Climate
Climate
the statistical mode of weather conditions characteristic of this area for a period of several decades (usually in 30 years). In other words, the concept of climate includes not only Wed. The values \u200b\u200bof meteorological parameters during a certain period of time, but also the typical limits of the variability of these parameters. Climate regime may vary from one multi-year period of time to another - such variations are called climate change. The climate is under the influence of the OSN. atmospheric processes On the scale of continents or hemispheres and when exposed to local factors. The most important processes of climate formation include: heat exchange and moisture proof between the surface of the planet and the atmosphere, as well as the total atmosphere circulation - the system of planetary air flows. Local factors include interaction of air flow and heat transfer with relief, reservoirs, urban development, etc. Climate has a decisive effect on the formation of plant and animal communities of this region, on the daily living conditions of a person, the economy, etc. The largest units of climatic zoning are called climatic belts. Different climate types are shown on climatic maps. . Climate science - climatology.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
Climate
many years of weather in this area. Weather at any time characterize certain combinations of temperature, humidity, direction and wind speeds. In some types of climate, the weather varies significantly every day or by seasons, in others - remains unchanged. Climatic descriptions Based on the statistical analysis of medium and extreme meteorological characteristics. As a factor natural environment The climate affects the geographical distribution of vegetation, soils and water resources And, consequently, land use and economy. The climate also has an impact on the living conditions and human health.
Climatology is a climate science that studies the causes of the formation of different types of climate, their geographical location and interconnection of climate and other natural phenomena. Climatology is closely related to meteorology - a section of physics studying short-term states of the atmosphere, i.e. weather.
Climate-forming factors
The climate is formed under the influence of several factors that provide the atmosphere with warmth and moisture and determine the dynamics of air flows. The main climate-forming factors are the position of the Earth regarding the Sun, the distribution of sushi and the sea, the total circulation of the atmosphere, sea currents, as well as relief ground surface. see also Meteorology and climatology.
Earth position.When applying the Earth around the Sun, the angle between the polar axis and the perpendicular to the orbit plane remains constant and is 23 ° 30. "This movement explains the change in the angle of falling sunlight on the ground surface at noon on a certain latitude during the year. The greater the angle of falling the sunlight on Earth in this place, the more efficient the sun heats the surface. Only between the Northern and South Tropics (from 23 ° 30 "S.Sh. up to 23 ° 30" Yu.Sh.) The sun rays at a certain time fall to the ground vertically, and here The Sun at noon always rises high above the horizon. Therefore, in the tropics, it is usually warm at any time of the year. In higher latitudes, where the sun is below the horizon, the warming of the earth's surface is less. There are significant seasonal temperature changes (which does not happen in the tropics), In winter, the angle of falling the sun's rays is relatively small and the days are significantly shorter. At the equator, the day and night always have equal duration, whereas on the floor Yusah day continues the entire summer half of the year, and in the winter the sun never goes back over the horizon. The duration of the polar day is only partly compensates for the low standing of the sun over the horizon, and as a result, the summer is cool here. In the dark winters, polar areas are quickly losing heat and get out very much.
Distribution of sushi and the sea.Water heats up and cools slower than sushi. Therefore, the air temperature over the oceans has smaller daily and seasonal changes than the continents. In the coastal areas where the winds blow from the sea, the summer is generally cooler, and winter is warmer than in the inner areas of the continents on the same latitude. The climate of such entered coasts is called sea. Internal areas of continents in moderate latitudes are characterized by significant differences in summer and winter temperatures. In such cases, they talk about the continental climate.
Waters are the main source of atmospheric moisture. When the winds blow from the warm oceans to land, there are a lot of precipitation. On the windward coasts, usually above relative humidity and cloudiness and more days with fogs than in the inner regions.
Circulation of the atmosphere.The nature of the baric field and the rotation of the Earth determine the overall circulation of the atmosphere, due to which the heat and moisture are constantly redistributed on the earth's surface. Winds blowing from regions high pressure in the low pressure area. High pressure is usually associated with cold, dense air, while low - with warm and less dense. The rotation of the Earth causes air flows to deviate to the right in the northern hemisphere and left - in the southern one. Such a deviation is called "Coriolis Effect".
Both in the northern and in the southern hemisphere in the surface layers of the atmosphere, there are three main wind zones. In the internal convergence zone of the Equator, the Northeast Passat comes closer to the southeast. Passat winds are borne in subtropical areas of high pressure, most developed over the oceans. Air flows, moving towards the poles and deviate under the influence of Coriolis force, form the prevailing Western transfer. In the field of polar fronts of moderate latitudes, west transfer is found with cold air high latitudes, forming a zone of low-pressure baric systems in the center (cyclones) moving from the West to the East. Although air flows in polar regions are not so bright, sometimes polar oriental transfer. These winds blow mostly from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast - in South. Cold air masses often penetrate moderate latitudes.
Winds in the areas of convergence of air flows form ascending air flows, which is cooled with a height. At the same time, it is possible to form clouds, often accompanied by the fallout of precipitation. Therefore, in the intrachetic zone of convergence and frontal zones in the belt of the prevailing Western transfer drops a lot of precipitation.
The winds that in higher layers of the atmosphere closure the circulation system in both hemispheres. Air, rising up in convergence zones, rushes in the high pressure area and lowers. At the same time, with an increase in pressure, it heats up, which leads to the formation of a dry climate, especially on land. Such downstream air flows define the climate of the Sahara located in subtropical belt High pressure B. North Africa.
Seasonal changes in warming up and cooling determine the seasonal movement of the main barical formations and wind systems. The wind zones in the summer are shifted towards the poles, which leads to changes to weather conditions on this latitude. So, for African savannah, coated with herbal vegetation with rarely growing trees, are characteristic rainy summer (Due to the influence of the intrachetic convergence zone) and dry winter, when the high pressure area with descending flow streams is shifted to this territory.
On seasonal changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere also affects the distribution of sushi and the sea. In the summer, when the Asian mainland warms up and over it is set to a lower pressure region than above the surrounding oceans, the coastal southern and southeastern areas experience the impact of wet air flows directed from the sea to land and bring abundant rains. In winter, the air flows from the cold surface of the mainland to the oceans, and the rains fall much less. Such winds that change the direction to the opposite depending on the season are called monscons.
Ocean flowsform under the influence of near-surface winds and differences in water density due to changes in its salinity and temperature. The direction of the currents of Coriolis, the shape of the marine pools and the outlines of the shores are affected. In general, the circulation of oceanic flows is similar to the distribution of air flows over the oceans and occurs clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise - in South.
