In the north of 47 ° C. sh. The vegetation zones are elongated from the east to west and from the northeast to the southwest, south of 47 ° C. sh. - mainly in the meridional direction. IN nordic parts And there are scanty vegetation, consisting mainly of precipitated lichens, moss and few types of higher vascular plants that do not form clouded cover. The southern part of the archipelago and the broad lane of the Arctic coast of the mainland takes. Characteristic animals Tundrov zone: reindeer (caribou), polar bear, Sandscape, Lemming, Zayak-Belyak, White Owl, White Partridge. Ovseby is found only in the north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in Greenland. In the northern part of this zone, moss-lichen, in the south - shrub formations are dominated.

W. upper border Forests (800-2000 m) are replaced by mining fir-fir-fir forests, above - mountain tundra. Mixed forests are located in the Great Lakes area. Subzone wide forests Located in the middle and southern part of the appalacia and in the east of the central. Antiquity of the Flora region led large species diversity Forests formed by dozens of oak species, chestnuts, beech, hikoi, relic tulip tree and many others on the slopes of Appalach, approximately 700-1000 m, mixed and coniferous forests appear on podzolic, fauna of mixed and deciduous forests, which included a number of original types ( For example, Virgin Deer, Skuns, Gray Fox, Red Lynx, Gray Squirrel, Mole Star, From Birds - Wilot-Moon, Wild Turkey), suffered greatly. More often there are hamsters, earthling, forest crops. In subtropics of the forest are represented by two zones: evergreen mixed forests in the east and evergreen coniferous forests in the West. The first are common in the eastern foothills of the southern half of the appalacia and on coastal lowlands. On the surface of the sea terraces and a plateau ancient form evergreen oaks, Ilma, Magnolia and numerous species Pines, sent by Lianov, forests from oaks, magnolia, tees, cypress. Intramatic areas of North America are occupied, and. The steppes are spread on great plains, Colombian plateau and in the California Valley.

In the east of the Great Plains in the United States, there are nice and pyrene steppes, in the other parts, the dry low-aluminous steppes of Grass Grass, Bison Grass, Podrey, Grand Celina, and others are very exterminated by the animals of steppes and forest-steppes: Bizon (preserved only in reserves), Antilope Vilorog , deer Mazam (preserved in the mountains), Coyote, Fox Prairie; significantly numerous rodents (Susliki, meadow dogs), steppe ferrets, badger, sacrificed rat and poultry (earthen owl, meadow tetra, etc.). On desert-steppe plateales are numerous reptiles, including poisonous - rattlesnake and the lizard of the yadozub; FRINOZOM lizard, steppe boa and some dr.

In the south of the Great Plains, the dry steppes are replaced by subtropical Meskites. The territory of the central and great plains are intensively used in. Deserts and semi-deserts occupy Big pool, eastern part Plateau Colorado and territories adjacent from the North-West to the Mexican Bay. Semi-deserts with a psammophilic cereal-wormwood on brown soils are located at the eastern foot of the rocky mountains of the United States. On the rest of the territory, small sections of semi-desert and deserts alternate depending on the conditions and moisture.

North of 37 ° C. sh. Herbal cover form semi-stabilics - wormwood, winch, salted tree and saltwrites, south - shrubs (creoshot, boasting) and succulents (cacti, yukki, etc.). Central America and West tropical vegetation. On the most wet areas (mainly at the foot of the highlighted slopes of the mountains) - Wet evergreen forests complicated composition of giant trees With an abundance of lian and epiphytes, bamboo, alternating with altitude variable wet leaf falls (beech, linden, oaks, etc.) tropical forests and mining subtropicals evergreen forests and shrubs. Representatives tropical fauna - Alligator, Cayman Turtles, Ibis, Flamingo, Pelicans, Hummingbird (one species penetrates Alaska), Caroline parrot. On the leeward slopes - tropical savannahs, including dry spiny low forests, mainly from representatives of the legume family. Along the coarse - mangrove forests.

Vegetation I. soil Pokrov North America is strongly changed by a person, especially in the United States. Almost completely destroyed the natural vegetation of the prairies, the area of \u200b\u200bforests was significantly reduced, broad-sized forests were preserved only on the slopes of the mountains and have a very depleted composition. From the cutting and fires, the area occupied by moderate and subtropical belts and coniferous forests Cordillery West.

