The nose is the initial surface of the upper respiratory tract and is divided into the outer nose and the nasal cavity with the apparent sinuses.
The outer nose consists of bone, cartilage and soft parts and has the shape of an irregular trigger pyramid. The nose root is isolated - the upper area connecting it with the forehead, the back is the middle part of the nose, going down the root, which ends with the top of the nose. The side convex and movable surfaces of the nose are called the wings of the nose; The lower free edges form their nostrils, or outer holes.
The nose can be divided into 3 departments: 1) Outdoor nose; 2) nasal cavity; 3) Pressing sinuses.
The outer nose is called the elevation, resembling an incorrect three-headed pyramid, outstanding over the face level and located on its midline. The surface of this pyramid is two side skate, which descend towards the cheeks and converge in the midline, forming a rounded edge here - the back of the nose; The last direction is directed and the book. On the third, the lower surface of the pyramid are two nasal holes - nostrils. The upper end of the back of the nose, which rests on the forehead, is called the root of the nose, or we move. The bottom end of the back of the nose, where it goes into the lower surface is called the tip of the nose. The bottom, the movable department of each side surface of the nose is called the wing of the nose.
The core of the outer nose consists of bones, cartilage and soft tissues. The exterior nose includes paired nasal bones, frontal process of maxillary bones and steam cartilage: side cartilage of the nose, a large wing of the wing of the nose and small cartilage, located in the back of the nose wing.
The skin on the bone of the nose is movable, on the cartilage - low-voluminous. The skin contains many sebaceous and sweat glands with wide output holes, which are especially high on the wings of the nose, where the mouth of their output ducts are visible by a simple eye. Through the edge of the nasal opening, the skin goes to the inner surface of the nasal cavity. The strip separating both nostrils and belonging to the nasal partition is called the moving partition. The skin at this place, especially the elderly, is covered with hair that delay penetration into the cavity of the nose of dust and other harmful particles.
The nasal partition shares the nasal cavity into two halves and consists of bone and cartilage parts. The bone of it is formed by the perpendicular plate of the lattice bone and the coulter. The corner between these bone formations includes quadrangular cartilage of the nasal partition. To the front edge of the quadrilateral cartilage adjoins the cartilage wings wing wing. The front skin-cartilage department of the nasal partition is unlike bone is movable.
The muscles of the outer nose in humans are successful and practical do not have practical significance. From muscle beams that have some meaning, the following: 1) muscle raising the wing of the nose - starts from the frontal head of the upper jaw and is attached to the rear edge of the nose wing, partly goes into the skin of the upper lip; 2) the narrowing nasal holes and the nose wings delaying the book; 3) Muscle, pulling the nasal partition down.
The external nose vessels are branches of the outer jaw and the orphanage and are directed to the tip of the nose, which is the richness of blood supply. The external nose veins fall into the front facial vein. The innervation of the skin of the outer nose is carried out by the first and the second branches of the trigeminal nerve, and the muscles - the leaf nerve sprigs.
The cavity of the nose is located in the center of the facial skeleton and borders on top with the front cranial fossa, on the sides - with eyeballs, and from the bottom - with the oral cavity. It opens in front of the lower surface of the outer nose with nostrils that have a variety of shape. Behind the nasal cavity is communicated with. The upper nasopharynx department by means of two nearby oval shape of the rear nasal holes called Hohana.
The nasal cavity is reported to the nasopharynk, with a pink straw and with the apparent sinuses of the nose. Through the Eustachius pipe, the nasal cavity is also reported to the drum cavity, which causes the dependence of certain aurous diseases from the state of the nasal cavity. A close connection of the nasal cavity with the apparel sinuses also causes the fact that the diseases of the nose cavity are most often in one degree or another to the apparent sinuses of the nose and they can affect the cavity of the skull and orbit with their contents. The topographic proximity of the cavity of the spit to orbits and the front cranial fossa is a moment that contributes to the combined damage, especially during injury.
The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two not always symmetrical halves. Each half of the nasal cavity has an inner, outdoor, upper and lower walls. The inner wall is the nasal partition (Fig. 18, 19). Outdoor, or side, wall is the most difficult arranged. It is located three protrusions, the so-called nasal sinks: the largest - lower, medium and top. The lower nose sink is an independent bone; The middle and the upper shells are a lattice maze processes.
