Space exploration.
Yu.A.Gagarin.
In 1957, under the leadership of Korolev, the first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 was created, which in the same year was used to launch the world's first artificial satellite.
November 3, 1957 - The second artificial satellite of the Earth satellite-2 was launched for the first time the living being for the first time - a dog husky. (THE USSR).
January 4, 1959 - the station "Luna-1" was held at a distance of 6,000 kilometers from the surface of the Moon and reached the heliocentric orbit. She became the world's first artificial satellite of the sun. (THE USSR).
September 14, 1959 - The station "Luna-2" for the first time in the world reached the surface of the moon in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea of \u200b\u200bclarity near the crater Aristide, Archimedes and Avtolik, delivering a pennant with the coat of arms of the USSR. (THE USSR).
October 4, 1959 - Moon-3 is launched, which for the first time in the world photographed the side of the moon invisible from the ground. Also during the flight for the first time in the world, a gravitational maneuver was carried out in practice. (THE USSR).
August 19, 1960 - the first orbital flight in the history of living beings with a successful return to Earth was committed. On the ship "Satellite-5" orbital flight made protein and arrow dogs. (THE USSR).
April 12, 1961 - the first flight of a person was committed into space (Y. Gagarin) on the ship Vostok-1. (THE USSR).
August 12, 1962 - the world's first group space flight on the ships of East-3 and East-4 was committed. The maximum rapprochement of ships was about 6.5 km. (THE USSR).
June 16, 1963 - the world's first flight in space in space of Women-Cosmonaut (Valentina Tereshkova) on the East-6 spacecraft. (THE USSR).
October 12, 1964 - Multi-sided spacecraft Voskhod-1 was flying the first in the world. (THE USSR).
March 18, 1965 - the first person in the history of a person in open space was committed. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made an exit to open space from the Voskhod-2 ship. (THE USSR).
February 3, 1966 - AMS Moon-9 made the world's first soft landing on the surface of the moon, panoramic shots of the moon were transferred. (THE USSR).
March 1, 1966 - Venen-3 station for the first time reached the surface of Venus, delivering the Vympel of the USSR. It was the world's first pilot of the spacecraft from the ground to another planet. (THE USSR).
October 30, 1967 - the first docking of two unmanned spacecraft "Cosmos-186" and "Cosmos-188" was performed. (CCR).
September 15, 1968 - the first return of the spacecraft (Zond-5) to Earth after the location of the moon. There were live creatures on board: turtles, fruit flies, worms, plants, seeds, bacteria. (THE USSR).
January 16, 1969 - the first docking of two aerobatic Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft was performed. (THE USSR).
September 24, 1970 - the station "Luna-16" made a fence and subsequent delivery to the ground (station "Luna-16") samples of the lunar soil. (THE USSR). It is the first unmanned spacecraft that caused the samples of rocks from another cosmic body to the land (that is, in this case, from the moon).
November 17, 1970 - a soft landing and the beginning of the world's first semi-automatic remote controlled self-propelled apparatus, managed from the Earth: Lunohod-1. (THE USSR).
october 1975 - Soft landing of two spacecraft "Venus-9" and "Venus-10" and the world's first photographs of the surface of Venus. (THE USSR).
February 20, 1986 - Conclusion to the orbit of the basic module of the orbital station [[Mir_ (orbital_station)] World]
November 20, 1998 - Launch of the first block of the International Space Station. Production and launch (Russia). Owner (USA).
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50 years of the first man's output in open space.
Today, March 18, 1965, at 11 am 30 minutes Moscow time, at the flight of the spacecraft "Voskhod-2", for the first time, a person's yield was carried out in outer space. On the second twist of the flight of the second pilot pilot-cosmonaut Lieutenant Colonel Leonov Alexey Arkhipovich in a special scaffler with an autonomous system of life support made an exit to the outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of five meters, successfully conducted a range of studies and observations and returned safely into the ship. With the help of the on-board television system, the comrade of Leonov's comrade into outer space, his work outside the ship and return to the ship was transferred to the ground and the network of ground items were observed. The well-being of Comrade Leonov Alexey Archupovich during his stay outside the ship and after returning to the ship is good. The commander of the ship Comrade Belyaev Pavel Ivanovich feels good.
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Today is characterized by new projects and plans for the development of outer space. Space tourism is actively developing. The piloted cosmonautics is going to return to the moon again and turned his eyes to other planets of the solar system (first of all to MARS).
In 2009, $ 68 billion was spent in the world for space programs, including $ 48.8 billion, the EU - $ 7.9 billion, Japan - $ 3 billion, Russia - $ 2.8 billion, China - $ 2 billion.
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Introduction
In the second half of the XX century. Humanity stepped on the threshold of the Universe - entered the outer space. Our homeland opened the road to space. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, who opened the Space Era, was launched by the former Soviet Union, the first cosmonaut of the world is a citizen of the former USSR.
Cosmonautics is a huge catalyst for modern science and technology that has become unprecedented by a short time one of the main levers of the modern world process. It stimulates the development of electronics, mechanical engineering, materials science, computing equipment, energy and many other areas of the national economy.
In scientific terms, humanity seeks to find the answer to such fundamental issues as the structure and evolution of the universe, the formation of the solar system, the origin and the path of development of life. From the hypotheses about the nature of the planets and the structure of space, people moved to a comprehensive and direct study of celestial bodies and interplanetary space with rocket and space technology.
In the development of space, humanity will have to explore various areas of outer space: the moon, other planets and interplanetary space.
The current level of space technology and its development forecast show that the main purpose of scientific research with the help of space means, apparently, will be our solar system in the near future. The main tasks of studying solar-terrestrial ties and space land - Moon, as well as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and other planets, astronomical studies, medical and biological research to assess the effect of the duration of flights to the human body and its performance.
In principle, the development of space technology should be ahead of "demand" associated with the solution of current national economic problems. The main tasks here are launch vehicles, motor installations, spacecraft, as well as providing funds (command and measuring and starting complexes, equipment, etc.), providing progress in related industries, directly or indirectly related to the development of cosmonautics.
To fly to world space, it was necessary to understand and use the principle of reactive movement in practice, learn to make rockets, create the theory of interplanetary messages, etc.
Rocket appliances - not a new concept. To create powerful modern carrier rockets, a person went through the millennium of dreams, fantasies, mistakes, searches in various fields of science and technology, accumulation of experience and knowledge.
The principle of action of the rocket is its movement under the action of the rate of return, the reaction of the flow of particles discarded from the rocket. In rocket. those. The device equipped with a rocket engine, expiring gases are formed due to the reaction of the oxidizing agent and fuel stored in the rocket itself. This circumstance makes the work of the rocket engine independent of the presence or absence of a gas environment. Thus, the rocket is an amazing structure capable of moving in an airless space, i.e. Not a reference, outer space.
The project N. I. Kibalchic, a famous Russian revolutionary, who left despite the short life (1853-1881), a deep mark in the history of science and technology, is occupied by a special place among Russian projects of applying the reactive principle of flight. Having extensive and deep knowledge of mathematics, physics and especially chemistry, Kibalchich manufactured homemade shells and mines for the People's Republic. The "aeronautical instrument project" was the result of a long-term research work Kibalchic over explosives. He, in essence, for the first time, suggested a non-rocket engine adapted to any existing aircraft, as other inventors did, and a completely new (rocket) apparatus, a prototype of modern manned space products, which have a rocket engines for direct creation of lifting Forces supporting the device in flight. Kibalchich's aircraft was supposed to function on the principle of the rocket!