Crossing guides to poles warm currents, the air becomes warmer and wet and has an appropriate effect on the climate. Heading to equator ocean flows Cool waters. Passing along the western western outlook, they lower the temperature and moisture capacity of air, and, accordingly, the climate under their effect becomes cooler and dry. Due to the condensation of moisture near the cold surface of the sea in such areas, fogs often occur.
Relief of the earth's surface.Large form of relief has a significant impact on the climate, which varies depending on the height of the terrain and when the interaction of air flows with orographic obstacles. The air temperature with a height is usually reduced, which leads to the formation in the mountains and on the cooler climate plateau than on the adjacent lowlands. In addition, hill and mountains form obstacles that force the air to climb up and expand. As it is expanding it is cooled. Such cooling, called adiabatic, often leads to the condensation of moisture and the formation of clouds and precipitation. Most of the precipitation caused by the barrier effect of the mountains falls on their windward side, and the leeward side remains in the "rain shadow". The air, descending on the leeward slopes, is heated during compression, forming a warm dry wind, known as the "Hairdryer" name.
Climate and latitude
In climatic reviews of the Earth, it is advisable to consider latitudinal zones. Distribution climatic belts In the northern and southern hemispheres symmetrically. To the north and south of the equator are tropical, subtropical, moderate, subogenous and polar zone. Also symmetrical baric fields and zones of prevailing winds. Consequently, the greater part of the climate types of one hemisphere can be found on similar latitudes in a single hemisphere.
Main types of climate
Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. Climate types prevailing in extensive territories are called macroclimates. Macroflimatic region must have more or less homogeneous climatic conditions, distinguishing it from other areas, although representing only a generalized characteristic (since there are no two places with an identical climate), more responding to realities than the allocation of climatic regions only on the basis of belonging to a specific latitudinal and geographical belt.
Climate of glacial Pokrovovit is dominant in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are lower than 0 ° C. In the dark winter season, these regions do not receive solar radiation at all, although there are twilight and polar shines. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of the incoming solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal districts of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the South Mainland is different big sizes and altitudes and northern Arctic Ocean Softens the climate, despite the widespread spike ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts.
The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong windswhich transfer significant snow masses by blowing it from the rocks. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing from a cold glacial shield, pulling out snow on the coast.
Subolar climatemanifests itself in the tundra areas on the northern outskirts North America and Eurasia, as well as on Antarctic Persh and the islands adjacent to it. In Eastern Canada and Siberia south border This climatic belt is much south of the polar circle due to the strongly pronounced influence of extensive sushi arrays. This leads to a protracted and extremely cold winters. Summer short and cool with medium monthly temperatures, rarely exceeding + 10 ° C. To some extent, long days compensate for the shortness of summer, however, for most of the territory of the resulting heat is not enough to fully incolment the soils. Constantly frozen soil, called many years of milling, restrains the growth of plants and filtering melt waters into the ground. Therefore, in summer, flat areas are wetlands. On the coast, winter temperatures are somewhat higher, and summer is somewhat lower than in the inner areas of the mainland. In summer, when wet air is over cold water Or sea ice, on the Arctic coasts often arise fogs.
The annual precipitation amount usually does not exceed 380 mm. Most of them falls in the form of rain or snow in the summer, when cyclones pass. On the coast, the bulk of precipitation can be brought by winter cyclones. But low temperatures and clear weather of the cold season, characteristic of most areas with subogenous climates, are unfavorable for significant snow blood.
Subarctic climatealso known as the "Taiga Climate" (according to the prevailing type of vegetation - coniferous forests). This climatic belt covers moderate latitudes. Northern Hemisphere – northern regions North America and Eurasia, located directly to the south of the subepolar climatic belt. Here, there are sharp seasonal climatic differences due to the position of this climatic belt in sufficiently high latitudes in internal parts continents. Winter is protracted and extremely cold, and the north, the days shorter. Summer short and cool with long days. In winter, the period with negative temperatures is very long, and in the summer, temperatures may exceed + 32 ° C. In Yakutsk, the average temperature of January -43 ° C, July - + 19 ° C, i.e. The annual amplitude of temperatures reaches 62 ° C. The softer climate is characteristic of seaside territories, such as South Alaska or Northern Scandinavia.
For most of the climatic belt under consideration, less than 500 mm of precipitation falls per year, and their number is maximally on the windward coasts and minimally in the inside of Siberia. Snow in winter falls very little, snowfalls are conjugate with rare cyclones. Summer is usually more humid, and rains go mainly when passing atmospheric fronts. On the coasts there are often fogs and solid clouds. Winter B. very coldy Over snow cover hanging icy fogs.
Wet continental climate with short summer
it is characteristic of the extensive strip of moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In North America, it extends from Prairies in the south of Central Canada to the coast Atlantic Ocean, and in Eurasia covers the greater part of Eastern Europe and some areas Medium Siberia.. The same type of climate is observed in the Japanese O.Hokkido and in the south of the Far East. The main climatic features of these areas are determined by the predominant Western transfer and frequent passage of atmospheric fronts. IN severe winters The average air temperatures can be reduced to -18 ° C. Summer is short and cool, frosting period less than 150 days. The annual amplitude of temperatures is not as large as under the conditions of the subarctic climate. In Moscow, the average temperatures of January -99 ° C, July - + 18 ° C. In this climatic belt, a constant threat to agriculture Represent spring frost. In the seaside provinces of Canada, in New England and on. Winter Hokkaido warmer than in intra-projectal districts, as the eastern winds at times bring the warmer ocean air.
Annual precipitation ranges from less than 500 mm in the inner parts of the mainland to more than 1000 mm on the coasts. On most of the area, the sediment falls predominantly in summer, often with thunderstorm rains. Winter sediments, mainly in the form of snow, are associated with the passage of fronts in cyclones. Blizzards are often observed in the rear of the cold front.
Wet continental climate with long summer.Air temperature and summer season duration increase south in areas of a wet continental climate. This type of climate is manifested in a moderate latitudinal belt of North America from the eastern part of the Great Plains to the Atlantic Coast, and southeast Europe - In the lower reaches of the Danube. Similar climatic conditions are also expressed in Northeast China and Central Japan. Western transfer also prevails here. The average temperature of the warmer month + 22 ° C (but temperatures can exceed + 38 ° C), warm summer nights. Winters are not so cold as in the areas of a wet continental climate with a short summer, but the temperature sometimes falls below 0 ° C. The annual temperature amplitude is usually 28 ° C, such as in Peoria (PC. Illinois, USA), where average temperature January -4 ° C, and July - + 24 ° C. On the coast, the annual amplitudes of temperatures are reduced.
Most often in conditions of a wet continental climate with a long summer drops from 500 to 1100 mm of precipitation per year. The greatest amount of precipitation brings summer thunder shower during the growing season. In winter, rain and snowfall are mostly conjugate with the passage of cyclones and related fronts.