Based on geographic zonality climate change, and above all the differences in the flow of solar heat. The largest territorial units of zonal dismemberment of the geographic shell - geographic belts.

Natural zones - Natural complexes occupying large squarescharacterized by the domination of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the characteristics of the distribution of heat and moisture, their relations. Each natural zone is inherent in its type of soil, vegetation and animal world.

The appearance of the natural zone is determined type of vegetable cover . But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions – thermal regime, Moisturizing, lighting.

Usually, natural zones Extracted in the form of wide bands from the west to the east. There are no clear boundaries between them, the zones are gradually moving to another. The latitudinal arrangement of natural zones is violated by the uneven distribution of sushi and ocean, relief, ocean remoteness.

For example, in moderate latitudes of North America, natural zones are located in the meridional direction, which is associated with the influence of the Cordiller, which prevents the passage of wet winds with Pacific Ocean deep into the mainland. Eurasia has almost all zones Northern Hemisphere, but their width is not the same. For example, the zone of mixed forests is gradually narrowed from west to east as it removes from the ocean and increasing the continentality of the climate. In the mountains, natural zones are changed with a height - altitudeexplanation . High resistance is due to climate change with raising up. Set high-altitude belts in the mountains depends on geographic location The mountains themselves, which determines the nature of the nature of the lower belt, and the height of the mountains, which determines the nature of the highest for these mountains of the altitude belt. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more they have altitude belts.

The location of the high-rise belses also affects the direction of the ridges relative to the parties of the horizon and the dominant winds. So, the southern and northern slopes of the mountains may differ in the number of altitude belts. As a rule, there are more on the southern slopes than on the northern. On the slopes subject to the influence of wet winds, the nature of the vegetation will differ from the vegetation of the opposite slope.

The sequence of changes in high-rise belses in the mountains almost coincides with the sequence of changes in the natural zones on the plains. But in the mountains of the belt change faster. There are natural complexes characteristic only for mountains, for example, subalpine and alpine meadows.

Natural zones sushi

Evergreen Tropical and Equatorial Forests

Evergreen tropical and equatorial forests are located in equatorial and tropical belts South America, Africa and Eurasia Islands. The climate is wet and hot. The air temperature is constantly high. Red-yellow ferrallitic soils are formed, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, but poor nutrients. Thick evergreen forests - source large number Vegetable fate. But organic substances entering the soil do not have time to accumulate. They are absorbed by numerous plants, wash out daily precipitation in the lower soil horizons. Equatorial forests are characterized by multi-tie.

Vegetation is presented mainly by woody forms forming multi-tiered communities. Characterized by a high species diversity, the presence of epiphytes (ferns, orchids), Lian. Plants have rigid leathery leaves with devices that save from excess moisture (dropper). Animal world It is represented by a huge variety of forms - consumers of rotting wood and sheets, as well as species living in crowns of trees.

Savannah and edging

Natural zones with herbal vegetation characteristic of them (mainly cereal) in combination with individual trees or their groups and shrub thickets. They are located north and south of the zones of equatorial forests southern continents In tropical belts. The climate is characterized by the presence of a more or less long arid period and high temperatures Air throughout the year. Red ferroll or red-brown soils are formed in the savannas, which are richer humus than in equatorial forests. Although in the wet season, nutrients are washed out of the soil, humidiation occurs in a dry period.

Herbal vegetation with separate groups of trees prevailing. Areat umbrella crowns, life forms that allow plants to store moisture (bottled trunks, succulents) and protect against overheating (omission and waxing on the leaves, the location of the leaves edge to sunny rays). For the animal world, the abundance of herbivores, preferably hoofs, large predators, animals, processing plant opead (termites) are characterized by the abundance of herbivores. With the removal from the equator in the north and Southern Hemispheres The duration of the arid period in savannas increases, the vegetation is becoming increasingly sparse.

Desert and semi-deserts

Deserts and semi-deserts are located in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic belts. For a climate, the desert is characterized by an extremely low amount of precipitation throughout the year.

Daily daily air amplitudes of air. By temperature regime they differ quite strongly: from hot tropical deserts Before the desert temperate climatic belt. For all deserts are characterized by the development of desert soils, poor organic substancesbut rich in mineral salts. Irrigation allows them to use them for agriculture.

