In which climatic belt is often monsoons. Musson Climate: Features and Geography

Climate - This is a long-term weather mode characteristic of a particular area. It is manifested in a natural change of all weather types observed in this area.

The climate has an impact on living and non-resident nature. In close dependence on the climate there are water bodies, soil, vegetation, animals. Separate sectors of the economy, first of all agricultureAlso very depend on climate.

The climate is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors: the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface; Circulation of the atmosphere; The nature of the underlying surface. In this case, climate-forming factors themselves depend on geographical Conditions of this area, primarily from geographic latitude.

The geographical latitude of the area determines the angle of falling the sun's rays, obtaining a certain amount of heat. However, getting heat from the Sun depends on The proximity of the ocean. In places located away from the oceans, the precipitation drops a bit, and the mode of their falling is not uniformity (in the warm period more than in cold), cloudy is low, winter cold, summer is warm, annual amplitude The temperatures are large. This climate is called continental, as it is typical for places located in the depths of the continents. A marine climate is formed over the aqueous surface, for which the smooth move temperature of the air, with small daily and annual temperature amplitudes, a large cloudiness, uniform and enough a large number of Atmospheric precipitation.

Great influence on climate and Sea currents.Warm currents warm the atmosphere in areas where they proceed. For example, the warm north-atlantic flow creates favorable conditions for growing forests in the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, while most of the Island of Greenland, lying around the same latitudes as the Scandinavian peninsula, but outside the zone of the influence of the warm current, round year covered with a thick layer of ice.

A large role in climate formation belongs Relief. You already know that with lifting terrain for each kilometer, the air temperature is reduced by 5-6 ° C. Therefore, on the high mountain slopes of the Pamir, the average annual temperature - 1 ° С, although it is just north of the tropics.

The location of the mountain ranges has a great influence on the climate. For example, the Caucasian Mountains are delayed wet sea winds, and on their atmosphered slopes facing the Black Sea, much more precipitation falls than on leeward. At the same time, the mountains serve an obstacle to the cold northern winds.

The dependence of the climate and from dominant winds. On the territory of the East European Plain, over the entire total of the year dominated western windsComing from the Atlantic Ocean, so winter on this territory is relatively soft.

Areas Far East are under the action of monsoons. In winter, winds from the depths of the mainland are constantly blowing. They are cold and very dry, so there are little precipitation. In the summer, on the contrary, the winds bring a lot of moisture from the Pacific. In the fall, when the wind from the ocean subsides, the weather is usually solar, quiet. it best time years in this area.

Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations (in moderate latitudes 25-50-year-old rows are used; In the tropics, their duration may be less), primarily above the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. Also, the duration of solar radiation, visibility range, temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and terrestrial hydrometeors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.). In the XX century The number of climatic indicators includes the characteristics of the elements. thermal Balance The earth's surface, such as total solar radiation, radiation balance, heat exchange value between the earth's surface and atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation. Comprehensive indicators are also used, i.e. the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, dryness, moisturizing), etc.

Climatic belts

Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability, etc. are called Climatic standards: Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years, etc. are considered to be a deviation from these norms.

Cards with climate indicators are called climatic(Temperature distribution map, pressure distribution map, etc.).

Depending on the temperature conditionsprevailing air mass And winds allocate Climatic belts.

The main climatic belts are:

equatorial;
two tropical;
two moderate;
arctic and Antarctic.

Between the main belts are transitional climatic belts: subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic. IN transition belts Air masses are changing over the seasons. They come here from neighboring belts, therefore the climate of the subequatorial belt in the summer is similar to the climate of the equatorial belt, and in the winter - with a climate of tropical; The climate of subtropical belts in the summer is similar to a climate of tropical, and in winter - with a climate of moderate belts. This is due to the seasonal movement over the globe of the belts. atmospheric pressure Following the sun: in the summer - to the north, in the winter - to the south.