Marine climate of moderate latitudeinherent in the Western coasts of the mainland, above all, North-Western Europe, the central part of the Pacific coast of North America, the soup of Chile, Southeast of Australia and New Zealand. On the course of air temperature, the prevailing Western winds, which follow from the oceans, have a softening effect. Winters are soft with the average temperatures of the coldest month above 0 ° C, but when the coarse reaches the streams of arctic air, there are frosts. Summer is generally pretty warm; When continental air invasion, the temperature may be a short time Increase to + 38 ° C. This type of climate with a small annual temperature amplitude is the most moderate among temperate climates. For example, in Paris, the average temperature of January + 3 ° C, July - + 18 ° C.
In the regions of the Moderate Maritime Climate, the average annual precipitation ranges from 500 to 2500 mm. The most moistened to the coastal mountains are most moistened. In many areas, the sediments fall pretty evenly during the year, the exception is the north-western Pacific coast of the United States with a very moist winter. Cyclones moving from the oceans bring a lot of precipitation to western mainland outskirts. In winter, as a rule, keeps cloudy weather With weak rains and rare short-term snowfall. On the coasts are common fogs, especially in summer and autumn.
Wet subtropical climatesit is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - Southeast of the United States, some southeastern regions of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and east Coast Australia. Summer V. wet subtropics Long and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month is exceeded + 27 ° C, and the maximum - + 38 ° C. Women are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random frosts have a degenerate effect on plantations of vegetables and citrus.
In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. In summer, the sediments fall mainly in the form of thunderstorms associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet ocean air, characteristic of the monsoon circulation of East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.
Subtropical climate with dry summertypical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. In Southern Europe and North Africa, such climatic conditions are characteristic of coasting Mediterranean, which served as a reason to call this climate also Mediterranean. The same climate in southern California, Chile's central regions, in the South Africa and in a number of areas in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, clear weather prevails. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the warmer month is September.
Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing Western air flows are shifted towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and descending air flows under the oceans determine the dryness of the summer season. Average annual precipitation in conditions subtropical climate It ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth of trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparral, Mali, Mackey and Finbosh.
Seven arid climate Moderate breadth(synonym - the steppe climate) is characteristic mainly for intramicious areas remote from the oceans - moisture sources - and usually located in the rain shadow high mountains. The main areas with a semi-samide climate are interhoneal basins and the great plains of North America and the steppe of Central Eurasia. Hot summer and cold winter are due to intramaterial position in moderate latitudes. At least one winter month has an average temperature below 0 ° C, and the average temperature of the warmest summer month exceeds + 21 ° C. Temperature regime and the duration of the smokery period varies significantly depending on the latitude.
The term "semi-garden" is used to characterize this climate, because it is less dry than the actual arid climate. The average annual precipitation is usually less than 500 mm, but more than 250 mm. Since to develop steppe vegetation in more high temperatures A greater precipitation is needed, the latitudinal and high-rise area of \u200b\u200bthe area determine climatic changes. For a semi-diarid climate, there are no general patterns of precipitation distribution during the year. For example, in areas bordering subtropics with dry summer, there is a maximum of precipitation in winter, while in areas adjacent to the domains of a wet continental climate, rains fall mainly in the summer. Cyclones of moderate latitudes bring the greatest part of winter precipitation, which often fall out in the form of snow and can be accompanied by strong winds. Summer thunderstorms are often with a hail. The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year.
Arid climate of moderate latitudeinherent mainly to the Central Asian deserts, and in the West of the United States - only small areas in the intermoreflakes. Temperatures are the same as in areas with a semi-samide climate, however precipitation is not enough for the existence of closed natural vegetation cover and the average annual sums usually do not exceed 250 mm. As in semicaride climatic conditions, the amount of precipitation determining arid depends on the thermal regime.
Low latitude semilarine climatemostly typical for the outskirts tropical deserts (For example, Sahara and the deserts of Central Australia), where the downstream air flows in subtropical zones of high pressure exclude precipitation. From the semi-sam climate of moderate latitudes, the climate in question is very hot in summer and warm winter. The average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, although in winter it is sometimes freezing, especially in areas most remote from the equator and located at large altitudes. The amount of precipitation required for the existence of closed natural herbal vegetation is higher here than in moderate latitudes. In the erectional band, rains go mostly in summer, while on the external (northern and southern) outskirts of the desert maximum precipitation falls for the winter. The precipitation is mostly falling out in the form of thunderstorms, and in the winter it rains are brought by cyclones.
Arid climate of low latitudes.This is a hot dry climate of tropical deserts extending along the northern and southern tropics and the most of the year under the influence of subtropical anticyclones. Salvation from the exhausting summer heat can be found only on coasts werehed by cold ocean flows, or in the mountains. On the plains, the average summer temperatures are noticeably higher than + 32 ° C, the winter is usually higher + 10 ° C.
For the most part of this climatic area, the average annual precipitation amount does not exceed 125 mm. It happens that at many meteorological stations for several years in a row no precipitation is not recorded at all. Sometimes the average annual precipitation can reach 380 mm, but this is still sufficient only for the development of rarefied desert vegetation. The occasion is precipitated in the form of short strong thunderstorms, but the water flows quickly, forming storm floors. The most arid areas are located along the western shores of South America and Africa, where cold ocean flows prevent the formation of clouds and precipitation. On these coasts, fogs are often made, resulting from the condensation of moisture in the air above the coolest surface of the ocean.
A variable-wet tropical climate.Areas with this climate are located in tropical sub-luminous belts, a few degrees north and south of the equator. This climate is also called monsoon tropical, as prevails in those parts of South Asia, which are under the influence of monsoons. Other areas with this climate - Tropics of Central and South America, Africa and Northern Australia. Medium summer temperatures are usually OK. + 27 ° C, and winter - approx. + 21 ° C. hot monthusually preceded summer season rains.
The average annual precipitation amounts range from 750 to 2000 mm. During the summer rainy season The determining effect on the climate is provided by the intrachetic zone of convergence. There are often thunderstorms, sometimes a continuous cloudiness with protracted rains remains for a long time. Winter is dry, as subtropical anticyclones dominate this season. In some areas, rains do not fall out for two or three winter months. In South Asia, the wet season coincides with the summer monsoon, which brings moisture with Indian OceanAnd in winter, Asian continental dry air masses are distributed here.
Wet tropical climateor the climate of wet rainforests is distributed in equatorial latitudes In Amazon's pools in South America and the Congo in Africa, on Malacca, on the Islands of Southeast Asia. In wet tropics, the average temperature of any month is at least + 17 ° C, usually the average monthly temperature approx. + 26 ° C. As in variable-wet tropics, due to the high midday of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet air, cloudiness and thick vegetable Pokrov Prevent night-air cooling and maintain maximum daily temperatures below + 37 ° C, lower than in higher latitudes.
