International standardization. The meaning of international standardization

Key words and concepts: International Cooperation, International Standardization, Members, Corresponding Committees, Corresponding Members, Members, International Standard, Harmonized and Identical Standards.

The importance of international standardization in the development of trade and economic ties between countries

National standardization of any country reflects in its Sun features and the level of industrial development. Therefore, the national sun of different countries on the same type products often contain various requirements, is a serious obstacle to the development of international trade. For a successful trading exchange, it is necessary to agree on the characteristics of a particular product with a country that buys this product.

The development of international trade requires a single approach to product quality assessment, its characteristics, labeling requirements, packaging, storage and transportation. International standardization is interested in industrial the developed countries, so I. developing countrieswho create their own national economy. This interest is associated with the dissemination of international scientific and technical and trade economic connections.

Thanks to international cooperation in the field of standardization, the beginning of which can be attributed to the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century, the specialists of all countries now speak in a single "technical language", which serves a telephone connection between various countries, international aircraft flights, international banks and other activities.

Economic and scientific and technical cooperation between countries is characterized by the rapid growth rates of international trade, an increase in the part of high-tech and technically complex products in the total volume of trade, the accelerated implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the production of products, an increase in the demand of consumers to its quality and reliability. Under these conditions, the role of international standardization as an organizational and technical basis for cooperation between countries in various fields of science, technology, economics, production, which is intended to associate and systematize the requirements of world trade, consumer interests, contribute to the most complete use of productive forces and improve the efficiency of social production . International standardization is simultaneously a tool for managing scientific and technical and economic development in the world.

Of particular importance, international activities for standardization acquires in the light of decisive measures carried out by the world community to eliminate obstacles and restrictions in trade between countries. Standardization internationally creates favorable conditions for trade at the expense of uniform approaches to product quality, its interchangeability, technical compatibility, safety and protection ambientWhat is associated with the development of international standards (MS). The use of vehicles, international standardization experience allows you to quickly develop and raise production to the level of advanced industrial countries and thereby develop and deepen trade and economic relations between countries. MS, which are developed by various international organizations, eliminate technical barriers to trade (TVT), which is associated with the discrepancy in the national standards of the countries of the world. In addition, the problem of product quality is put forward on the fore.

The international recommendations provided in standards are not required for countries, but the compliance of products of the norms of such standards determines its cost and competitiveness in the global market. The competitiveness of national products in the world market is an important incentive for countries wishing to participate in international standardization activities. Today, standardization is one of the effective means of providing high-quality and competitive consumer products, and is also of paramount importance for increasing the country's foreign trade turnover.

The external trade activities of countries depends on the development of national standardization systems, their compliance with the requirements of the General Agreement Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Code of this organization. Gatt is a comprehensive intergovernmental agreement operating since 1947 p., Identifying the rights and obligations of the Parties to the Foreign Trade Parties and unites 123 countries. All Gatt participants and those wishing to join this organization must perform principal rules Code of standards for 40 positions.

The main task of Gatt is to liberalize foreign trade by eliminating custom barriers and raising tariffs, as well as the use of non-targeted trade regulatory tools. In 1993. On the Uruguay Round, it was decided to transform GATT to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which officially began to function from January 1, 1995 p. Gatt as a comprehensive agreement regulating trade in goods has become an integral part of WTO.

The sphere of action of the TWT agreement, the so-called GATT / WTO code for standardization, has technical rules, regulations and standards that can affect trade direct or indirectly. The TWT agreement shows that national or regional Sun, containing mandatory requirements, do not create unnecessary obstacles in world trade, if they are based on agreed international standards. Therefore, WT0 emphasizes the advantage of standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Union of Telecommunications (ITU). The activities of these organizations apply to all areas of standardization in the world and supports the implementation of the TWT agreement - compliance with the Code of Combating Practice on the Development, Adoption and Application of Standards (Appendix No. 3 to the TWT Agreement). The TWT Agreement is assumed to be an information exchange between all WTO members regarding the requirements of standards, rules and technical regulations on products. The WTO and TVT Agreement on the basis of international standards is the foundation of the world market.

The process of joining Ukraine to Gatt began in 1993. In 2001, events and program were developed for Ukraine's entry into WTO - an influential international economic organization. In order to overcome technical barriers to international trade, ensuring the national regime of trade in imported goods in accordance with the norms and principles of WTO Ukraine joined the Code of Combating Practice on Preparation, Adoption and Implementation of WTO Standards. In an effort to integrate in world economy, Ukraine harmonized its legislation and aircraft in accordance with GATT / WTO standards, brought to them the customs and tariff regulation And other mechanisms for managing foreign economic activity.

Our country pays great attention to international scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization and is directly involved in the work of international and regional organizations and their technical committees. The main tasks of international scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization are:

Rapprochement and harmonization of the national standardization of Ukraine with international and regional systems, progressive national standardization systems of other countries;

Improvement and development of the Fund of the ND of Ukraine on standardization issues based on the application of international, regional and national standards of other countries, as well as systematization, generalization and maximum use of scientific and technological progress;

Conducting a focused scientific and technical and economic Policy by developing international and regional standards on the basis of Ukraine's Armed Forces to new competitive types of products and services;

Improving the regulatory support for trade, economic and scientific and technical cooperation with other countries and participation in international division labor;

Ensuring the protection of the interests of the country in the development of international, regional and interstate standards;

Ensuring the unity of measurements;

Ensuring the mutual recognition of the results of assessing compliance with the requirements of technical regulations.