But because Kibalchiki was put in prison for the attempt on Tsar Alexander II, the project of its aircraft was found only in 1917 in the archive of the Police Department.
So, by the end of the last century, the idea of \u200b\u200bapplying for flights of jet devices has received large scales in Russia. And the first one who decided to continue the research was our great compatriot Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935). Already in 1883, he gave a ship description with a jet engine. Already in 1903, Tsiolkovsky for the first time in the world gave the opportunity to design a liquid rocket scheme. The ideas of Tsiolkovsky received universal recognition in the 1920s. And the brilliant successor of his case S. P. Korolev, a month before the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, said that the ideas and works of Konstantin Eduardovich would increasingly attract attention as the rocket technology develops, in which it turned out absolutely right.
The beginning of the cosmic era
And so 40 years after the project of the aircraft was found, created by Kibalchich, on October 4, 1957. The former USSR launched the world's first artificial satellite. The first Soviet satellite allowed for the first time to measure the density of the upper atmosphere, to obtain data on the proliferation of radio signals in the ionosphere, to work out the issues of removal into orbit, thermal regime, etc. The satellite was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm and weighing 83.6 kg with four tights long 2. 4-2.9 m. In hermetic satellite case, equipment and power supply sources were placed. The initial parameters of the orbit were: the height of the perigaus 228 km, the height of the appaude 947 km, the inclination of 65.1 grams. On November 3, the Soviet Union announced the exit to the orbit of the second Soviet satellite. In a separate hermetic cabin there were a dog husky and a telemetry system to register its behavior in weightlessness. The satellite was also provided with scientific devices for the study of the radiation of the Sun and the cosmic rays.
On December 6, 1957, an attempt was made to launch the Avangard-1 satellite using a carrier missile, developed by the Navy's research laboratory. After the ignition of the rocket rose above the starting table, but after a second the engines turned off and the rocket fell to the table, exploding from impact .
On January 31, 1958, Explorer-1 satellite was launched, an American response to the launch of Soviet satellites. In size and mass, he was not a candidate for record holders. Being a long less than 1 m and a diameter of only ~ 15.2 cm, he had a mass of only 4.8 kg.
However, his useful cargo was attached to the fourth, the last stage of the naunon-1 carrier rocket. The satellite together with the rocket in orbit had a length of 205 cm and a mass of 14 kg. It has installed sensors of outer and internal temperatures, erosion and shock sensors to determine the flow of micrometeorites and the Geiger Muller counter to register penetrating cosmic rays.
An important scientific result of the flight of the satellite was to open the surrounding land of radiation belts. The Geiger Muller Counter has stopped the account when the device was located in an apartment at an altitude of 2530 km, the height of the perigeus was 360 km.
On February 5, 1958, the second attempt was undertaken to launch the Avangard-1 satellite, but she also ended with an accident as the first attempt. Finally, on March 17, the satellite was led into orbit. In the period from December 1957 to September 1959, eleven attempts were undertaken to launch Avangard-1 into orbit only three of them were successful.
In the period from December 1957 to September 1959, eleven attempts were undertaken to bring in orbit "Avangard
Both satellites have made a lot of new ones in space science and equipment (solar panels, new data on the density of the upper atmosphere, accurate mapping of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, etc.) On August 17, 1958, the first attempt was made to send from Cape Canaveral in the neighborhood Moon probe with scientific equipment. She was unsuccessful. The rocket rose and flew just 16 km. The first stage of the rocket exploded at 77 from the flight. On October 11, 1958, the second attempt was made to launch the lunar probe "Pioneer-1", was also unsuccessful. The next few launches were also unsuccessful, only on March 3, 1959, "Pioneer-4", weighing 6.1 kg partially fulfilled the task: flew past the moon at a distance of 6,000,000 km (instead of the planned 24,000 km).
As well as when launching the Earth's satellite, the priority in the launch of the first probe belongs to the USSR, on January 2, 1959, the first object created by the hands was launched, which was launched on the trajectory, passing enough close to the moon, to the orbit of the Sun satellite. Thus, the "Luna-1" first reached the second cosmic speed. Luna-1 had a lot of 361.3 kg and flew past the moon at a distance of 5,500 km. At a distance of 113,000 km from the Earth with a rocket stage dashed to "Moon-1", a cloud of sodium vapors was released, which formed an artificial comet. Solar radiation caused a bright glow of sodium vapor and optical systems on Earth photographed cloud on the background of the constellation Aquarius.
Luna-2 launched on September 12, 1959 made the world's first flight to another heavenly body. In the 390,2-kilogram sphere, the devices were placed, which showed that the moon does not have a magnetic field and a radiation belt.
The automatic interplanetary station (AMS) "Luna-3" was launched on October 4, 1959. The station's weight was 435 kg. The main purpose of the launch was the flight of the moon and photographing it inverse, invisible from the Earth, the parties. Photographing was produced on October 7 for 40 minutes from a height of 6200 km above the moon.
Man in space
April 12, 1961 at 9 am 07 min in Moscow time a few dozen kilometers north of the village of Tyurats in Kazakhstan at the Soviet cosmodrome Baikonur took place the launch of the intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, in the nose compartment of which was located a piloted spacecraft "Vostok" with Major of the Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board. The launch was successful. The spacecraft was withdrawn into orbit with an inclination of 65 grams, the height of the perigue 181 km and the height of the 257 km of 327 km and made one turn around the Earth for 89 min. On the 108th Min after the launch, he returned to the ground, landed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Breelovka Saratov region. Thus, after 4 years after the removal of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, the Soviet Union for the first time in the world carried a flight of a person into outer space.
The spacecraft consisted of two compartments. The descent apparatus, which is simultaneously a cosmonaut's cabin, was a sphere with a diameter of 2.3 m, covered by the ablative material for thermal protection at the entrance to the atmosphere. The ship management was carried out automatically, as well as a cosmonaut. In flight was continuously maintained with the Earth. The atmosphere of the ship is a mixture of oxygen with nitrogen under pressure of 1 atm. (760 mm Hg. Art.). East-1 had a mass of 4730 kg, and with the last stage of the carrier rocket 6170 kg. The spacecraft "East" was displayed in space 5 times, after which it was announced its safety for a person's flight.
Four weeks after the flight Gagarin on May 5, 1961, the captain of the 3rd rank Alan Shepard became the first American astronaut.
Although he did not reach the near-earth orbit, he rose above the ground at a height of about 186 km. Shepard launched from Cape Canaveral in Mercury-3 QC using a modified ballistic missile "Redstone", spent 15 minutes 22 seconds before landing in the Atlantic Ocean. He proved that a person in conditions of weightless can carry out manual spacecraft management. KK "Mercury" was significantly different from the QC "Vostok".
It consisted of only one module - a manned capsule in the shape of a truncated cone with a long 2.9 m and a diameter of the base of 1.89 m. Its airtic shell of nickel alloy had a trim from titanium to protect against heating when entering the atmosphere.
The atmosphere inside Mercury consisted of pure oxygen under a pressure of 0.36 at.
