European winter is very diverse. It happens different depending on the geographic location. There is such a climatic law - in the northeastern direction, the winter becomes colder and land. The coldest place in Europe is located in the northeastern part of the continent, in Russia.
This is the autonomous area of \u200b\u200bKomi. The plain relief allows the Arctic air masses to invade freely in these places. Distance from the Atlantic makes the local climate dry, which makes the EMO even more difficult. About 
six months a year The temperature (-20) ° C, and often drops to (-50) ° C. Not the coldest place in the world, but the coldest in Europe. From November to April, weather conditions are very heavy.
Winter in Scandinavia is shorter and softer due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The coldest northern country is. Winter here lasts for five months - from November to March. Daytime temperatures in the area fluctuates from (-3) to 2 ° C. But the snow storms are ordinary phenomenon and often the temperature may fall to (-20) ° C, and sometimes even lower. Night temperatures in winter range from (-5) and (-10) ° C. Women in Sweden and especially in rather soft. In general, in the districts of the Baltic Morv and the Scandinavian Peninsula, the winter is cold with abundant precipitation mainly from the snow. The temperature decreases in the direction from the west to the East, since the continental nature of the climate is stronger than the continental nature of the climate. In Latvia, Lithuania and winter are also very harsh. For example, in Estonia for five months a year, the thermometer shows below 5 degrees. In January and February, the temperature is constantly low and 
rarely rises above 0 ° C. In Latvia, the temperature is almost the same as in Estonia. It also observes a winter period with a constant negative temperature. In Lithuania, the conditions are the same as in Latvia and Estonia. Winters frosty, cold spring and autumn, and cool summer.
In Europe, temperatures are lowered not only from the south to the north, noi from the west to the east. For example, in Western Europe, winter is much softer than in Eastern Europe. In countries such as France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, the UK, the precipitate mainly from rain and thermometers rarely show negative temperatures, if it is somewhere, it happens, then not for long. In Eastern Europe, where because of the remoteness from the Atlantic climate land, winter is rather heavy. Sometimes powerful air masses are descended from polar latitudes, which pass through the territory of Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Romania and Bulgaria and reach the Black Sea in the south. Typically, cyclones are accompanied by frost, strong snowfall and snowstorms, and thermometers are shown to (-20) ° C. The reason for the invasion of these air masses is that there is no obstacle on their way. No high mountains that can stop the invasion of cold 
arctic cold. But even without the invasion of polar air masses, the climate in Eastern Europe is usually cold. Usually December, January and February are very cold, dark and temperatures about 0 ° C for days.
The Mediterranean is the complete opposite of Russia, Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Cyprus and Andalusia enjoy warm weather all year round, including in winter. In Cyprus there is no real winter. In January, about noon the average temperature of 17 ° C. Andalusia is no different from Cyprus. Sometimes, even the coldest winter, there are so warm days that local lie on the sand, sunbathe in swimsuits or in summer clothes. Well, in these two points sometimes it becomes cool. It may even happen that snow will go, but in order not to happen to know - three months after the end of the summer it will begin again!
Here is the average daytime temperatures of January in large cities of Europe:
Amsterdam (Netherlands) 4 ° C
Athens (Greece) 13 ° C
Barcelona (Spain) 14 ° C
Bratislava (Slovakia) 2 ° C
Brussels (Belgium) 5 ° C
Budapest () 2 ° C
Bucharest (Romania) 1 ° C
Warsaw (Poland) 0 ° C
Vienna (Austria) 3 ° C
Vilnius (Lithuania) (-4) ° C
Dubrovnik (Croatia) 12 ° C
Dublin (Ireland) 8 ° C
Geneva (Switzerland) 4 ° C
Copenhagen (Denmark) 2 ° C
Limassol (Cyprus) 17 ° C
Lisbon (Portugal) 14 ° C
London (United Kingdom) +7 ° C
Luxembourg 4 ° C
Moscow (Russia) (-6) ° C
Munich (Germany) 3 ° C
Oslo (Norway) (-2) ° C
Paris (France) +7 ° C
Prague (Czech Republic) 0 ° C
Reykjavik (Iceland) 2 ° C
Riga (Latvia) (-2) ° C
Rome (Italy) 13 ° C
Sofia (Bulgaria) 1 ° C
Stockholm (Sweden) (-1) ° C
Tallinn (Estonia) (-2) ° C
Helsinki (Finland) (-3) ° C
In Western transfer, sea air prevails. Continental air masses penetrate from the east. The northern regions are subject to the invasions of the Arctic air, which in the winter is breaking to and. Southern Europe is experiencing the effect of the tropical masses, in the summer they can penetrate to the south of Scandinavia.
In Europe, the winter is determined by the Icelandic minimum located in the North Atlantic, and the Siberian maximum, giving sponging towards foreign Europe. Highly characteristic for. Thus, a regional, associated with quasi-stationary and seasonal atmospheric actions associated with the generallylanetary and seasonal centers. The differences in the physical properties of the air masses determine the formation. From cyclonic activity on the fronts, precipitation depends to a large extent. In January, the main paths of the polar front cyclones pass over the north of the islands, the south of Scandinavia, Baltic, as well as the Mediterranean Sea.