In the field of international standardization, state statute of Ukraine as the National Standardization Authority presents Ukraine in international, regional and interstate organizations for standardization:

Since 1992 - in the Interstate Council on Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the CIS countries (within the framework of the Agreement on the Agreement on Conducting Standardization, Metrology and Certification Policy and others);

Since 1993, he has been a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) - the most influential international organizations in the field of standardization;

Since 1997, Ukraine has been a member of the European Committee on Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Standardization in the field of electrical engineering (CENELEC) and a corresponding member of the International Organization of Legislative Metrology (OIML).

The statestandard of Ukraine is actively involved in the work. Working Group on UNECE standardization, represents Ukraine in the ISO Committees - Committees information systems and services (INFCO), conformity assessment committees (CASCO), is a member of the International Information Network (ISONET).

In the context of internationalization of economic relations, international standardization is becoming increasingly important. Exports of products largely depends on the level of product standardization. Commodity producers, striving toensuring high competitiveness of products, the standards of international organizations are used in their activities, which is considerable to improving product quality.

3.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

In the field of international standardization, a large number of organizations work, among which the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the most representative. It was created by the decision of the Committee to coordinate the UN standards in 1946, the official activities began in February 1947, after ratifying the CE Creating 33 countries, ISO is a non-governmental organization and enjoys UN Consultative Status. The main goal, declared by the statute of ISO, is defined as "promoting standardization on a global scale".

The Charter of ISO also determines the organizational structure, the functions of the main organs and work methods.

The main functions of the ISO include the following:

1) the establishment of international standards with the consent of all ISO members;

2) facilitating the implementation and facilitation of the application of new progressive standards;

3) the organization of information exchange on the works of its members and technical committees;

4) cooperation with other international organizations. Official languages Iso recognized English and French.

Higher governing body ISO is the General Assembly, consisting of officials and representatives of all categories of ISO members, convened at least once every three years. The General Assembly defines the general policy of the Organization, decides) the main issues of its activities.

Officials of ISO are:

The president;

Vice president;

Treasurer;

Secretary General.

In ICO, there are three categories of membership: "Committee Member (Full Member of ISO);

Corresponding member;

Observer.

Membership Committees are national organizations According to standardization, consonants with the requirements of the Charter and Rules ISO. From each country, regardless of the number of standardization organizations operating in it, only one national organization can be accepted into ISO member.

To participate in TC meetings without registration;

To receive information materials.

In the period between the sessions of the General Assembly, the ISO manages the Council, elected for three years, consisting of president, vice-president, treasurer and representatives of 18 members of the members. The Council creates a number of special committees for work in certain areas of ISO activities, for example, CASCO, Gergot, Socolaco.

Results of CASCO - Guidelines for the harmonization of national certification systems based on multilateral mutual recognition of test results. Especially important for countries, according to their own national certification systems, or only those who have begun to create such systems.

The result of copolco's activities is the periodical edition of the list of international and national standards, which are of interest to unions and consumer societies, as well as the preparation of manuals on consumer goods.

At the ISO Technical Department, the Standard Sample Committee (Remko) has been created, which develops guidelines for ISO technical committees that make references to standard samples of IS international standards. In addition, this committee was prepared and published a reference book for standard samples. Another significant remnic function is the coordination of ISO activities in the field of standard samples with other international organizations.

Development and coordination of international standards projects are made by the working bodies of ISO technical committees (TC). The number of TC is not limited, the new TC can be created at the proposal of one committee member with the support of at least five other membership committee. When creating a new TC, simultaneously with the decision on its name, a decision is made on the maintenance of the secretariat of this TC a specific country. If the scope of activities of the TC is too wide, in its framework more narrowly specialized subcommittees (PCs) are created, forming working groups (WG) from leading experts in certain areas of activity from different countries. Working groups are the main technical service of ISO, developing projects of working papers.

ISO supports contacts with many international organizations, in one way or another affecting the problem of standardization in their activities, which can be attributed to:

IEC / CEI - International Electronic Commission - International Electrical Commission (IEC). IEC is the second most important standardization organization after ISO. The standardization of IEC is electrical engineering, radio communication, electronics, instrument making. ISO has standardization in all other industries:

CEN - European Committee for Standardization - European Committee on Standardization;

CEENELEC - EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION - European Committee for Standardization in the field of electrical engineering and electronics;

EOQ - EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR QUALITY - European Organization;

ETSI - EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARTS INSTITUTE - European Institute for Standardization in the field of telecommunications;

EASC - EUROASIA STATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION - Eurasian Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification;

1AN - International Federation of Standards Users - International Federation of Standards Users; Copan - Pan-American Standards Commission - Pan American Commission on Standards;

PASCO - Pacific Area Standards Congress - Congress on the standardization of the Pacific countries; Who is WORLD Health Organization - World Organization health care;

TWO - World Trade Organization - World Trade Organization;

East - Eurasian Council on Standardization, Metrology and Certification - Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Commonwealth Certification independent states (MG-C CIS) and others.