On February 20, 1962, the United States reached an near-earth orbit. From Cape Canaveral, Mercury-6 ship was launched, piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Navy John Glenn. Glenn stayed in orbit only 4 h 55 minutes, having completed 3 turns to a successful landing. The purpose of Glenna's flight was to determine the possibility of human work in the Mercury QC. The last time "Mercury" was brought into space on May 15, 1963
On March 18, 1965, he was led to the orbit of the QC "Sunrise" with two cosmonauts on board - the commander of the ship by Colonel Pavlom Ivarovich Belyaev and the second pilot by Lieutenant Colonel Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. Immediately after entering the orbit, the crew cleaned himself from nitrogen, inhaling pure oxygen. Then the gateway compartment was deployed: Leonov entered the gateway compartment, closed the hatch cover of the QC and for the first time in the world made an exit to outer space. Cosmonaut with an autonomous life support system was out of the CC cab in a period of 20 minutes, at times moving away from the ship to a distance of up to 5 m. During the exit, it was connected to the QC only by telemetry and telemetry cables. Thus, the possibility of staying and working as a cosmonaut outside QC was practically confirmed.
June 3 was launched by KK "Gemeni-4" with captains James McDivitt and Edward White. During this flight, 97 h 56 minutes of the White came out of the CC and spent a cab of 21 minutes, checking the possibility of maneuver in space using a manual reactive gun on compressed gas.
Unfortunately, the development of space was not without sacrifice. On January 27, 1967, the crew was preparing to make the first piloted flight under the program "Apollo" died during a fire inside QC burners for 15 s in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chafth became the first American astronauts who died in QC. On April 23, a new Soyuz-1 KK was launched from Baikonur, piloted by Colonel Vladimir Komarov. The launch was successful.
On 18 turns, after 26 h 45 min, after launch, mosquitoes began orientation to enter the atmosphere. All operations passed normally, but after entering the atmosphere and braking, the parachute system was refused. Cosmonaut died instantly at the moment of the "Union" strike on Earth at a speed of 644 km / h. In the future, space was taken not one human life, but these sacrifices were the first.
It should be noted that in natural science and productive plans, the world is facing a number of global problems, which requires the combined efforts of all nations. These are the problems of raw materials, energy, environmental monitoring and saving the biosphere and others. Space studies will play a huge role in the cardinal decision - one of the most important areas of the scientific and technical revolution.
Cosmonautics brightly demonstrates the fruitfulness of peaceful creative work around the world, the benefits of combining the efforts of different countries in solving scientific and national economic problems.
What problems are the astronautics and cosmonauts themselves?
Let's start with life support. What is life support? Life support in space flight is the creation and maintenance of all flights in the residential and work compartments K.K. Such conditions that would ensure the crew performance sufficient to perform the task and the minimum probability of pathological changes in the human body. How to do it? It is necessary to significantly reduce the degree of exposure to the person of adverse external factors of space flight - vacuum, meteoric bodies, penetrating radiation, weightlessness, overloads; provide crews with substances and energy without which normal human activity is possible - food, water, oxygen and network; Remove the productivity of the body and harmful to health substances allocated when operating systems and equipment of the spacecraft; ensure the needs of a person in motion, rest, external information and normal working conditions; Organize medical care for the health of the crew and maintain it at the required level. Food and water are delivered to space in the appropriate packaging, and oxygen - in a chemically related form. If you do not restore life products, then for the crew of three people for one year it will take 11 tons of the above products, which, you see, is a considerable weight, the volume, and how will it be stored during the year?!
In the near future, the regeneration system will allow almost completely reproduce oxygen and water on board the station. It has long been used to use water after washing and a soul, purified in the regeneration system. The exhaled moisture condenses in the refrigerated-drying unit, and then regenerated. Oxygen for breathing is extracted from purified water by electrolysis, and gaseous hydrogen, reacting with carbon dioxide coming from the hub, forms water that feeds the electrolyzer. The use of such a system allows us to reduce the mass of substances from 11 to 2t in the considered example. Recently, the cultivation of a variety of plant species is practiced directly on board the ship, which reduces the food supply that needs to be taken into space, this was mentioned in his writings of Tsiolkovsky.
Space science
Space development largely helps in the development of sciences:
On December 18, 1980, the phenomenon of the flow of particles of the radiation belts of the Earth under negative magnetic anomalies was established.
Experiments conducted on the first satellites showed that the near-empty space outside the atmosphere is not at all "empty". It is filled with plasma, permeated with streams of energy particles. In 1958, the radiation belts of the Earth were discovered in the near space - gigantic magnetic traps filled with charged particles - protons and high-energy electrons.
The greatest radiation intensity in the belts is observed at altitudes of several thousand km. Theoretical estimates showed that below 500 km. There should be no increased radiation. Therefore, completely unexpected was detection during the first kk flights. Intensive radiation areas at altitudes up to 200-300 km. It turned out that this is due to the anomalous zones of the magnetic field of the Earth.
The study of the natural resources of the Earth with space methods has spread, which has largely assumed the development of the national economy.
The first problem was stood in 1980 before the space researchers represented a complex of scientific research, including the majority of the most important areas of space environment. Their goal was to develop methods for thematic decrypting of multizoneal video information and their use when solving the tasks of the sciences of land and economic industries. These tasks include: the study of global and local structures of the earth's crust for the knowledge of its history.
The second problem is one of the fundamental physicochemical problems of remote sensing and is aimed at creating catalogs of radiation characteristics of earth objects and models of their transformation that will allow an analysis of the state of natural formations during shooting time and predict them on the dynamics.
A distinctive feature of the third problem is the orientation of the radiation of the radiation characteristics of large regions up to the planet as a whole with the attraction of data on the parameters and anomalies of the gravitational and geomagnetic fields of the Earth.
Study of the Earth from Cosmos
The person first appreciated the role of satellites to control the condition of agricultural land, forests and other natural resources of the Earth only a few years after the onset of the cosmic era. The beginning was made in 1960, when the Tiros's meteorological satellites were obtained by such a map of the globe lying under the clouds. These first black and white TV images gave a very weak idea of \u200b\u200bhuman activity and nevertheless it was the first step. Soon new technical means were developed, which allowed improving the quality of observations. Information was extracted from multi-spectral images in visible and infrared (IR) spectrum regions. The first satellites intended to maximize these capabilities were Landsat type devices. For example, the Landsat-D satellite, fourth of the series, carried out the observation of land from a height of more than 640 km using advanced sensitive devices, which allowed consumers to obtain significantly more detailed and timely information. One of the first applications of the image of the earth's surface was a cartography. In the depotional era map of many areas, even in developed areas of the world were made inaccurate. Images obtained using the Landsat satellite allowed to adjust and update some existing US maps. In the USSR, images obtained from the Salute station were irreplaceable to reconcile the BAM railway track.
In the mid-1970s of NASA, the US Department of Agriculture decided to demonstrate the capabilities of the satellite system in predicting the most important agricultural crop of wheat. Satellite observations, which were extremely accurate in the future were distributed to other agricultural crops. Approximately at the same time in the USSR observation of agricultural crops were conducted from satellites of the Space series, Meteor, Monson and Salute orbital stations.
The use of information from the satellites revealed its undeniable advantages in assessing the volume of building forests in the extensive territories of any country. It became possible to control the process of cutting down the forest and, if necessary, to make recommendations on changing the contours of the deforestation in terms of the best preservation of the forest. Thanks to images from satellites, it also became possible to quickly evaluate the boundaries of forest fires, especially "coronary", characteristic of Western regions of North America, as well as areas of Primorye and the southern regions of Eastern Siberia in Russia.