Fig. 18. Anatomy of the nasal cavity: the lateral wall of the nose.
1 - frontal sinus; 2 - nasal bone; 3 - lateral cleaning of the nose; 4 - average sink; 5 - medium nose; 6 - lower shell; 7 - solid packed; 8 - lower nose; 9 - soft packed; 10 - pipe roller; 11 - Eustachiev pipe; 12 - Rosenmühllernya; 13 - the main sinus; 14-top nose; 15 - upper shell; 16 - Cocking comb.
Fig. 19. Medial nose wall.
1 - frontal sinus; 2 - nasal bone; 3 - perpendicular plate of lattice bone; 4 - cartilage of the nasal partition; 5 - Synotoid plate; 6 - Turkish saddle; 7 - the main bone; 8 - couch.
Under each nasal sink there is a nasal stroke. Thus, there is a lower nasal move between the lower shell and bottom of the nose cavity, between the middle and lower sinks and the side wall of the nose - the middle nasal stroke, and above the middle sink - the upper nose. In the front third of the lower nasal stroke, approximately 14 mm from the front edge of the sink, is the hole of the tear-nasal channel. In the middle nose, the nasal holes are opened with narrow holes: the topless (gaimort) sinus, the frontal sinus and the cells of the lattice labyrinth. Under the upper sink, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe top nasal stroke, rear cells of the lattice labyrinth and the main (sphenoidal) sinus are opened.
The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane, which continues directly into the apparent sinuses of the nose, in the mucous membrane of the nose cavity distinguishes two areas: respiratory and omniplative. The olfactory region includes the mucous membrane of the upper shell, parts of the middle shell and the corresponding nasal partition department. The rest of the nose cavity mucosa refers to the respiratory area.
The mucous membrane of the olfactory region contains olfactory, basal and supporting cells. There are special glands that produce serous secrets that contribute to the perception of olfactory irritation. The mucous membrane of the respiratory area is tightly soldered with a periosteum or a superior. There is no submisient layer. In some places, the mucous membrane is thickened due to the cavernous (cavernous) fabric. It is most constantly found in the field of the lower nasal shell, the free edge of the middle shell, as well as elevations on the nasal partition, respectively, the front end of the middle shell. Under the influence of a variety of physical, chemical or even psychogenic moments, the cavernous tissue determines the instant swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose. Slowing the speed of blood flow and creating conditions for stagnation, the cavernous tissue favors the secretion and isolating heat, and also regulates the amount of air entering the respiratory tract. The cavernous tissue of the bottom nasal shell is associated with the venous network of the mucous membrane of the lower departure of the tear-nasal channel. The swelling of the lower shell can be caused so the closure of the tear-nasal channel and tearing.
The blood supply to the nasal cavity is carried out by branches of internal and outer carotid arteries. From the inner carotid artery, the orphanage entrances, entering the eye and the front and rear grate arteries there. From the outer carotid artery, the inner jaw artery and the artery of the nasal cavity - the main thing is. The veins of the nasal cavity follow the arteries. The veins of the nasal cavity also connect with the veins of the skull cavity (solid and soft
Brain shells), and some fall directly into the sagittal sinus.
The main blood vessels of the nose are held in its hinds and towards the front departments of the nasal cavity gradually decrease in diameter. That is why bleeding from the rear sections of the nose are usually heavier. In the initial part, one permanently at the entrance, the nasal cavity is lined with the skin, the latter is bent into and equipped with hairs and sall glands. The venous network forms a plexus connecting the veins of the nasal cavity with adjacent areas. It is important due to the possibility of spreading an infection from the venue of the nasal cavity into the cavity of the skull, orbit and in more distant areas of the body. Venenous anastomoses with cavernous (cavernous) sinus, located on the basis of a skull in the region of the middle skull, are especially important.
In the mucous membrane of the front partition of the nasal partition, there is a so-called Kiselbachovo place, characterized by a rich arterial and venous network. Kisselbachovo Place is most often injured, as well as the most frequent localization of repeated nose bleeding. Some authors (B. S. Preobrazhensky) call this place "bleeding zone of the nasal partition." It is believed that bleeding here is therefore more frequent that there is a cavernous tissue in this area, which has a weak muscles, and the mucous membrane is more tightly attached and less stretched than in other places (kiselbach). According to other data, the cause of a light vascular vascular viciousness is a minor thickness of the mucous membrane in this area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal partition.