ISO 9000 Series Standards

The quality of products produced or the service provided directly depends on the quality of enterprises or organizations. It is impossible to establish in "handic" serial edition High quality products, for this you need qualified specialists, equipment, competent leaders, etc. In addition, quality for the consumer is not only product matching technical characteristics, but also confidence in the reliability and stability of the manufacturer. But the industry does not stand at revenge, enterprises whose products are not worse than brand firms appear. how new organization Take your niche in the global market? First of all, it is documented, for example, to obtain a certificate for compliance with the quality management system of the world level. In order to come to a single standards, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued a number of standards in which the requirements for the enterprise are formulated. These requirements are the content of ISO 9000 ISO standards.

The standards of the ISO-9000 series are a package of documents containing requirements for enterprises identified by summarizing world experience. Performing these requirements, the company can guarantee the production of products high Quality.

The implementation of the ISO 9000 Series 9000 standards is a voluntary business, but in the conditions of tough competition, the use of the standard is the only way out of the world's level.

For the first time, the main package of international standards of this series was adopted by ISO in March 1987. The second edition of the main standards of the ISO series, published in 1994 in December 2000, was adopted by the third version, which received the status of the State Standard of Russia.

This package contains 5 basic standards:

· ISO 9000: 2000 Quality management system. Basic principles and dictionary;

· ISO 9001: 2000 Quality Management System. Requirements (sets the minimum required set of quality systems requirements and applies to certification and auditing purposes);

· ISO 9004: 2000 Quality Management System. Quality improvement guidelines (contains guidelines for creating quality management systems that are focused on high efficiency enterprises' activity);