Soil salinization is widespread. The vegetation is scanty and has specific adaptations to a dry climate: the leaves are converted into spines, the root system is very superior to the above-ground part, many plants are capable of growing on saline soils, withdrawing salt to the surface of the leaves in the form of a plaque. Great variety of succulents. Vegetation is adapted either to the "catching" of moisture from the air, or to a decrease in evaporation, or to the other. Animal world is represented by forms capable for a long time To do without water (stocking water in the form of fatty sediments), overcome long distances, to worry, leaving the hole or falling into the hibernation.

Many animals are conducting night image Life.

Tresting evergreen forests and shrubs

Natural zones are located in subtropical belts in conditions mediterranean climate With dry hot summer and wet, soft winter. Brown and red-brown soil are formed.

Vegetable cover is represented by coniferous and evergreen forms with leathery leaves, covered with a wax hollow, input, usually with a high content of essential oils. So plants adapt to dry hot summer. Animal world is very exterminated; But characterized by herbivores and loving forms, many reptiles, birds of prey.

Steppes and forest site

Natural complexes inherent in moderate belts. Here, in climate conditions with a cold, often snowy winter and warm, arid summer, the most fertile soils are formed - black soil. The vegetation prevails herbal, in typical steppes, prairies and pampa - cereal, in dry versions - hollow. Practically everywhere natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural crops. The animal world is represented by herbivores, among which hoofs are strongly exterminated, preserved predominantly rodents and reptiles, which are peculiar a long period Winter rest, and birds of prey.

Wide and mixed the woods

Wide and mixed forests grow in moderate belts In a climate environment with sufficient moisture and a period of reduced, sometimes negative temperatures. Soil fertile, brown forests (under wide forests) And gray forests (under mixed forests). Forests are usually formed by 2-3 types of trees with a shrub tier and well-developed herbaceous cover. The animal world is diverse, clearly divided into tiers, is represented by forest hoofs, predators, rodents, insectivorous birds.

Taiga

Taiga is common in moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere with a wide bandwidth in climate conditions with a short warm summer, long and harsh winter, sufficient precipitation and normal, in places with excess moisture.

In the taiga zone in conditions of abundant moisture and relatively cool summer, there is an intensive washing of the soil layer, the humor is formed not enough. Under its thin layer due to the washing of the soil, a whitish layer is formed, which appearance Looks like ash. Therefore, such soils are called podzolic. Vegetation is presented various types coniferous forests in combination with finely personnel.

A well-developed long structure, which is peculiar to the animal world.

Tundra and timber tundra

Completed in subogenous and polar climatic belts. The climate is severe, with a short and cold vegetation period, long and harsh winter. With a small amount of precipitation, excessive moisturizing is developing. Soil - peat-gley, under them a layer of permafrost. Vegetable cover is presented mainly by herbian-lichen communities, with shrubs and dwarf shapes of trees. Animal world is peculiar: large hoofs and predators are common, the widespread and migratory forms are widely represented, especially migratory birdswhich are carried out in the tundra only the nesting period. There are practically no nursing animals, few grains.