The average annual precipitation in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 2500 mm, the distribution of season is usually quite uniform. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.
Climates highlighted.In highland areas, a significant variety of climatic conditions is due to the latitudinal and geographical position, orographic barriers and various exposure of the slopes in relation to the Sun and the moisture air threads. Even at the equator in the mountains there are snowflets-flights. Bottom line eternal snow Sleeping to the poles, reaching the sea level in the polar areas. Likewise, other boundaries of high-rise thermal belts are reduced as it approaches high latitudes. The coated slopes of the mountain ranges get more precipitation. On the mountain slopes open to the intrusions of cold air, it is possible to decrease the temperature. In general, the climate of the highland is characterized by lower temperatures, higher cloudy, more precipitation and more complex wind mode than for the plains climate on the appropriate latitudes. The nature of seasonal changes in temperatures and precipitation in highlands is usually the same as on the adjacent plains.
Meso and microclimate
The territories inferior to the size of macroclimatic areas also have climatic features that deserve special examination and classification. Mesoclimates (from Greek. Meso - medium) are climates of territories in a size of several square kilometers, for example, wide river valleys, intermountain varnishes, Kotlovin of large lakes or cities. On the distribution area and the nature of the differences, the mesoclimates are intermediate between macroclimates and microclimates. The latter characterize climatic conditions on small sections of the earth's surface. Microclumatic observations are carried out, for example, on the streets of cities or on test sites laid within a homogeneous plant community.
Extreme climatic indicators
Such climatic characteristics, as temperature and precipitation, vary in a wide range between extreme (minimal and maximum) values. Although they are rarely observed, for understanding the nature of the climate, extreme indicators are as important as the average. The warmer is the climate of the tropics, and the climate of wet rainforests is hot and humid, and the arid low latitudes are hot and dry. The maximum air temperatures are marked in tropical deserts. The highest temperature in the world - + 57.8 ° C - was recorded in El Azizia (Libya) on September 13, 1922, and the lowest - -89.2 ° C at the Soviet station "Vostok" in Antarctica on July 21, 1983.
In different parts of the world, extreme values \u200b\u200bof precipitation were recorded. For example, for 12 months from August 1860 to July 1861, 26,461 mm fell in Cherapundy (India). The average annual precipitation at this point, one of the most rainy on the planet, approx. 12 000 mm. On the number of snow dropped there is less data. At Paradais Ranger station in national Park Mount Reinir (PC. Washington, USA) during the winter of 1971-1972 28,500 mm snow were registered. On many meteorological stations in the tropics with long rows of observations, no times have never been marked. There are many such places in Sugar and on the west coast of South America.
With extreme wind speeds, measuring instruments (anemometers, anemographs, etc.) were often faced. The highest wind speeds in the surface layer of air are likely to develop in the tornado (tornado), where, according to estimates, they can be much exceeded 800 km / h. In hurricanes or typhoons, the wind sometimes reaches speed of more than 320 km / h. Hurricanes are very typical for the Caribbean region and the western part of the Pacific.
see also tornado and Tornado.
Effect of climate on biota
From climate, temperature and lighting modes depend on the moisture supply required for the development of plants and the geographical distribution limiting them. Most plants cannot grow at temperatures below + 5 ° C, and many species die under negative temperatures. With increasing temperatures, the needs of plants in moisture increase. The light is necessary for photosynthesis, as well as for the flowering and development of seeds. Shading soil by crowns of trees in a dense forest suppresses the growth of lower plants. An important factor It is also a wind substantially changing temperature and humidity mode.
The vegetation of each region is an indicator of its climate, since the distribution of community of plants is largely due to the climate. The vegetation of the tundra in the conditions of the subepolar climate is formed only by such low-core forms as lichen, mosses, herbs and low shrubs. The short vegetation period and the widespread multi-monthly milling makes the growth of trees everywhere, except for river valleys and southern exposure slopes, where the soil is thawing on the greatest depth. Coniferous forests from ate, fir, pines and larches, also called taiga, grow under the conditions of subarctic climate.
Wet areas of moderate and low latitudes are especially favorable for forest growing. The thick forests are timed to the areas of the moderate sea climate and wet tropics. The areas of a wet continental and wet subtropical climate is also mostly messenger. In the presence of a dry season, for example, in areas of subtropical climate with a dry summer or a variable-wet tropical climate, the plants are adapted accordingly, forming either a low-speed or rareered wood tier. Thus, in Savannes, cellars with single trees growing at large distances from the other are dominated in Savannes in the conditions of an alternative-wet tropical climate.
In semi-saming climates of temperate and low latitudes, where everywhere (except for river valleys) is too dry for the growth of trees, the herbal steppe vegetation dominates. The cereals here are low, it is also possible to admire half-workers and semi-shops, such as wormwood in North America. In moderate latitudes, the cereal steppes in more humid conditions at the boundaries of their range are replaced by highly harvested prairies. In arid conditions, the plants grow far one one from the other, often have a thick bark or fleshy stems and leaves capable of saving moisture. The most arid areas of tropical desert are completely devoid of vegetation and are nude stony or sandy surfaces.
Climatic high-rise explanancy In the mountains, it causes the corresponding vertical differentiation of vegetation - from herbaceous communities of foothill plains to forests and alpine meadows.
Many animals are able to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions. For example, mammals in a cold climate or winter have a warmer fur. However, the availability of food and water is also important for them, which varies depending on the climate and season. For many animal species are characteristic seasonal migration From one climatic area to another. For example, in winter, when herbs and shrubs in the conditions of an alternating-wet tropical climate of Africa dry dry, mass migrations of herbivores and predators in more wet areas occur.
In the natural zones of the globe, soil, vegetation and climate are closely interrelated. Heat and moisture determine the nature and pace of chemical, physical and biological processes, as a result of which rock rocks are changed on the slopes of different steepness and exposure and is created a huge variety of soils. Where the soil is shoving a marcot for most of the year, as in the tundra or high in the mountains, the soil formation processes are slowed down. In arid conditions, soluble salts are usually contained on the surface of the soil or in near-surface horizons. In wet climates Excessive moisture seeps down, making soluble mineral compounds and clay particles to considerable depths. Some of the most fertile soils They are products of recent accumulation - wind, fluvial or volcanic. Such young soils have not yet been severely leaching and therefore retained nutrient reserves.