C) identifying typical objects. 78 The basis of parametric and dimensional series is ... a) coding of standardization objects; b) system of preferred numbers; c) classification of standardization objects. 79 The mathematical basis of parametric standardization is ... a) rows of preferred numbers built on the basis of a piece arithmetic progression and piecewise geometric progression; b) alpopped convergent rows; c) Sign divergent rows. 80 of the leading organization in the field of international standardization is ... (a) International Electrical Commission (IEC); b) the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); c) World Health Organization (WHO). 81. The main goal ISO activities (International Standardization Organization) is ... a) raising the importance of international standards; b) preparation of leading specialists in the field of standardization and confirmation of conformity; c) facilitating the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure international exchange of goods and services. 82 Objects of standardization of IEC are ... a) household appliances; in) foodstuffs; b) Stationery. 83 Objects of standardization of IEC are ... a) standard voltages and frequencies; b) rural construction; c) Water heating gas appliances. 84 The greatest harmonization of national standards with international is achieved ... a) in the event of the adoption of national standards "Cover Method"; b) multiple use of national standards; c) updating applicable and developing new standards. 85 The final result of the work on standardization is ... (a) Universal application of existing standards; b) harmonization of national standards with international; c) updating current standards, development and adoption of new ones. 86 The draft international standard ISO is considered adopted if the number of approving the project is from the number of voting no less ... a) 70%; b) 75%; c) 80%. 87 ENRROORM EN is considered to be adopted if "against" has been submitted not more than ... a) 20%; b) 25%; at 10 o'clock %. 88 introduction of international standards as nationality is achieved ... a) Harmonization of national standards; b) Strengthening international relations; c) raising economic efficiency Standardization. 89 International standards have status ... a) mandatory; b) recommendatory; c) extra. 90 The list of products subject to mandatory certification regulates ... a) the Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulation"; b) the law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights"; c) Nomenclature of products, works, services subject to mandatory certification. 91 With mandatory product certification, one of the 10 analyzed indicators was not relevant to regulatory documentation. Can a certificate be issued? a) yes; b) no; c) Yes, indicating indicators for which products complies with regulatory documentation. 92 The manufacturer's right to label the products with a sign of conformity is determined by ... a) a license issued by the certification authority; b) a license issued by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology; c) Declaration of conformity. 93 Inspection control over certified products carry out ... a) Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology; b) the territorial center of standardization, metrology and certification in accordance with the implementation site of certified products; c) body issued certificate. 94 Inspection control over certified products manufactured by serially, is carried out ... a) during the entire validity period of the certificate; b) throughout the duration of the certificate and license; c) During the entire term of the certificate and an agreement on inspection control, but at least 2 times a year in the form of periodic and sudden checks. 95 Sudden inspection control over certified products can be carried out ... a) by solving the territorial center of standardization, metrology and certification; b) at least 2 times a year; c) with a repeated admission of information on complaints about the quality of certified products from consumers, trade organizations, as well as organs exercising, control over the quality of the goods. 96 Certification of imported products is carried out ... a) according to the same rules as domestic products; b) according to the rules of the manufacturer; c) according to the rules developed by ISO / IEC. 97 payment of certification work is carried out ... a) by the state; b) certification authority; c) the applicant. 98 The functions of the National Certification Authority in the Russian Federation performs ... a) Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology; b) All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology. DI. Mendeleev (VNIIM); c) All-Russian Research Institute of Metrological Service (VNIIMS). 99 The aim of unification, typing and aggregating objects is ... (a) Reducing the complexity and timing of the development, manufacturing and maintenance of equipment; b) facilitating the classification of objects; c) facilitate identification of objects. 100 The purpose of the principle of ensuring functional interchangeability is ... (a) Ensuring the replacement of parts, nodes, units without additional processing in the process of assembling products; b) setting the values \u200b\u200bof standardized parameters of component parts; c) facilitate the classification of component parts. 101 The circuit flows 100 mA. The ammeter shows 102 mA. Measurement limit 150 mA. The relative measurement error is equal to ... a) 2 mA; b) 2.0%; c) 1.3%. 102 The circuit flows 100 mA. The ammeter shows 102 mA. Measurement limit 150 mA. The absolute measurement error is equal to ... a) 2 mA; b) 2.0%; c) 1.3%. 103 The circuit flows 100 mA. The ammeter shows 102 mA. Measurement limit 150 mA. The diminished measurement error is equal to ... a) 2 mA; b) 2.0%; c) 1.3%. 104 Ammeter accuracy class 2.5. Rated current 100 mA. What is the greatest possible absolute error Measurements? a) 2.5%; b) 1.0 mA; c) 2.5 mA. 105 Voltmeter of the accuracy class 2.0 has two measurement limit - 15 V and 3 V. What the scale is preferable to use to measure the voltage, the priority value of which is 2 V. a) there is no difference in the choice of measurement limit; b) Upred \u003d 15 V; c) Upred \u003d 3 V. 106 The absolute errors of the devices A and B are the same, and the normalizing value of the device is more. What ratio is the accuracy classes of these devices? a) the accuracy class of devices are the same; b) the accuracy class of the device and above; c) the accuracy class of the device B is higher. 107 It is necessary to measure the voltage in the DC circuit, the a priority value of which is in the range from 15 to 20 V. With which device can be measured with the greatest absolute error? a) with a scale of 30 V and a class of accuracy 2.5; b) with a scale of 100 V and accuracy class 1.0; c) with a scale of 50 V and accuracy class 0, 5. 108 on a voltmeter having limit Measurement scales 10 V, indicated accuracy class 0.05. What will be the highest possible absolute error of the device? a) 0.005 V; b) 0.05%; c) 0.05 V. 109 on an ammeter having a limit value of the measurement scale of 100 mA, the accuracy class is 0.05. What will be the highest possible absolute error of the device? a) 0.005 mA; b) 0.05%; c) 0.05 mA. 110 The nominal value of the voltmeter 100 V. It is necessary to measure the voltage up to 500V. Calculate the value of the added resistance, if the internal resistance of the voltmeter is 2 com. a) 500 ohms; b) 4 com; c) 8 com. 111 On the instrument's dial marked with a number 2.5. What is the absolute error of the device, if the selected measurement limit is 30 V. a) 2.5 V; b) 2.5%; c) 0.75 V. 112 on the dial of the device indicates the number 1.5. What is the absolute error of the device, if the selected measurement limit is 100 V () 1.5 V; b) 1.5%; c) 1.0 V. 113 Voltmeter has an accuracy class 2.5 and a measurement limit 100 V. Find the permissible value of the relative measurement error if the instrument shows the value U \u003d 75 V. A) 2.5 V; b) 2.5%; c) 3.3 V. 114 Voltmeter has an accuracy class 1.5 and a measurement limit 30 V. Find the permissible value of the relative measurement error if the instrument shows the value U \u003d 25 V. a) 1.5 V; b) 1.5%; c) 1.8%. 115 Voltmeter has accuracy class 1.0 and measurement limit 100 V. Find the permissible value of the relative measurement error if the device shows the value of U \u003d 70 V. A) 1.0 V; b) 1.0%; c) 1.5%. 116 Voltmeter scale with a measurement limit 150 B is broken by 100 divisions. Determine the price of division and voltage in the circuit if the readings of the device 65 of divisions. a) 1B / cases; 65 V; b) 1.5 V / cases; 97.5 V; c) 1.5 V / cases; 65 V. 117 Voltmeter scale with the measurement limit 30 B is divided into 15 divisions. Determine the price of fission and voltage in the circuit if the readings of the device 12 of divisions. a) 1.5 V / cases; 12 V; b) 1.5 V / cases; 25 V; c) 2 V / cases; 24 V. 118 Determine the absolute error if at a current in the chain equal to 100 mA, the device shows 104 mA. a) -4 ma; b) 4 mA; at 4 %. 119 The operated instrument shows the value of 95 mA, exemplary - 100 mA. Determine the absolute and relative error of the targeted device. a) 5 mA; five%; b) -5ma; five%; c) -5ma4 5.3%. 120 Determine the accuracy class with a measurement limit of 25 mA if its absolute error is 0.05 mA. a) 0.5; b) 2.5; c) 0.2. 121 Determine the accuracy class of the device with a measurement limit of 100 mA if its absolute error is 0.05 mA. a) 0.5; b) 1.5; c) 0.05. 122 On the dial of the device is a figure of 1.5. What will be the absolute error of the device, if the scale has a limit value of 500 mA. a) 5.0 mA; b) 1.5%; c) 7.5 mA. 123 On the scale of the instrument, the figure is 0.5. That will be the absolute error of the device, if the scale has a limit value of 10 V. a) 0.05 V; b) 0.5 V; c) 0.5%. 124 The testimony of the voltmeter U \u003d 25V, its upper limit 50B. The reading of the exemplary device is 24.5V. Determine the relative and reduced voltmeter error. a) 2%; one %; b) 1%; one %; c) 0.5 V; 2%. 125 An ammeter reading I \u003d 25 mA, its upper limit of 30 mA. Indication of the exemplary device 24.5 mA. Determine the relative and reduced ammeter error. a) 2%; 1.6%; b) 2%; 1.5%; c) 0.5 mA; 2%. 126 Conditional designation of the accuracy of the resistance store 0.01 / 2.5 * 10-5. This means that a) the absolute error of the resistance store is 0.01; b) the relative error of the resistance store is 2.5 * 10-5; c) a complete expression for the error of the resistance store is equal to: Δ \u003d ±,