The innervation of the mucous membrane of the nose is carried out by the sensitive branches of the trigeminal nerve, as well as branches emanating from the storage unit. From the latter, the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa is also carried out.
The lymphatic vessels of the nose cavity are associated with the cavity of the skull. The outflow of lymph occurs in part to the deep cervical nodes and part of the plug-in lymph nodes.
The apparent sinuses of the nose belongs (Fig. 20) maxillary, frontal, main sinus and lattice cells.
Fig. 20. Putness sinuses of the nose.
A - Front view: B - side view; 1 - Gaimortova (maxillary) sinus; 2 - frontal sinus; 3 - lattice labyrinth; 4 - the main (sphenoidal) sinus.
The maxillary sinus is known as the Gaimore sinus and named so named Anatoma, which described it. This sinus is located in the body of the maxillary bone and is the most voluminous.
The sinus has the shape of an irregular quadrangular pyramid and has 4 walls. Front (facial) wall sinuses covered with cheek and accessible to feeling. The upper (orphanage) wall is thinner than everyone else. The front of the top wall of the sinus takes part in the formation of the upper hole of the tear-nasal channel. In this wall, the nineglastic nerve passes, which comes out of the bone in the upper part of the front wall sinus and branches in soft tissues of the cheek.
Inner (nose) wall of the gaimore sinus is the most important. It corresponds to lower and middle nasal strokes. This wall is quite thin.
The lower wall (bottom) of the gaimor sinus is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe alveolar extension of the upper jaw and usually corresponds to the Alveolas of the rear upper teeth.
The Gaimorto glands is communicated with the nasal cavity one, and often two and more holes lying in the middle nose.
The frontal sinus is like a three-shred pyramid. The walls are the following: facial - front, rear-border with the cavity of the skull, the lower - orbital, internal - forms a partition between the sneakers. Up the frontal sinus can rise to the scalp, the dodder spreads to the outer angle of the eyes, the frontal-nose channel opens in the front portion of the middle nasal stroke. The frontal sinus may be absent. It is often asymmetrical, it happens more on one side. The newborn is already available in the form of a small bay, which increases every year, but their underdevelopment or incomplete absence (aplasia) of the frontal sinus occurs.
The main (wedge-shaped, sphenoidal) sinus is located in the body of a wedge-shaped bone. Shape it reminds the wrong cube. The value varies greatly. It borders with the middle and front cranial pits, leaned with its bone walls to the brain appendage (pituitary) and other important formations (nerves, vessels). The hole leading to the nose is located on its front wall. The main sinus is characterized by asymmetry: in most cases, the partition divides it into 2 unequal cavities.
The latal labyrinth is characterized by a bizarre structure. The cells of the lattice labyrinth are sprinkled between the frontal and main sinuses. Outside, the lattice labyrinth borders with an orbit from which it separates it so-called paper plate; From the inside - with top and middle nasal strokes; from above - with the cavity of the skull. The magnitude of the cells is very different: from a small pea to 1 cm 3 or more, the form is also diverse.
Separate cells on the front and rear, of which are the first to open in the middle nose. Rear cells are opened in the upper nose.
The lattice labyrinth is border with a ball, with a skull cavity, with a lacrimal bag, optic nerve and other eye nerves.
The main anatomical formation of the head and neck.
The nose is the most speaker part on the face located in the immediate vicinity of the brain. To understand the mechanisms for the development of pathological processes and ways to prevent the dissemination of infection, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the structure. Adjustion of training at a medical university begins with the alphabet, in this case, with the study of the basic anatomical formations of the sinuses of the nose.
Being the elemental link of the respiratory tract, it is associated with other respiratory system bodies. The connection with the rotoglotus gives the base to assume an indirect relationship with the digestive tract, since often the nasopharynx mucus falls into the stomach. Thus, one way or another, pathological processes in the sinuses of the nose can affect all these structures, causing the disease.
In the anatomy, it is customary to divide the nose for three main structural parts:
- Outdoor nose;
- Directly the nasal cavity;
- Puttingular separation sinuses.
