In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the Low Temperature Laboratory at the Helsinki University of Technology) while studying magnetism and superconductivity in rare metal Rhodium, managed to get the temperature just 0.0000000001 degrees above absolute zero (see press release). This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the universe.
Note that absolute zero is the limit of all temperatures or -273.15… degrees Celsius. Such a low temperature (-273.15 °C) is simply impossible to achieve. The second record for lowering the temperature was set at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, super-cold sodium gas was obtained there.
Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially is an outstanding achievement. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.
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Equipment to achieve record low temperatures
Equipment to achieve record low temperatures, provides several successive stages of cooling. In the central part of the cryostat there is a refrigerator for reaching a temperature of 3 mK, and two atomic cooling stages using the method of nuclear adiabatic demagnetization.
The first atomic stage is cooled to a temperature of 50 μK, while the second atomic stage, with a sample of Rhodium, made it possible to reach a record low negative temperature already in the picokelvin range.
The lowest temperature in nature
The lowest temperature in nature
In nature, the lowest temperature has been recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula is expanding and ejecting cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due great speed ejection of gas molecules cooled down to -271/-272 °C.
For comparison. Usually, in open space the temperature does not fall below -273 °C.
The figure at -271 ° C is the lowest of the officially recorded natural temperatures. And this means that the Boomerang Nebula is colder than even the CMB from big bang.
The Boomerang Nebula is relatively close to Earth at a distance of only 5,000 light years. At the center of the nebula is a dying star that, like our Sun, was once a yellow dwarf. Then it turned into a red giant, exploded and ended its life as a white dwarf with a hypercold protoplanetary nebula around it.
The Boomerang Nebula has been photographed in detail space telescope Hubble in 1998. In 1995, using ESO's 15-meter submillimeter telescope in Chile, astronomers determined that it was the coldest place in the universe.
The lowest temperature on Earth
The lowest temperature on Earth
The lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, was recorded in 1983 in Antarctica at Vostok Station. This is an officially registered record.
Recently, scientists have made new measurements from the satellite in the area of the Japanese station Fuji Dome. A new record figure for the lowest temperature on the Earth's surface, -91.2 °C, has been obtained. However, this record is now disputed.
At the same time, the village of Oymyakon in Yakutia retains the right to be considered the pole of cold on our planet. In Oymyakon in 1938, an air temperature of -77.8 °C was recorded. And although at Vostok station in Antarctica a significantly lower temperature was recorded (-89.2 ° C), this achievement cannot be considered a record low, since Vostok station is located at an altitude of 3488 meters above sea level.
To compare the results of different meteorological observations they must be brought to sea level. It is known that rising above sea level significantly lowers the temperature. In this case, the lowest air temperature recorded on Earth is already in Oymyakon.
The lowest temperature in solar system
The lowest temperature in the solar system, -235 ° C on the surface of Triton (satellite of Neptune).
This is such a low temperature that the chilled nitrogen is likely to settle on Triton's surface in the form of snow or frost. Thus, Triton is the coldest place in the solar system.
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What about the weather? And in +50°C and -50°C, and even in a larger range, you can live, in principle. Air conditioners, fans and jackets will help us with this. Well, someone, of course, will die and nothing can be done about it, because we do not live in a terrarium.
What is the lowest air temperature ever recorded on Earth?
The lowest air temperature on Earth was recorded at the Soviet Antarctic station "Vostok" on July 21, 1983, when a platinum thermometer at the meteorological site showed -89.2 ° C. This is the lowest temperature in the history of meteorological observations.
The lowest temperature recorded in our country is -78°С. Incredible frost took place in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River.
The lowest air temperature in the inhabited regions of the planet was recorded in 1964 in Yakutia in the village of Oymyakon - -71.1 ° C. The entire interfluve of the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka rivers is considered to be the region of the pole of cold. northern hemisphere.
What is the most heat air has been registered on Earth?
The highest temperature on Earth recorded in Libya in 1922 is +57.8°C.