Of great importance for humanity as a whole has the possibility of observation almost continuously behind the expanses of the World Ocean, this "forge" the weather. It is above the thickness of the ocean water that begged the monstrous force of hurricanes and typhoons carrying numerous sacrifices and destruction for the inhabitants of the coast. Early notification of the population is often crucial to rescue lives of tens of thousands of people. Determining fish stocks and other seafood is also of great practical importance. Ocean currents are often twisted, change course and sizes. For example, El Nino, the warm flow in the southern direction off the coast of Ecuador in some years can spread along the shores of Peru to 12g. Yu.Sh. . When this happens, Plankton and the fish are dying huge quantities, inflicting irreparable damage to the fish industries of many countries and including Russia. Large concentrations of single-celled marine organisms increase fish mortality, possibly due to toxins contained in them. Observation from satellites helps to identify "whims" of such trends and give useful information to those who need it. According to some estimates of Russian and American scholars, fuel savings in combination with "additional catch" through the use of information from the satellites obtained in the infrared range gives annual profits of $ 2.44 million . Also, the satellites are found dangerous for the ships of icebergs, glaciers. The exact knowledge of snow reserves in the mountains and the volume of glaciers is an important task of scientific research, because as the arid territories develops the dry territory, the need for water increases sharply.
Invaluable help of astronauts in creating the largest cartographic work - the atlas of the snow-ice resources of the world.
Also, with the help of satellites, oil pollution, air pollution, minerals are found.
space study hole satellite
Space science
During a short period of time since the beginning of the space era, a person not only sent automatic space stations to other planets and stepped onto the surface of the moon, but also made a revolution in the science of space, which was not equal in the entire history of mankind. Along with large technical achievements caused by the development of cosmonautics, new knowledge of the planet Earth and neighboring worlds were obtained. One of the first important discoveries made by not traditional visual, but by a different method of observation, was to establish a sharp increase in high height, starting with a certain threshold height of the intensity of previously considered isotropic cosmic rays. This discovery belongs to Austrian V. F. Hesssu, who launched in 1946, the Gaza Sovie-probe with equipment for large heights.
In 1952 and 1953 Dr. James Van Allen conducted studies of low energy cosmic rays at launches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Magnetic Pole of the Earth of Small Rockets at a height of 19-24 km and high-altitude ballons. After analyzing the results of the experiments carried out, Van Allen proposed to be placed on board the first American artificial satellites of the Earth quite simple in the design of the cosmic rays detectors.
With the help of the Satellite "Explorer-1" of the United States of the United States in orbit on January 31, 1958, a sharp decrease in the intensity of cosmic radiation at altitudes of more than 950 km was discovered. At the end of 1958, the AMC "Pioneer-3", overcoming the distance of the flight of more than 100,000 km, registered with the help of the first first, the radiation belt of the Earth, which also squeezes the entire globe.
In August and September 1958, three atomic explosions were produced at an altitude of more than 320 km, each with a capacity of 1.5 K.Т. The purpose of testing with the code title "Argus" was to study the possibility of the disappearance of radio and radar communications in such tests. The study of the Sun is the most important scientific task, the solution of which is devoted to many launches of the first satellites and AMC.
American "Pioneer-4" - "Pioneer-9" (1959-1968) from near-air orbits passed the most important information about the structure of the Sun. At the same time, more than twenty Intercosmos series satellites were launched in order to study the Sun and the near-free space.
Black holes
He learned about black holes in the 1960s. It turned out that if our eyes could only see X-ray radiation, the starry sky would look completely different over us. True, X-rays emitted by the Sun managed to detect even before the birth of astronautics, but they did not suspect other sources in the starry sky. They came across randomly.
In 1962, the Americans, deciding to check if X-ray radiation emanates from the surface of the moon, launched a rocket, equipped with special equipment. Then, processing the results of observations was made that the instruments noted the powerful source of X-ray radiation. He was located in the constellation Scorpio. And already in the 70s, the first 2 satellites were published in orbit, intended to search for research of X-ray sources in the Universe, - American "Wurau" and the Soviet "space-428".
By this time, something already began to clarify. Objects emitting X-rays have managed to associate with barely visible stars with unusual properties. These were compact plasma clots of insignificant, of course, on cosmic standards, sizes and masses, rolled up to several tens of millions of degrees. With a very modest outerness, these objects had a colossal power of x-ray radiation, several thousand times greater than the total compatibility of the Sun.
These tiny, with a diameter of about 10 km. , the remains of completely burnt stars, compressed to the monstrous density, had to somehow declare themselves. Therefore, the neutron stars were "learned" in x-ray sources. And it would seem to be converged. But the calculations denied the expectations: the newly formed neutron stars were to cool immediately and stop radiating, and these were radiant x-ray.
With the help of running satellites, the researchers found strictly periodic changes in the radiation threads of some of them. The period of these variations was determined - it usually did not exceed several days. So only two rotating stars, of which one periodically overthrew another one could behave. This was proven when observing telescopes.
Where do x-ray sources drop with the colossal energy of radiation, the main condition for the transformation of a normal star into neutronic is considered to be a complete attenuation of a nuclear reaction in it. Therefore, nuclear energy is excluded. Then, maybe this is the kinetic energy of a rapidly rotating massive body? Indeed, she in neutron stars are great. But it only grabs it for a while.
Most neutron stars exist alone, but in a pair with a huge star. In their interaction, theorists are believed, and the source of the mighty force of cosmic x-ray is hidden. It forms a gas disc around the neutron star. In the magnetic poles of the neutron bowl, the disk substance falls on its surface, and the energy acquired with gas turns into X-ray radiation.
His surprise was presented and "space-428". His equipment registered a new, not a well-known phenomenon - X-ray flashes. In one day, the satellite seed 20 bursts, each of which lasted no more than 1 sec. , and radiation power increased in tens of times. The sources of X-ray flashes of scientists called the brassers. They are also associated with double systems. The most powerful outbreaks on the fired energy are only several times inferior to the full emission of hundreds of billion stars located in our Gallactak.
Theorists have proven: "Black holes", which are part of double star systems, can signal x-ray. And the cause of the appearance is the same - the accretion of the gas. True, the mechanism in this case is somewhat different. The internal parts of the gas disk are settled in the "hole" and therefore becoming X-ray sources.
The transition to the neutron star finish "Life" only those shining, the mass of which does not exceed 2-3 sunny. Larger stars comprehends the fate of the Black Hole.
X-ray astronomy told us about the latter, maybe the most stormy, stage development of the stars. Thanks to her, we learned about the most powerful cosmic explosions, about gas with a temperature of dozens and hundreds of millions of degrees, about the possibility of a completely unusual super-state state of substances in "black holes".
What else gives space for us?
In television (TV) programs, there is no long time ago, it is not mentioned that the transfer is conducted through a satellite. This is an excessive evidence of great success in the industrialization of space, which has become an integral part of our life. Communication satellites literally empty the world invisible threads. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating communication satellites was born shortly after World War II, when A. Clark in the Room Radio Journal (Wireless World) for October 1945. Presented his concept of a relay station of communication, located at an altitude of 35880 km above the Earth.
The merit of Clark was that he determined the orbit at which the satellite was immobile relative to the Earth. Such an orbit is called the geostationary or Clark orbit. When moving around a circular orbit, a height of 35880 km one turn is performed in 24 hours, i.e. During the period of daily rotation of the Earth. A satellite moving in such an orbit will be constantly over a specific point of the earth's surface.
The first television satellite "Telstar-1" was nevertheless launched on a low near-earth orbit with parameters 950 x 5630 km. It happened on July 10, 1962. Almost a year later, Testar-2 satellite was launched. The first TV show was shown the American flag in New England on the background of the station in Andover. This image was transferred to the UK, France and an American station in PC. New Jersey 15 hours after the satellite launch. Two weeks later, millions of Europeans and Americans watched the negotiations of people on the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. They not only spoke but also seen each other, communicating through the satellite. Historians can consider this day the date of birth of cosmic TV. The world's largest state system of satellite communications was established in Russia. Its beginning was made in April 1965. The launch of the Satellites of the "Lightning" series, derived on highly elongated elliptical orbits with an apogee over the northern hemisphere. Each series includes four pairs of satellites, applying to an orbit at an angular distance from each other 90 grams.
