE OF OVERLANDING. Most bird species take care of their offspring. To lay eggs, birds build nests in which eggs are incubated, providing optimal temperature conditions for the development of the embryo. After hatching of chicks from eggs, parents feed them, or provide assistance in finding food, warm them, and protect them from enemies. Caring for offspring with low fertility of birds contributes to the preservation and prosperity of their species.
BIRD BEHAVIOR. Progressive development nervous system and sensory organs, the great mobility of birds complicated their behavior. It is based on complexes of innate (unconditioned) reflexes, which determine the meeting of sexes, building nests, caring for offspring, migration, the ability to navigate, etc. Along with this, conditioned reflexes are developed in birds, as evidenced by the ability to train. Birds are able to predict the coming events and change their behavior accordingly. They are able to distinguish sound signals emitted by individuals of the species and adequately respond to them.
About 8000 species of reptiles. Among modern reptiles, 4 groups are distinguished:
1. Squad Beakheads of the subclass Lepidosaurs(1 type - tuatara).
2. Squad Scaled subclass Lepidosaurus. Over 6600 modern species.
Suborder 1. Lizards ( Lizard, Gecko, Agama, Roundhead, Iguana, Spindle, Yellowfin, Varan, Amphisbene, Skink).
Suborder 2. Snakes (Boa constrictor, Oh, Cobra, Viper, Snake, Spectacled snake, Aspid Bungar, Gyurza, Rattlesnake, Shitomordnik).
Suborder 3. Chameleons ( Chameleon).
3. Squad Crocodiles subclass Archosaurs (Crocodile, Gavial, Cayman, Alligator). A total of 20 - 26 species.
4. Turtle Squad subclass Anapsida. About 330 modern species from 4 suborders:
Suborder 1. Sea turtles (Bissa, Soup turtle).
Suborder 2. Soft-skinned turtles ( Chinese turtle );
Suborder 3. Hidden-neck turtles ( Central Asian, Elephant, Swamp turtle, Caspian turtle);
Suborder 4. Side-necked turtles ( Arrau).
Detachment 1. Beakheads
Representatives: Gutteria
Reaches a length of 75 cm, looks like a lizard, but anatomical structure its very peculiar. In the spine, the remains of the notochord are preserved - a common feature with some of the most primitive lizards. The vertebral parts of the ribs bear the hook-shaped processes directed backwards.
Above the skull of the tuatara between the parietal bones, there is a large opening for the parietal organ, which is better developed than any of the modern reptiles, and has real light-sensitive pigments. Young tuatara have teeth. They wear off with age.
The tuatara lives in burrows and is nocturnal, feeding on insects, molluscs and worms. Lays up to 16 eggs, which have a hard shell, the development of the embryo lasts up to 14 months. Currently found only on islands off New Zealand. Protected animal (fig. 3.99).
Rice. 3.99. New Zealand tuatara
Detachment 2. Scaly
Total number modern species - 6600. This is an evolutionarily progressive group of the Reptile class.
The body is covered with horny scales, under which there are small bony scales. Joanas open at the front of the mouth roof. Reproduction takes place either by laying eggs, which, unlike crocodiles and turtles, are almost devoid of protein and are covered, shell, or live birth.
The Scaled squad are divided into 3 suborders: Lizards, Snakes, Chameleons
Suborder 1. Lizards
Representatives: Lizards, Geckos, Iguanas, Agamas, Swirls, Monitor lizards, Amphisbens
They have developed five-toed limbs, there are legless representatives. But unlike Serpent everyone has Lizards there is a sternum, the girdles of the limbs are preserved, there are movable eyelids and a developed eardrum.
Real lizards- one of the most abundant species of families. Typical representatives are Nimble lizard and Viviparous lizard, distributed throughout central Russia and penetrating farthest to the north (Fig. 3.100).
Rice. 3.100. Nimble lizard
Geckos- primitive lizards, leading a nocturnal climbing lifestyle. Characteristic features of specialization include a vertical pupil and suckers on the fingers. Refers to oviparous and ovoviviparous (fig. 3.101).
Agamas have small scales covering the head, fleshy tongue and teeth adherent to the upper edge of the jaw.
Typical representatives: Steppe agama inhabiting the desert areas of Central Asia; Roundheads that have leathery folds at the corners of the mouth that can expand and enlarge the mouth. Indian flying Dragon - a lizard, on the edges of which a thin membrane is stretched, which plays the role of a parachute when jumping (Fig. 3.102-3.104).
Rice. 3.101. Gecko currents
Rice. 3.102. Steppe agama
Rice. 3.103. Eared roundhead
Rice. 3.104. flying Dragon
Iguanas outwardly resemble agamas. They have teeth adhered to the outer edge of the jaw. Typical representatives: Iguana and Phrinosoma(fig. 3.105).
Rice. 3.105. Green iguana
Spindle- legless lizards, which are widespread in the European part of Russia Vepemenitsa and Jellus (fig. 3.106-3.107)
Monitor lizards are characterized by very large sizes. Lives in Southeast Asia and Africa.
The largest modern monitor lizard - Komodo dragon - lives on the islands of Indonesia. It reaches a length of 2 m 65 cm and a weight of 150 kg (fig. 3.108).
Rice. 3.106. Spindle brittle
Rice. 3.107. Jellus
Rice. 3.108. Komodo dragon
Amphisbens lead a burrowing lifestyle. They have a worm-like naked body. Typical representative - American Hirot, retaining only the forelimbs, while the other amphisbene are deprived of them (fig. 3.104).