All together they constitute the chief olfactory body, the main functions of which are:
- Respiratory. It is the first link in the respiratory path, it is through the nose in the norm in the norm passes inhaled air, the wings of the nose in respiratory failure play the role of auxiliary muscles.
- Sensitive. It is one of the main senses, thanks to receptor olfactory hairs, it is able to capture odors.
- Protective. The mucus, released by the mucous, allows you to delay dust particles, microbes, disputes, and other large-part particles, not allowing them to carry them deep into the body.
- Warming. Passing through the nasal stroke, the cool air is heated, due to the capillary vascular grid close to the surface.
- Resonator. Participates in the sound of one's own voice, causes the individual characteristics of voice timbre.
Video in this article will help to better figure out the structure of the incomplete cavities.
We will analyze the structure of the nose and sinuses in pictures.
Outdoor departments
Anatomy of the nose and the incomplete sinuses begins with the study of the external nose.
The outer part of the olfactory organ is represented by bone and soft structures in the form of a triangular pyramid of incorrect configuration:
- The upper part is called the back, which is located between the abnormal arcs, is the narrowest part of the external nose;
- Nasolabial folds and wings limit the bodies organ;
- The vertex is called the tip of the nose;
From the bottom, on the basis of the nostrils. They are represented by two rounded strokes through which the air enters the respiratory tract. Limited with wings with lateral side, partition - with medial.
The structure of the external nose.
The table presents the main structures of the external nose and the notation, where they are in the photo:
| Structure | How are arranged |
|---|---|
| Bone Axet | · Nasal bones (2), in the number of two pieces; · Nasal area of \u200b\u200bthe frontal bone (1); · Process from the upper jaw (7). |
| Cartilage part | · Quadranular cartilage forming a partition (3); · Side cartilages (4); · Big cartilages that form wings (5); · Small cartilage forming wings (6) |
| Nasal muscles. | These are predominantly rudimentary, belong to the mimic muscles and can be regarded as auxiliary, as they connect during respiratory failure: · Rising nose wing; · Lifting upper lip. |
| Blood supply. | The venous network is reported to intracranial head vessels, so hematogenic means infection from the nasal cavity can fall into brain structures, causing serious septic complications. Arterial system: Venous system: |
The structure of the external nose.
Nose cavity
Posted by three choans or nasal sinks, between which the nasal moves of a person are located. They are localized between the oral cavity and the front smear of the skull - the inlet of the skull.
| Characteristic | Top | Middle | Nizhnya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Localization | The space between the middle and upper sinks of the lattice bone. | · The space between the lower and medium sinks of the lattice bone; · Divided into basal and sagittal parts. | · The lower edge of the sink of the lattice bone and the bottom of the nasal cavity; · Connected with the ridge of the upper jaw and the bones of the sky. |
| Anatomical structures | The olfactory region is the receptor zone of the olfactory tract, the exit to the cavity of the skull through the olfactory nerve. The main sinus opens. | Almost all sinuses of the nose are opened, except for the main sinus. | · Rosellular canal; · Evstarchie (auditory) pipe. |
| Function | Sensitive - smells. | Direction of air flows. | Provides tears outflows and intercom with the inner ear (resonator function). |
The structure of the nasal cavity.
When conducting rhinoscopy, the ENT doctor can only see the average move, beyond the rososcope, the top and bottom are located.
Sinet nose
Facial bones contain hollow spaces, normally filled with air and nasal-connecting nose are the apparent sinuses. There are four types of them all.
Photo of the structure of the sinus.
| Characteristic | Wedge-shaped (basic) (3) | Topper (Gaimorov) (4) | Frontal (front) (1) | Gold (2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opening | Exit to the top. | Exit to the middle move, odda in the upper medial corner. | Middle nose. | · Front and medium - on average; · Rear - to the top. |
| Volume | 3-4 cm 3. | 10, -17.3 cm 3 | 4.7 cm 3. | Different |
| Features | Common borders with the base of the brain, where are: Pituitary Sleepy arteries. | The biggest; Have a triangular shape | From birth - not visualized, complete development takes place by 12 years of life. | · Individual number of each person - from 5 to 15 rounded hollow holes; |
| Blood supply | Walled-shaped artery; Branches of meningial arteries | Topper artery | Topper and eye artery | Great and tear artery |
| Inflammation of the nasal sinus | Sphenoiditis | Hymorit | Frontit | Etmoite |
Nose through the sinuses of the nose pass air flows. The photo you can see the structure of the nasal sinuses, their mutual location. With inflammatory changes, the sinuses are often filled with mucous membranes or mucous-purulent contents.