The spread of crops and soil cultivation methods are closely related to climatic conditions. Bananas and rubber trees require abundance of heat and moisture. Fiscal palm trees grow well only in oases in arid low-seated areas. For most of the cultures in arid conditions, irrigation is needed for moderate and low latitudes. The usual type of land use in the areas of the semi-diarrhea climate, where Zlakovniks are common, is pasture animal husbandry. Cotton and rice have a longer vegetation period than spring wheat or potatoes, and all these cultures suffer from frosts. In the mountains, agricultural production is differentiated in high-rise belts in the same way as natural vegetation. Deep valleys in wet tropics of Latin America are in a hot belt (Tierra Caliente) and there are rain cultures there. In some large altitudes in a temperate belt (Tierra Templada) typical culture is coffee. Above is located cold belt (Tierra FRIA), where grain crops and potatoes are grown. In an even colder belt (Tierra Helada), located just below the snow line, cattle grazing is possible on the Alpine meadows, and a set of farm crops is extremely limited.
The climate has an impact on the health and living conditions of people in the same way as on their economic activities. The human body loses heat due to radiation, thermal conductivity, convection and evaporation of moisture from the body surface. If these losses are too large in cold weather or too small in hot weather, a person is discomfort and may get sick. Low relative humidity and high speed Wind reinforce the cooling effect. Weather changes lead to stress, worsen appetite, violate biorhythms and reduce the resistance of the human body disease. The climate also affects the habitat conditions of pathogenic microorganisms, causing diseases, and therefore seasonal and regional outbursts occur. Pneumonia and flu epidemic in moderate latitudes are often in winter. Malaria is distributed in the tropics and subtropics where there are conditions for the reproduction of malaria mosquitoes. Diseases caused by improper nutrition are indirectly related to the climate, since in food products produced in a particular region, as a result of the influence of the climate on the growth of plants and the composition of the soil may not be enough for some nutrients.
Climate change
Rock breeds, fossil plant residues, relief and glacial sediments contain information on significant fluctuations in average temperatures and precipitation over geological time. Climate change can also be studied on the basis of the analysis of annual rings of wood, alluvial deposits, bottom precipitation of oceans and lakes and organic sediments of peatlands. Within the last few million years, the climate has happened in general, and now, judging by the continuous reduction of polar glacial coverings, we, apparently, are at the end of the ice age.
Climatic changes for historic period Sometimes it is possible to reconstruct on the basis of information about hunger, floods, abandoned settlements and migrations of peoples. Continuous series of air temperature measurements are available only for meteorological stations located mainly in the northern hemisphere. They cover only a little more than one century. These data indicate that over the past 100 years, the average temperature on the globe rose by almost 0.5 ° C. This change occurred not smoothly, but hopped - sharp warming Rechanged relatively stable stages.
Specialists of different areas of knowledge proposed numerous hypotheses to explain the causes of climate change. Some believe that climatic cycles are determined by periodic fluctuations in solar activity with an OK interval. 11 years. On annual I. seasonal temperatures Changes in the form of the Earth's orbit, which led to a change in the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Currently, the land is closest to the Sun in January, but approximately 10,500 years ago, it was held in July. According to another hypothesis, depending on the angle of inclination earthly axis The amount of solar radiation arrived on the Earth, which influenced the overall circulation of the atmosphere. It is not excluded that the polar axis of the Earth occupied another position. If the geographical poles were on the latitude of the modern equator, then the climatic belts are shifted, respectively.
The so-called geographical theories explain the long-term fluctuations in the climate with the movements of the earth's crust and the change in the situation of the mainland and oceans. In the light of the global plate tectonics over the geological time, the mainland moved. As a result, their position was changed in relation to the oceans, as well as in latitude. In the process of the property, mining systems were formed with a cooler and, possibly more humid climate.
Pollution of the atmosphere also contributes to climate change. The large masses of dust and gases entering the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions, episodically become an obstacle on the path of solar radiation and led to the cooling of the earth's surface. Increasing the concentration of some gases in the atmosphere aggravates the overall trend towards warming.
Greenhouse effect.Like a glass roof of the greenhouse, many gases pass the greater part of the thermal and light energy of the Sun to the surface of the Earth, but impede the rapid heat-emitted heat into the surrounding space. The main "greenhouse" effects gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide, as well as methane, fluorocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Without the greenhouse effect, the temperature of the earth's surface would decide so strongly that the entire planet would be covered with ice. However, excessive increase in the greenhouse effect can also become catastrophic.
From the beginning of the industrial revolution, the number of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere increased due to economic activity man and especially burning fossil fuels. Many scientists are currently believing that the growth of the average global temperature after 1850 has occurred mainly as a result of an increase in the content in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin. If modern trends in the use of fossil fuels persist in 21 c., The average global temperature can increase by 2.5-8 ° C to 2075. Provided the use of fossil fuels by faster than currently, the pace is such an increase in temperature may occur already to 2030.
The predicted increase in temperature can lead to the melting of polar ice and most mountain glaciers, as a result of which the sea level will rise by 30-120 cm. All this may also affect the change in weather conditions on earth with such possible consequencesAs long-term droughts in the leading agricultural regions of the world.
but global warming As a consequence of the greenhouse effect can be slowed down, if you reduce carbon dioxide emissions when burning fossil fuels. Such a reduction would require restrictions on its use all over the world, more efficient energy consumption and expansion of alternative energy sources (for example, water, sun, wind, hydrogen, etc.).
LITERATURE
Pogosyan H.P.
Weather - The state of the troposphere in this place at the moment. It is characterized by a set of values \u200b\u200bof all the meteorological elements considered and is rarely sustainable, changing during the day and throughout the year.
Climate, like all meteorological elements, zonal. Equatorial, two tropical, moderate, polar, - and transition - two subequatorial, subtropical, subo-essential, subtropical, subcolar, and transitional, and transitional, and transitional, and transitional, subcolarial, subtropical, subcorative, subcolarial, subtropical, subcolari The discharge of climatic belts is based on the types of air masses and their movement. In the main belts during the year, one type of air mass is dominated, in transition belts Types of air masses change depending on the time of year and the mixing of zones.
In the subequatorial belt in the summer, air equatorial masses come, summer roast and dry. In winter, air tropical masses come, so warm and dry.
In the subtropical belt in summer, tropical air (hot and dry), and in winter - moderate (cool and wet).
In the subarctic belt in the summer moderate air dominates (warm, many precipitation), in winter - the Arctic air, making it harsh and dry.
Inside climatic belts, areas are highlighted with different types of climates. Sea has high humidity, large number of annual precipitation, low temperature amplitudes.
Continental - little precipitation, significant amplitude of temperatures, severity of the time of the year. Missual characterizes the effect of monsoon, wet summer, dry winter.
Welding observations
There is a unifying national weather service. It has three world centers: Moscow, Washington and. On the territory of States, systematic observations of weather in the weather service system are carried out by meteorological stations. The meteorological station is a platform on which various installations and appliances are located in a certain order, there are accommodation for employees. Meteorological stations are monitored eight times a day every three hours. The results of observations are encrypted with the help of a special international synoptic code and are transmitted to the central bodies of the weather.