The highest soil temperature was recorded at the Shurchi station in Uzbekistan. The temperature of irrigated light gray soils here reaches 79°C. At the Repetek station in Turkmenistan, the sand is heated to 77°C.
What is the maximum outdoor temperature a person can withstand?
For a short time, a person can be in dry air at a very high temperature. A person can tolerate a temperature of 160°C. This was proved by the English physicists Blagden and Chantry, who conducted an experiment on themselves. A person can tolerate a temperature of 104°C for 26 minutes, 93°C for 33 minutes, 82°C for 49 minutes, and 71°C for 1 hour; This was established in the course of experiments with healthy human volunteers.
What is the minimum outdoor temperature a person can withstand?
It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - on the speed of the wind. In Yakutia in winter, people spend hours in the cold, with air temperatures below -50 ° C, but they are suitably dressed, and in the conditions of the central part of the Siberian anticyclone, wind is usually observed. In Antarctica, winterers at continental stations also have to spend quite a long time outdoors, but there very coldy often accompanied strong wind. Therefore, warm windproof clothing is not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or cover their face with a hood of a fur jacket (“parkas”). The personnel of scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, who, by the nature of their occupation, are systematically forced to be outdoors, sometimes use electrically heated clothing, which is lighter in weight than ordinary warm clothing, and less bulky, less restricting movement. Minimum temperature, at which people were briefly in the air, is -88 ° C.
And two more facts
Maximum temperature hard objects, with which people can contact for a long time - about 50 degrees Celsius (a burn occurs at a higher temperature).
At a constant body temperature of more than 42 ° C, a person dies.
Normal human body temperature is 36.6 degrees. Therefore, everything that is higher, he automatically perceives as hot. The only question is how hot. For example, a shower with a temperature of 40 degrees is a pleasure, but the skin no longer tolerates 45 degrees. Hot tea at a temperature of 45-50 degrees warms and relaxes, but at 60-70 it can already burn.
But these values are only slightly different from normal temperature body, while even on our planet, familiar and comfortable, they can be much higher. And if you want to know when and where the highest temperature on Earth was recorded, read this article.
Air
In summer in Russia, the temperature does not reach even 30-35 degrees everywhere, but even this is perceived by many as a branch of hell.
At the same time, there are places on our planet that are much hotter. For example, in the Libyan desert near the surface of the earth in 2005, a temperature of 70.1 degrees was recorded. It was physically impossible to walk on it barefoot. Yes, and being in the sun in such weather is not very pleasant. It wasn't much better in the shade, around 60 degrees.
But this weather has a big plus. In such weather, it is quite possible to do without a kitchen: heat water to 60-65 degrees to brew green tea, fry eggs on the hood of a car, make hot sandwiches with melted cheese. But in such weather, hardly anyone wants hot tea and sizzling scrambled eggs. Ice cream and ice water are more suitable here.
Water
But even these high temperatures may seem like only a temporary inconvenience compared to how hot the water can get. And now we are not talking about the gentle warm sea or a small warmed river. We will talk about their older brothers - geysers.
These underground sources break out into the air, carrying the heat of the deep layers. As a result, even in cold countries and during the cold season, their temperature can reach impressive temperatures. There are many such sources in Iceland, where enterprising locals decided to use them to heat cities.
The main thing is not to get too close to him.
Some arrange healing (and most importantly - warm) baths, but some are not recommended to come close. For example, the Deildartunguhver spring is near the boiling point even in winter. The water temperature in it is 97 degrees. A person will simply boil in it, but some bacteria feel quite comfortable.
Fire
Of course, neither air nor water can compare in its temperature with the third element - fire. And there is enough of it on earth too.
Volcanoes are one of the most beautiful phenomena nature. And one of the scariest too. The basis of the eruption is lava - molten to a liquid state rocks. In fact, lava is stones that are liquid from heat.