The incomplete sinuses are also communicated and among themselves, which is often the infection, spreading, flows from one sinus to another.
Toppers
Are the largest, have a triangular form:
| Wall | Structure | Structures |
|---|---|---|
| Medial (nose) | The bone plate corresponds to most of the middle and lower strokes. | Pulp odds connecting the sinus with the cavity of the nose |
| Front (facial) | From the lower edge of the soccer to the alveolar tower of the upper jaw. | Dog (canine) jam, a depth of 4-7 mm. At the top edge of the fossa leaves a porznorny nerve. Through this wall is carried out puncture. |
| Top | Borders with orbit. | In the thicker passes the porznilny nerve; Venous plexus borders with an eyeball through a cavernous sinus located in a solid brain sheath. |
| Rear | Buds upper jaw. | Cutting knot; Upper-dry nerve; Cutting venous plexus; Topper artery; |
| Lower (bottom) | Alveolar extension of the upper jaw. | Sometimes it is revealed to the sinus of the roots of the teeth. |
Education of the Gaimore Outlines
Grident
The lattice labyrinth is a single bone where the lattice sinuses are in a person, it borders with:
- frontal top;
- wedge-shaped behind;
- topper skill.
It is possible to distribute into orbit in the front or rear sections, depending on the individual characteristics of the anatomical structure. Then they border with the front smelting of the skull through the lattice plate.
This justifies instructions when opening the sinuses - only in the lateral direction, so as not to damage the plate. Close to the record also passes a visual nerve.
Frontal
They have a triangular shape, are located in the scales of the frontal bone. Have 4 walls:
| Wall | Features |
|---|---|
| FEABLE (Lower) | It is the upper wall forming an eye; Is located next to the cells of the lattice bone lattice and the nose cavity; The channel is located - this is the message of the nasal sinuses with an average nose, 10-15 mm long and a width of-4 mm. |
| Facial (front) | The strongest is 5-8 mm. |
| Brain (rear) | Borders on the front smear of the skull; Consists of compact bone. |
| Medical | Is a partition of the frontal sinuses |
Wedge-shaped
Formed by walls:
| Wall | Features |
|---|---|
| Nizhny | Constitutes a nasopharyngeal nose roof of the nasal cavity; Consists of spongy bone. |
| Upper | The lower surface of the Turkish saddle; From above, the area of \u200b\u200bthe frontal share (olfactory gyms) and the pituitary gland. |
| Rear | Basilar area of \u200b\u200bthe occipital bone; The strongest. |
| Lateral | It borders with the cavernous sinus, it is in close proximity to the inner carotid artery; Overucking, block, first twig of triple and discharge nerves. Wall thickness - 1-2 mm. |
The video in this article will help to understand exactly where the incomplete sinuses are located and what they are formed:
On the anatomy of the apparent sinuses of the nose, you need to know all health workers and people suffering from hymifiers. This information will help to understand where the pathological process develops and how it can spread.
The nose is an organ of a person who is on the face and performing the functions of breathing and smell. Despite the external diversity (Greek, potatoes, drunken), all of all he works equally.
You can select three components:
- nose outdoor
- nasal cavity
- putness sinuses.
Anatomy of outdoor nose
- Top nose covered with leather. It has many hairs. Also on the skin there are sebaceous glands.
- Nasal muscles serve mainly to create facial expressions.
- The side walls of the nose are made of cartilage, partition. Due to this, the tip of the nose and its wings is formed.
- The bones of the nose forms the abnormal process of the upper jaw.
Anatomical nasal cavity features
The cavity of the nose is its inner part. Through it, inhaled and exhaled air passes. The cavity is separated by the nasal cartilage partition on the right and left parts. The weekends of the cavity are called nostrils. Further, the cavity is three pairs of nasal shells, they form nasal moves by which the air circulates. Each of the half of the cavity has four walls:
- The bottom wall, which is also called the bottom, make up the bones of solid nose.