Skink- a family close to real lizards. Skinks are characterized by an elongated body and smooth, fish-like scales.
They lead a burrowing lifestyle. A typical representative found in Transcaucasia and Central Asia is Long legged skink... In most other forms, the legs are more or less reduced; there are also legless people.
Rice. 3.109. American Hirot
Suborder 2. Snakes
Representatives: Vipers, Snakes, Boas, Asps, Sea snakes
Snakes represent a changed branch of lizards, adapted to crawl on the belly and swallow large prey whole.
Both the free limbs and their girdles and sternum atrophied in snakes (only a few groups retained the rudimentary pelvis, and in the boas, the rudiments of the hind limbs).
All trunk vertebrae are equipped with movable ribs that abut against the abdominal shields. This helps the animal to crawl.
An adaptation for swallowing large prey is the mobile connection, characteristic of a snake, not only of the bones of the oral apparatus, but also of some bones of the skull, connected to each other only with the help of highly extensible ligaments.
Many snakes have venomous teeth.
The middle ear cavity and eardrum atrophied. The eyelids are motionless, adhered to each other, transparent.
In rattlesnakes, specific paired organs are well developed - the facial pits (between the eye and nostrils). These are thermal locators - senses that are able to capture heat rays and locate a heated body. With the help of this organ, snakes are looking for warm-blooded animals and birds. Thermolocation organs are also known in other snakes, for example, vipers and boas, but in the latter they look like small pits on the upper lips.
Typical representatives: Common viper, which is widespread throughout the territory of Russia and adjacent countries, Gyurza- an ordinary inhabitant of Central Asia and the Caucasus (fig. 3.110-3.111)
Rice. 3.110. Common viper
Rice. 3.111. Gyurza
Boas- very large snakes reaching up to 8-10 m . There are rudimentary hind limbs, there are no poisonous teeth, the prey is killed by wrapping around it and squeezing. Found in tropical countries of America, Asia and Africa.
Typical representative - Boa found in South America (fig. 3.112). Lives in Central Asia and the Caucasus Steppe Boa, which, despite its small size (up to 1 m), is a typical representative of the family.
Rice. 3.112. Boa constrictor
Snakes- the most extensive family of snakes, including over a thousand species. This includes Ordinary already(fig. 3.108), Water already, Smooth too, or Copperhead, numerous types Polozov.
Rice. 3.113. Ordinary already
Asps combine extremely venomous snakes: Aspid, Bungar... Extremely poisonous Cobra, or spectacle snake ; it is found in the southern part of Central Asia .
Sea snakes- exclusively tropical forms; of them the most famous Pelamida Pelamis platura(fig. 3.114). Sea snakes are poisonous and feed on fish. Viviparous.
Rattlesnakes are similar to vipers, but most have a rattle (“rattlesnake”) of skin rings at the end of the tail. When excited, the snake vibrates with the tip of its tail, making a kind of rustle ( Striped rattlesnake).
Inhabiting Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia Shitomordnik does not have a rattle on the tail, is also poisonous.
Rice. 3.114. Pelamida Pelamis platura
Suborder 3. Chameleons
Representatives: Common chameleon(fig. 3.115).
Chameleons differ from typical lizards in that they are sometimes singled out into a special order. Their entire organization is affected by extreme specialization in arboreal life: paws in the form of pincers, since the fingers have grown together in two opposing groups, a long, prehensile tail. These are inconspicuous creatures, which is achieved by the low mobility of the animal and its developed ability to change color, which corresponds to the color of the environment and changes involuntarily.
The chameleon's food is made up of mobile insects, which he searches with the help of both eyes, which move independently of one another. It catches prey with its tongue, which can be thrown to a distance exceeding the length of the animal's body.
A few species of this suborder are found in Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia, in Europe only in southern Spain. They are not found on the territory of Russia .
Rice. 3.115. Common chameleon
Detachment 2. Crocodiles
Representatives: Nile crocodile(fig. 3.116),Gavial long snout living in the rivers of India (fig. 3.117), Alligator, and Caiman, living in America.
The most highly organized of modern reptiles. The complex structure of the circulatory system: the heart is 4-chambered, 2 ventricles, 2 atria. In addition, the skull has a developed secondary palate and teeth sitting in separate cells.
Primitive features: abdominal ribs, etc. There are signs of specialization in connection with the aquatic lifestyle: swimming membranes on the hind legs, valves that close the nostrils and ear openings, palatine curtain - a fold located deep in the oral cavity in front of the pharynx. It can close and then the animal, with one nostril exposed, can breathe in water with an open mouth.
The crocodile's body is covered with corneous scutes and plaques, under which are large bony scutes. . The brain has a large cerebellum.
Crocodiles live in fresh water. In the dry season, some crocodiles hibernate, for which they burrow into the silt. The eggs, covered with a calcareous shell, are laid in a hole, which is guarded by the female.
Distributed in all tropical countries of all parts of the world.
Rice. 3.116. Nile crocodile
Rice. 3.117. Gavial
Detachment 3. Turtles
Representatives: Byssa, Soup turtle, Chinese turtle, Marsh turtle, Caspian turtle, Marsh turtle(330 species).