A complex picture of North America's natural zones is determined by the peculiarities of the geographical position of the mainland. The change of natural conditions occurs in two directions - from the north to south and from the oceanic dies to the internal areas of the mainland. Therefore, in the north of the continent, the zones are elongated in a latitudinal direction, and in the central part they have a location close to the meridional. The greatest variety North America is distinguished by natural zones of moderate belt. This is due primarily with the significant sizes of this belt (more "/ 3 of the continental area) and with large climatic differences in its different parts. The natural zone of the Arctic desert is formed within arctic belt. Glaciers are widespread here. Only in the summer on the protrusions of indigenous rocks, plants are found in lower and cracks: mosses, lichens, some types of herbs and shrubs. Under this vegetation, scarce and primitive arctic soils were formed, almost not containing nutrient mineral and organic substances. The poverty of the animal world is associated with harsh environment. There are some major mammals here. Among them are a musky bull or a sheep, a large and endless animal with a thick troubled wool and a stovered muzzle. It was preserved in Greenland and on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Coastal Arctic areas attend white bears, wolves, sands. In the waters of the surrounding seas inhabited seals, walruses, beluga, Greenland whales. For rocky islands, the clusters of various seabirds are characteristic of the birds. Natural tundra zone. North mainland B. subarctic belt It takes the natural zone of the tundra. The main feature of this zone is the absence of trees. In the north, the tundra are common and licinc. They form a solid spongy and rich moisture carpet. There are herbs (sash, fluffy) and polar flowers - forget-me-not, polar poppies, dandelions. The south appears low shrubs: dwarf birch and will (usually 30 - 70 cm tall), a richness, heather, berry shrubs (blueberries, blueberries). Widespread received perennial Merzlota. Movelace tundra-gley and swamp soil are formed. The animal world in the tundra is richer than in the Arctic deserts. Here are the northern deer (it is not tamed and is an important object of hunting Eskimos and Indians), a polar bear, polar Wolf, Pescent, Polar hare, Lemming (small rodent). White partridges, predatory polar owl are common from birds, the waterfowl (geese, ducks, slices) arrive in the summer. Many bird bazaars (gaga, numbers, toporists, etc.) The natural zone of the Fondura is stretched to the south of the tundra of the strip in a width of up to 500 km. According to the valleys of rivers, wood vegetation from coniferous rocks appears. Under it form gleyevo-podzolic soils. In the animal world, as in the vegetable, there is a mixture of tundra and forest species. Natural Taiga Zone. Taiga extends south of Festundra. The vegetation is represented by coniferous forests from black and white spruce, balsamic fir, American larch, Tui. On more dry places, forests made of pine (or web), banks (or stone) and red pines grow. In the taiga zone, podzolic soils are typical, and in low-lying territories, swamp soils are found in large areas. Taiga has a diverse animal world. There are many large hoofs. This is a deer of wapiti, American elk with huge palm horns, forest deer, and in a mountain taiga - snow goat And thick-legged ram. Many predators - Cute, Wolf, Canadian Lynx, Ermine, Wolverine, Lisea. There are brown and black American bear, as well as the Puma (or Cougar), gray and red squirrel, the chipmunk.

Zonality - the change natural components and the natural complex as a whole from the equator to the poles. The basis of the zonality is a different entry on the land of heat, light, atmospheric Ospalkovwhich, in turn, is already reflected on all other components, and above all - soils, vegetation and animal world.

Zonality is characteristic of both sushi and the ocean.

The largest zone departments of the geographic shell - Geographic belts. The belt differ from each other primarily with temperature conditions.

The following geographic belts are distinguished: Equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, moderate, subogenous, polar (antarctic and arctic).

Inside the belts on land, natural zones are distinguished, each of which is characterized not only by the same measurement of temperature conditions and moisturizing, which leads to the generality of vegetation, soils and the animal world.

You are already familiar with the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert, Tundra, the forest area of \u200b\u200ba moderate climatic belt, steppes, deserts, wet and dry subtropics, savanna, wet evergative equatorial forests.

Within natural zones, transition areas are distinguished. They are formed due to a gradual change in climatic conditions. To such transition zones Beloved, for example, forestry, forest-steppe and semi-desert.

Zonality is not only a latitudinal, but also vertical. Vertical zonality is a natural change in natural complexes in height and in depth. For the mountains, the main cause of this zonality is the change in temperature and amount of moisture with a height, and for the depths of the ocean - heat and sunlight.

Change of natural zones depending on the height above sea level in mountainous areas, as you already know, High resistance.

From horizontal zonality, it is distinguished by the length of the belts and the presence of the belt of alpine and subalpine meadows. The number of belts usually increases in high mountains and approached the equator.

Natural zones

Natural zones - large departments of the geographic shell with a certain combination of temperature conditions and moisture mode. They are classified mainly on the prevailing type of vegetation and regularly change on the plains from the north to south, and in the mountains - from foot to the tops. Natural zones of Russia are presented in Fig. one.

The latitudent spread of natural zones on the plains is due to the receipt of the unequal amount of solar heat and moisture on the earth's surface in different latitudes.

The resources of plant and animal world of natural zones make up biological resources territory.

A set of high-altitude belts depends primarily because the mountains are located on what latice and what is their height. It should also be noted that most of the borders are not clear between the high-altitude belts.

Let us consider in more detail the features of the placement of natural zones on the example of our country.

Polar desert

North of our country - North Islands Arctic Ocean - Located in the natural zone polar (arctic) desert. Still called this zone Ice zone. The southern border approximately coincides with the 75th parallel. For the natural zone, the domination of the Arctic air mass. The total solar radiation is 57-67 kcal / cm 2 per year. Snow covers holds 280-300 days a year.