Climatic belts are divided into Climatic regions. For example, in the tropical belt, Africa allocate areas of a tropical dry and tropical wet climate, and in Eurasia, the subtropical belt is divided into the field of Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climate. IN mountain areas Forming high-rise explanancy Due to the fact that with a height of the air temperature decreases.

Variety of land climates

Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. We give examples of climate types prevailing in extensive territories (Table 1).

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts

Antarctic I. arctic climate dominates in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are below ° C. In the dark winter time For years, these regions do not receive solar radiation completely, although there are twilight and polar beams. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of The incoming solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal areas of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the southern mainland is distinguished by large size and altitudes, and the northern architect ocean softens the climate, despite the widespread package of packing ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts. The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong windsthat carry significant snow masses by blowing it off from the skate. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing with cold glacial spits, pulling out snow on the coast.

Table 1. Earth climates

Climate type	Clima-tic	Medium-nai pace, ° С	Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
Climate type	Clima-tic		Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
Equatorial	Equatorial		During a year. 2000.	In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed	Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania
Tropical monsoon	Subaurva-Torial		Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000		South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, Northern Australia
Tropical Dry	Tropical		During the year, 200		North Africa, Central Australia
Mediterranean	Subtropical		Advantageous in winter, 500	In summer - anticyclones at high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cyclonic activity	Mediterranean, South coast Crimea South Africa, Southwest Australia, Western California
Subtropical dry	Subtropical		During a year. 120.	Dry continental air masses	Internal parts of the mainland
Moderate marine	Moderate		During a year. 1000.	Western winds	Western parts of Eurasia and North America
Moderate continental	Moderate		During a year. 400.	Western winds	Internal parts of the mainland
Moody monsoon	Moderate		Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 560		Eastern outdoor Eurasia
Subarctic	Subarctic		During the year, 200	Cyclones prevail	Northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America
Arctic (Antarctic)	Arctic (Antark-tichetic)		During the year, 100	Anticyclones prevail	Waterlife of the Arctic Ocean and Mainland Australia

Subarctic continental climate Forms in the north of the mainland (see climatic map Atlas). In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, which is formed in areas high pressure. The Arctic air applies to the Eastern regions of Canada.

Continental subrctic climate In Asia, it is characterized by the biggest on globe Annual amplitude of air temperature (60-65 ° C). The continentality of the climate reaches the limit value here.

The average temperature in January varies around the territory from -28 to -50 ° C, and in lowlands and hollows due to the caution of air its temperature below. In Oymyakon (Yakutia) recorded for Northern Hemisphere Negative air temperature (-71 ° C). The air is very dry.

Summer B. Subarctic belt Although the short, but rather warm. The average monthly temperature in July ranges from 12 to 18 ° C (daily maximum - 20-25 ° C). Over the summer, more than half of the annual amount of precipitation makes up in the flat territory of 200-300 mm, and on the windward slopes of elevations - up to 500 mm per year.

The climate of the subarctic belt of North America is less continentile compared to the corresponding climate of Asia. Here less cold winter and colder summer.

Moderate climatic belt

Moderate climate of Western coasts of continents It has pronounced marks of the sea climate and is characterized by the predominance of marine air masses throughout the year. He is observed on Atlantic coast Europe and the Pacific Coast of North America. Cordillera are the natural border separating the coast with the sea type of climate from the incontinental districts. The European coast, except Scandinavia, is open to free access of marine moderate air.

The permanent transfer of sea air is accompanied by a large cloudiness and causes protracted spring, in contrast to inside the continental regions of Eurasia.

Winter B. Moderate belt Western coasts warm. Ocean's sweeping influence is enhanced with warm sea currents that wash the western banks of the continig. The average temperature in January is positive and varies around the territory from north to south from 0 to 6 ° C. When invasion of arctic air, it can be reduced (on the Scandinavian coast up to -25 ° C, and in French - to -17 ° C). During the spread of tropical air to the north, the temperature sharply rises (for example, it often reaches 10 ° C). In winter, large positive deviations of the temperature from the medium latitudinal (20 ° C) are noted on the West Coast of Scandinavia. The temperature anomaly on the Pacific Coast of North America is less and is not more than 12 ° C.