Synoptic map - on which the figures and symbols cause results meteorological observations on the network of stations at a certain time. Weather forecast - drawing up scientifically based assumptions about the future state of the weather. It is compiled at different times (day, week, month, year), therefore, may be short-term and long-term. In man's economic life, the prediction and weather forecasts play a big role in various spheres of life.
Climate role
The climate has a great influence on many of the most important industries and human life. It is especially important to take into account the climatic features of the territory in the organization of agricultural production. Agricultural crops can only give high sustainable yields only if they are sampled in accordance with the climatic conditions of the territory.
All types of modern vehicles are very large depending on climatic conditions. Storms, hurricanes and, drifting ice makes shipping. And the fogs make it difficult, and sometimes become an insurmountable obstacle to aviation. Therefore, the safety of the movement of marine and aircraft is largely ensured by weather forecasts. For the uninterrupted movement of railway trains in winter, it is necessary to fight snowy drifts. For this, forest bale are planted along all railways of the country. The movement of vehicles interfere with fogs and on the roads.
The climate is a long-term weather mode characteristic of this area.
The climate affects the river mode, the formation of various types of soil, vegetation and animal world. So, in the areas where the earth's surface receives a lot of heat and moisture, wet evergreen forests grow. Areas located near the tropics, heat get almost as much as in the equator, and moisture is significantly less, so they are covered with poor desert vegetation. Most of our country is engaged in coniferous forests that have adapted to harsh climates: cold and long winter, short and moderately warm fly, average moisturizing.
Climate formation depends on many factors, primarily from the geographic location. The latitude of the place determines the angle of falling the sun's rays and, accordingly, the amount of heat coming from the Sun. The amount of heat depends on the nature of the underlying surface and from the distribution of sushi and water. Water, as is known, slowly heats up, but slowly cools. Susha, on the contrary, quickly heats up and also coolly cools. As a result, various weather modes are formed over the aqueous surface and above the dry.
Table 3.
From this table, it can be seen that Bantre on the west coast of Ireland, which is located under the direct influence of the Atlantic Ocean, has an average temperature of the warmest month of 15.2 ° C, and cold - 7.1 ° C, i.e. its annual amplitude is 8, 1 ° C. With the removal from the ocean, the average temperature of the warmest month is rising and lowered the coldest, i.e. the amplitude of annual temperatures is growing. In Nerchinsk, it reaches 53.2 ° C.
A great influence on the climate is relief: mountain ranges and basins, plains, river valleys, ravines create special climate conditions. Mountains are most often climetors.
Affect climate and sea currents. Warm flows tolerate great amount Heat from low latitudes in higher, cold - cold from higher latitudes in low. In places washed warm currents, annual temperature The air is higher than 5-10 ° C than on the same latitudes were washed with cold currents.
Thus, the climate of each territory depends on the latitude of the place, the underlying surface, sea currents, the relief and the height of the place above sea level.
Russian scientist B. P. Alisov developed a climate classification of the globe. It is based on the types of air masses, their formation and change when driving under the influence of the underlying surface.
Climatic belts.
Depending on the predominant climate, the following climatic belts are isolated: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate, two polar (arctic, antarctic) and transitional - two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subolar (subanctic).
Equatorial belt covers the pools of the Congo and Amazon River, the Gulf Coast, the Zonda Islands. High position Sun during the year causes strong heating of the surface. The average annual temperatures here from 25 to 28 ° C. In the daytime, the air temperature rarely rises to 30 ° C, but the high relative humidity is maintained - 70-90%. Heated air saturated with water vapors, under reduced pressure rises up. Sky clouds appear in the sky, which by noon close all the sky. The air continues to rise, cumulus clouds are moving into cumulating rains, of which intense rain rains fall out after noon. In this belt, the annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm. There are places where their number increases to 5000 mm. The precipitation during the year is distributed evenly.
High temperatures during the year, a large amount of precipitation creates conditions for the development of rich vegetation - wet equatorial forests.
The subequatorial belt occupies huge spaces - Brazilian Highlands in South America, Central Africa north and east of the Congo pool, most of the Indoostan Peninsula and Indochina, as well as Northern Australia.
The most characteristic feature of the climate of this belt is the change of air masses for the seasons: in the summer, the whole area is occupied by equatorial air, in winter - tropical. As a result, two seasons are allocated - wet (summer) and dry (winter). In the summer season, the weather differs little from Equatorial. Warm and wet air rises upwards, which creates conditions for the formation of clouds and plenty of precipitation. It is in this belt there are places with the greatest number precipitation (Northeast India and Hawaiian Islands). In winter, conditions change dramatically, the dry tropical air dominates, dry weather is installed. The herbs burn out, and the trees are discharged by the foliage. Most Territories subscance belt It covers a zone of Savannan and a steady.
The tropical belt is placed on both sides of the tropics both on the oceans and in the continent. Here round year The tropical air is dominant. In high pressure and low clouds, it is distinguished by high temperatures. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds 30 ° C, and on some days it rises to 50-55 ° C.
The precipitation on most of the territory drops a little (less than 200 mm), there are the greatest deserts in the world - sugar, West-Australian, desert of the Arabian Peninsula.
But not everywhere in tropical belts The climate is arid. On the eastern coasts of the continents, where the trade winds are blowing from the oceans, there are many precipitation (large Antilles, the east coast of Brazil, the east coast of Africa). The climate of these areas is not much different from Equatorial, although annual oscillations Temperatures are significant, since the difference in the height of the sun is large. Thanks to a large amount of precipitation and high temperatures, wet rainforests grow here.
The subtropical belt occupies large spaces between the 25th and 40th parallels of the North and South latitude. For this purpose, the belt is characterized by air seasons for the season: in the summer, the whole area is occupied by tropical air, in winter - air temperate latitudes. Here are three climatic areas: Western, Central and East. Western climatic area covers western parts of the continents: the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, California, the central part of the Andes, the south-west of Australia. In summer, the tropical air shifts here, which creates a high pressure area. As a result, dry and sunny weather is installed. Winter warm, wet. Such climate is sometimes called Mediterranean.
A completely different climatic regime is observed in East Asia and in the southeastern part of North America. In the summer, there are wet mass of tropical air from the ocean (summer monsime), bringing more cloudiness and precipitation. And winter monsoshs bring streams of dry continental air temperate latitudes. The temperature of the coldest month is higher than 0 ° C.