There is a passive organ of defense - a bony shell, in which the body is enclosed. The upper shield of this shell, which bears the name carapace, formed by bone plates of skin origin, with which the extended spinous processes of the vertebrae and ribs usually merge. Lower shield, or plastron, consists of four paired bone plates and one unpaired, wedged between the anterior pair. The limbs are of a typical structure. In contrast to the immobile trunk region, the tail and cervical regions are very mobile, and the cervical vertebrae differ in the different structure of their surfaces.
The jaws are devoid of teeth and covered with horny sheaths. The tongue is fleshy. In connection with the immobility of the chest, the act of breathing is performed in turtles by forcing air with the bottom of the oral cavity (convergent resemblance to amphibians), but, in addition, the shoulder and pelvic muscles: when the limbs are pulled in, the lungs are emptied, when pulled, they expand and fill with air.
All turtles have exceptional vitality. Most turtles hibernate during favorable seasons. They reproduce by laying eggs, which have a hard lime shell.
The turtles are divided by 2 according to their lifestyle. environmental groups: land, herbivorous, and aquatic, mobile, life-leading predators.
Number of species: about 6 thousand species.
Habitat: there are terrestrial and aquatic forms, but reproduction takes place necessarily on land.
Features of the structure on the example of a nimble lizard:
Cold-blooded animals. The skin is dry, devoid of glands, covered with horny scales and scutes. Consists of two layers - epidermis and dermis. In the process of growth, molting occurs - the old skin is shed and replaced with new ones. The body is divided into a head, a flexible neck (provides mobility of the head), a torso, a tail and five-toed limbs on the sides of the body, ending in claws.
Skeleton... The structure of the girdles of the limbs and the skeleton of the limbs repeats the structure of those of amphibians, with the exception of some moments. The radius and ulna, tibia and fibula do not fuse.
The spine has 5 sections: cervical, thoracic (chest appears), lumbar, sacral (the pelvic girdle is attached here) and caudal (consists of a large number of vertebrae).
The skull consists entirely of bones, the jaws are extended, which makes it easier to capture and hold prey.
Digestive system typical for all vertebrates: mouth with teeth to hold prey, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (in the anterior section - the duodenum, the ducts of the liver and pancreas flow), large intestine, cloaca.
Respiratory system represented by cellular lungs and airways (nostrils, nasal cavity, choana, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi). Breathing is based on changes in the volume of the chest (active inhalation and passive exhalation).
IN circulatory system 2 circles of blood circulation. The heart is three-chambered. The small circle of blood circulation starts from the right ventricle, from where the blood flows through the pulmonary artery into the lungs, is enriched with oxygen and flows through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. The systemic circulation begins from the left ventricle with the right and left aortic arch, which carry blood to all organs and tissues, where gas exchange takes place - the blood gives off oxygen and is enriched with carbon dioxide. It then collects into the vena cava, which flows into the right atrium.
Excretory organs- pelvic (metanephric) kidneys. Urine through the ureters enters the bladder, from where it is excreted through the cloaca into the surrounding space.
Nervous system represented by the brain of 5 divisions, the spinal cord and nerves. A cortex appears on the hemispheres of the forebrain, which provides the emergence of complex forms of behavior. Compared to amphibians, the cerebellum is more developed.
The senses are well developed. The eyes are protected by movable eyelids and blinking membrane, there are lacrimal glands. The organ of hearing consists of the middle, inner ear, which has a similar structure to amphibians. The organs of smell are olfactory sacs.
Reproduction... All reptiles are dioecious animals. In females, paired ovaries and oviducts open into the cloaca. Males have paired testes and vas deferens, and have a copulatory organ.
Fertilization is internal, i.e. carried out in the genital ducts of the female. The fertilized egg, moving through the oviduct, is covered with protective membranes - embryonic and shell. The female lays eggs in warm ground. Direct development.
According to the method of bearing eggs, reptiles are:
oviparous - the development of the embryo occurs in the egg laid by the female in the sand;
ovoviviparous - eggs develop inside the female's oviducts, young reptiles hatch immediately after oviposition.
Some lizards have a peculiar way of protecting themselves from predators. If the lizard is grabbed by the tail, it can break it off with a sharp contraction of the muscles and hide. After a while, the tail grows back. This phenomenon of the separation of a part of the body for the purpose of self-defense is called autotomy.
Reptile taxonomy.
The reptile class is divided into 4 orders:
Beakhead squad. Sole Representative- tuatara. Outwardly, it is very similar to a lizard, but the structure has primitive features. Lives in New Zealand.
Squad Crocodiles(Nile crocodile, gavial, caiman). Highly organized reptiles leading an aquatic lifestyle. Due to the presence of an almost complete interventricular septum, representatives of the order have a four-chambered heart. There are septa between the toes of the hind feet. The eyes are raised above the flat muzzle, which allows you to observe the prey while in the water. Females lay eggs on the shore.
Turtle Squad(steppe turtle, swamp turtle, Red-eared turtle). The body covers the bony shell, which fuses with the ribs and vertebrae. There are no teeth on the jaws. Air is pumped into the lungs by the movement of the bottom of the mouth, like in amphibians.