In winter, air transfer from the ocean on the land and the pealless effect of the north-Atlantic flow soften the climate. Over foreign Europe, positive is dominated. The zero isotherm of January goes from the south-west (Bergen) through the peninsula of Jutland and Berlin to Belgrade. Her direction serves as one of the expressions of the role of warm water of the Atlantic. To the west of zero average January temperatures are positive. Almost all Fennostanda and East of Foreign Europe are within the limits of negative January temperatures.
The prevailing Western transfer of air saturated with moisture over the Atlantic, and cyclonic activity leads to the fallout of heavy precipitation (mainly in the form of rain). They are especially great in the west of Scandinavia and on the British, western parts of which are the first to meet the Atlantic WHO stuffy masses.
It is usually established annually east of the Bergen-Hamburg -Belgrad line. At the Fennoscandandi Fennoscandia, it reaches 6-7 months and is reduced to 1-2 months in the southern areas and in the east of the Middle Eastern Plain. On the Danube Plains, the snow lies 3-4 weeks. In, in the British Islands, the Northern Mediterranean Snow Although falls, but quickly melts, lingering in the mountains.
Western transfer of air masses is not constant. It is best expressed north of the Pyrenees, the Alps and. For example, in the winter in the northern part of Scandinavia, the South-Western components are 22-40% (- north) and 35%, decreasing further to the south. In the northern and eastern parts of foreign Europe in winter, clouds predominate with moderate frosts. At the British Islands at this time, green, but occasionally you fall wet snow, which is often replaced by cold rains. For the eastern part of the Middle Eastern Plain, steady snow cover is characteristic; The greatest power (60-80 cm) it reaches in the north of Sweden.
Siberian in the summer disappears; The highest development acquires the Azores high, exciting Eastern peripherals to South Europe. Icelandic bary minimum is expressed weakly. In the summer, the transformation of air masses is very intensively; The weather state north of the Alps is changeable, which highly complicates its forecasting.
The thermal regime is determined mainly by radiation factors, so summer isotherms have a direction close to a latitudinal one. In the northern parts of Fennoscandia, the isotherm is driven + 15 ° C, and in the south of Europe + 25 ° C.
The territory of foreign Europe is well moistened. The precipitates fall predominantly in the form of rain, the largest number of them (1000-2000 mm) falls on the viscous Western slopes of the Mounts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, the Alps, the Apennine and Dinar Mountains. As the moisture content is moving in the air, and, therefore, the amount of precipitation decreases to 400 mm in the inner areas of Fennoscandia, in the east of the Balkan and Southeast of the Pyrenean Peninsula.
The distribution of precipitation by season is uneven. Adntrates are well moistened for the entire year (maximum precipitation in winter). This is due to the activation in the cold season of Icelandic. With the promotion to the east, the maximum ozpios shifts on the summer months, rains at this time fall out at the intramass convection. In Southern Europe, the maximum amount of precipitation falls in winter as a result of cyclonic activity on the polar front.
The seaside districts are excessively moistened, and those intracerental sites, where with relatively small amounts of precipitation, but low temperatures evaporation is small (East of Fennoscandia). The degree of moisturizing the center and east of the Pyrenean Peninsula, East of Apennine and Balkan, individual sections of the Danube Plains are insufficient. The remaining territories have moderate moisturizing.
Foreign Europe is located within 4: arctic, subarctic, and. From west to east inside the belts, two types are highlighted: marine and continental. Behind their border is conditionally accepted by an amplitude of 250 between the Central July and middle javar temperature.
Spitzbard, Jan-Mayen and Bear Islands are located in the belt. All year are dominated. Temperatures are low, even in the summer they are rarely higher than + 5 °. Precipitation 300 - 350 mm due to cyclones on the Arctic front.
Subarctic belt covers the island and the extreme north of Scandinavia. The climate is formed under the influence of cyclones and belongs to the seabed. Being in the center of the Icelandic island is the island, has a mild climate with a temperature in January from + 1do -3 °, the warmest to + 10 °. Cloudy days prevail with. Precipitation 1000 mm per year.
In a moderate belt, the polar air dominates all year. The northern regions often penetrate the arctic, in the southern - tropical air. Due to the differences in radiation conditions in the northern regions of a cool summer and a cold winter, in the south - warm summer and soft winter. Two types of climate are pronounced: sea and continental. Sea is characteristic of the West Coast of Scandinavia, and. There are more precipitation, moderate temperatures (July +12, + 15 °, January - about 0 °). The continental climate is expressed on most of the phennoscandia. Here there is a long (6-7 months) Winter with medium-sized January -8 to -16 ° temperatures, cool summer (+ 12 ° - + 16 °), small (400-500 mm) The amount of precipitation with a summer maximum. There is a zone with a transitional type of climate between areas with sea and continental climate. In the southern part of the moderate belt, summer temperatures are noticeably rising, softer winter. Northern - boreal (cooler) and southern - subboral (warmer) regions of a moderate belt are distinguished. Boreal climate traits are manifested in Danube Plains and in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation is small here (400-600 mm).