On the basis of the satellites of "Zipper" built the first system of long-term space bond "Orbit". In December 1975 The family of communication satellites has been replenished with a satellite "Raduga" operating on a geostationary orbit. Then appeared satellite "Screen" with a more powerful transmitter and simpler ground stations. After the first developments of the satellites, a new period has come in the development of satellite communications techniques, when the satellites began to withdraw on a geostationary orbit on which they move synchronously with the rotation of the Earth. This made it possible to establish a round-the-clock connection between ground stations using the new generation satellites: American Synk, Earli Berd and Intelsat Russian - Rainbow and Horizon.
A great future is associated with accommodation at the geostationary orbit of antenna complexes.
On June 17, 1991, the ERS-1 geodesic satellite was replaced. The main task of satellites should be observed over the oceans and ice-covered parts of sushi to provide climetologists, oceanographers and environmental protection organizations. Data on these low-investment regions. The satellite was equipped with the most modern microwave equipment, thanks to which he is ready for any weather: "Eyes" of its radar devices penetrate through the fog and clouds and give a clear image of the surface of the earth, through water, through land, and through ice. ERS-1 was aimed at developing ice cards, which would later help avoid many disasters related to the collision of ships with icebergs, etc.
With all the volume, the development of shipping routes is, by speaking by the language, only the top of the iceberg, if only recall the decoding of ERS data on the oceans and ice-covered spaces of the Earth. We know the alarming forecasts of the overall warming of the Earth, which will lead to the fact that the polar caps are melted and the sea level will increase. All coastal zones will be flooded, millions of people will suffer.
But we do not know how correct these predictions are. Prolonged observations of the polar regions with the help of ERS-1 and the ERS-2 satellite subsequent in the end of the autumn of 1994 represent data on the basis of which conclusions on these trends can be concluded. They create a "early detection" system in the case of ice melting.
Thanks to the pictures that satellite ERS-1 handed over to Earth, we know that the bottom of the ocean with its mountains and valleys as it were "imprinted" on the surface of the water. So scientists can make an idea of \u200b\u200bwhether the distance from the satellite to the sea surface is (with an accuracy of ten centimeters measured by satellite radar heights) by an indication of the sea level increase, or this "imprint" of the mountain at the bottom.
Although the original ERS-1 satellite was designed to observe the ocean and ice, he very quickly proved its versatility and towards land. In rural and forestry, in fishing, geology and cartography, experts work with the data provided by the satellite. Since ERS-1 After three years of fulfilling its mission, it is still operational, scientists have a chance to exploit it with ERS-2 for common tasks as tandem. And they are going to receive new information about the topography of the earth's surface and provide assistance, for example, in prevention of possible earthquakes.
Satellite ERS-2 is also equipped with a Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment Gome measuring instrument that takes into account the volume and distribution of ozone and other gases in the Earth's atmosphere. With this device, you can observe dangerous ozone holes and changes in the changes. At the same time, according to ERS-2, it is possible to remove radiation close to Earth.
Against the background of the multitude of common environmental issues for the whole world, for the permission of which should provide fundamental information and ERS-1, and ERS-2, the planning of shipping routes seems a relatively minor outcome of this new satellite generation. But this is one of those areas in which the possibilities of commercial use of satellite data are used particularly intensively. This helps when financing other important tasks. And it has an effect in the field of environmental protection, which is difficult to overestimate: fast shipping paths require a smaller consumption of energy. Or remember the oil tankers, which in the storm sat on the stranded or broken and drowned, losing their carnown for the environment. Reliable route planning helps to avoid such disasters.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it will be fair to say that the twentieth century is rightly called the "age of electricity", "atomic age", "age of chemistry", "century of biology". But the most recent and, apparently, also a fair name - "Space Age". Humanity entered the path leading to mysterious cosmic gave, conquering which it will expand the scope of its activities. The cosmic future of mankind is the key to its continuous development on the path of progress and prosperity, which they dreamed of and who create those who worked and works today in the field of cosmonautics and other sectors of the national economy.
Bibliography
1. "Space Technology" edited by K. Gatland. 1986 Moscow.
2. "Cosmos of distant and close" A.D. Koval V.P. SENKEVICH. 1977
3. "The development of outer space in the USSR" V.L. Bumbers 1982
To prepare this work, materials from the site http://goldref.ru/ were used
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The history of space development is the most vivid example of the celebration of the human mind over the recalcitrant matter in the shortest possible time. From the moment the object created by the hands was created for the first time overcame the earthly attraction and developed sufficient speed to enter the orbit of the Earth, just a little over fifty years passed - nothing on the standards of history! Most of the world's population is vividly remembers times when the flight on the moon was considered something from the field of fiction, and the dreaming to pierce the heavenly from recognized, at best, non-hazardous for society crazy. Today, space ships are not only "furrowing spaces", successfully maneuvering in conditions of minimal gravity, but also deliver goods, astronauts and space tourists to earthly orbit. Moreover, the duration of flight into space now can be arbitrarily for a long time: the Watch of Russian astronauts on the ISS, for example, lasts 6-7 months. And over the past half a century, a person managed to walk along the moon and take a picture of her dark side, made the artificial satellites Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Mercury, "learned the remote nebulae with the help of the Hubble telescope and seriously think about the colonization of Mars. And although it was not possible to enter into contact with aliens and angels yet (in any case, officially), we will not despair - because everything is just beginning!
Dreams of Cosmos and Feather Samples
For the first time in the reality of flights to the distant worlds, progressive humanity believed at the end of the 19th century. It was then that it became clear that if the velocity was needed to overcome gravity and maintain its sufficient time to overcome gravity, it would be able to go beyond the terrestrial atmosphere and gaining a foot in orbit, like the moon, rotating around the Earth. The snag was in engines. The specimens that exist at that time are either extremely powerful, but briefly "spoiled" emissions of energy, or worked according to the principle "Ocnet, grip and go amazing." The first is more suitable for bombs, the second is for the cart. In addition, adjust the vector of thrust and thus affect the trajectory of the device's movement was impossible: the vertical start inevitably led to its rounding, and the body as a result was on the ground and without reaching the space; The horizontal, with such a release of energy, threatened to destroy all the living (as if the current ballistic missile was launched by plafhmy). Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century, the researchers drew attention to the rocket engine, the principle of whose action was known to mankind from the turn of our era: the fuel burns in the rocket housing, at the same time making it easier, and the energous energy moves the rocket forward. The first rocket capable of withdrawing the object beyond the terrestrial attraction was designed by Tsiolkovsky in 1903.
Earth view from the ISS
First artificial satellite
Time went, and although the two world wars slowed down the process of creating rockets for peaceful use, cosmic progress still did not stand in place. The key point of the post-war time is the adoption of the so-called batch scheme of the missile arrangement used in astronautics and so-in. Its essence is in the simultaneous use of several missiles placed symmetrically with respect to the body mass of the body, which is required to be taken into the orbit of the Earth. Thus, a powerful, stable and uniform thrust is ensured, sufficient so that the object moves at a constant speed of 7.9 km / s, necessary to overcome the earth. And on October 4, 1957, a new one began, or rather the first, Era in the development of space - the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, as all the brilliant named simply "satellite-1", with the help of the R-7 missile, designed under the guidance of Sergey Korolev. Silhouette of the P-7, the ancestor of all subsequent cosmic missiles, and today we know in the Superior Mid-Boat "Union", successfully shipping "Trucks" and "Lightweight" with astronauts and tourists on board - the same four "legs" of a packet scheme and Red nozzles. The first satellite was microscopic, a little more than half a meter in diameter and weighed only 83 kg. He made a full turn around the earth for 96 minutes. The "star life" of the Iron Pioneer of Cosmonautics lasted three months, but during this period he passed the fantastic path of 60 million km!