- Top wall - thin bone plate. Through it are vessels and an olfactory nerve.
- The inner wall is a nasal partition.
- The side wall consists of nasal shells. They are divided into three parts. They are interrelated among themselves, air moves on them.
Nasal shells:
- Lower nose sink. It is an independent bone, attached to the maxillary bone and the bone of the nose. In the front of it, the tear canal passes. The lower shell is covered with soft tissues that react to temperature differences.
- The middle nasal shell is attached to the roast and frontal bones. It serves to direct the flow of air.
- The upper sink is the smallest and short, located next to the sense of smell.
The structure and functions of the sinus
The sinuses, in a different way, they are also called sinuses, are located in the bones of the skull and have the following varieties:
- The frontal are located in the frontal bones between the eyebrows. They serve as brain protection from supercooling, injury, moisturize and heated inhaled air, reduce the mass of the skull. Through these sinuses pass the eye nerve. The frontal chambers have four walls:
- Eboat
- Facial
- Brain
- Medial.
- The lattice labyrinths are cells with thin partitions. Cells are divided into three groups: front, medium, rear. On top of the labyrinths are covered with a thin mucous membrane, which can quickly spread the infection.
- Wedge-shaped sinuses are also called the main sinus. They are divided into two parts by the partition. Unlike the other three sines, these sinuses are unpaired. Each of the two parts has four walls: upper, lower, medial and lateral.
The main functions of the main sinus is:
- Protective - from coarse particles of dust and pathogenic medium;
- Respiratory - purification, moisturizing, air heating;
- Olfactory - the feeling of smells;
- Resonator - timbre and voice sound.
Here is such a complex structure, seemingly such a simple human nose body. It is worth noting that each part it performs a certain function, which is definitely extremely important in the vital activity of the body. Therefore, it is necessary to take it from the external adverse effects of the environment. The proximity of the location of the inner nose to the brain obliges carefully to relate to various infections.
Nose - body and breathing and smell. It is responsible for heating outside the air outside the air, which clears from dust, delays microbes, recognizes odors, forms and resonates the voice.
The structure of the female nasal cavity and male differences do not have. There is a single non-applicable nuance of gender - in women's nose is wider and shorter.
A person should be interested in how his organism is arranged, which will help him avoid many health-related challenges. For example, when a person's nose anatomy is clear, the essence of his disease becomes clear.
The anatomy of a man's nose includes an outer nose, a nasal cavity, an apparent sinus.
Anatomy of the outer nose is composed of backs and wings (nostrils). The back consists of ohwhich is located in the forehead and mid.. The nose root has a bone structure, the back on the top of the bone, at the base - cartilage, like wings. The base of the outer nose is the cranial bone.
Nasal bones
The nasal cavity is distinguished by two identical shares of a nasal partition consisting of a coulter and a lattice bone. The peak of her bone, then cartilage.
There are people who, which, she is bent, although visually flawless. Minor withdrawal neglected. The nasal cavity borders: with the cranial cavity, with the cavity of the mouth and with the eyeballs. The cavity of the nose and the throat is connected from behind at the pharynx two hoanami.
Outdoor nasal cavity wallit consists of: nasal, upper jaw, frontal process, sky bone, lattice bone, main bone processes in the form of wings, whores.
It places three shells, distinguishing the nose cavity on the upper, medium, lower moves. Under the bottom shell there is an entrance to the tears and nasal channel.
The system of remedies in the middle progress provides a passage to the sinuses. In the upper jaw placed the biggest - Gaimorest. Hence its second name - topless. In the frontal bone there are a frontal sinus and a lattice labyrinth. The bottom of the nasal cavity was formed by the fragments of the nebog.
Nose mucosa
The inner surface of the nose is completely shown mucous. It is imposed on it with several layers of epithelium with a given direction of movement towards the Hanam.
There are olfactory and respiratory mucous membranes. The upper nasal stroke covers the olfactory mucosa having a particularly sensitive epithelium. The rest of the mucosa is respiratory. In the sinuses, the mucosa is particularly thin, in the sinks - the most dense.
Under the mucous membrane is the plexus of the veins of a sufficiently large thickness. Their presence encourages growth in the sublifted layer of the cavecular fabric. When there are mechanical damage in the partition, various diseases may occur. 