Squad Scaled(lizards - viviparous lizard, iguana, yellow-bellied; snakes are a viper, too, a shitomordnik). Lizards move on four limbs, their eyes are protected by movable eyelids. There are legless lizards (yellow toad). Snakes are legless reptiles that move by bending their bodies. A very long trunk spine, limbs and girdles of the limbs are lost. The chest is missing. Easy one. The fused eyelids form the transparent shell of the eye. The lower jaws consist of two movably connected halves, which allows the snake to swallow very large prey. In poisonous snakes (viper, cobra), the front teeth have a channel through which the secret of the poisonous gland enters the victim's body.
Meaning: reptiles are involved in food webs. In some countries, reptiles and their eggs are consumed by humans.
New terms: epidermis, dermis, metanephric kidneys, amniotes, embryonic membranes of the egg, egg shell, oviparous, ovoviviparous, autotomy, incomplete septum in the heart, cerebral cortex, relics.
Questions for consolidation:
- What features of the structure of reptiles allowed them to master the land and go completely to terrestrial existence?
- Describe the integument of reptiles.
- What order of reptiles is considered the most progressive? Explain your answer.
- How are snakes different from other reptiles?
- Why are reptiles the most abundant in the subtropical and tropical regions of the planet?
Literature:
- Bilich G.L., Kryzhanovsky V.A. Biology. Complete course... In 3 volumes - Moscow: Onyx 21st Century Publishing House LLC, 2002
- Biology: A guide for university applicants. Volume 1. - Moscow: New Wave Publishing House: ONIX Publishing House, 2000.
- Kamensky, A.A. Biology. Reference manual / A. A. Kamenskiy, A. S. Maklakova, N. Yu. Sarycheva // Full course of preparation for exams, tests, tests. - M .: CJSC "ROSMEN-PRESS", 2005. - 399s.
- Konstantinov V.M., Babenko V.G., Kuchmenko V.S. Biology: Animals: A Textbook for Grade 7 Students comprehensive school/ Ed. V.M. Konstantinova, I.N. Ponomareva. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2001.
- Konstantinov, V.M.Biology: animals. Textbook. for 7 cl. general education. schools / V. M. Konstantinov, V. G. Babenko, V. S. Kuchmenko. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2001 .-- 304s.
- Latyushin, V.V.Biology. Animals: textbook. for 7 cl. general education. institutions / V. V. Laktyushin, V. A. Shapkin. - 5th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 304s.
- Pimenov A.V., Goncharov O.V. Biology manual for university applicants: Electronic textbook. Scientific editor Gorokhovskaya E.A.
- Pimenov A.V., Pimenova I.N. Zoology of invertebrates. Theory. Tasks. Answers .: Saratov, Lyceum Publishing House, 2005.
- Taylor D. Biology / D. Taylor, N. Green, W. Stout. - M.: Mir, 2004. - Vol. 1. - 454p.
- Chebyshev N.V., Kuznetsov S.V., Zaichikova S.G. Biology: a guide for university applicants. T.2. - M .: LLC "New Wave Publishing House", 1998.
- www.collegemicrob.narod.ru
- www.deta-elis.prom.ua
The variety of reptiles
| characteristics | Class Reptiles |
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| Squad Scaled | Squad Crocodiles | Turtle Squad | Beakhead squad |
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| Suborder Lizards | Suborder Snakes |
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| Number | ||||||||
| Body cover | ||||||||
| Limb structure | ||||||||
| Feature of representatives (if there) | ||||||||
| Largest representative | ||||||||
"Appendix 2 Independent work"
| Bone carapace - Corneous scutes - Fixed eyelids - Food is swallowed whole - Suck in head and legs - Small scales - They can throw off their tail - There are poisonous specimens - | According to the proposed characteristic feature, determine the order (suborder) of the Reptiles class: Bone carapace - Corneous scutes - Eyes and nostrils on the dais - Fixed eyelids - Food is swallowed whole - Suck in head and legs - Small scales - They are marine, land and freshwater - They can throw off their tail - There are poisonous specimens - |
| According to the proposed characteristic feature, determine the order (suborder) of the Reptiles class: Bone carapace - Corneous scutes - Eyes and nostrils on the dais - Fixed eyelids - Food is swallowed whole - Suck in head and legs - Small scales - They are marine, land and freshwater - They can throw off their tail - There are poisonous specimens - | According to the proposed characteristic feature, determine the order (suborder) of the Reptiles class: Bone carapace - Corneous scutes - Eyes and nostrils on the dais - Fixed eyelids - Food is swallowed whole - Suck in head and legs - Small scales - They are marine, land and freshwater - They can throw off their tail - There are poisonous specimens - |
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"Appendix 3 Snake Bite"
Snake bite - first aid
In our latitudes, the danger is, perhaps, only the viper. Meeting her promises little pleasant, therefore first aid for a snakebite is a skill that everyone needs. True, it is generally accepted that a snake will not attack a person until he himself shows aggression and forces her to defend herself. And yet it is better not to deal with these amphibians, especially during the period from May to September, when the activity of snakes is at its highest.
Bite symptoms
Snake venom is odorless and tasteless. The range of consequences from its effect on the human body is wide - from local inflammation to death. It all depends on the type of snake and the dose of poison that got into the wound. The most dangerous thing is a bite in the head, where there is a large net blood vessels... Through it, the poison will reach all vital organs and systems as quickly as possible. The bitten limb begins to ache, grows numb, there is a feeling of "goosebumps" in the area of the bite, then it spreads to other parts of the body. The victim feels dizzy, his blood pressure drops, and fainting may occur. The speech organs become numb, speech is disturbed, a person cannot swallow, even drink. Ascending paralysis from the lower extremities quickly spreads to the entire body. The respiratory muscles are also affected, the rhythm of the heart is disturbed. The consequences of a bite can be certain complications: long-term healing wounds, inflammations, abscesses, etc. When a large amount of poison enters the body during a snake bite, death is inevitable if first aid is not provided to the victim in a timely and correct manner.