Summer is rarely hot. The average temperature in July is 15-16 ° C.

Even during the day the air temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C. Because of frequent cyclones, for all seasons, cloudy and rainy weather. Especially a lot of cloudy days happens on the west coast of North America, where before mining systems Cordillere Cyclones are forced to slow down their movement. In connection with this, the big monotony is characterized by weather in the south of Alaska, where there are no time in our understanding. There is an eternal autumn, and about the occurrence of winter or summer resemble only plants. The annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountain ranges - from 2000 to 6000 mm.

In conditions of sufficient moisture on the coasts, broad-sided forests are developed, and in excessive-coniferous conditions. The lack of summer heat reduces the top border of the forest in the mountains up to 500-700 m above sea level.

Moderate climate of eastern coasts of continents It has monsoon features and is accompanied by a seasonal change of winds: the North-Western flows prevailed in the summer - southeast. It is well expressed on the east coast of Eurasia.

In winter, a cold continental moderate air is distributed with the northwestern wind on the mainland coast, which is the cause of the low average temperature of the winter months (from -20 to -25 ° C). Clear, dry, windy weather prevailing. In the southern regions of the coast of precipitation little. The North of the Amur region, Sakhalin and Kamchatka often enter the influence of cyclones moving over Safety ocean. Therefore, in winter there is a powerful snow cover, especially in Kamchatka, where its maximum height reaches 2 m.

In summer, the south-eastern wind on the coast of Eurasia is distributed by sea temperate air. Summer is warm, with the average temperatures of July from 14 to 18 ° C. Frequent precipitation, which are due to cyclonic activities. Their annual amount is 600-1000 mm, and most of the part falls in summer. At this time of year, fogs are frequent.

Unlike Eurasia, east Coast North America is characterized marine devils climate, which are expressed in the predominance of winter precipitation and sea type annual stroke Air temperature: at least comes in February, and maximum - in August, when the ocean is warm.

Canadian Anticyclone, in contrast to Asian, unstable. It is formed away from the coast and is often interrupted by cyclones. Winter here is soft, multiserry, raw and windy. In the snowy winters, the height of the snowdrifts reaches 2.5 m. With southern wind, it is often an idol. Therefore, some streets of individual cities in the east of Canada have iron railing for pedestrians. Summer cool and rainy. Annual precipitation - 1000 mm.

Moderate continental climate The most distinctly expressed in the Eurasian mainland, especially in the districts of Siberia, Transbaikalia, the North of Mongolia, as well as on the territory of the Great Plains in North America.

A feature of a moderate continental climate is a large annual amplitude of air temperature, which can reach 50-60 ° C. IN winter months With a negative radiation balance, the earth's surface is injected. A particularly large cooling effect of the surface of the sushi on the surface layers of air in Asia, where a powerful Asian anticyclone is formed in winter and the weighted, windless weather prevails. Moderate continental air generating in the anticyclone region has low temperature (-0 ° ...- 40 ° C). In the valleys and hollows due to radiation intagnese, the air temperature may decrease to -60 ° C.

In the middle of winter, continental air in lower layers It becomes even colder than the Arctic. This very cold air of Asian Anticyclone spreads to Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, southeastern areas of Europe.

Winter Canadian anticyclone compared to Asian anticyclone is less stable due to the smaller sizes of the North American mainland. The winter is less severe here, and their severity does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but, on the contrary, somewhat decreases due to the frequent passage of cyclones. Continental moderate air in North America has more high temperaturethan continental moderate air in Asia.

On the formation of continental moderate climate Significant influence has the geographical features of the territory territory. In North America, the mountain ranges of Cordiller are a natural border separating the coast with sea \u200b\u200bclimet from inside mainland areas with a continental climate. In Eurasia, a moderate continental climate is formed on the huge Sushi space, from about 20 to 120 ° C. D. Unlike North America Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from the Atlantic deep into the inner areas. This contributes not only to the western transfer of air masses, prevailing in moderate latitudes, but also the plain nature of the relief, the strong slices of coast and deep penetration into the land of the Baltic and North seas. Therefore, a moderate climate of less continentality is formed over Europe compared to Asia.