In the subtropical belt are the Pyrenean, Apennine and Balkan Peninsula (without northern Okrain), the southern coast of France. In the summer, tropical air masses dominate. Middle July temperatures from 20 to 28 °. In winter, cyclones from the Atlantic, bringing abundant precipitation invade the Mediterranean in the Mediterranean. The average temperature of January is +4 to + 10 °. Two types of climate are distinguished in the belt: sea and continental. The first is characteristic of Western, the second - for the southern and eastern regions of the Pyrenean, Apennine and Balkan. Differences in types mainly in precipitation: Western areas are obtained up to 1000-1500 mm, oriental - 400-500 mm.
The climate of mountain areas is more diverse than the plains. Mountain areas are distinguished by a vertical climatic explanancy, it is most bright expressed in the Alps.
The main factors affecting the climate of foreign Europe1.
2.
3.
4.
Geographical location on the western outskirts of Eurasia;
Proximity to the Atlantic;
Air Mass Transfer: Western, East.
Intensive dismemberment of the coastline and a number of other, more private
Factors
The domination of the temperate climate of the ocean
Type;
Subtropical climate is peculiar to her south, subarctic and
Arctic - her north.
Climate characteristic
Foreign Europe is located in 4 geographic belts,consistently replacing each other in the meridional direction
From the Arctic belt in the north to subtropical in the south.
Change of belts, different remoteness from marine coasts,
The variety of large relief forms determine large
A variety of climatic conditions.
Cost of Europe at the Atlantic Ocean, Western Transfer
air masses causes the domination of moderate maritime
climate on most of the foreign Europe, in the south of subtropical,
In the north of Subarctic and Arctic.
Annual Radiation Balance Positive: from less than 10
Kcal / cm2 in the north in Spitsbergen to 80 kcal / cm2 in the south in the Mediterranean. Because of the neighborhood with the Atlantic in Western transfer predominates sea air. From the east penetrate continental air
masses. The northern regions are subject to the invasions of the Arctic air, which in the winter breaks up to the Alps and Pyrenees. Southern Europe
experiencing the effect of tropical masses, in the summer they can penetrate
South of Scandinavia.
Climatic belts of foreign Europe: 1. Arctic 2. Subarctic 3. Moderate 4. Subtropical
The prevailing partEurope
situated
in
moderate
belt
for
which is characteristic of West
air transfer,
Forming
under
influence
two
Powerful
Baric
Systems
over
North
Atlantic:
Icelandic
Cyclone
and
Azores anticyclone.
Winter
Oceanic surfaces warmersushi.
therefore
circulation
atmosphere
in
Europe
Winter
Determined
Icelandic
minimum
Located
in
North Atlantic, and Siberian
maximum giving spong
The side of foreign Europe. High
Pressure is characteristic of the Arctic.
Summer
Thermal
Contrasts
between the land and ocean
decrease. Icelandic
depression
strong
decreases in size, and
Azores maximum strongly
grow up with spurs in
side of southern Europe. Spitzbard, Jan Mayen Islands are located in the Arctic belt
Bearish. Arctic air masses are dominated by the whole year. Low temperatures
In summer, they are rarely higher than + 5 ° C. Precipitation 300 - 350 mm due to cyclones on the Arctic
Front.
Subarctic belt covers the island island and the extreme north
Scandinavia. There is a seasonal change of arctic (winter) and moderate
Air (summer) masses. The climate is formed under the influence of Atlantic cyclones and
Refers to the sea type. Being in the center of the Icelandic minimum Iceland has
Soft climate with temperature in January from +1 to -3 ° C, warm up to + 10 ° C.
Cloudy days prevail with fogs. Precipitation 1000 mm per year.
In a moderate belt, the polar air dominates all year. In north
The areas often penetrate the arctic, southern tropical air. Characteristic
A large number of cyclones from the side of the Atlantic moving in general
Western transfer. Due to differences in radiation conditions in the northern regions
Cool summer and cold winter, in the south - warm summer and soft winter. Pronounced
Two types of climate: sea and continental. Moderate sea is characteristic for
West Coast Scandinavia, Ireland and Great Britain. Here more
precipitation, moderate temperatures (July +12, + 15 ° C, January - about 0 ° C). Moderate
The continental climate is expressed on most of the phennoscandia. Here
Long (6-7 months) Winter with medium January from -8 to -16 ° C
temperatures, cool summer (+ 12 ° - + 16 ° C), small (400-500 mm)
precipitation with summer maximum.
There is a zone between areas with marine and continental climate
transitional climate type. In the southern part of the moderate belt, summer temperatures are noticeably rising, softer winter. Northern - boreal (cooler) stand out
And the southern - subtlety (warmer) regions of a moderate belt.
Boreal climate features are manifested in Danube Plains and in Eastern
Parts of the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation is small here (400-600 mm).
The subtropical belt is the Pyrenean, Apennine and
Balkan Peninsula (without Northern Okrain), South Coast of France.