First aid
The first and obligatory action is to call an ambulance. While the ambulance is traveling, the bitten limb must remain at rest in order to slow down the absorption of the poison through the lymph nodes. Therefore, the victim needs to be provided with rest by laying him on his back and fixing the affected limb with a splint or fixing bandage. It is not recommended to apply a tourniquet in this situation: it can aggravate intoxication (with the exception of a cobra bite). The victim needs plenty of drink in the form of plain water, tea or coffee: through the kidneys and sweat glands, the poison will be excreted from the body. And in no case should you offer alcohol! A controversial question is: when providing first aid for a snakebite, is it necessary to suck the poison out of the wound? Mouth - hardly. If there are wounds in the mouth of the caregiver, the poison can infect him too. There is another method: the poison can be sucked out for 10-15 minutes with a small jar in a way familiar to the people. With the help of a flame from an improvised torch (lighter, match, etc.), a rarefied space is created in it, and the can is immediately superimposed on the bite site. Then the victim must be immediately taken to the hospital, where he must be injected with a special serum.
Sucking out the poison using the discharged air in the jar
Not to be bitten
A few words should also be said about those measures that will help prevent a snake bite. The main means of self-defense is high leather or rubber boots, on which the fragile teeth of a dangerous reptile should break. IN last resort, even thick woolen socks will do. Plus caution. Remember: the snake will not attack unless you hurt it first. Therefore, while walking in the forest or swamp, you need to look very carefully at your feet, and in case of meeting with a dangerous reptile, it is better to bypass it.
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"Appendix 4 If You Don't Know"
If you do not know which snake is bitten, start immediately providing the victim with the same assistance as with the bite of a poisonous snake.
The bite of any snake is perceived by a person as a pinprick. But after the bite of a poisonous snake, both local and general symptoms of poisoning begin to develop rapidly.
Signs of a poisonous snake bite:
One or two punctate wounds.
Rapidly developing edema, hemorrhage similar to a large bruise, increasing pain.
Then a general reaction of the body develops: fever, cold sweat, nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness.
Visual impairment ("split" in the eyes).
Difficulty breathing is possible.
So what if bitten by a snake?
The victim must be reassured, not allowed to move, especially not to move the affected limb - this will not stimulate the spread of the poison throughout the body. The bitten limb must be immobilized, as in fractures (fix both adjacent joints).
Determine if the poison is on the clothes, on the skin around the bite. By pressing your hand against the bite, you can inject poison into the wound. Remove from the skin so that it does not get into the blood.
It is believed that suctioning the poison by the mouth is quite safe if you constantly spit out the aspirated fluid, as well as periodically rinse the oral cavity.
First of all, try to suck the poison out of the wound as soon as possible by constantly spitting out (15 minutes). Sucking off venom from a snake bite is a very effective aid, but if you have sores in your mouth, the venom can enter your bloodstream through them. In addition, the victim can be a serious infection and you can get infected from him in this way. If you are not sure that you are ready to risk yourself for the sake of the victim, you can suck out the poison by placing a can (a bottle is suitable), in which you must first burn out oxygen. come up with a special device for sucking blood - for 1 minute.
However, venom suction methods are not always highly effective. The result depends on how quickly you started this exercise (preferably no later than a few seconds after the bite) and how deep the bite is. In addition, the edges of the wound will quickly close and swell. Therefore, do not waste precious seconds dragging the victim to a more convenient place and do not panic, but act quickly and calmly.
It is also useful to drink a lot, the best of all is a diuretic (lingonberry, cranberry) - this will allow you to remove some of the poison from the body. Coffee and alcohol are contraindicated.
While you are providing assistance, let someone call an ambulance if possible, and if not, you need to take the victim to hospitals on your own, where he will be given an injection of Antigadyuka serum
If the hospital is too far away or it is impossible to call an ambulance, ask all the neighbors, maybe someone is keeping ampoules of serum in the refrigerator. Keep in mind that before the administration of the serum, for 25-30 minutes, you need to take prednisolone (5-10 mg 1-2 tablets), and the therapeutic anti-snake serum is injected into the interscapular region subcutaneously at 500-1000 AE (1-2 ampoules). Serum is injected only fractionally, starting from 0.1 ml. Contraindication to the introduction of anti-snake serum is the development of anaphylactic shock with the introduction of 0.1–0.25 ml of serum - due to an allergy to serum protein. The accompanying leaflet should indicate the time, the amount of medicinal anti-snake serum and prednisolone administered. Use of "Antihyurza" against a bite common viper considered not appropriate.
What should NOT be done when bitten by a snake?
A tourniquet cannot be applied to a bitten limb.... Necrotizing poison, and tied with a tourniquet, will linger in the affected limb and is likely to cause necrosis, which can ultimately lead to amputation (previously, the use of a tourniquet was considered a good method to trap poison, but observations have shown poor results of this event).
It is useless to cauterize the bite site, in this way, you can seriously damage the surrounding tissue, and not render harmless the poison.