In the Central District (East Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Big pool In North America), dry air prevails: in summer - tropical, in winter - continental air of moderate latitudes. Summer here is hot, arid; Winter short, wet, though total amount precipitation does not exceed 400 mm. In winter, there are frosts, snow falls, but stable snow cover is not formed. Daily amplitudes of temperatures are large (up to 30 ° C), a big difference and between the warmest and coldest months. Here, in the central regions of the mainland, the desert are located.
A moderate belt occupies areas to the north and south of subtropics to about the polar circles. In the southern hemisphere prevails oceanic climatesAnd in the north there are three climatic areas: Western, central and eastern.
In the west of Europe and Canada, the south of the Andes prevailing the wet sea air of moderate latitudes, brought by Western winds from the oceans (500-1000 mm of precipitation per year). The sediments are distributed during the year evenly, dry periods are not observed. Under the influence of oceans, the temperature of the temperatures smooth, annual amplitudes are small. Cooling brings arctic (antarctic) mass of air, with the admission of which the temperature in winter decreases. At this time, heavy snowfall are observed. Summer long, cool, sharp changes in air temperature changes.
In the east (northeast of China, Far East) Climate monsoon. In winter, cold continental weights of air are admitted above the mainland. The temperature of the cold month varies from -5 to -25 ° C. In the summer, wet monsions bring a large amount of precipitation on the mainland.
In the center (the middle strip of Russia, Ukraine, the north of Kazakhstan, the South of Canada) is formed continental air of moderate latitudes. Often, the Arctic air with very low temperatures comes here in winter. Winter long, frosty; snow cover Hold over three months. Summer rainy, warm. The amount of precipitation as the continent is progressing, decreases (from 700 to 200 mm). The most characteristic feature of the climate of this area is sharp drops of temperatures during the year, non-uniform distribution precipitation, which sometimes causes droughts.
Subarctic and subnutrctic belt.
These transition belts are located north of a moderate belt (in the northern hemisphere) and south of it (in the southern hemisphere) - subarctic and subnutrctic. They are characterized by a change of air masses for the seasons: in summer - the air of moderate latitudes, in winter - the Arctic (Antarctic). Summer here is a short, cool, with an average temperature of the warmest month from 0 to 12 ° C, with a small amount of precipitation (on average 200 mm), with frequent cold returns. Winter is long, frosty, with snowstorms and deep snow. In the northern hemisphere in these latitudes there is a tundra zone.
Arctic and Antarctic belt.
Cold weights of air are formed in polar belts in conditions of increased pressure. For these belts, long polar nights and polar days are characteristic. Their duration of the poles comes to six months. Although the sun in the summer and does not go beyond the horizon, but it rises low, its rays slide on the surface and give little heat. Per short summer Snow and ice do not have time to melt, so in these areas Ice cover is preserved. It covers with a powerful layer of Greenland and Antarctica, and ice mountains - icebergs - float in the aspensell areas of the oceans. Cold air accumulating over the polar regions is carried by strong winds in a temperate belt. On the outskirts of Antarctica, winds reach a speed of 100 m / s. Arctic and Antarctica - "Refrigerators" of the Earth.
On the territory of even a small area, climatic conditions are not homogeneous. Under the influence of local factors: small forms of relief, exposure of slopes, soil and soil features, the nature of plant cover - the special conditions called the microclimate.
The study of microclimate is important for the development of many industries of agriculture, especially pooling, gardening, vegetable growing.
Message about climate will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about this phenomenon. Also, the report about the climate will help to expand their knowledge in the field of geography.
Message on the topic: "Climate"
Climate - This is a long-term weather mode that is characteristic of any place on the earth's surface due to geographic location.
It is divided into several types of precipitation mode, precipitation form, a peculiar temperature regime, predominant winds and atmospheric pressure.
This weather mode is formed under the action global processeswhich occur in earthly atmosphere: solar radiation, heat exchange and moisture exchange of the atmosphere from the oceans and the surface of the mainland, the circulation of marine currents and the atmosphere.
Factors of climate formation
Several groups of climate-forming factors are distinguished: solar radiation, geographic latitudes, atmospheric circulation, sushi and sea distribution, sea currents, remoteness from oceans and seas, relief and terrain height. The climate is a zonal element.
Highlight climatic belts: basic - two tropical, equatorial, two polar, two moderate; Transition - two subtropical, subequatorial, subogenous. The basis of their discharge is the types of air masses, as well as their movement.
During the year, one type of air mass is dominated in the main belts, but in transitional belts, the air masses vary depending on the mixing of the atmospheric pressure zones and the season.
Brief characteristic of climatic belts
- Equatorial belt. The atmospheric pressure is low, a large amount of precipitation, high air temperatures.
- Tropical belt. High Atmospheric Pressure, Warm and Dry Air, Winter colder summer, a small amount of precipitation, trade winds.
- Temperate zone. Moderate air temperatures, uneven distribution of annual precipitation, pronounced seasons.
- Arctic belt. Low average annual temperatures, permanent snow cover, air humidity.
- Subscance belt. Summer is dry and roast, the equatorial air masses dominate. In winter, tropical air masses are dry and warm.
- Subtropical belt. Summer is hot and dry, the tropical air dominates. In winter, moist and cool, moderate air dominates.
- Subarctic belt. In the summer, warm and many precipitation, moderate air dominates. Winter dry and harsh, dominates the Arctic air.
Inside the most belts allocate areas with a variety of climates. Sea Type Climate is characterized by a large number of annual precipitation, high humidity, low temperature amplitudes. The continental type is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, a significant amplitude of temperatures, severity of the time of the year. The monsoon type is characterized by a wet summer, the influence of monsoon, dry in winter.
Climate role
It affects the life of a person and the industry of economic activity. When organizing agricultural production it is important to take into account territorial climatic features. Cultures can give stable high yields only when they are placed in suitable climatic conditions for them. Also, modern transport depends on climatic features. For example, drifting ice, hurricanes and fogs, storms make it difficult for shipping and become an obstacle to aviation. Therefore, the safety of the movement of air and sea ships is provided by weather forecasts. In addition, climatic features affect human health, headaches may occur, dizziness, nausea.
Hello dear friends! It's time again for new and more interesting information. 🙂 I think that an article on what the types of climate will help you will decide on holidays at all times of the year.
In winter, rain and rare snowfall are mainly cyclones. At the end of summer and autumn, hurricanes (or typhoons) are observed, especially in the northern hemisphere.
This type of climate is typical for the west coast of the mainland in the south and north of the tropics. In North Africa and Southern Europe, such climatic conditions are characteristic of the Mediterranean coast, which also allowed this climate to be called Mediterranean.
This type of climate is also found by the central regions of Chile, Southern California, in the Far Southern Africa and in a number of areas in the south of Australia.
In these areas, summer is roast, and winter is soft. In winter, just like in in wet subtropics, occasionally, there are frosts.