The temperature of the lava can vary depending on the composition, pressure, type of volcanoes, and other parameters. The hottest in the world are Hawaiian, in which lava can reach temperatures of 1200 degrees. For comparison, a flame obtained from the combustion of natural gas has about the same temperature.
Land
But, of course, the highest temperature was still recorded not on the surface of the Earth, but in its very center. The monstrous pressure causes a sharp increase in temperature. Here not only stones are melted, but also metals. Actually, the central part of our planet consists of liquid metal. The conditions there are so different from those familiar to us that, in their own way, physical properties this metal is more like water.
But if you nevertheless overcome this resistance and sink even deeper, you can stumble upon something dense - a solid metal central part planets. It is this core that has the maximum possible temperature of 6000 degrees Celsius. There was nothing hotter than this on the planet.
Plasma
It wasn't until a man showed up. He was not satisfied with the maximum temperatures for normal elements, and he decided to create something even hotter - plasma. In fact, plasma is the fourth state of aggregation any substance heated above gaseous state. Perhaps the only example is a lightning bolt.
But if plasma is found in nature, then people have managed to create something even hotter - quark-gluon plasma. In the Universe, it existed only a few moments after the Big Bang, but man managed to recreate it in the Large Hadron Collider. True, for the same fractions of seconds, but even they were enough to fix the highest possible temperature - 10 trillion degrees.
In such heat, not only stones or metals, molecules, atoms, and even their nuclei melt into a uniform broth of basic elementary particles- quarks and gluons.
So far, this is the absolute recorded maximum not only for our planet, but also for the Universe. Of course, if their own civilization does not live somewhere, they are also engaged in the study of elementary particle physics. Then, perhaps, they managed to conquer or even surpass this milestone. Indeed, under the existing laws of physics, there can only be an absolute minimum temperature (-273 Celsius, when interatomic processes freeze), but not a maximum.
As a result of climate change, the annual temperature air. Earlier, in the Iranian Desht-Lut, the highest temperature on the Earth's surface was recorded - 70.7 ° C. Your attention is invited to the top 10 hottest places in the world.
10. Al-Kuwait (Kuwait) - 51 ° C. The climate is tropical, dry. During May-October, the air temperature ranges from 40 to 50 °C. Winds carry dust and sand. In December-January, the thermometer shows 12-18 ° C. In winter, cyclones bring rare precipitation.
Al-Kuwait is the capital of Kuwait, the center of culture, trade and entertainment in Asia. Next to the ancient mosques are five-star hotels, and small markets are the neighbors of giant supermarkets. There are garden and park complexes in the city.
Capital - on south coast Gulf of Kuwait. On its outskirts there are salt marshes, which are filled with water during the rainy season. The foundation flora- shrubs and hard-leaved grasses. Among the animals near the city there are insects and rodents.
9. Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) - 52 ° C. The climate is tropical, desert. The temperature in summer fluctuates in the range of 40-43 °C. With an air humidity of 10-13%, the heat is hard to bear. In winter, the temperature is 20-28 °C, sometimes it drops to 8-14 °C. Humidity rises to 40-49%. During the year - only 100-130 mm of precipitation.
Capital Saudi Arabia lies on the territory of the fertile valley of Wadi Hanifa. The area of the city is 1600 sq. km. The population is 5 million people. Most of the buildings in Riyadh were built at the turn of the 80-90s of the last century. There are 140 mosques in the capital.
City - political and national center country. Thanks to super profits from oil production, the capital has developed hotel business, medicine, and built a modern airport.
8. Dallol (Ethiopia) - 53 ° C. The climate is tropical. During 1960-1966, the average temperature in the city was 34.4°C. Now - about 25 °C.
January is the coldest (average annual temperature is 22.4 °C) and driest month of the year (average precipitation is 0 mm). In hot April, the average temperature is 30 °C. Most precipitation in August - 273 mm, and during the year on average - 874 mm.
Formed 900 million years ago, the crater of the Dallol volcano is considered the lowest in the world, located 45 m below sea level. Nearby - sources of mineral salts.