You also do not need to make cuts and notches in the bitten areas... This will not help remove a sufficient amount of poison and will only provoke the development of infection and the appearance of long non-healing wounds.
The danger of a viper bite depends on several factors:
The size of the snake.
The amount of poison released.
The health of the victim.
The reaction of the victim, his environment and the speed of assistance.
What is an antidote serum?
Protidal (snake) serum is a preparation that contains a protein that is foreign to humans. Therefore, its use in inept hands (violation of the dosage, the use of serum against the poison of the wrong snake that bit) can do more harm than the bite itself.
In many people, serum can cause severe, even anaphylactic shock, allergic reactions.
The serum is effective only on the first day after the bite.
How to protect yourself from a snakebite:
When traveling in dangerous areas, it is necessary to wear high boots and tight trousers.
Move with a stick-staff, move the grass in front of you, create more noise.
Do not pitch your tents in tall grass, near driftwood, boulders and rocks.
Do not leave the tents open for a minute before getting into the sleeping bag, check for a snake.
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"Appendix 5 Detachment Beakheads"
Beakhead squad
The detachment of beak-headed, in the modern fauna is represented by one species - the tuatara. Beakheads are a very ancient group that appeared about 165 million years ago. The tuatara has retained a very archaic structure, which has essentially changed little since the appearance of the beak-headed. Among modern reptiles, the tuatara is closest to scaly (lizards and snakes), with which it is united into one subclass of lepidosaurs.Tuatara,or tuatara(Sphenodon punctatus), outwardly very similar to a lizard with a massive body, big head and five-fingered limbs. A low ridge of triangular vertical plates extends from the back of the head along the back and tail. The tuatara is painted in a dull olive-green color, on the sides of the body and limbs there are small and larger yellow spots.
Pupils big eyes located on the sides of the head, in the form of a vertical slit. Eardrums and middle ear cavities are absent in the tuatara. On the upper side of the head, slightly behind the eyes, a peculiar organ is hidden under the skin - the so-called parietal eye. In adult tuataras, it is not outwardly noticeable, but in young ones (six months of age) that have recently emerged from eggs, it looks like an area of the skin surface that is not covered with scales. The parietal eye of the tuatara is a vesicular organ with a layer of light-sensitive cells and a kind of lens. The function of the parietal eye (also found in some lizards) has not yet been fully elucidated. In any case, it has photosensitivity, but most likely serves not as an organ of vision, but perceives only the degree of illumination, which depends on the level of solar radiation. This organ helps the animal regulate body temperature by choosing a location and posture in relation to the sun's rays.
Turtle squad
The structure of turtles is so unique and so different from the structure of other reptiles that they cannot be confused with other animals. Their characteristic features are as follows: a body enclosed in a hard shell, a clumsy head, the jaws of which, like those of birds, are covered with sharp horny plates and never have teeth, the legs are short and, as it were, underdeveloped, sometimes turning into long narrow flippers. The carapace consists of two parts: the upper and lower, or dorsal and chest plates. The first is more or less convex, round, elongated or heart-shaped. The lower one is wide, flat, ovate or cruciform with rounded ends, since its connection with the dorsal shield is sometimes rather narrow. The connection of both scutes consists of cartilage, which either remains soft for life, or ossifies, and then the connection takes the form of a suture. Thus, both shields form a box, which is open only in front and behind, so that the animal can stick out its head, legs and tail, while the body is completely enclosed in it.
The head is usually ovoid, as if chopped off at the back, and the muzzle is more or less elongated, the neck has different lengths, but is relatively mobile. Four limbs are used for walking, for swimming, and sometimes they look like flippers. In most cases, a short, cylindrical, or tapered tail comes in a variety of lengths. The carapace is covered with corneous plates, or scutes, and in a few species it is covered with thick skin, the head, neck, legs and tail are covered with warty skin, on which large or small scutes, tubercles and granular appendages are seen, and sometimes even spurs and splints.
Suborder Snakes
Snakes differ from other reptiles in their elongated body and the absence of paired limbs, external auditory canal and movable eyelids.
Snakes are well adapted to absorbing large prey, this is reflected in the structure of the skeleton. The right and left half of the lower jaws are connected movably, the ligaments have a special extensibility. The tops of the teeth are directed backward: when swallowing food, the snake seems to sit on it, and the food lump gradually moves inward. Snakes have no sternum, and the ribs end freely. Therefore, the part of the body in which the digested victim is located can be highly stretched.
Many snakes are venomous. Their upper jaw has large canalized or grooved teeth. The poison produced by the modified salivary glands enters the base of the tooth and flows down the canal or furrow to the apex. When the mouth of the snake is closed, the venomous teeth lie parallel to the palate. When attacking, the mouth opens wide, and the poisonous teeth are directed downward or at a slight angle forward, and the snake plunges them into the victim.
The eyes of the snakes are covered with a transparent cornea formed by accrete eyelids. In daytime snakes, the pupil is round or in the form of a transverse slit, in nighttime snakes it is vertical. Vision, like hearing, is not the main sense organ of a snake and is less developed than that of lizards. The main sense organ of the snake is a long forked tongue at the end. Focusing on the smell, the snake can move and look for prey in complete darkness. In addition, the tongue can serve as a temperature sensor. The same function is performed by special organs located on the head of some snakes (python, African viper, pit viper).
The superficial layer of the skin forms shields and scales in the form of elongated plates arranged in a tile-like manner; longitudinal elevations - ribs are often noticeable on them.