In winter, the sea atlantic air moved over the cold surface of the sushi moderate europeous latitudes, long retains its physical properties, and its effects extends to the whole of Europe. In winter, as the atlantic effect is weakened, the air temperature from the west is east. In Berlin, it is in January 0 ° C, in Warsaw -3 ° C, in Moscow -11 ° C. At the same time, isotherms over Europe have a meridional orientation.

Eurasia and North America's conversion to a wide front to Arctic pool Promotes deep penetration on the mainland of cold air masses throughout the year. The intensive meridional transfer of air masses is especially characteristic of North America, where often the Arctic and tropical air is replaced by each other.

The tropical air entering the plains of North America with southern cyclones is also slowly transformed due to the high speed of its movement, large moisture content and solid low cloudiness.

In winter, the consequence of intense meridional circulation of air masses are the so-called "racing" temperatures, their large intertoon amplitude, especially in areas where cyclones are frequent: in the north of Europe and Western Siberia., Great plains of North America.

IN cold period Snow falls out in the form of snow, a snow cover is formed, which protects the soil from deep friction and creates moisture supply in the spring. The height of the snow cover depends on the duration of its location and the number of drop-down precipitation. In Europe, the steady snow cover on the flat territory is formed east of Warsaw, its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the northeastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia. In the center of the Russian Plain, the height of the snow cover is 30-35 cm, and in Transbaikalier - less than 20 cm. On the plains of Mongolia, in the center of the anticyclonic region, snow cover is formed only in some years. Lack of snow along with low winter air temperature determines perennial Murzlotawhich is no longer observed anywhere on the globe under these latitudes.

In North America on the great plains, snow cover is insignificant. East of the plains in the front processes, the tropical air begins to take part, he aggravates frontal processesthat causes abundant snowfall. In the Montreal area, snow cover is held up to four months, and its height reaches 90 cm.

Summer in the continental regions of Eurasia is warm. The average temperature of July is 18-22 ° C. In the arid areas of the southeast of Europe and Central Asia The average air temperature in July reaches 24-28 ° C.

In North America, continental air is somewhat colder than in Asia and Europe. This is due to the smaller length of the mainland by latitude, the large slication of its northern part of the bays and fjords, the abundance of large lakes and more intensely intensive in the internal areas of Eurasia by the development of cyclonic activities.

In temperate belt annual number The precipitation on the flat territory of the mainland changes from 300 to 800 mm, on the onward slopes of the Alps drops over 2000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in summer, which is primarily due to the increase in air moisture content. Eurasia has a decrease in precipitation in the territory from the west to the East. In addition, the amount of precipitation decreases from the north to the south due to a decrease in the repeatability of cyclones and an increase in air dryness in this direction. In North America, the decrease in precipitation on the territory is noted, on the contrary, towards the West. What do you think why?

Most of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental temperate climate is occupied by mountain systems. This is the Alps, Carpathians, Altai, Sayan, Cordillera, Rocky Mountains, etc. in mountainous areas climatic conditions significantly different from the climate of the plains. In summer, the air temperature in the mountains quickly drops with a height. In winter, at the invasion of cold air masses, the air temperature on the plains is often lower than in the mountains.

Great influence on precipitation. The precipitation increases on the winding slopes and at some distance in front of them, and on the leeward - weaken. For example, differences in the annual amount of precipitation between Western and Eastern slopes Ural Mountains Places reach 300 mm. In the mountains with a height of precipitation increase to a certain critical level. Alps Level the greatest number The precipitation falls at a height of about 2000 m, in the Caucasus - 2500 m.