There are no good roads to Dallol settlement. Only caravans transport salt collected near the city.
7. Tirat Zvi (Israel) - 53.9 ° C. The religious center is located near the border with Jordan. Near the city is the saving river Jordan. From the heat, local residents (759 people as of the end of 2016) hide under awnings and in pools. The city is located 220 m below sea level. The local TIV meat processing plant sells products domestically and internationally.
Pride of Tirat Zvi - 18,000 date trees, thanks to which the settlement is honorary title the largest manufacturer in Israel. The technology developed by scientists from Tirat-Zvi and the Volcani Institute preserves palm leaves for several months. The city supplies tens of thousands of palm leaves for Sukkot - a Jewish holiday that lasts for 8 days, includes meals and an overnight stay in a tent, dedicated to the mention of the ancestors walking in the Sinai desert.
6. Kebili (Tunisia) - 55 ° C. The climate is moderately warm. The average temperature is 18.7 °C. Precipitation falls 605 mm. In July - 0 mm, and in December - 102 mm. Kebili is a classic oasis with palm trees and water. 150,000 people live in the city on an area of 22,084 km. In the west it borders on Algiers.
The pride of the city is Lake Chott el-Jerid. The body of water is covered with a rough salt shell that can support the weight of a car. Races on high-speed fireballs are regularly held here.
The road to the city of Tozeur runs along the lake. The driver seems to be moving through a tunnel. This optical delusion is the result of reflection sunlight from the salt surface of the lake. If the thermometer shows 30 °C, mirages appear. Visibility is reduced by winds that blow sand.
5. Timbuktu, Mali - 55°C The climate in the city is arid. The minimum precipitation in January is 0 mm, the maximum in August is 72 mm, and the average for the year is 176 mm. The highest average temperatures are in June - 33.9 °C, the lowest - in January - 20.6 °C. In the warm season, the thermometer sometimes shows over 50 ° C. Salvation for the inhabitants of the city is the Niger River. Although it is 24 km away.
Previously, Timbuktu was the commercial, scientific and religious center of Africa. Now the settlement houses a collection of ancient manuscripts.
The city tried to absorb the Sahara. Winds regularly brought desert gifts - dunes - to the city. Therefore, in 1988, Timbuktu was included in the lists of objects world heritage UNESCO. Thanks to the consistent actions of the world community, the advance of the Sahara was stopped. In 2005, the city was excluded from the list.
4. Rub al-Khali, Arabian Peninsula - 56 ° C The desert lies on the territory of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. One of the largest in the world - 650,000 sq. km. The average temperature in summer is 47 °C. In this case, the air often warms up to 50 ° C, and the sand - up to 70 ° C. Precipitation falls 35 mm.
Rub al Khali - flat desert. The winds move 300-meter red-orange sand dunes, exposing patches of gypsum and gravel.
Images from space allowed scientists to make sure that settlements were located on the territory of Rub al-Khali 5 thousand years ago. For example, Ubar is the City of a thousand pillars. Also, earlier there was a network of lakes and rivers, flora and fauna flourished. Now The groundwater hid from the hot sun at a depth of 10 meters.
In the desert, camel thorns and saltwort predominate among plants. One hundred species of animals, including: Beyza antelope, camels, snakes, jerboas and scorpions.
3. El-Azizia (Libya) - 57.7 ° C. A city of 4,000 people holds the unofficial record for maximum rate temperatures in the shade. But the World meteorological station does not recognize it, not trusting the means used to determine the temperature. In summer, the thermometer shows 48.9 °C. Average annual temperature lower than in Dallol or the Deshte Lut desert.
Humidity rarely drops below 80%, so the heat is easier to bear. The winds bring healing air from mediterranean sea. City is important shopping center, and until 2001 it was also administrative. El Azizia is located near the Sahel desert of Jeffar. Tourists are captivated by the unique ancient architecture of the Berbers.