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Syktyvkar State University

Faculty "Management"

Extramural

Specialty "Management"

TEST

On the discipline "Quality Management"

On the topic: "International Standards"

scientific adviser: K. E. N., Associate Professor to. Management Botosh N.N.

Artist: Student of Group 4410 M.M. Popova

Syktyvkar 2011.

Introduction

1. International standards

1.1 Concept, goals, tasks

2.1 ISO-9000 in Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

Recently, the importance of international standards of requirements for the management system of the organization has increased significantly. This is explained by the expansion of the impact of the globalization of economic relations of states, the expansion of international trade, the integration of states, the search for new markets for products, etc.

This topic is most relevant for Russian entrepreneurship, especially by the time of the process of receiving Russia to the WTO member.

The tasks of the work are to define the essence of international standards, the concept, goals and objectives. As well as consideration of these standards in Russian enterprises.

The purpose of the work is to determine the level of introduction of international standards in Russian enterprises.

The object of the study in this paper is the system of international standards.

The subject of the study is the ISO standard standard.

1. International standards

1.1 Concept, goals, tasks

International Standard - Standard adopted by the International Organization. The standard is called a document that establishes the characteristics of products, operation, storage, transportation, implementation and disposal, work, or the provision of services. The standard may also contain requirements for terminology, symbolism, packaging, labeling or labels and rules for their application. In practice, international standards often imply regional standards and standards developed by scientific and technical societies and accepted as the norms of various countries of the world.

The main purpose of international standards is the creation at the international level of a unified methodological basis for developing new and improving the current quality systems and their certification. Scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization is aimed at harmonizing the national standardization system with international, regional and progressive national standardization systems. In the development of international standardization, both industrialized countries and developing countries, creating their own national economy, are interested in the development of industrialized countries.

Objectives of international standardization:

.rapprochement of the quality level of products manufactured in various countries;

2.ensuring the interchangeability of elements of complex products;

.promoting international trade;

.promoting the mutual exchange of scientific and technical information and acceleration of scientific and technological progress.

The main tasks of standardization are:

.establishing requirements for the technical level and quality of products, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components, as well as norms, requirements and methods in the field of design and production of products, allowing to accelerate the introduction of progressive methods for producing high quality products and eliminate the irrational variety of species, grades and sizes ;

2.development of unification and aggregation of industrial products as the most important conditions for the specialization of production; comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes, increasing the level of interchangeability, efficiency of operation and repair of products;

.ensuring the unity and accuracy of measurements in the country, the creation and improvement of state standards of units physical quantities, also methods and means of measurement higher accuracy;

.development of unified documentation systems, classification systems and encoding technical and economic information;

.the adoption of uniform terms and designations in the most important areas of science, technology, sectors of the economy;

.formation of the system of labor safety standards, systems of standards in the field of nature conservation and improved use natural resources;

.creature favorable conditions For foreign trade, cultural and scientific and technical connections.

International standards do not have the status of mandatory participating countries. Any country of the world has the right to apply or not to apply them.

1.2 Types and regulations of international standards

You can highlight next species Standards:

.Fundamental standard -a regulatory document that contains general or guidelines for a specific area. Usually used either as standard, or as a methodological document based on which other standards may be developed.

2.Terminological standardin which the standardization object is the terms. Such a standard contains definition (interpretation) of the term, examples of its use, etc.

3.Standard for test methodssets techniques, rules, procedures for various tests and related to them (for example, sampling<#"justify">Regulations can wear a methodical or descriptive character.

Methodical Provisions -this is a technique, a method of implementing a process, a particular operation, etc., with which it is possible to achieve compliance with the requirements of the regulatory document. You can call a regulatory document containing a similar position, "methodical standard".

Descriptive positionit usually contains a description of the design, design details, the composition of the source materials, the size of parts and parts of the product (design). In addition, the regulatory document may contain operational positionwhich describes the "behavior" of the standardization object when using it (application, operation).

Standard with open values.In some situations, one or another norm (or quantitative significance of a particular requirement) determine manufacturers (suppliers), in others - consumers. Therefore, the standard may contain a list of characteristics that are specified in contractual relations.

1.3 International Standard "ISO-9000 Series"

Established in 1946, the International Organization for Standardization - ISO) developed more than 17,000 special standards.

In 1987, the Organization adopted the first version of the universal standards for organizing the ISO 9000 quality management system, which immediately attracted universal attention to their activities. The basis of ISO 9000 standards was taken standards on the BS-5750 quality systems developed by the British Institute of Standards (British Standards Institution, BSI) and approved in 1979.

The ISO-9000 series standards are a package of quality assurance documents prepared by members of the international delegation known as "ISO / Technical Committee 176" (ISO / TC 176). These standards contain minimum requirements that the organization must be configured to ensure quality assurance regardless of which products produce an enterprise or what services it has.