Subtropical climatic belt

Continental subtropical climate Determined by the seasonal change of moderate and tropical air. The average temperature of the coldest month in Central Asia places below zero, in the north-east of China -5 ...- 10 ° C. The average temperature of the warmest month is in the range of 25-30 ° C, while the daytime maxima may exceed 40-45 ° C.

The most strongly continentality of the climate in the air temperature mode is manifested in the southern regions of Mongolia and in the north of China, where in the winter season there is a center of Asian Anticyclone. Here, the annual amplitude of the air temperature is 35-40 ° C.

Sharply continental climate In a subtropical belt for high-mountainous areas of the Pamir and Tibet, the height of which is 3.5-4 km. The climate of the Pamirs and Tibet is characterized cold winter, cool summer and a small amount of precipitation.

In North America, a continental arid subtropical climate is formed in closed plateau and in the intermoreflakes located between the coast and rocky ridges. Summer roast and dry, especially in the south, where the average July temperature is above 30 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° C and higher. The temperature of +56.7 ° C was registered in the death valley!

Wet subtropical climates It is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - southeast of the United States, some southeastern areas of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and the east coast of Australia. Summer in wet subtropics prolonged and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +27 ° C, and the maximum +38 ° C. Winters are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random freezers have a destructive effect on plantation of vegetable and citrus. In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. In summer, the sediments fall mainly in the form of thunderstorms associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet ocean air, characteristic of the monsoon circulation of East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Subtropical climate With a dry summer, typical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. IN Southern Europe and North Africa Such climatic conditions are characteristic of the coarse Mediterranean, which served as a reason to call this climate also Mediterranean. Similar climate B. southern California, central regions Chile, in the South Africa and in a number of areas in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, prevailing clear weather. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the most warm month - September. Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing air flows are mixed towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and downlink air flows over the oceans determine dryness summer season. The average annual rainfall in the conditions of sub tropical climatesand ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparal, Mal and Maccia and Finbosh.

Equatorial climatic belt

Equatorial type of climate Common B. equatorial latitudes in Amazon's pools in South America and Congo in Africa, on Malakka and Islands South-East Asia. Usually the average annual temperature is about +26 ° C. Due to the high midday standing of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet air, cloudiness and thick vegetable Pokrov Prevent night-air cooling and maintain maximum daily temperatures below +37 ° C, lower than in higher latitudes. The average annual rainfall in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm and they are divided into seasons usually uniformly. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.

Monsonic climate -climat area with monsoon circulation of the atmosphere. It is characterized by dry winter and rainy, wet summer. Examples of M. K. are the climate of P-Oov Industan and the climate of the coasts of the Far East in moderate latitudes. Middle Middle Current Areas, Ussuri Valley, Primorye, Northeast China, South Sakhalin and Northern Japan are characterized by M. K., which is created due to the prevalence of continental air masses, endured from the continent on the ocean on the periphery of the winter Asian anticyclones, and in the summer - marine Air masses endured for mainland with active cyclonic activity in the East. On the mainland Asia M. K. It is characterized by a minor, dry and cold winter and rainy summer. The precipitates have a sharply expressed maximum in the summer.

Wind dictionary. - Leningrad: hydrometeoisdate. L.Z. Up. 1983.

Watch what is "monsonic climate" in other dictionaries:

monsonic climate - climate area with monsoon circulation atmosphere, characterized by dry winter and rainy summer ... Dictionary on geography

Monsonic climate - type of climate in the field of monsoon circulation of moderate belt (India, Indochina, etc.). In winter, when the monsoon blows from sushi, it is clear and dry weather, in the summer, on the contrary, the monsoon blows from the ocean and brings a lot of moisture. Edwart. Intelligent maritime ... ... marine dictionary

Monsonic climate - Regions of land characterized by a monsoon climate. Mussionable climate climate inherent in ... Wikipedia

Monsonic climate - Climate, typical of land regions in which atmospheric circulation has a monsime character (see monsoons). The main features of M. K. Abundant summer sediments and very dry winter. Accordingly, air humidity in summer is much higher, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

monsonic climate - The climate of the region in which the main mechanism of atmospheric circulation is monsoons. Characteristic sign The monsoon climate is the presence of pronounced dry and wet seasons with the predominance of dominant winds of opposing directions. IN… … Geographic Encyclopedia