In winter, the polar night is dominated here, which is in a latitude of 75 ° C. sh. lasts 98 days.

In the summer, even round-the-clock lighting is not capable of providing this territory enough heat. The air temperature rarely rises above 0 ° C, and average temperature July is +5 ° C. For several days there can be drizzling precipitates, but there is practically no thunderstorms and showers. But frequent fogs.

Fig. 1. Natural zones of Russia

For a significant part of the territory characteristic modern glaciation. There is no solid vegetation cover. The glacier sections of the sushi, on which vegetation develop, are small ones. At the placers of pebbles, wreckage of basalts and boulders "Mix" moss and precipitated lichens. Occasionally, poppies and stamps, who begin to bloom, when still hard to come together.

The Fauna of the Arctic Desert is mainly marine life. This is a Greenland seal, walrus, ring Corn, marine hare, Belukha, sea pig, linen.

Diverse in the northern seas are views of the plated whales. Blue and Greenland whales, serving, Finval, Gorbach belong to rare and endangered species and are listed in the Red Book. The inner side of long horny plates replacing the teeth whales, split into the hairs. This allows animals to push the large amount of water, mining plankton, which makes up the basis of their diet.

The polar bear is also a typical representative of the animal world polar desert. "Maternity houses" of polar bears are located on Earth Franz Joseph, new land, oh. Wrangel.

Summer by rocky Islands Net numerous bird colonies are nest: seagulls, cakes, numbers, gagars, etc.

There is practically no permanent population in the polar desert zone. Weather stations are observed on the weather and the movement of ice stations in the ocean. On the islands in the winter hunt for sands and fishing birds in the summer. In the waters of the Arctic Ocean, fishing is carried out.

Steppe

The south of the forest-steppe zone stretches the steppes. They are distinguished by the absence of forest vegetation. The steppes are drawn by the uninformed solid strip in the south of Russia from western borders to Altai. Further, the East steppe areas have focal spread.

The climate of the steppes is moderately continental, but more dry than in the forest zone and forest-steppes. Number of annual total solar radiation It comes to 120 kcal / cm 2. The average January temperature on the gas -2 ° C, and in the east -20 ° C and below. Summer in the steppe sunny and roast. The average temperature of July is 22-23 ° C. The sum of the active temperatures is 3500 ° C. The precipitation falls 250-400 mm per year. Summer parts of shower. The coefficient of moisture is less than the unit (from 0.6 in the north of the zone to 0.3 in the southern steppes). Stable snow cover It holds to 150 days a year. In the West, the zones are often thawed, so the snow cover is low and very unstable there. Prevailing soil steppes - chernozem.

Natural plant communities are predominantly perennial, crouching and frost-resistant herbs with a powerful root system. This is primarily cereals: naked, tichak, winter, snake, tonkonog, mintalik. In addition to cereals, representatives of the dissemination are numerous: Astragalha, Sage, carnation - and bulbous perennials, such as tulips.

Composition and structure plant communities Significantly change both in the latitudinal and in the meridional direction.

In the European steppes, the foundation constitutes narrowing cereals: Kickl, Ticacher, Mattik, oatmeal, tonkonog, etc. Many bright blooming dispersion. In the summer, like waves in the sea, Kickle sang, there and here you can see lilac irises. In more dry southern regions, in addition to cereals, wormwood, chest, nepochka. Spring many tulips. In the Asian part of the country, Pijm and cereals are dominated.

Steppe landscapes are radically different from forest, which determines the originality of the animal world of this natural zone. Typical animals of this zone are rodents (the most numerous group) and hoofs.

Hoping animals are adapted to long-term movements on endless expanses. Due to the low-power snow cover vegetable feed Available in winter. Important role The diet play bulbs, tubers, rhizomes. For many animal plants, this is also the main source of moisture. Typical representatives of ungulates in the steppes are tours, antelopes, tarpans. However, most of these species as a result economic activity People were exterminated or pushed to the south. In certain areas, widespread saigas are preserved.

From rodents, the most common susslik, voles, tushkanchik, etc.

Live in the steppe also a chorine, a badger, caressing, a fox.

From birds are typical for the steppes of the Drop, Strept, gray partridge, steppe eagle, cannuk, piggy. However, these birds are rarely found.

Reptiles are much larger than in the forest area. Among them, we will highlight steppe violets, cavity, an ordinary horror, jumping lizard, Shoping.