The first living creatures in orbit
The success of the first launch was overwhelmed by the designers, and the prospect of sending a living being into space and returned it with the whole and unharmed no longer seemed impracticable. Just a month after the launch of the "satellite-1" on board the second artificial satellite of the Earth in orbit, the first animal went - a dog husky. Her goal was honorable, but sad - check the survival rate of living beings in the conditions of space flight. Moreover, the return of the dog was not planned ... the launch and output of the satellite into orbit was successful, but after four turns around the earth because of the error in calculations, the temperature inside the apparatus was overly rose, and the husky died. The satellite itself rotated in space for another 5 months, and then lost speed and burned in the dense layers of the atmosphere. The first lochmatic cosmonauts, on returning their "senders" with joyful lames, became a huge protein and an arrow, who went to conquer the heavenly expanses on the fifth satellite in August 1960. Their flight lasted a little over a day, and during this time the dogs had passed the planet 17 times. All this time, they watched them from the monitor screens in the center of flight control - by the way, precisely because of the contrast, white dogs were chosen - after all, the image was then black and white. According to the results of the launch, the spacecraft itself was also finalized - the first person will depart in a similar apparatus in space in a similar device.
In addition to dogs and before, and after 1961, monkeys (Macaki, Belichesky monkeys and chimpanzee) were visited in space, cats, turtles, as well as all the trifles - flies, beetles, etc.
In the same period, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite of the sun, the station "Luna-2" managed to gently fall to the surface of the planet, and the first photos of the moon are invisible from the Earth.
On April 12, 1961, divided the history of the development of space calculations for two periods - "When a person dreamed of stars" and "Since a person has conquered space."
Man in space
On April 12, 1961, divided the history of the development of space calculations for two periods - "When a person dreamed of stars" and "Since a person has conquered space." At 9:07 Moscow time from the starting site No. 1 of the Baikonur spacecraft was launched East-1 spacecraft with the world's first cosmonaut on board - Yuri Gagarin. Having done one turn around the Earth and doing the way 41 thousand km, 90 minutes after the start, Gagarin landed under Saratov, becoming the most famous, revered and beloved man of the planet. His "went!" And "everything is visible very clearly - the cosos is black - the Land Blue" entered the list of the most famous phrases of mankind, his open smile, ease and guilty molded the hearts of people around the world. The first flight of a person in space was controlled from the ground, Gagarin himself was more like a passenger, although superbly prepared. It should be noted that the flight conditions were far from those that are offered now to space tourists: Gagarin was experiencing eight-ten-fold overload, there was a period when the ship literally tumbled, and behind the windows was burning and melted metal. During the flight there were several failures in various systems of the ship, but fortunately, the astronaut did not suffer.
Following the flight Gagarin, significant milestones in the history of the development of space fell alone after another: the world's first group cosmic flight was committed, then the first cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova (1963, 1963) was held in space, the first multi-site spacecraft, Alexey Leonov became the first A person who has accommodated in open space (1965 g) - and all these grandiose events are entirely the merit of domestic cosmonautics. Finally, on July 21, 1969, the first landing of a person on the moon took place: American Neil Armstrong did the same "small-big step."
The best view of the solar system
Cosmonautics - today, tomorrow and always
Today, traveling to space is perceived as something of granted. Hundreds of satellites and thousands of other necessary and useless objects fly over us, in seconds before sunrise from the bedroom window you can see the rays of the plane of the solar cells of the International Space Station, Space Tourists with enviable regularity are sent to "Board expanses". The Ernic phrase embodies in reality "if you want to fly very much, you can fly into space") And the era of commercial suburbative flights will begin with almost two departures daily. The development of space by controlled devices and is amazing any imagination: here and pictures of the long-running stars, and HD images of distant galaxies, and good evidence of the possibility of living on other planets. Billionaire corporations already coordinate plans for the construction of space hotels in the orbit of land, and the projects of the colonization of the planets neighboring us for a long time do not seem excerpt from Azimov's novels or Clark. Obviously one thing: once overcoming the earthly gravity, humanity will again and again strive to swell, to the infinite worlds of stars, galaxies and universes. I want to wish only to never leave the beauty of the night sky and the myriad of shimmering stars, still mounted, mysterious and beautiful, as in the first days of creation.
Cosmos reveals its secrets
Academician of Ferevov stopped on some new achievements of Soviet science: in the field of cosmos physics.
Starting from January 2, 1959, with each flight of Soviet space missiles, a study was carried out at large distances from the ground. Detailed study was exposed to Soviet scientists the so-called external radiation belt of the Earth. The study of the composition of the radiation belts particles with the help of various scintillation and gas-discharge counters, which were on satellites and space rockets, made it possible to establish that there are electrons of significant energies to a million erects and even higher in the external belt. When braking in the shells of spacecraft, they create an intense piercing X-ray radiation. With the flight of an automatic interplanetary station toward Venus, the average energy of this X-ray radiation was determined at distances from 30 to 40 thousand kilometers from the center of the Earth, which is about 130 kiloelectronevolt. This value has changed little with a change in distance, which makes it possible to judge the constant energy spectrum of electrons in this area.
Already the first studies have shown the instability of the external radiation belt, moving the maximum intensity associated with magnetic storms caused by solar corpuscular threads. The last measurements from the automatic interplanetary station, launched towards Venus, showed that although the intensity changes are occurred closer to the Earth, but the outer boundary of the external belt during the calm state of the magnetic field almost for almost two years remained constant both intensity and in spatial location. Studies of recent years have also made it possible to construct a model of an ionized gas shell of the Earth based on experimental data for a period close to the maximum of solar activity. Our studies have shown that at altitudes less than a thousand kilometers, the ions of atomic oxygen play the main role, and starting from heights lying between one and two thousand kilometers, hydrogen ions are prevailing in the ionosphere. The length of the outer region of the ionized gas shell of the Earth, the so-called hydrogen "crown", is very large.
The processing of measurement results performed on the first Soviet space missiles showed that at altitudes from about 50 to 75 thousand kilometers outside the external radiation belt, electrons with energies exceeding 200 electron. This made it possible to assume the existence of the third external belt of charged particles with a large stream intensity, but less energy. After starting in March 1960, the American Space Rocket "Pioneer V" received data that confirmed our assumptions about the existence of the third belt of charged particles. This belt seems to be formed as a result of the penetration of solar corpuscular flows into the peripheral areas of the magnetic field of the Earth.
New data was obtained regarding the spatial location of the radiation belts of the Earth, a region of increased radiation was found in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, which is associated with the corresponding magnetic earth anomaly. In this area, the lower boundary of the internal radiation belt of the Earth falls to 250 - 300 kilometers from the surface of the Earth.
Flights of the second and third satellite ships gave new information that allowed to make a radiation distribution map over the intensity of ions above the surface of the globe. (The speaker demonstrates this card to listeners).