Musson climate on tropical plateau - a kind of subequatorial climate is characteristic of tropical plateau, such as Ethiopian Highlands, Hood (Ethiopia), Marra (Sudan), Yat (Kenya), Kasia (DRC), Dean, Shang (Myanmar), Korat, Yunnan Guizhowskoye, Nazka, Mata Grosu, ... ... Wikipedia

Moderate monsonic climate - the type of climate on the classification of Alice, characteristic of east Asia (Russia: Khabarovsky, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin Oblast; North East China, DPRK; Japan: Hokkaido, North Honshu), as well as for Canada (Nunatsivit) and Argentina (Patagonia) ... Wikipedia

Subtropical monsoon climate - File: Climate Type Classification Alisa.jpg Subtropical Missual Climate is indicated yellow color Dated 4V subtropical monsoon climate variety subtropical climatecharacteristic of the East of Central China (Beijing, ... ... Wikipedia

Climate Postech - General characteristics Climate type Mid annual temperature, ° C Temperature difference, ° C Musson 6,6 59.2 Maximum temperature, ° C Minimum, ° C 34.9 24.3 precipitation The amount of precipitation, mm Snow cover, month ... Wikipedia

monsoon - Aya, oh. Mousson m. Rel. to monsoon, monsoon; Missual abundant. Monsoon flows. Monsonic climate. Bass 1. Lex. Dal 1: Muso / Naya Strip; BSE 2: Mussdoor Flows ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

The climate, typical of land regions in which atmospheric circulation has a monsime character (see monsoons). The main features of the monsoon climate are abundant summer sediments and very dry winter. Accordingly, air humidity in summer is significantly higher than in winter. For example, in Bombay (India) in the winter months, from 3 to 8 mm of precipitation drops, and in summer - from 270 to 610 mm. Local geographical conditions lead in a number of areas to the formation of varieties of the monsonic climate so, in Japan, with a very abundant sedimentation in the summer, their large quantity falls in winter. On V. basin of the Mediterranean Sea, where in summer, monsoon air flows are directed from sushi, and in the winter from the sea, the climate of the ethesy with a winter maximum of precipitation is formed.

Mousses are stable seasonal air transfers from the earth's surface and at the bottom of the troposphere. Characterized by sharp changes in the direction from winter by summer and from summer to winter, manifested over the extensive areas of the Earth. In each of the seasons, one direction of the wind is noticeably dominated over others, and when changing the season is changing 120-180 °. Monsoons cause sharp shift Weather (dry, clouded on wet, rainy or vice versa). For example, the summer (wet) southwestern monsoon and winter (dry) is marked over India northeast monsoon There are transitional relatively short periods with variable winds between monsions.

The greatest resistance and speed of the wind monsoon possess in some areas of the tropics (especially in equatorial Africa, countries of South and Southeast Asia and in Southern Hemisphere up to nordic parts Madagascar and Australia). In weaker form and in limited territories, monsoons are found in subtropical latitudes (in particular, on Y. Mediterranean and in North Africa, in the field of the Gulf of Mexico, at V. Asia, in South America, on Y. Africa and Australia). Monsoons are also celebrated in some areas of medium and high latitudes (for example, in the Far East, on Y. Alaska, along the northern outskirts of Eurasia). In some places it is planned only a tendency to form the monsoon, for example, there is a seasonal change in the prevailing wind directions, but the latter are characterized by less intra-seasonable stability.

Monsoon air flows, like all manifestations total circulation The atmospheres are due to the location and interaction of areas of low and high atmospheric pressure (cyclones and anticyclones). The specificity is that with monsions, the mutual arrangement of these areas is preserved for a long time (for the whole season of the year), the violations of this location correspond to the monsoon interruptions in those areas of the Earth, where cyclones and anticyclones are characterized by rapid movement and frequent shift, the monsoons do not arise. The vertical power of monsoon flows in the tropics is 5-7 km, in the winter - 2-4 km, the total air transfer is observed, characteristic of the relevant latitudes (East - in the tropics, Western - in higher latitudes).