The wealth of steppes is fertile soils. The power of the humus layer of chernozems is more than 1 m. It is not surprising that this natural zone is almost completely mastered by a person and natural steppe landscapes are saved only in reserves. In addition to the high natural fertility of chernozem, keeping agriculture Climatic conditions favorable for gardening, cultivation of thermo-loving grain (wheat, corn) and technical (sugar beets, sunflower) cultures contribute to both cultivation conditions. Due to the insufficient amount of atmospheric precipitation and frequent droughts in the steppes zone built irrigation systems.

Steppes - a zone of developed animal husbandry. Large is bred here cattle, horses, bird. The conditions for the development of animal husbandry are favorable due to the presence of natural pastures, feed grains, waste from the processing of sunflowers and sugar beets, etc.

Different industries are developed in the steppe zone: metallurgy, engineering, food, chemical, textile.

Semi-desert and desert

In the south-east of Russian plains and on the Caspian lowland, semi-deserts and desert are located.

Total solar radiation reaches 160 kcal / cm 2 here. Climate is characterized by high air temperatures in summer (+22 - + 24 ° C) and low in winter (-25-30 ° C). Because of this, there is a big annual amplitude temperatures. The amount of active temperatures is 3600 ° C and more. In the semi-desert zone and the desert falls a small amount of atmospheric precipitation: for the year, an average of up to 200 mm. In this case, the coefficient of moisture is 0.1-0.2.

Rivers located in the semi-desert zone and deserts feed almost exclusively due to the spring melting of snow. Significant part of them flows into the lake or loses in the sands.

Typical soils semi-desert zone and deserts - chestnuts. The amount of humus in them decreases in directions from the north to the south and from the west to the East (this is due primarily to the gradual increase in the sparseness of vegetation in these directions), so in the north and the west of the soils are dark chestnuts, and in the south - light-brown ( The content of humoring in them is 2-3%). In the lowering of the relief of the soil salted. Solonchaki and solonts are found, from the upper layers of which, due to the flushes, a significant part of the easily soluble salts is carried out into the lower horizons.

Plants in semi-deserts are usually low, drought-resistant. For semi-deserts, the south of the country is characterized by such types of plants as tree-like and spinning solicky, camel barrel, juzgun. On the hills, they are prevailing and Ticac.

Steppe cereals alternate with the stained stains and the romance of the yarrow.

The deserts of the southern part of the Caspian lowland are the kingdom of semi-stabilizers.

For life, in conditions of lack of moisture and salinization of the soil, a number of devices have developed. Sollyanki, for example, have hairs and scales that protect them from excess evaporation and overheating. Others, such as Tamarix, Kermek, for the withdrawal of salts "got acquired" by special salting glands. In many species, the evaporating surface of the leaves has decreased, their omission occurred.

The growing season in many desert plants are short. The whole development cycle they have time to complete for favorable time year - spring.

Animal world semi-desert and deserts compared to the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe poor. The most common reptiles are lizards, snakes, turtles. Many rodents - gerbils, tushkans and poisonous spidabberry - scorpions, tarantulas, Karakurtov. Birds - Drop, Strepp, Lark - can be seen not only in the steppes, but also in semi-deserts. From the largest mammals, we note camel, saiga; There are Corsaq, wolf.

A special district in the semi-desert zone and the deserts of Russia are Delta Volga and Akhtubinskaya floodplain. It can be called a green oasis among the semi-desert. This territory stands out by its thickets of reed-canthop (he reaches 4-5 m in height), shrubs and shrubs (including blackberries), sent by curling plants (hops, binds). In the Volga Delta rates, there are many algae, white water lily (including those who have survived from the Caspian rose and water walnut). Among these plants there are many birds, among which herons are distinguished, pelicans and even flamingos.

The traditional occupation of the population in the semi-desert zone and the deserts are cattle breeding: diluted sheep, camels, cattle. As a result of the rearness of livestock, the area of \u200b\u200bnon-declined transpless sands increases. One of the measures to combat the onset of the desert - phytomeliolation - A set of activities for cultivation and maintaining natural vegetation. To secure the verachans, such types of plants can be used as Colosnyak Giant, Siberian, Saksaul.