In the summer the tropical air is dominated. Middle July temperatures from 20
up to 28 ° C. In winter, cyclones from the Atlantic invade the Mediterranean,
Bringing abundant precipitation. The average temperature of January is +4 to + 10 ° C. IN
Multiple climate types are distinguished. Subtropical sea
Wet summer, warm wet winter) is characteristic of the western part
Pyrenean Peninsula. Subtropical Mediterranean (roast dry
Summer, warm wet winter) on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Subtropical
Continental (roast dry summer, relatively soft winter) is typical for
Domestic
Regions
Pyrenean
Peninsula.
Subtropical
Subsmediferous (warm with shoes Summer, cold wet enough
Winter) is observed in the inner areas of the Balkan Peninsula.
Western areas of the Mediterranean are obtained up to 1000-1500 mm
precipitation, oriental - 400-500 mm.
The climate of mountain areas is more diverse than the plains. Mining
Areas are distinguished by a vertical climatic explanancy, most bright
It is expressed in the Alps. Winter: Surface
Europe gets S.
Western transfer
Most Mass
Atmospheric precipitation. Them
The greatest number
timed to views
Slopes of mountain systems:
West Scandinavian P-Wa
and Scottish Nagrai,
Alps, Dinar Highlands,
Northern Apennins.
Summer: number
precipitation less.
Mediterranean - sharp
deficit. The greatest moisture is western
Macroclone Scandinavian
Mountains and Scottish Highlands,
who are reappearing again
On the path of Western
air masses. To the center.
areas of Europe count
precipitation and character
Moisturizing depend OT
relief.
10.
Climatic zoning scheme (belt and field, determinepatterns of belts stretching, and within their limits - climatic
regions. On the card made of climatodiagram (Eramov, 1987)
track. Points: Bergen, Paris, Lisbon, Athens. Legend to the map - in the form
Tables: 1. Belt, area; 2. Annual R; 3. Circulation type in winter and summer; five.
Prevailing the types of air masses in winter and summer; 6. Middle temperatures
in winter and summer; 7. Sedips in winter and summer.
Task 3. Draw and analyze
Maps: Average annual precipitation amounts
(Ryabchikov, p. 98) and annual river stock
(Ryabchikov, p. 101). Remove patterns
Territorial distribution of river
Stream and its dependence on climate and relief
Mainland. To do this, you need to identify
The main factors forming the river
System, write them in a notebook.
Compare a layer of layer in plains and
Mountains.
Task 4. give a characteristic (table)
The main types of rivers of foreign Europe.
Make a table: 1. River, river type; 2. source,
tributary; 3. Ocean pool; 4. Nutrition;
Average annual stock; 5. Underlands
breed; 6. Morphology of valleys.
Rivers: Kemiyoki, Thames, Vistula, Weser, Ron,
Tiber.
Task 4. In physical and geographical maps
Reveal areas of cluster lakes in Europe.
Determine the prevailing in each area
Types of lakes on the genesis of their Kotlovin. To give
Characteristic (table) according to the scheme: 1. Lake,
origin; 2. Geographical location;
3. Outlines of the coastline; 4. Max.
depth; 5. Rivers feeding the lake; 6.
Salinity; 7. Organic world.
The task
5.
Reveal
Laws
Territorial placement of modern
glaciation and conditions contributing
The formation of glaciers (writing).
11.
12.
13. Internal Waters of Foreign Europe
According to the nutrition and morphology of river valleys, a number of types of rivers are distinguished.1) Norwegian type - rivers of well-wetted Western slopes of the Scandinavian mountains. Flood in summer, interley in winter. Rivers do not freeze. Important sources of hydropower.
2) Swedish type is characteristic of the rivers of the Oriental Slops of the Scandinavian Mountains (Realwed, Tornoyoki). Flood
In the summer, interlene - in winter. Almost half a year of the river freeze. Used for reflaw and energy production.
3) Finnish type - the Finnish River (Kemiyoki). Food is worn, flood in spring. Lakes serve
flow regulators, so spring rise is small. Lespal.
4) Atlantic Type - Central Europe River (Thames, Severn, Shannon, Shelda, Somme). Full-breeding
They rarely freeze, flow in well-developed valleys, have small slopes. Shipping.
5) Polish type - the river of the eastern part of the Middle Eastern Plain (Vistula, Odra). Food is worn.
Maximum spring, intereth - in summer. Freeze for 2-3 months. Shipping.
6) Hercinsky type - rivers, originating in the middle of the Gerching Mountains (Weser, Main, Mosel). Character
Double flood and double interley. Winter interleaved due to snow cover in the mountains, melting
Which in the spring causes a flood. Summer rain food is weaker than spring snow, so the level
Falls. Autumn temperatures decreased together with a decrease in evaporation contributes to the emergence of the second
Flood.
7) Alpine type - rivers starting in the glaciers of the Alps (Upper Rhine, Ron, Rhinder software). Food
Mostly glacier. Maximum in the summer.
8) Mediterranean type - Southern Europe River (Ebro, Guadiana, Tiber, Arno, Margin, Wardar). In mode
Reflection of uneven distribution of precipitation. Winter rains cause flood, in summer the stock is reduced, i.e.