Suborder Lizards
Lizards are the most prosperous group of reptiles with the greatest variety species and habitats. Apart from the polar regions, it is hardly possible to find a region where lizards do not form an important part of the fauna.
Lizards very diverse in appearance and sizes. In most of them, the limbs are well developed, but there are species with shortened legs, and in some they are absent altogether (spindle, yellow-bellied, etc.). Legless lizards differ from snakes by the presence of an eardrum and mobile eyelids. Their body is covered with small scales. Scales are the most different forms: Small one to one or large overlapping, smooth and shiny or rough with a ridge in the middle. In some species, including chameleons, large protruding scales are scattered between small ones; in others, in certain places scales have changed into spikes and ridges.
Males of many species, in particular iguanas, agamas, chameleons, and wall lizards, have a bright color that helps them to express themselves and defend territory. Typically, lizards are active during the day and spend a lot of time basking in the sun to maintain their body temperature. In most families, the hind legs are longer than the front ones, so they can run and climb quickly. It is these large and small lizards that most often catch the eye of a person, when in sunny weather scurry about stones, bushes and trees, hunting insects and other invertebrates.
Squad crocodiles
General form body, crocodile lizard. They are characterized by a long, laterally compressed, high tail, membranes between the fingers of the hind limbs, a long muzzle and a head flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction. The front legs have five fingers, the hind legs have four. The nostrils, located at the front end of the muzzle, and the eyes are raised and located on the upper side of the head, which allows crocodiles to float in the water near its surface, exposing only their eyes and nostrils to the air. The external auditory openings are closed with movable valves that protect the eardrums from mechanical damage when immersed in water. The body, tail and limbs of crocodiles are covered with large corneous plates of regular shape, located on the back and abdomen in regular rows. The dorsal shields bear longitudinal ridges.
Crocodile teeth have a simple conical shape, sit on the premaxillary, maxillary and dental bones. Reinforced in separate cells, which allows crocodiles to have huge "fangs", up to 5 cm long. The bases of the teeth are hollow inside; in these cavities, new replacement teeth develop. The change of teeth during the life of a crocodile is multiple.
The senses are very perfect. The retina of the eyes consists mainly of rods, the pupil in the form of a vertical slit, capable of greatly expanding. The inner ear has a well-developed cochlea.
Modern crocodiles inhabit various freshwater bodies. Relatively few species tolerate brackish water and are found in river estuaries. Only the crested crocodile swims far into the open sea and was recorded at a distance of 600 km from the nearest coast. Crocodiles spend most of the day in the water. They go to the coastal shallows in the morning and in the late afternoon - to warm up in sunbeams... Crocodiles move in the water with the help of their tail. On land, crocodiles are slow and clumsy, but sometimes they make significant transitions, moving several kilometers away from water bodies.
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"Lesson Variety of reptiles"
Lesson "Variety of reptiles"
Target: creation of conditions for effective assimilation of knowledge about the diversity of reptiles.
Tasks:
Educational: creating conditions for independent activities aimed at studying the diversity of reptiles.
Developing: formation of skills to work with the text of a textbook, additional literature; the skill of recognizing representatives of different orders of reptiles; first aid skill for being bitten by a poisonous snake.
Educational: fostering positive motivation for learning, the ability to work individually and in pairs, a sense of responsibility for the result of one's work, fostering a respectful attitude and love for nature.
Estimated results:
Subject: students get acquainted with the characteristics of the detachments and their representatives.
Personal: learn to determine which order the animal belongs to by its appearance and characteristics of life, master first aid techniques for a snakebite
Metasubject:
Cognitive: development of skills to work with text, illustrations, tables, analyze, compare, generalize, be able to transform information from one type to another (text into a table)
Communicative: listen to information, formulate questions and answer them
Regulatory: the formation of skills to independently detect and formulate an educational problem, the goal of educational activity, put forward versions, evaluate the result of one's work and correct mistakes on one's own.
Equipment: media projector, screen, handout didactic material, presentation.
During the classes:
Motivation for learning activities.
Hello guys! My name is ... Today's lesson we will teach with you. And before I start, I would like to take a look at your mood. Colored leaves are on the table: red means anxiety, green means calm. Please pick up a piece of paper that matches your mood. (ask why they are worried. To say that I, like them, am also under the gun of many eyes and also feel anxious)
Knowledge update.
Let's move a little.
Amphibians croak, reptiles clap their hands.
The skin is bare, thin
The skin has horny scales
There are no ribs in the skeleton
There are 8 vertebrae in the cervical spine
Light multicellular
Three-chambered heart without partitions
Cold blooded
Large forebrain
Fertilization external
Lay eggs
Please tell me how the internal structure of reptiles differs from the internal structure of amphibians? (heart; respiratory system, cellular lungs; complication of the brain: forebrain, cerebellum).
Compare the reproduction and development of amphibians and reptiles. (internal fertilization, oviposition, leathery or shell-covered eggs)
Drawing of the internal structure from the textbook (drive by numbers)
Who is superfluous? Justify the answer.
CROCODILE, SALAMANDRA, CHAMELEON, TURTLE?
Yellows sleep with closed eyes, and snakes and vipers - with open eyes, how can this be explained? (show photos of these animals)
Explanation of the new material.
Name the animals on the slide. What class of animals do they belong to? What do you think we will learn in today's lesson?