Near the city is a thousand-year-old fortress Qasr al-Haj made of stone and plaster. V Peaceful time acted as a kind of refrigerator for food.
2. Death Valley (USA) - 56.7 ° C. The lowest stretch of the Mojave Desert and North America- 86 meters below sea level. With an area of 7800 sq. km. the park is the largest in the US. Less than 50 mm of precipitation falls annually, which is enough for small rodents and shrubs. Most hot month- July from average temperature 46°C during the day and 31°C at night. In winter, the thermometer drops to 5-20 °C. The average annual temperature is 24.8 °C.
A feature of Death Valley is the stones that move. This fact is confirmed by traces and photos from space. Do not sit still as tiny stones the size of a soccer ball, and 500-pound giants.
Death Valley was named after mid-nineteenth century. Then numerous gold miners tried to shorten the path to California through the hot lowlands. Not everyone managed to get out alive, hence the names: Funeral Ridge, Last Chance Ridge and Death Valley.
1. Deshte-Lut (Iran) - 70.7 ° C. The salt desert is considered the unofficial winner of the ranking, since in 2005 temperature information was obtained using a space satellite.
Characteristics Deshte-Lut - salt marshes and sands. Constant winds led to the appearance of bizarre stone images that are shaped like pillars and mushrooms.
Even in such a hot place there is a reservoir! drainless salt Lake- in the south of the desert in the lowlands of Nemekzar. Appears on a short time only in spring.
The length of Deshte-Lut is 550 km, the width is 100-200 km. The images from space show numerous sandstorms. Temperatures above 50 ° C are the norm in the desert. The hottest place in the desert is the Henda Beryan plateau with an area of 480 sq. km. It is covered with brown lava.
Global warming is knocking loudly on the door of planet Earth. Perhaps we will soon witness new temperature records.
We know that the lowest possible temperature is -273.15 °C. At this temperature, the movement of particles stops, and the released by them thermal energy becomes equal to zero. Probably, there should also be such a point, above which the particles will no longer be able to release more thermal energy, having reached their maximum.
Modern physics considers that this point is at the level of 1.41679 × 10 32 K (Kelvin) and is called the Planck temperature. That was the temperature of the Universe in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang.
How to convert Kelvin to Celsius?
In physics, it is convenient to measure temperature in Kelvin, which does not imply a negative temperature scale, that is, absolute zero is equal to zero here. To represent the temperature in degrees Celsius more familiar to us, it is enough to know the formula by which the temperature in Kelvin is calculated. T K (temp. Kelvin) = T C (temperature in Celsius) + T 0 (constant equal to 273.15). In other words, to convert kelvins to Celsius, it is enough to subtract the number 273.15 from Kelvins. for example, 1000 K = 1000 - 273.15 = 726.85 °C.
Given the formula for converting Kelvin to degrees Celsius, we can represent the Planck temperature in degrees Celsius as 1.41679 * 10(32)-273.15 °C. Certainly, this assessment calculated theoretically and is based on the fact that if matter heated to the Planck temperature is given more energy, then this will not lead to an increase in the speed of particles and, as a result, an increase in temperature. But it will cause the appearance of new particles during chaotic collisions of existing ones, which will lead to an increase in the mass of matter. But let's imagine that matter, heated to the Planck temperature, is still given more energy in order to try to heat it even more. In this case, the whole Universe is waiting for ... and no one knows what awaits the Universe after passing the Planck temperature point. It is likely that the gravitational interaction between particles of heated matter will become so strong that it will be equal to three other interactions: electromagnetic, strong and weak. To describe the physics of our world, and no physical theory that exists today can describe such things.
But let us return from cosmic affairs to earthly affairs. In an attempt to reach the maximum possible temperature within the laboratories man has established temperature record at a level of about 5.5 trillion Kelvin, which can be written as 5 * 10 12 K. Of course, scientists did not heat up a piece of iron to this unthinkable temperature - there simply would not be enough energy for this. Given temperature was recorded during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during the collision of lead ions at near-light speeds.
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