It is characterized by rain nutrition, complemented sometimes underground (in karst areas). Irrigation.
A significant part of Europe is located in a temperate belt. The climatic conditions of this belt are created under the influence of air masses of moderate latitudes.
A huge impact on the climate of Europe has the Atlantic Ocean and the warm flow of Golf Stream, washing her Western shores. In the southern part of the continent on the climate, the warm Mediterranean sea has a great influence. The impact of the water surface is also enhanced by the large stencil of the coast of Europe, which strongly reduces the continentality of the climate of the coast. Mountains have a significant impact on the climate, especially during the cold season. They are an obstacle to the circulation of air masses. Pyrenees, Alps and the Balkan Mountains detain cold air masses when moving them south.
By the nature of atmospheric circulation, the climate of Europe can be divided into two climatic zones - moderate and subtropical. The border between them is the line passing through the southern outskirts of France, Alps and the Balkan ridges. The Pyrenean, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas underway from this line belong to the subtropical zone, and the countries lying north of it are to the temperate zone.
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Foreign Europe is located within 4 climatic belts: arctic, subarctic, moderate and subtropical. From the west to east inside the belts, two types of climate are highlighted: marine and continental.
Behind their border is conditionally accepted by the Middle Jul and Middle Javar Temperature.
In the Arctic belt there are spitsbergen, Jan-Mayen Islands and Bear.
Arctic air masses are dominated by the whole year. Temperatures are low, in the summer they are rarely above + 5 ° C. Precipitation 300 - 350 mm due to cyclones on the Arctic front.
Subarctic belt covers the island island and the extreme north of Scandinavia. There is a seasonal change of arctic (winter) and moderate air (in summer) masses.
The climate is formed under the influence of Atlantic cyclones and belongs to the sea type. Being in the center of the Icelandic minimum Iceland has a mild climate with a temperature in January from +1 to -3 ° C, warmly to + 10 ° C. Cloudy days prevail with fogs.
Precipitation 1000 mm per year.
In a moderate belt, the polar air dominates all year. The northern regions often penetrate the arctic, in the southern - tropical air. A large number of cyclones are characterized by the Atlantic, moving in the overall Western transfer. Due to the differences in radiation conditions in the northern regions of a cool summer and a cold winter, in the south - warm summer and soft winter. Two types of climate are pronounced: sea and continental. Moderate sea is characteristic of the west coast of Scandinavia, Ireland and the UK.
Here are more precipitation, moderate temperatures (July +12, + 15 ° C, January - about 0 ° C). Moderate continental climate is expressed on most of the phennosconduity. Here there is long (6-7 months) Winter with medium-sized January -8 to -16 ° at temperatures, cool summer (+ 12 ° - + 16 ° C), small (400-500 mm) The amount of precipitation with a summer maximum.
There is a zone with a transitional type of climate between areas with sea and continental climate.
In the southern part of the moderate belt, summer temperatures are noticeably rising, softer winter.
Northern - boreal (cooler) and southern - subboral (warmer) regions of a moderate belt are distinguished. Boreal climate traits are manifested in Danube Plains and in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation is small here (400-600 mm).
In the subtropical belt are the Pyrenean, Apennine and Balkan Peninsula (without northern Okrain), the southern coast of France. In the summer the tropical air is dominated. Middle July temperatures from 20 to 28 ° C. In winter, cyclones from the Atlantic, bringing abundant precipitation invade the Mediterranean in the Mediterranean.
The average temperature of January is +4 to + 10 ° C. A few types of climate stands out in the belt. Subtropic sea (roast wet summer, warm wet winter) is characteristic of the western part of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Subtropical Mediterranean (roast dry summer, warm wet winter) on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Subtropical continental (roast dry summer, relatively soft winter) is typical for the inland areas of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Subtropical subsenedifier (warm with shoes Summer, quite cold wet winter) is observed in the inner areas of the Balkan Peninsula.
Western regions of the Mediterranean receive up to 1000-1500 mm of precipitation, oriental - 400-500 mm.
The climate of mountain areas is more diverse than the plains.
Mountain areas are distinguished by a vertical climatic explanancy, it is most bright expressed in the Alps.
Foreign Asia Climate Characteristics
Radiation balance of 30 kcal / cm2 in the north to 120 kcal / cm2 per year in the south.
Seasons, weather and climate of Europe
The total solar radiation in Arabia is 200-220 kcal / cm2, which is the maximum indicator on Earth.
Air circulation has well-pronounced seasonal differences - monsoon circulation can be traced. In winter, most Asia is occupied by Siberian anticyclone with a center in Mongolia. This is the most powerful winter climatic centers on Earth. On his eastern outskirts to the south and south-east, cold continental air is made - winter monsoon blowing from November to March.
The direction of the winter monsoon is changing as you move from north to south: in Northeast China, Korea and Japan, he has the North-West direction, on the Indochina Peninsula and the South-East of China - North. In South Asia, the winter monsoon is directed from the northeast and is supported here by zonal trade in circulation. The same direction of winds in South-West Asia.