For the first time, the currents created by positive ions belonging to the composition of solar corpuscular radiation were recorded outside the magnetic field of the Earth at distances of the order of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from the ground, with the help of three-electrode traps of charged particles installed on Soviet space rockets. In particular, on the automatic interplanetary station, launched towards the Venus, the sun-oriented traps were installed, one of which was intended to register solar corpuscular radiation. On February 17, during a communication session with an automatic interplanetary station, there was a passage through a significant flow of the corpus (with a density of about 10 9 particles per square centimeter per second). This observation coincided with the observation of the magnetic storm. Such experiments open ways to establish quantitative relations between geomagnetic perturbations and the intensity of solar corpuscular flows. On the second and third satellite ships, the radiation hazards caused by cosmic radiation beyond the earth's atmosphere was studied in quantitative expression. The same satellites were used to study the chemical composition of primary outer radiation. The new equipment installed on satellite ships included a photoemulsion device intended for exposure and manifestation directly on board the vehicle of thick-layer emulsion stacks. The results obtained have a greater scientific value to clarify the biological effects of cosmic radiation.
Technical problems of flight
Then the Rapporteur stopped at a number of significant problems that provided the organization of a person's flight into space. First of all, it was necessary to resolve the issue of the methods of removing a heavy ship into orbit, for which it was necessary to have a powerful rocket technique. This technique has been created. However, it was not enough to inform the ship speed exceeding the first cosmic. There was also a high accuracy of the removal of the ship at a pre-calculated orbit.
It should be borne in mind that the requirements for the accuracy of the orbit in the future will increase. This will require a motion correction using special motor installations. The problem of the correction of the trajectories is adjacent to the problem of maneuver aimed change in the path of the spacecraft flight. Maneuvers can be carried out using pulses reported by the reactive motor on separate specially selected areas of the trajectories, or with the help of a long time, for the creation of electrical type (ionic, plasma) engines.
As examples of the maneuver, you can specify the transition to a higher lying orbit, the transition into orbit included in the dense layers of the atmosphere for braking and landing in a given area. The latter type maneuver was applied when boarding Soviet satellite ships with dogs on board and landing the East satellite ship.
To implement the maneuver, performing a number of measurements and for other purposes it is necessary to ensure the stabilization of the satellite ship and its orientation in the space saved for a certain period of time or varying according to the specified program.
Turning to the problem of returning to Earth, the speaker stopped on the following issues: braking speed, protection against heating when driving in dense layers of the atmosphere, ensuring landing in a given area.
The braking of the spacecraft required to clean the cosmic speed can be carried out either using a special powerful motor installation, or by braking the apparatus in the atmosphere. The first of these methods requires very large weight stocks. The use of the resistance of the atmosphere for braking allows you to do with relatively small additional weights.
The complex of problems associated with the development of protective coatings when braking the apparatus in the atmosphere and the organization of the process of entry with acceptable overloads for the human body is a complex scientific and technical task.
The rapid development of space medicine has put on the agenda the issue of biological telemetry as the main means of medical control and scientific medical research during the space flight. The use of radiotelemetry imposes a specific imprint on the methodology and techniques of medical and biological research, since a number of special requirements are made to the equipment placed on board the spacecraft. This equipment must have a very small weight, small dimensions. It must be designed for minimal power consumption. In addition, the onboard equipment must work steadily on the active sector and when the vibration and overload operates.
Sensors designed to convert physiological parameters to electrical signals must be miniature designed for long-term operation. They should not create inconvenience as a cosmonaut.
The widespread use of radiotelemetry in space medicine forces researchers to pay serious attention to the design of such equipment, as well as to coordinate the amount necessary for the transmission of information with the container of radio channels. Since new tasks facing space medicine will lead to further deepening research, the need to significantly increase the number of registered parameters, will require the introduction of systems, memory, and coding methods.
In conclusion, the speaker stopped on the question of why for the first space travel was the option of the foundation of the Earth in orbit. This option was a decisive step towards the conquest of outer space. They were provided to study the issue of the effect of the flight duration per person, the task of managed flight was solved, the task of controlling the descent, entry into the dense layers of the atmosphere and a prosperous return to the Earth. Compared to this, the flight made recently in the United States seems to be low-value. It could have a value as an intermediate version for checking a person's state at a stage of a speed set, during overloads during the descent; But after the flight Y. Gagarin, there was no need for such an inspection. In this version of the experiment, the sensation element certainly prevailed. The only value of this flight can be seen in checking the actions of the developed systems that provide entry into the atmosphere and landing, but as we have seen, checking such systems developed in our Soviet Union for more complex conditions, was reliably implemented even earlier than the first space flight of the person. Thus, no comparison can be made by the achievements received from April 12, 1961, with the fact that so far has been achieved in the United States.
And no matter how hard, the academician says, hostile to the Soviet Union, the people abroad with their fabrics to diminish the successes of our science and technology, the whole world assesses these successes properly and sees how our country escaped along the path of technical progress. I personally witnessed that delight and admiration, which were caused by the news about the historical flight of our first cosmonaut among the wide masses of the Italian people.
Flight went exclusively successfully
The report on the biological problems of space flights was made by Academician N. M. Sisakian. He described the main stages of the development of cosmic biology and summed up some of the results of scientific biological research related to cosmic flights.
The speaker led the biological characteristics of the flight Yu. A. Gagarin. A barometric pressure was maintained within 750 - 770 millimeters of mercury pillar, air temperature - 19 - 22 degrees Celsius, relative humidity - 62 - 71 percent.
In the sample period, approximately 30 minutes before the start of the spacecraft, the heart rate was 66 per minute, the respiratory frequency - 24. Through three minutes before the start, some emotional stress was manifested in increasing the pulse frequency to 109 shots per minute, the breath continued to remain smooth and calm.
At the time of the start of the ship and the gradual speed set, the heart rate increased to 140 - 158 per minute, the respiratory frequency was 20-26. Changes in physiological indicators on the active portion of the flight, according to the telemetry record of electrocardiograms and pensionograms, were within acceptable limits. By the end of the active portion, the heart rate was already 109, and breathing - 18 per minute. In other words, these indicators reached the values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of the nearest moment at the start of the moment.
When moving to weightlessness and flight in this state, the indicators of cardiovascular and respiratory systems are sequentially approaching the initial values. Thus, already at the tenth minute of weightlessness, the pulse frequency reached 97 shots per minute, breathing - 22. The performance did not break, movement retained coordination and necessary accuracy.
In the section of the descent, when braking the apparatus, when overloaded re-occurred, short-term, rapidly transient respiratory gaining periods were noted. However, when applying to Earth, breathing has become even, calm, with a frequency of about 16 per minute.
Three hours after landing, the heart rate was 68, breathing - 20 per minute, i.e., the values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of a calm, normal state of Yu. A. Gagarin.
All this indicates that the flight was exclusively successful, the well-being and general condition of the cosmonaut at all sections of the flight was satisfactory. Life support systems worked fine.
In conclusion, the Rapporteur stopped on the most important regular problems of cosmic biology.
After landing the Americans on the moon, many people on the planet believed that at the beginning of the XXI century no one would surprise travel in outer space. However, to such a reality is still very far. Despite active activity in this direction, in the next decade, it is unlikely to implement such a scenario. Thanks to the study of outer space, it is possible not only in the future to organize flights to other planets, but also improve life on Earth. Research in this area allows us to obtain valuable information that promote the development of new technologies.
According to astronomers engaged in the study of heavenly bodies, the possibility of a collision of land with an asteroid is great. According to their calculations, once every 10 thousand years, such a probability can focus our planet.