Lesson topic: DIVERSITY OF REPRESENTATIVES.
What should we pay attention to when studying this topic? What is the goal we set for ourselves? ( study the features of the structure and life of animals of each order, get acquainted with representatives)
How will we achieve our goal?
(We will study each detachment, note the characteristic features, compare and combine the knowledge gained)
Fish - squat, amphibians - lean forward, reptiles - clap overhead
R: body covered with scales
Z: bare, thin skin
R: the skin has horny scales
R: two-chambered heart
Z: there are no ribs in the skeleton
P: external fertilization
Eye gymnastics (sitting)
Do you know the name of a specialist who studies reptiles (reptiles)?
HERPETOLOGIST.
I suggest you be herpetologists today!
We work in pairs. There are sheets of paper with a table on the tables, you will fill in only your own version, and then, listening to the respondent, we will fill in the empty columns.
Lizards p.197
Crocodiles p. 199-200
Turtles with. 200
Beakheads (additional information)
There are leaflets with additional information on the desks. Study the text of the textbook and additional literature, fill in the table.
Separate task: how do lizards differ from snakes?
How are crocodiles different from alligators?
Poisonous snakes and first aid for a poisonous snakebite (can you suck out poison?)
Primary anchoring
Working out the results yourself. work, questions to each other, clarifications, explanations.
Independent work with check by reference
Bone carapace - H
Corneous scutes - K
Daisy eyes and nostrils - K
Fixed eyelids - Z
Food is swallowed whole - W
Retract the head and legs - H
Small scales - Z or Z
There are marine, land and freshwater - H
Can drop tail - I
There are poisonous specimens - W
Knowledge inclusion and repetition
Three groups of animals, 4 in each. There is a certain pattern by which they are grouped. Each group has one extra animal. Find it and justify your answer.
Spindle, viviparous lizard, yellow toad, viper
Cobra, boa constrictor, jaundice, already ordinary.
Crocodile, salamander, chameleon, turtle.
Hearing and sight are not always salvation. They don't see snakes well, they have no hearing. How do they find prey? (thermal radars, on the head)
In green grass, it is green, and in dried and yellowed grass it is yellowish. On the trunk of a tree - has the color of bark or leaves. Who is he? (Chameleon) Read about him and watch a video clip.
Guys, Chekhov has a story called "Chameleon". In what sense did the author use this word?
Reflection of educational activities.
At the end of our lesson, I would like to know what it was like.
What new have you learned today?
What surprised you?
What did you like or dislike?
Who thinks they have a very good understanding of the topic of the lesson?
Good enough?
Who needs to look at the recordings at home again?
What is your mood now?
D / s § 42
Creative task: find and bring to the next lesson proverbs, sayings, tales about reptiles.
Make up crosswords, puzzles on the topic
View presentation content
"Presentation"
- Crocodile
- Salamander
- Chameleon
- Turtle
Jellus
Already ordinary
MANIFOLD REPRESENTATIVE
Plan
Class Reptiles
characteristics
Squad Scaled
Suborder Lizards
Number of species
Body cover
Suborder Snakes
Squad Crocodiles
Turtle Squad
Limb structure
Beakhead squad
Feature of representatives
Largest representative
(if there)
- Pisces - squat
- Amphibians - leaning forward
- Reptiles - clap overhead
3000 Order Turtle 2 pairs of five-fingered, or absent Structure of limbs Differentiated Large scutes Order Beakheads 25 Can discard tail Specificity of representatives Large conical, in cells Bone carapace, small horny scales 300 Largest representative Reduced (if any) No, 2 pairs, on the hind swim membranes Small horny scales, ridge of plates 1 Eyelids fused, Komodo monitor lizard 3 m incisal edge of the jaw Small conical Anaconda unblinking gaze Long muzzle 2 pairs, in the sea - flippers 6-10 m Leatherback turtle, Elephant turtle Saltwater crocodile Can hide in the shell 2 pairs , five-fingered up to 7 m Third eye about 76 cm "width =" 640 " Class Reptiles
Plan
characteristics
Squad Scaled
Suborder Lizards
Number of species
Small horny scales
Body cover
Squad Crocodiles
Suborder Snakes
Small conical
Small horny scales
Turtle Squad
2 pairs, five-fingered, or absent
Limb structure
Differentiated
Large shields
Beakhead squad
Can throw off their tail
Feature of representatives
Large conical, in cells
Bone carapace, small horny scales
Largest representative
Reduced
(if there)
2 pairs, on the back swimming membranes
Small horny scales, ridge of plates
The eyelids are fused
Komodo dragon 3 m
incisal edge of the jaw
Small conical
Anaconda
unblinking gaze
Long muzzle
2 pairs, at sea - fins
Leatherback Turtle, Elephant Turtle
Combed crocodile
They can hide in a shell
2 pairs, five-fingered
Third Eye
about 76 cm
- Turtles
- Crocodiles
- Crocodiles
- Turtles
- Scaly
- Turtles
- Lizards
- 5-6 is correct - "3"
- 7-8 is correct - "4"
- 9-10 is correct - "5"
- Spindle
- Viviparous lizard
- Jellus
- Viper
- Cobra
- Jellus
- Already ordinary
- Crocodile
- Salamander
- Turtle
- Chameleon
- Proverbs, sayings, stories, tales about reptiles
- Crosswords, rebuses
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