In the summer (from Mayu-June to October), a summer monsoon is established, which brings moisture to Industan and Indochina.
It is enhanced by the air masses of the southern hemisphere.
In general, monsoon circulation is characteristic of most of the Foreign Asia, with the exception of its western pains.
The circulation of the atmosphere in the western part is different. In the summer there is a high pressure (the spong of the Azor maximum), air masses from the Atlantic come in winter. Therefore, Western Asia for the nature of circulating processes resembles European Mediterranean.
The lowest mid-January temperatures in the Siberian Anticyclone area.
Here is the clear dry frosty weather that promotes the freezing of soil and preserving many years of permanent in Northern Mongolia and Northeast China.
It is raised to the south of winter temperatures, but remain abnormally low compared to other land areas on these latitudes.
In Southeast Asia, the Winter Monsoon is closed with the Northeast Passat and brings the eastern coast of Indochina.
Winter temperatures in South Asia are high (+16, + 20 ° C). But indostan, closed from the north of Himalayas, warmer indochy. Isotherm + 20 ° C in India passes through the Northern Tropic, in Indochier 10 ° C.Sh .. On the Islands of the Malay Archipelago Winter temperatures + 250c.
The orange highlands are under the influence of Mediterranean cyclones, bringing a precipitation here.
To the east, the operation of cyclones weakens, but over the Persian Bay, they are re-activated on the segment of the polar front. The alternation of cyclones and anticyclones determines sharp and frequent temperature fluctuations.
January isotherms in tropical and moderate belts pass from the west to the East, but in the eastern part they bend to the northeast - the influence of Kurosio.
In the western part of the mainland, isotherms have a closed character and frame the inner areas of low-orange heat temperatures.
The lowest winter temperatures (-50 ° C) are characteristic of Kotlovin Central Asia.
Strong frosts stand in Western Tibet.
Summer over southeast and partly Central Asia, high temperatures are installed and reduced pressure. The lattern center, the sea masses of the summer monsoon, bringing moisture and relative decrease in temperature, are rushing.
Consequently, in Southeast Asia, especially in its eastern part, and in winter, and in the summer, temperatures are lowered. Summer Monsoon penetrates the Pacific Ocean for the mainland at a distance of 800 -1500 km, from Indian - to Himalayas.
The highest summer temperatures in South-West Asia, where the plains of the lower Mesopotamia and Arabia costs hot weather (maximum + 55 ° C).
The coolest places in the summer in the north-east of Hokkaido - the Middle July temperatures reach + 200 ° C.
Unlike Europe, on the large part of foreign Asia, the climate is sharply continental (high annual amplitudes of temperature). In Beijing, amplitudes are 59 ° C, Ulan-Bator 86 ° C, Great and seasonal oscillations.
By moisturizing conditions, wet and dry areas are highlighted.
The humidity includes the south and south-east, to dry - center, west and southwest of the mainland. In wet areas, the overwhelming part of the sediments falls for the summer. Only the island part and the Malacca Peninsula are abundantly moisturized in all seasons of the year (moisture of summer and winter monsoon).
In dry regions, the maximum of precipitation is either for the winter (West) or for the summer (center). In the most wet location of the world (G.Kamepundy), the annual precipitation ranges from 5500 mm (the most dry year) to 23,000 mm (the most wet year) with an average value of 12000 mm.
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See also:
Climate map of Europe
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Home / Regions / Europe / Climate of Europe
Climate of Europe. Weather Europe
In Europe (first of all, warm winds in the central regions) are free to blow warm winds due to the fact that there are no significant mountain barriers on the west coast of the continent.
As a result of these Atlantic (or Western) winds, as well as because of Golf Stream, climate and weather on the European continent overall warmer than in other regions of the same latitude.
In Northern Europe, summer is cooled, and winter is more long and cold, with strong snowfall. In Eastern Europe, the winter is also cold, however, summer is often hotter than in the West.
In Central Europe, summer is warm, and often roast, while winter, although softer than in the north, can still be very cold, and with a large snow falling.
In the Mediterranean region of Europe, the summer, as a rule, roast and dry, and winter - soft and wet.
In the summer season (length from 4 to 6 months), precipitation often does not fall at all, because
Climate of Europe. Weather Europe
the main share of precipitation falls on the winter months.
The average annual precipitation in Europe is from 50 to 150 cm., Depending on the region. Most of the rainfall falls in winter and early spring. In the regions to the east, west, and the north of the Alps of Rain, as a rule, it takes more, while in the coastal Mediterranean regions, as well as in the northern part of Scandinavia, the rain is less.
In the mountainous regions of Central and Northern Europe, the air temperature in summer is cool, winter is cold, with big snowfall.
In the southern Alpine mountainous regions, winter is softer, with a much smaller number of snow.
Europe is part of the world, where the seasons are clearly pronounced. Every year we can observe how they come to replace each other: cool, mainly wet autumn comes for warm sunny summer, further - winter with negative temperatures, snow, frequent thaws. Spring quickly warms, the snow comes down, the kidneys swell on the trees.