A series of ISO 9000 standards describes a model in which the enterprise management system is formed from the standpoint of quality assurance. An important feature of ISO 9000 standards is their applicability for any field of business, any company - from a large production holding to a small firm.

The second version of the ISO Series 9000 series standards appeared in 1994. Basically, she repeated the structure of the 1987 standards with the elimination and decoding of a number of unclear moments.

The third version of the international standards of the ISO 9000 series was published on December 15, 2000. The ISO 9001: 2000 standard replaces ISO 9001, ISO 9002 standards, ISO 9003 of the previous version, while having a number of significant differences. For example, a set of documents previously consisting of 24 standards, now included 5 main standards:

.ISO 9000: 2000 Quality Management System. Basic principles and dictionary.

2.ISO 9001: 2000 Quality Management System. Requirements.

.ISO 9004: 2000 Quality Management System. Guidelines for improvement.

.ISO 19011: 2000 Guidelines for checking the quality management system and environmental management.

.ISO 10012 Ensuring the quality of the measuring equipment.

In 2008, a new version of ISO 9000 standards was accepted and enacted. These standards contain clarification of terms and clarifying the requirements of ISO 9000 standards 2000, based on eight years of their use on the world, confirmed today about a million certificates issued in 170 countries of the world.

Currently, a series of national quality standards has been approved and enacted:

.GOST R ISO 9000-2008 Quality Management Systems. Basic provisions and dictionary

2.GOST R ISO 9001-2008 Quality Management Systems. Requirements

.GOST R ISO 9004-2001 Quality Management Systems. Recommendations for improving activities (standard GOST R ISO 9004-2001 is in the stage of revision and official publication new version)

Russian state-owned standards in the field of quality are enacted since November 2009 (order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 470-st dated December 18, 2008). The text of the standards is authentic international.

One of the most powerful driving power The distribution of ISO standards is European Economic Soyuz (EU). In particular, the 1992 Agreement on EU Education includes an ISO 9000 adoption point as a basic standard for international trade.

2. International standards in Russia

2.1 ISO-9000 in Russia

Currently, when the process of receiving Russia in WTO member is already close to completion russian manufacturers Right into foreign markets, not only with raw materials, but also with complex multicomponent products. Recently, the volume of exports from Russia steadily increases, but these rates could be even higher if enterprises suppliers were certified in accordance with ISO 9000 standards.

However, there are a number of problems on the implementation of the 9000 ISO standards in Russian enterprises.

The essence of the problem is that, on the one hand, Russian companies require major changes in organizational structure, common corporate culture, style and methods of management, often in changing the nomenclature created and manufactured products. On the other hand, the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard are very conservative.

If the documentation is to lay the Dreams of the Guide on a more advanced quality assurance system, then between the real, existing system and documented is formed by a breach through which all the efforts of managers in the field of quality improvement will fall.

If you document the existing system, then the documented and real system coincide, but the level of efficiency may not be arranged. Moreover, documenting the quality system in the form in which the latter exists, will lead to stagnation of product quality levels and processes on low levels.

The contradiction is quite transparent, but many experts prefer not to notice this problem. This is understandable, since there is no alternative offer for Russian companies today. In addition, for everything more Consulting companies and certifying organizations, not only domestic, but foreign, especially, it is unprofitable, as it can lead to loss of customers, or even just to the destruction of the business.

Any specialist will mention that there is another problem that could not do not arise in Russia - certificates trade. This is accused and local organs Certifications, and international brands. True, in the latter case we are talkingMost likely, there is not enough scrupulous certification - it is unlikely that international companies will be devastated to the banal trade in documents.

The inadequacy of the cultural foundations is also observed. russian industry and services and principles laid out in ISO 9000 standards.

Chief PrincipleThe basis of the ISO 9000 family of standards family is "to live according to the rules that help live better."

In Russia, people are not focused on the rules and laws, but on authorities (in the primary sense of the word) and the power of power. It is necessary to move from management based on the right of force to management based on the power of the rules. And the transition is not easy.

How to build a system of statistical quality management and enter it into a general quality management system - this is one of the most serious issues for Russian companies. It is necessary to join the question of quality circles, quality groups, whose activities are inextricably linked with statistical management and quality improvement.

The creation of quality systems in Russian companies that meet the standards of the ISO 9000 series must be linked to a much more general and continuous cycle of quality for restructuring corporate culture On the principles of universal quality TQM. This approach will ensure the maximum efficiency of the effort and will provide the enterprise a long-term strategic advantage over competitors.

2.2 ISO-9001 at Gazprom OJSC

In 2006, Gazprom was put into effect a complex of corporate standards on the quality management system "One hundred Gazprom Series 9000". The complex of corporate standards is based on international Standards ISO series 9000, with some additions that take into account the requirements of national and sectoral regulatory documents.