Purpose
Anatomy and nose physiology are the concepts of related. The physical device of the nose allows you to perform certain vital functions:
- supply organism oxygen;
- were heating outside the air and cleans it from dust and microbes;
- the conclusion is out of contamination in the form of lumps of mucus;
- recognition of smells with the help of olfactory centers;
- participation in the process of tear formation;
- voice formation.
Clinical anatomy
Observing the essence of the structure of the nose, the information will be incomplete if they do not specify the areas of the nose, when exposed to which therapeutic treatment is most effective.
So, the clinical anatomy of the nose and the physiology of therapeutic methods:
On both sides of the nasal root there are side surfaces, which, with the help of connected vessels, provide a message between carotid arteries and nervous plexuses around them. This place is a point of therapeutic effects in certain diseases or neoplasms provoked by them.
In the nostroid zone there is a lot of hair follicles that are subject to education. This is one of the problematic zones of nasal cavity to be antibacterial physiotherapy.
Nose disease is mainly treated, the introduction of special devices (electrodes) to the nasal cavity. If the partition is uneven, it makes it difficult to pass the electrode. Forced administration is injured and causes bleeding. Under the sinks there are nasal passages possessing good permeability and accessibility, where the electrode is introduced. This place is a point of therapeutic impact.
At the level of the upper shell houses the center of the sense of smell. It is formed by a multitude of nervous endings going to the base of the skull. Cells responsible for the smell live, about two months and are in the process of constant updates. The interaction of substances penetrating substances with olfactory cells occurs through the synthesis of proteins. Next, the signal is transmitted to the brain.
The mucosa of the nose is abundantly equipped with a dense blood supply system. If such systems fails, various chronic diseases may occur. Under the swelling of the mucous membrane, a jam is formed in the nasal sinuses, which contributes to the accumulation of mucus in them. In this case, the sinuses are subject to cleaner. On the mucous membrane it is possible to affect the high-frequency electric field, magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves.
When diagnosing the diseases of the nasal cavity, use:
1. Front, middle and rear rosicopy. For front - The light should fall on the right. The doctor painlessly introduces a mirror-sitting in front of the patient and then spreads it to achieve a better review.
Average - It assumes the same algorithm of actions, only the mirror used is longer and an additional branch is introduced. At the same time, inspection, an overview of the nasal cavity is much wider.
For rear- A mirror and spatula is introduced into the nasophal. Inspection is done with local anesthesia and heated tool (for a smaller patient discomfort). At the same time, the doctor can see, almost the internal structure of the nose. For visual convenience, the doctor uses a fibroscope or a backlight device;
2. Finger study It is used for visual inspection of adenoids in children. This method is used in cases where because of the disobedientness of the child, another method cannot be applied possible. The doctor holding the patient's head, introduces an index finger into the throat. The procedure is made on an empty stomach;
3. Olifactometry. With the help of a certain set of substances with a sharp odor (ammonia, Valerian) determine the sharpness of human smell. Used in determining the degree of anosmia;
4. Diaphanoscopy. The study is based on the physical ability of light to penetrate the soft tissues of different density;
5. Puncture. With this procedure, a puncture is made in a gaimor sinus and the trial of its contents for analysis for a possible sinusitis is taken. The process passes very quickly when applying local anasthestics;
6. Biopsy. Its essence lies in pinching a piece of soft tissue and studying it for pathologies or neoplasms;
7. R-graphic. With the help of X-ray, the most accurate picture of the disease is obtained, especially in the looping projection. The presence of pathology is distinguished by the degree of dimming on the film;
8. CT, YMRR NOSA NOS. The advantage of computed tomography is the ability to examine the patient without exposure. Also, with CT, it is possible to determine the presence of fluid and see the degree of edema.
Nose in the evolution of man formation
Nose anatomy is the same in all people on the planet. But his form may differ. Different factors affect its formation: natural living conditions of a person or a group of people, classes and other factors characterizing the quality of life.
So, for example, a resident of the Far North, the nose will be much less than the size and more reinforced than that of the inhabitant of hot countries. If the northern resident will inhale cold air with large wide nostrils, then the air will not have time to warm and get cold to the lungs, which will entail their inflammation.
Also, the shape of the nose varies with a person over age. Little neat bowl of the child is noticeably enlarged with the achievement of adolescence.