In the north and south of Europe, in the western and eastern parts of it, climatic conditions differ markedly.
At the time when there are still frosts in the Volga region, in France, the trees are already in bloom, when in Scandinavia Snowfall, in the Mediterranean there are warm rains.
The reason for such contrasts is enclosed in the features of the manifestation of the main climate-forming factors in Europe.
Annual solar radiation coming onto the earth's surface, in the south of Europe, two times more than in its northern regions.
The difference in the flow of solar radiation led to significant differences in the air temperature, especially in the warm season. This is well illustrated by the July isotherms that have a latitudinal stretch.
However, the air temperature depends not only on solar radiation, but also on the circulation of the atmosphere, as well as the characteristics of the underlying surface.
Climate of Europe significantly affects the neighborhood of the Atlantic with its powerful North Atlantic current. This is exactly what caused a substantial increase in the average air temperature from the Western and North-Western coast of Europe.
What can be explained by the similarity of winter temperatures in the north and in the south of Europe? Her western shores have permanent areas of high and low pressure: high - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Azores (Azores) and the region of low - near Iceland (Icelandic minimum).
Air masses move from Azores to the region of the Icelandic minimum to the north. Due to the rotation of the Earth, they gradually deviate to the right. So over Europe is a permanent powerful western transfer of moderate wet air masses from the Atlantic.
In the West of Europe there are air masses with different properties.
On the border between them there are climatological fronts. The arctic front is formed in the interaction zone of arctic and moderate air masses, and a moderate (polar) front is born at the junction of moderate and tropical air.
At climatological fronts, powerful cyclones are formed, which bring a large amount of heat and moisture to Europe accumulated by the air masses over the Atlantic.
With cyclones in the winter they come thaw, in summer - rainy weather.
Europe and its climate. Climate species that are present in Europe?
Anticyclones are formed above the territory of Europe. In winter, they bring frosty clear, and in the summer - hot cloudless weather. Their influence is especially noticeable in the East, where the impact of the Atlantic Ocean is weakened.
Western transfer of air masses is the main type of atmospheric circulation in Europe.
The exceptions are the southern areas experiencing the breathing of the tropics at a certain time, as well as the extreme north, where the Arctic air masses dominate. It should be noted that at all times of the year, the Arctic air can penetrate to the south, causing a sharp decrease in temperature. This free movement, primarily in Eastern Europe, is due to the plain territory.
The southern regions of Western Europe are protected from cold air by mountain chains.
Conclusions:
The climate of Europe is determined by its position mainly in moderate latitudes.
The territory of Europe is experiencing a significant impact of the Atlantic, as well as the Arctic Oceans.
The absence of significant mountain barriers led to free penetration into Europe of various air masses and the formation of powerful climatological fronts.
Active cyclonic activity is associated with them.
Western transfer of air masses is the main type of atmospheric circulation over Europe.
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Foreign Europe is located within 4 climatic belts: arctic, subarctic, moderate and subtropical. From the west to east inside the belts, two types of climate are highlighted: marine and continental. It is conditionally accepted by an amplitude of 25 0 s between the middle July and middle javar temperature.
In the Arctic belt there are spitsbergen, Jan-Mayen Islands and Bear. Arctic air masses are dominated by the whole year. Temperatures are low, in the summer they are rarely above + 5 ° C. Precipitation 300 - 350 mm due to cyclones on the Arctic front.
Subarctic belt covers the island island and the extreme north of Scandinavia. There is a seasonal change of arctic (winter) and moderate air (in summer) masses. The climate is formed under the influence of Atlantic cyclones and belongs to the sea type. Being in the center of the Icelandic minimum Iceland has a mild climate with a temperature in January from +1 to -3 ° C, warmly to + 10 ° C. Cloudy days prevail with fogs. Precipitation 1000 mm per year.
In a moderate belt, the polar air dominates all year. The northern regions often penetrate the arctic, in the southern - tropical air. A large number of cyclones are characterized by the Atlantic, moving in the overall Western transfer. Due to the differences in radiation conditions in the northern regions of a cool summer and a cold winter, in the south - warm summer and soft winter. Two types of climate are pronounced: sea and continental. Moderate sea is characteristic of the west coast of Scandinavia, Ireland and the UK. Here are more precipitation, moderate temperatures (July +12, + 15 ° C, January - about 0 ° C). Moderate continental climate is expressed on most of the phennosconduity. Here there is long (6-7 months) Winter with medium-sized January -8 to -16 ° at temperatures, cool summer (+ 12 ° - + 16 ° C), small (400-500 mm) The amount of precipitation with a summer maximum.
There is a zone with a transitional type of climate between areas with sea and continental climate.
In the southern part of the moderate belt, summer temperatures are noticeably rising, softer winter. Northern - boreal (cooler) and southern - subboral (warmer) regions of a moderate belt are distinguished. Boreal climate traits are manifested in Danube Plains and in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation is small here (400-600 mm).