The objectives of the implementation of the corporate standards complex STO Gazprom Series 9000:

.improving the quality and competitiveness of products, works and services of suppliers of OAO Gazprom;

2.improving the performance and effectiveness of suppliers of Gazprom in the entire supply chain. Optimization of the interaction of all participants in sectoral cooperation;

.creation within the framework of the competitive market environment, the conditions establishing the priority of the consumer's interests in the face of Gazprom and ensuring its guarantees in obtaining products of the required quality;

.the creation of procedures and mechanisms of an objective assessment of the requirements of the requirements of standards as from Gazprom, as part of Gazprom, and from certification bodies;

The standard of OAO Gazprom on the quality management system STR Gazprom 9001 establishes jointly with GOST R ISO 9001 requirements for the quality management systems of organizations that are internal and external suppliers of OAO Gazprom.

In accordance with the provisions of Articles 13 and 17 Federal Law The Russian Federation "On Technical Regulation" Standard has the status of the organization's standard, standard STR Gazprom 9001 is designed for the following purposes:

.more complete satisfaction of consumer requirements (both immediate and finite) throughout the applies;

2.improve the efficiency of suppliers in the interests of consumers and in their own interests;

.creation of mechanisms for objective assessment of the functioning of the quality management systems of organizations in the second and third parties.

General provisions One hundred Gazprom 9001-2006 (Part I.)

To create a quality management system, a strategic solution of the organization is required. The development and implementation of the organization's quality management system is influenced by changing needs, specific goals, Products manufactured, processes, size and structure of the organization. This standard does not imply uniformity in the structure of quality management systems or documentation.

Requirements for the quality management system established in this standard are complementary in relation to product requirements. Information indicated as "Note" is character methodical instructions To understand or clarify the relevant requirement.

This standard can be used by internal and external parties, including certification authorities in order to assess the organization's ability to fulfill consumer requirements, regulations and their own requirements.

When developing this standard, the principles of quality management were taken into account, established in GOST R ISO 9000-2001 and GOST R ISO 9004-2001. [GOST R ISO 9001-2001]

Compatible with other management systems.

international Standard Quality National

This standard has been agreed with GOST R ISO 14001-98 to improve the compatibility of these two standards in the interests of the user community.

This standard contains specific requirements for other management systems, such as environmental management, Professional health and security management, financial management or risk management. However, it allows the organization to coordinate or integrate its own quality management system with other management systems with relevant requirements. The organization can adapt the current management system (s) to create a quality management system that meets the requirements of this Standard. [GOST R ISO 9001-2001

This standard also includes certain requirements in the field of environmental management, risks and security management, financial management.

Application area.

This standard establishes the requirements for the quality management system in cases where the organization:

a) needs to demonstrate its ability to always supply products "meets consumer requirements and relevant mandatory requirements;

b) aims to increase consumer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including the processes of its continued improvement and ensuring compliance with consumer requirements and mandatory requirements.

This standard, together with GOST R ISO 9001-2001 (ISO 9001: 2000), determines the requirements for the quality management systems of organizations that are internal and external suppliers of OAO Gazprom.

The standard contains general requirements applicable to all organizations regardless of the type of activity and supplied products.

This standard can be applied over the entire supply chain.

Special requirements of Gazprom are set out in the standard STR Gazprom 9001 - Part II.

One hundred Gazprom 9001-2006 (parts I and II) is, essentially, a description of the model of the organization of the organization of the organization of the Gazprom at all stages life cycle Product. In fact, with the introduction of a complex of corporate standards STR Gazprom Series 9000 Gazprom suggested such rules to its partners, subject to which the risk of issuing poor-quality products would be minimized.

Those who have accepted these rules have a real chance to get into the elite club suppliers of Gazprom. A peculiar "input" ticket will serve as a certificate for compliance with the quality management system with the requirements of the standard STO Gazprom 9001-2006.

The presence of a certificate hundred Gazprom 9001 will be useful to the enterprise for two reasons:

The presence of a certificate gives the company the status of the approved supplier of Gazprom, that is, practically guarantees receipt of profitable contracts. OAO Gazprom has an extensive network of subsidiaries, suppliers, design and construction companies. Currently, Gazprom has been implementing many, projects, including overseas.

The presence of a certificate allows using a specialized consulting company to analyze the work of its quality management system and determine the paths for which it must be refined, to hold for compliance with the requirements of one hundred Gazprom and this may be a means of organizing a business as a carrier income management system.

Conclusion

In this control work The system of international standards and their features of introduction in Russian enterprises was considered.

The need for integration russian economy in international economic system Requires constructive revision of organizational, technological and other approaches to the activities of domestic companies.

One of the most important tools for solving this task is to develop and implement modern certification standards in the Russian practice in accordance with international ISO 9000 norms.

What can give the domestic manufacturer to obtain a certificate of conformity to international standards of the 9000 ISO series?

First of all access to international Level and recognition by international arena. Improving efficiency and competitiveness. As well as improved product quality.

But, in addition, there are a number of problems on the introduction of international standards: bureaucratic disagreements, certificate trade, contradiction of the cultural foundations.

However, despite these difficulties, there are still Russian enterprises that received a certificate of compliance with international standards. One of the company is OJSC Gazprom, which the introduction of an international standard has improved recognition in the international arena and the possibility of implementing foreign projects.

List of used literature

1.The history of international standards of Quality ISO (ISO) of the 9000 Series - Website Certification Center ISO - http://www.iso-centr.ru/iso_standards/

2. Terminals of the ISO of the 9000 ISO standards in Russian enterprises. - Denis Dyakonov, - Website Consulting group Big Petersburg - http: //www.big. spb.ru/publications/bigspb/qualiti/prblem_iso_russia. shtml

Certification One hundred Gazprom 9001-2006 -

One hundred Gazprom 9001-2006 (Part I and II) -

5.ISO 9000 - Russian companies included in the struggle for the quality of ISO 9000. - // Kommersant -

Tutoring

Need help to study what language themes?