The size of the male nose is much more than female. Although women's nose is wider than men. So, the shape of the nose is an indicator of racial, age and sexuality.
Cavum NASI is a space that lies in the sagittal direction from the pear-like aperture to Hoan and is separated by the partition into two halves. The nasal cavity is limited to five walls: top, bottom, lateral and medial.
Top Wall Formed by the frontal bone, the inner surface of the nasal bones, Lamina Cribrosa lattice bone and body of a wedge-shaped bone.
Lower wall It is formed by the bone heaven, Palatinum Osseum, which includes a pavement of the upper jaw and a horizontal plate of the sky bone.
Lateral wall It is formed by the body of the upper jaw, the nasal bone, the frontal process of the upper jaw, the tear bone, the labyrinth of the lattice bone, the bottom of the nasal sink, perpendicular to the slave bone and the medial plate of the walled process.
Medial wall, or nasal partition, Septum Nasi Osseum, separates the nasal cavity into two halves. It is formed by a perpendicular plate of lattice bone and a lemene, from above - the nasal robe, spina nasalis, behind a wedge-shaped comb, crista sphenoidalis, a wedge-shaped bone, from the bottom - the nasal ridge, crista nasales, the upper jaw and the sky. The nasal cavity opens in front of the pear-like aperture, Apertura Piriformis, and from behind - Hohana. Hoans, Choanae - paired inner nasal cavity holes that connect it with the nasal part of the throat.
Three nasal sinks are located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity: top, middle and lower, Concha Nasalis Superior, Media Et Inferior. The upper and middle nasal sinks belong to the labyrinth of the lattice bone, the lower is an independent bone. Listed shells limit three nasal moves: top, middle and bottom, Meatus Nasalis Superior, Medius et Inferior.
Top nose, Meatus Nasalis Superior, runs between upper and medium nose shells. It opens the rear cells of the lattice bone. At the rear end of the upper nasal shell is a clinone hole, the FoSa Pterygopalatina presenter in Fossa Pterygopalatina, and above the upper nasal sink is a wedge-ethmoidalis, the Racessus spheno-ethmoidalis, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich opens the sinus of a wedge-shaped bone, Sinus Sphenoidalis.
Middle nose, MEATUS NASALIS MEDIUS, located between the middle and lower nose sinks. Within its limits, after removing the middle shell, a filling hole, HIATUS semilunaris, opens. The posterior part of the filling hole is expanding, at the bottom of which the hole is located, the Hiatus Maxillaris leading to the topless sinus, Sinus Maxillaris. In the front-upper part of the nasal cavity, the semi-short hole is expanding and forms a lattice funnel, Infundibulum Ethmoidale, to which the frontal sinus opens, Sinus Frontalis. In addition, in the middle nasal stroke and the partial opening open the front and some medium lattice cells.
Lower nose, MEATUS NASALIS INFERIOR, located between the bone heaven and the bottom nasal sink. It opens a weasting canal, Canalis Nasolacrimal. In the clinical (otolaryngological) practice through the lower nasal stroke, the puncture of the gaimor sinus with the diagnostic and therapeutic goal is carried out.
The elulinary space between the rear sections of the nasal shells and the bone nasal partition is called a shared nose, Meatus NASI Communis. The area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal cavity is located behind the nasal sinks and the bone nasal septum, forms a nasopharynx, MEATUS Nasopharyngeus, opening into the rear nasal holes - Hoans.
Counfoods - These are bone thickening in certain sections of the skull, combined with transverse shocks, according to which the pressure of the pressure on the skull is transmitted during chewing. The counterphorts balance the pressure force, which occurs during chewing, jerks and jumps. There are thin bone groups called weak places between these thickening. It is here that fractures occur during exercise, which does not coincide with physiological acts of chewing, swallowing and speech. In clinical practice, fractures in the field of the lower jaw, angle and the upper jaw, as well as the Zhisoy bone and its arc are more often observed. The presence of holes, cracks and weak points in the bones of the skulls determine the direction of these fractures, which is important to take into account in the maxillofacial surgery. In the upper jaw distinguish the following counterphorts: the frontal-nasal, collar-zicky, parallers and the pylon; In the bottom - cellular and ascending.
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