In the subtropical belt are the Pyrenean, Apennine and Balkan Peninsula (without northern Okrain), the southern coast of France. In the summer the tropical air is dominated. Middle July temperatures from 20 to 28 ° C. In winter, cyclones from the Atlantic, bringing abundant precipitation invade the Mediterranean in the Mediterranean. The average temperature of January is +4 to + 10 ° C. A few types of climate stands out in the belt. Subtropic sea (roast wet summer, warm wet winter) is characteristic of the western part of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Subtropical Mediterranean (roast dry summer, warm wet winter) on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Subtropical continental (roast dry summer, relatively soft winter) is typical for the inland areas of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Subtropical subsenedifier (warm with shoes Summer, quite cold wet winter) is observed in the inner areas of the Balkan Peninsula.
Western regions of the Mediterranean receive up to 1000-1500 mm of precipitation, oriental - 400-500 mm.
The climate of mountain areas is more diverse than the plains. Mountain areas are distinguished by a vertical climatic explanancy, it is most bright expressed in the Alps.
Foreign Asia Climate Characteristics
Radiation balance of 30 kcal / cm 2 in the north to 120 kcal / cm 2 per year in the south. The total solar radiation in Arabia is 200-220 kcal / cm 2, which is the maximum indicator on Earth.
Air circulation has well-pronounced seasonal differences - monsoon circulation can be traced. In winter, most Asia is occupied by Siberian anticyclone with a center in Mongolia. This is the most powerful winter climatic centers on Earth. On his eastern outskirts to the south and south-east, cold continental air is made - winter monsoon blowing from November to March. The direction of the winter monsoon is changing as you move from north to south: in Northeast China, Korea and Japan, he has the North-West direction, on the Indochina Peninsula and the South-East of China - North. In South Asia, the winter monsoon is directed from the northeast and is supported here by zonal trade in circulation. The same direction of winds in South-West Asia.
In the summer (from Mayu-June to October), a summer monsoon is established, which brings moisture to Industan and Indochina. It is enhanced by the air masses of the southern hemisphere.
In general, monsoon circulation is characteristic of most of the Foreign Asia, with the exception of its western pains.
The circulation of the atmosphere in the western part is different. In the summer there is a high pressure (the spong of the Azor maximum), air masses from the Atlantic come in winter. Therefore, Western Asia for the nature of circulating processes resembles European Mediterranean.
The lowest mid-January temperatures in the Siberian Anticyclone area. Here is the clear dry frosty weather that promotes the freezing of soil and preserving many years of permanent in Northern Mongolia and Northeast China. It is raised to the south of winter temperatures, but remain abnormally low compared to other land areas on these latitudes.
In Southeast Asia, the Winter Monsoon is closed with the Northeast Passat and brings the eastern coast of Indochina.
Winter temperatures in South Asia are high (+16, + 20 ° C). But indostan, closed from the north of Himalayas, warmer indochy. Isothermary + 20 ° C in India passes through the Northern Tropic, in Indochier 10 ° C.Sh .. On the Islands of the Malay Archipelago Winter temperatures +25 0 S.
The orange highlands are under the influence of Mediterranean cyclones, bringing a precipitation here. To the east, the operation of cyclones weakens, but over the Persian Bay, they are re-activated on the segment of the polar front. The alternation of cyclones and anticyclones determines sharp and frequent temperature fluctuations.
January isotherms in tropical and moderate belts pass from the west to the East, but in the eastern part they bend to the northeast - the influence of Kurosio.
In the western part of the mainland, isotherms have a closed character and frame the inner areas of low-orange heat temperatures.
The lowest winter temperatures (-50 ° C) are characteristic of Kotlovin Central Asia. Strong frosts stand in Western Tibet.
Summer over southeast and partly Central Asia, high temperatures are installed and reduced pressure. The lattern center, the sea masses of the summer monsoon, bringing moisture and relative decrease in temperature, are rushing. Consequently, in Southeast Asia, especially in its eastern part, and in winter, and in the summer, temperatures are lowered. Summer Monsoon penetrates the Pacific Ocean for the mainland at a distance of 800 -1500 km, from Indian - to Himalayas.
The highest summer temperatures in South-West Asia, where the plains of the lower Mesopotamia and Arabia costs hot weather (maximum + 55 ° C). The coolest places in the summer in the northeast of Hokkaido - the Middle July temperatures reach +20 0 S.
Unlike Europe, on the large part of foreign Asia, the climate is sharply continental (high annual amplitudes of temperature). In Beijing, amplitudes are 59 ° C, Ulan-Bator 86 ° C, Great and seasonal oscillations.
By moisturizing conditions, wet and dry areas are highlighted. The humidity includes the south and south-east, to dry - center, west and southwest of the mainland. In wet areas, the overwhelming part of the sediments falls for the summer. Only the island part and the Malacca Peninsula are abundantly moisturized in all seasons of the year (moisture of summer and winter monsoon). In dry regions, the maximum of precipitation is either for the winter (West) or for the summer (center). In the most wet location of the world (G.Kamepundy), the annual precipitation ranges from 5500 mm (the most dry year) to 23,000 mm (the most wet year) with an average value of 12000 mm.
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