The main cause of the monso is the seasonal movement of areas of atmospheric pressure and winds associated with changes in the flow of solar radiation and, as a result of this, - with differences thermal regime on the surface of the earth. From January to July, the area of \u200b\u200blow atmospheric pressure near the equator and poles, as well as 2 zones of subtropical anticyclones in each hemisphere are shifted to S., and from July to January - to Y. Together with these planetary zones of atmospheric pressure, both the bounds of the winds are moved. Also having global sizes - equatorial zone western winds, Eastern transfers in the tropics (trade winds), Western winds of moderate latitudes. Monsions are observed in those places of land, which within one of the seasons are located inside one such zone, and in the opposite season of the year - inside the neighboring and where, in addition, the wind mode during the season is sufficiently stable. T. about., The distribution of monsime in general terms is subordinated by the laws of geographical zonality.

Another reason for the formation of monsoon is uneven heating (and cooling) of the sea and large sushi arrays. For example, over the territory of Asia in winter there is a tendency to greater repeatability of anticyclones, and in the summer - cyclones, as opposed to the adjacent waters of the oceans. Due to the presence of a huge mainland on C. Equatorial Western winds in the pool Indian Ocean in the summer penetrate far South Asia, Forming summer south-western monso in winter, these winds are inferior to the Northeast Passat (winter monsoon). In the inlet latitudes, thanks to sustainable winter anticyclones and summer cyclones over Asia, monsions are observed in the Far East - within the USSR (summer - South and Southeast, Winter - Northern and North-West) and on the northern outskirts of Eurasia (in the summer the predominance of North -Apported, winter - southern and southwestern winds).

Monsonic climate

climate, climate, typical of land regions in which atmospheric circulation has a monsime character (see monsoons). The main features of M. K. - Abundant summer sediments and very dry winter. Accordingly, air humidity in summer is significantly higher than in winter. For example, in Bombay (India) in the winter months, from 3 to 8 mm of precipitation drops, and in summer - from 270 to 610 mm. Local geographical conditions lead in a number of areas to the formation of varieties of M. K. So, in Japan, with a very abundant sediment, there are a significant amount of them fall in winter. On V. basin of the Mediterranean Sea, where in summer, monsoon air flows are directed from sushi, and in the winter from the sea, the climate of the ethesy with a winter maximum of precipitation is formed.

Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. 2012

What is Musson

Remember, the monsoon is the type of wind. And the most interesting thing in it is that at different times of the year he blows in different directions.

In summer, monsoons come from the ocean. But in the winter they do the opposite: from sushi blowing to the ocean.

Spring and autumn - time change of directions, therefore, in these periods, the monsime is unstable.

The wind of these all year round carry huge weights of air, which form a monsoon climate type.

Monsonic climate and its signs

The main sign of the monsoon climate is its variability corresponding to the variability of the winds.

Summer in such a climate is the most wet period when rains are poured, pouring and pouring. Most of the precipitation does not stretch their loss, and immediately pours out in the summer. But in the winter there are practically no of them.

This is explained by the fact that it is in the summer of monso that the air from the ocean is full of moisture.

Sometimes the subtypes of the monsoon climate are distinguished:

tropical;
subtropical;
moderate.

In moderate latitudes, such climate meets less frequently, although it can be "found" in the south of the Far East, in the north of Japan. Winter there are usually dry and low, but cold.

In tropical I. subtropical beltswhere this type of climate is most common, winter is also dry, but warm. Interestingly, for equatorial and subcevering belts, neither monsoon nor the monsonic climate is characteristic. There the weather "cherries" completely different winds.

As you can see, the main signs of the monsoon type of climate is not so much: the wind seasonally change the directions, making the summer wet, and the winter is dry.

Everything else depends on geographic location conditions.

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