In summer, in the inner areas of temperature is significantly higher than on the coast, and often the same as in tropical deserts. Also in the summer on the coast, close to the oceanic currents pass, there are often fogs.
With the passage of cyclones in winter, when Western air flows are shifted to the equator to the equator, the maximum precipitation is associated. The dryness of the summer season determine the effect of anticyclones and groaned air flows over the oceans.
Under the conditions of the subtropical climate, the average annual rainfall ranges from 380 mm to 900 mm, and maximum values \u200b\u200breaches the mountain slopes and on the coast.
In the summer, usually, precipitation is not enough for normal growth of trees, so there is developing a specific type of evergreen handicraft vegetation, known under the names of Mali, McVis, Maccia, Chaparal and Finbosh.
Semi-hospital climate of moderate latitudes.
Synonym for this type of climate - steppe climate. Preferably it is characteristic of intramicious areas, which are distant from the oceans - sources of moisture - and mostly located in the rainy shadow of high mountains.
The main areas with the semi-diarid climate are large plains and trains of North America and the steppe of Central Eurasia. The intramametric location in moderate latitudes is caused by cold winter and hot summer.
The average temperature is below 0 ° C at least in one winter month, and the average temperature of the warmest summer month exceeds 21 ° C. Depending on the latitude, it changes significantly temperature mode and the duration of the smokery period.
To characterize this climate, the term "semi-garden" is used, because this climate is less dry than the actual arid climate. The annual amount of precipitation, partly, more than 500 mm, but not less than 250 mm.
Since, for the development of steppe vegetation in conditions of higher temperatures, you need more precipitation, the latitudinal and geographical and high-rise area of \u200b\u200bthe area determine climatic changes.
During the year, the general patterns of the distribution of precipitation for the semi-hospital climate does not exist. For example, in those areas that are adjacent to the domains of a wet continental climate, the sediments are mostly in the summer, and in areas bordering subtropics with a dry summer, the maximum of precipitation is celebrated in winter.
Most of the winter precipitation brought cyclones of moderate latitudes. They fall often in the form of snow, and may also be accompanied by strong winds. Often summer thunderstorms are having a hail.
Semi-diarid climate of low latitudes.
This type of climate is typical for the outskirts of tropical deserts (for example, the deserts of Central Australia and Sahara), where the downstream air flows in the subtropical zones of high pressure eliminate precipitation.
This climate is different from the semi-hospital climate of moderate latitudes with warm winter and very hot summer. The average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, although it is sometimes freezing in winter, especially in those areas that are most distant from the equator and are located at large altitudes.
Here is the amount of precipitation that is necessary for the existence of closed natural herbal vegetation is higher than in moderate latitudes. On the external (southern and northern) outskirts of the desert, the maximum of precipitation falls in winter, while the rain in the episode line is mainly in the summer.
The precipitation is preferably falling out in the form of thunderstorms, and in winter it rains are cyllated.
Arid climate of moderate latitudes.
This type of climate is mainly characteristic of the Central Asian deserts, and in the West - only for small sections in the trains.
Temperatures here are the same as in the areas of the semicaride climate, but there are not enough precipitation for the existence of closed natural vegetation cover and usually the average annual precipitation amounts are not exceeded 250 mm.
The amount of precipitation that defines arid, as in semicaride conditions, depends on the temperature regime.
Arid climate of low latitudes.
This is a dry I. hot climate Tropical deserts, which stretch along the southern and northern tropics, and a significant part of the year are influenced by subtropical anticyclones.
Only in the mountains or on the coast, which is washed by cold ocean flows, you can find salvation from the depleting summer heat. Summer temperatures on the plains noticeably exceed 32 ° C, and winter, as a rule, above 10 ° C.
The average annual precipitation for the most part of this climatic area does not exceed 125 mm. It makes it even so that several years in a row on many meteorological stations are not registered at all.
The average annual precipitation can reach 380 mm, but this is only enough to develop rarefied desert vegetation.
Along the western shores of Africa and South America, cold ocean flows are hampered by the fallout and the formation of clouds, the most arid areas are located.
Fogs are frequent phenomenon on this coast. They are formed by condensation of moisture in the air over the coolest surface of the ocean.
Replaceable wet tropical climate.
Areas of this type of climate are tropical sub-lift belts for several degrees south and north of the equator. Also, this climate is also called monsoon tropical, since it prevails in those parts of South Asia, which are under the influence of monsoons.
Other areas of this type of climate - the tropics of Northern Australia, Africa, South and Central America. The average temperatures in the winter of about 21 ° C, and in the summer usually about 27 ° C. As a rule, the hottest month is preceded by the summer season of rains.
The average precipitation over a year ranges from 750 mm to 2000 mm. Definishing effect on the climate, throughout the summer rainy season, has an internal convergence zone. There are often thunderstorms, and sometimes, for a long period, continuous cloudiness is preserved with protracted rains.
Since subtropical anticyclones are dominated this season, winter is dry. It rains in some areas do not fall out for two-sterling winter months. The wet season in South Asia coincides with the summer monsoon, which from the Indian Ocean brings humidity, and in the winter there is an Asian continental dry air mass.
This climate is also called the climate of wet rainforest. It applies to equatorial latitudes in Amazon's pools in South America and Congo in Africa, on the Islands of Southeast Asia and on Malacca.
The average temperature of any month in wet tropics at least 17 ° C, and the average monthly temperature is about 26 ° C. As well as in interchangeable wet tropics, due to the same duration of the day throughout the year and high half-day solstice over the horizon, seasonal fluctuations in the temperature are small.
The thick vegetation cover, cloudiness and humid air interfere with night-cooled and maintain maximum daytime temperatures below 37 ° C. In wet tropics, the average annual precipitation ranges from 1500 mm to 2500 mm.
The precipitation is predominantly associated with a internal convergence zone, which is located a bit north than the equator. In some areas, seasonal shifts of this zone to South and North leads to the formation of two maxima of precipitation throughout the year, which are separated by more dry periods. Thousands of thunderstorms are hammered over wet tropics daily.
Climate of highlands.
Significant in highland areas is due to a latitudinal and geographical position, a different exposure of the slopes in relation to wet air flow and the sun and the orographic barriers.
Sometimes, even on the equator in the mountains falls snow. The lower boundary of eternal snow falls to the poles, in the polar areas reaching the sea level. More precipitation is obtained by the windy slopes of ridges.
The decrease in temperature can be observed on the mountain slopes that are open to the intrusions of cold air.
In general, it is characterized by higher clouds, lower temperatures, a more complex windy mode and more precipitation than for the climate of the plains on the appropriate latitudes. The character of precipitation and seasonal changes here is usually the same as on the adjacent plains.
It was a description of the types of climate, which, I hope, helped you very much to understand this matter. To new meetings on the blog pages!
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