Our specialists will advise or have tutoring services for the subject of interest.
Send a request With the topic right now, to learn about the possibility of receiving consultation.

International Standards - These are the standards approved by the International Organization. They are voluntary for execution. In practice, regional standards are also called international standards (for example, the standards of the European Community or EU Directive) and standards developed by various scientific and technical societies, but since They can be taken as the norms of various states in the world, they are also sometimes called international standards.

International Standards

International standards are developed by the international organization confirming this right through the signing of the contract, agreement or other international document. There are many such international organizations. This can be judged at least on the list of areas, which approved the UNECE (UNECE Economic Commission) and for which standardization is required. There are 15 sectors, including, for example, the following:

• health care;
• nuclear power, radiation safety;
• fire protection;
• metrology;
• energy;
• electrical and electronic equipment;
• environmental protection;
• car equipment;
• data processing;
• materials;
• provision and quality assessment and others.

• ISO (ISO) - International Organization for Standardization;
• IEC (IEC) - International Electrotechnical Commission;
• ITU (ITU) - International Telecommunication Union.

So the international organization ISO is standardized in many areas of economic, industrial and social activities. Currently, more than 20 thousand diverse standards have been developed. Over 150 countries of the world, to one degree or another apply them in practice. But nevertheless it is believed that about 80% of the standardization of regulatory documents existing in this system has not yet found their practical implementation.

European Union Directives

Nowadays in market economy There is a tendency to combine the economy, creating integrated regional markets. The maximum development received such a tendency within the EU - European Union, which formed a single domestic market 25 countries by the end of 1992. The main importance in the elimination of national barriers is appointed to the development of standardization within Europe.

Saint - The European Committee on Standardization was approved in 1961, the Selek-European Committee for Standardization in Electrical Engineering was created 10 years later. To date, only in the framework of these two European organizations on standardization, 239 TCs operate.

If in 1991, 200 EU directives and 1200 European standards operated 200 in 1991, in 2005 the regulatory framework of the Saint and Senelek Committees exceeded 14 thousand.

The peculiarity of most EU directives conclude that they contain, as a rule, the best national standards Individual European countries. The policies of the European Standardization Committees of Saint and Senec is to maximize the requirements of international standards ISO and IEC as regional, European directives. Almost everyone european countries In recent years, their national standards on the basis of uniform EU directives have been taken.

Almost all EU technical legislation is currently submitted to the Council Resolutions, the Directives of the European Union (His Council).

For the EU member states, the Council's decision have direct effect without re-issuing requirements through national legislation. Unlike the decisions of the EU Directive, the European Union member states themselves are submitted through the legislative documents. At the same time, the EU directives contain the deadlines for entering the standard at the national framework. Most often, directives and decrees are called a single term - EU directive.

When developing and implementing the EU directives, there are old and new approaches. European Union Directives old version Contain, as a rule, specific information on the standardization object. In connection with the changing conditions of production, entrepreneurship, new technologies, such documents require constant adjustments. Separate European Union directives are up to 100 units.

EU directives designed with modern tendenciesFormulate general product requirements or other standardization objects. They consist of two parts (legal and technical) and several applications.

For the implementation in the EU countries, any products can be received only after the assessment of compliance and obtain the right to marked it with a sign of conformity - CE.

International Standards and Guests

International standards are not binding countries that participate in the work of one way or another. international Organization and the development of international standards under the auspices of this system. Any state has the right to use or not to use this or that family of standards.

So the ISO / IEC standards themselves provide for two possible method Use of international standards: direct and indirect application.

Direct application - This is the use of an international standard, regardless of its regulation by any other regulatory document.

Indirect application - the use of international standard by approval by other regulatory Actwhere this standard has been ratified.

The level of adaptation of international standards in a particular country can be established on the basis of the provisions of ISO / IEC 21 when applying the classification system of international standards. They may be as follows:

• IDT - Identical national standards containing minimal editorial changes made to international standards.
• Mod - Changed National Standards with Clearly explained changes.
• NEQ - non-equivalent national or regional or standards.

The State Standardization System of the Russian Federation provides for the following options for using regional and international standards:

• the adoption of authentic (genuine or reliable) text of the International Standard as a national Russian regulatory act (GOST R) without changes and additions;
• the adoption of the text of an international standard containing additions that take into account the features of Russian conditions and requirements for the object of standardization (for example, GOST ISO 9001 or GOST ISO 14001).

If at the national level, the national standard is not adopted, similar to that or another international standard, the industry, enterprises, scientific associations and other Russian structures can apply regional or international standards as standards of industries, enterprises, until it is accepted russian guest R.

In addition, it is allowed when creating Russian regulatory documents, make references or include individual items of international standards in such documents. But this does not mean that the International Standard was adopted.

EU directives and international standards with the transition of Russia to a market economy are increasingly taken as the basis for Russian standards. It is believed that in certain areas of activity, the compliance of Russian standards interethnic is 100%. But there are industries and areas that are largely related to the security of the Russian state, where this process will not happen.