The heavenly body in the form of an asteroid presents a serious threat to humanity. If we assume that its dimensions will be equal to the dimensions of the football field, then after the collision, irreversible consequences will arise. Such a catastrophe will lead to the death of people on the planet. With us will happen what happened to dinosaurs - extinction. Therefore, scientists constantly monitor the movement of asteroids in outer space. This will allow you to knock down such a body on the lift to the planet. Of course, you will have to use nuclear technology. At least, the powerful charge is enough for a dangerous asteroid change its trajectory of movement.
If some cosmic body with a diameter of 100 m collides with the earth, then a huge dust storm is formed on the planet and forest will die. The surviving people will be doomed to hunger. Therefore, there is a high probability of the complete destruction of humanity.
The number of valuable metals on Earth decreases annually. Therefore, people in the future sooner or later will have to produce minerals on other planets. However, to achieve their tasks will definitely need to use new technologies. With their help, you will have to create cosmic ships capable of delivering to other planets at least robotic equipment, and in the opposite direction - gold, platinum, silver, and so on. To ensure transportation of equipment and raw materials, the engines currently used for long distances are not suitable. Therefore, space studies of the 21st centuries are conducted in the field of nuclear technology. They may allow creating a truly effective nuclear engine, with which the time of the flight between cosmic bodies will significantly reduce.
Some companies are already conducting research regarding mining, for example, on asteroids. Some scientists even argue that such a profession as a space miner will appear in a relatively near future. Rather, the first such specialist will work on the moon. On our satellite, you can get helium-3. It is already applied today for MRI. Helium-3 is also intended to be used as fuel for nuclear power plants. Currently, the cost of this substance is 5,000 US dollars per 1 liter. In addition to Helia-3, you can also get tantalum on the moon. It is a rare-earth element. It is used in the manufacture of solar panels and other high-tech appliances.
Studies in the field of space affected the emergence of a large number of medicines used directly on Earth. Especially a lot of discoveries in the field of drugs that help in the fight against cancer. A new method of introducing the drug into a cancer tumor was also developed. In addition, such studies helped to invent a special mechanical hand-manipulator, which carries out very complex actions within tomographs.
The study of space also contributed to the invention of drugs from osteoporosis. It not only treats this disease, but also allows effective prevention. The appearance was facilitated by the development of funds, thanks to which the astronauts are protected from the loss of muscular and bone mass, when gravity does not work on them. Testing of invented preparations was carried out in space, since a person in such conditions loses about one month about one and a half percent of the bone mass.
Colonization of outer space
Scientists increasingly conclude that other planets will have to settle sooner or later. They come to this conclusion, because the number of people on earth is constantly increasing. At the same time, the amount of resources of the planet regularly decreases. At the same time, the environmental situation worsens. Scientists even fulfilled some calculations and concluded that the maximum of 16 billion people could normally exist on Earth. However, the deterioration of life will begin in the near future when we will become 8 billion.
Such forecasts gave starts to study space programs. Scientific research is aimed at studying the possibility of interplanetary travel. One of the planets under consideration is Mars, on which, it is assumed that life has already existed. Probes are regularly launched to this space body. On its surface there is already a rover. It not only takes pictures of the surface of the planet, but also studies its atmosphere and soil.
Scientists also develop modules that will allow people to live and work on Mars. This issue began to be engaged in the past century. However, the problem for the delivery of heavy loads to Mars and in the opposite direction is still fully resolved. Different options for power plants for spacecraft are being developed. Some of them are designed based on solar batteries, while others may work on nuclear fuel. In any case, it is necessary to develop such an engine that will allow for a minimum period of time to deliver people and equipment to another planet.
Conclusion
People from the very beginning of their appearance led a nomadic lifestyle. As a result, there was a settling of new regions. Today, a person lives on all continents of the Earth, each of whom he studied quite well. Therefore, with the advent of new technologies, humanity has paid its attention to the close and far space. People each year spend a huge amount of research in this area. They constantly set new goals. Although it is very difficult to achieve the desired results, the study of space still allows you to regularly receive any innovative technology that improves the lives of people on Earth.
Recently spoke the following:
"I can stand before eight hundredmakers and say: who wants to become an aerospace engineer who will build a 20% aircraft more energy efficient than the one on which your parents flew? But it does not work. However, if I ask: who wants to be an aerospace engineer, which will descend an aircraft that will focus on the rarefied atmosphere of Mars? I will get the best disciples in the class. "
This is important for state security.
Leading world countries should detect and prevent hostile intentions or terrorist groups that can deploy weapons in space or attack navigation, communication satellites and observation satellites. And although the United States, Russia and China in 1967 entered into an agreement on the inviolability of the territory in space, other countries can hurt. And it is not a fact that the contracts of the past can be revised.
Even if these leading countries are in most part the nearest cosmos, they will need to be confident that companies can produce minerals on the moon or asteroids, not experiencing that they will be terrorizing or usurped. It is very important to set up diplomatic channels in space, with possible military use.
We need cosmic raw materials
Space is gold, silver, platinum and other valuables. A lot of attention attracted activities of private companies that provide for mining of minerals on asteroids, but the space miners do not have to go far to find rich resources.
The moon, for example, is a potentially profitable source of helium-3 (used for MRI and as potential fuel for nuclear power plants). On Earth, Helium-3 is so rare that its price reaches $ 5,000 per liter. Also, the moon can be potentially rich rare-earth elements like Europe and tantalum, which are in great demand for use in electronics, solar panels and other advanced devices.
States can work peacefully together
Earlier, we have already mentioned an ominous threat of international conflict in space. But everything can be peacefully if you recall the cooperation of different countries at the International Space Station. The US Space Program, for example, allows other countries, big and not very, unite their efforts in the study of space.
International cooperation on the Cosmos field will be exclusively beneficial. On the one hand, large expenses would be distributed at all. On the other hand, it would help to establish close diplomatic relations between countries and create new jobs for both parties.
It would help answer a big question
Almost half of people on Earth believes that somewhere in space there is life. A quarter of them thinks that the aliens have already visited our planet.
However, all attempts to find in the sky signs of other creatures turned out to be fruitless. Perhaps because the earthly atmosphere prevents reports to reach us. That is why those who are engaged in finding extraterrestrial civilizations are ready to deploy even more orbital observatories like. This satellite will be launched in 2018 and will be able to look for chemical signs of life in the atmospheres of distant planets outside of our solar system. This is only the beginning. Perhaps additional space efforts will help us, finally, answer the question, are lonely.
People need to thicken thirst for research
Our primitive ancestors spread from East Africa throughout the planet, and since then we do not stop moving. We are looking for fresh territories outside the land, so the only way to quench this primitive desire is to go to the interstellar journey for several generations.
In 2007, the former NASA administrator Michael Griffin (in the photo above) conducted a distinction between "acceptable reasons" and the "real reasons" of the space of space. Acceptable causes could include economic and national advantages. But real reasons will include such concepts as curiosity, competition and the creation of heritage.
"Who among us is not familiar with this wonderful magic trepid, when we see something new, even on TV, what have never seen before? - said Griffin. "When we do something for real reasons, not satisfied with acceptable, we produce our best achievements."
We need to colonize space to survive
Our ability to bring satellites into space helps us observe and deal with urgent problems on Earth, from forest fires and oil spills to the depletion of aquifers that need people for drinking water.
But our population growth, greed and frivolity lead to serious environmental consequences and damage to our planet. 2012 ratings were told that the Earth would be able to withstand from 8 to 16 billion people - and its population had already crossed the mark of 7 billion. Perhaps we need to be ready to colonize another planet, and the faster, the better.
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