Tundra

The huge spaces of the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotsky are busy tundra. South border of its distribution practically
Falls E July isotherma 10 ° C. Further, to the north, the south border of the tundra moved to Siberia - north of 72 ° S.Sh. In the Far East, the influence of the cold seas led to the fact that the border of the tundra comes to almost the latitude of St. Petersburg.

Tundra gets more heat than the area of \u200b\u200bthe polar desert. The total solar radiation is 70-80 kcal / cm 2 per year. However, the climate here continues to be characterized. low temperatures Air, short summer, harsh winter. The average air temperature in January comes to -36 ° C (in Siberia). Winter lasts 8-9 months. At this time of the year, the southern winds, which from the mainland are dominated here. Summer is distinguished by an abundance of sunlight, unstable weather: often the strong northern winds, bringing cooling and precipitation, are often blowing (especially in the second half of summer there are often chainsing rains). The amount of active temperatures is only 400-500 ° C. The average annual precipitation reaches 400 mm. Snow covers holds 200-270 days a year.

The prevailing soil types in this zone are peat-marsh and weak-casual. Due to the distribution of many years of permanent, with a waterproof property, there are many swamps.

Since the tundra zone has a significant length from the north to the south, within its limits, climatic conditions change markedly: from harsh in the north to more moderate in the south. In accordance with this, they allocate arctic, northern, they are typical, and the southern tundra.

Arctic tundra It is mainly the Arctic Islands. Mossiy, lichens predominate from vegetation, there are flowering plants, compared to the Arctic deserts, they are becoming more. Flower plants represented by shrubs and perennial herbs. Willow the polar and creeping, DRIADA (partridge grass). From the perennial herbs, the most common polar poppy, small sources, some cereals, stamps.

Northern tundra Completed mainly on the mainland coast. An important difference from the arctic - the presence of closed vegetation cover. Mosses and lichens cover 90% of the soil surface. Green mosses and bushy lickers prevail, the yagel is often found. The species composition of flowering plants also becomes diverse. There are encounters, vengeial, hustling horsepower. From the shrubs - lingonberry, blueberries, a richness, aquicker, as well as dwarf birch (Yernik), willow.

IN Southern Tundra, as in the northern, floral cover is solid, but it can already be divided into tiers. The upper tier form dwarf birch, willow. Medium - grass and shrubs: watersman, lingonberry, blueberries, a richness, a dump truck, cloudberry, fluffy, cereals. Nizhny - Mossi and lichens.

The harsh climatic conditions of the tundra "forced" many types of plants "get acquainted" with special devices. So, plants with fluttering and creeping shoots and collected in the rosette with leaves better "use" a warmer surface air layer. Lowness helps to survive severe Winter. Although because strong winds The power of snow cover in the tundra is small, it is enough to hide and survive.

Some devices "serve" plants and in summer time. For example, cranberries, hennik, waters "are struggling" for preserving moisture in that the size of the leaves is as follows as much as possible, thereby reducing evaporating surface. In Driad and Polar Willow, the lower side of the sheet is covered with dense omit, which makes it difficult to move the air and thereby reduces evaporation.

Almost all plants in the tundra perennial. For some species, the so-called legability is characteristic when instead of fruits and seeds at the plant appear on bulbs and nodules, which quickly rooted, which ensures the "win" in time.

Animals and birds that are constantly living in the tundra, also adapted to harsh natural conditions. They are saved by a thick fur or fluffy plumage. In winter, animals have a white or light gray color, and in the summer - grayish brown. It helps to mask.

Typical animal tundra is a sandy, lemming, hare-white, reindeer, white polar and tundra partridge, polar owl. In the summer, the abundance of food (fish, berries, insects) attracts such birds into this natural zone, like hills, ducks, geese, etc.

There is a fairly low population density in the tundra. The indigenous peoples here are Saams, Nenets, Yakuts, Chukchi, etc. They are mainly engaged in reindeer herding. Mineral mining is actively carried out: apatites, nephelines, non-ferrous metal ores, gold, etc.

Railway communication in Tundra is developed weakly, an obstacle to the construction of roads is a long-term permafrost.

Lesotundra

Lesotundra - Transitional from the tundra to the taiga area. It is characterized by the alternation of sections engaged in forest and tundra vegetation.

The climate of Festundra is close to the tundra climate. The main difference: summer is more warm here - the average temperature of July + 11 (+14) ° C - and long, but winter is colder: the influence of winds blowing from the mainland affects.

Trees in this zone are lowered and naught to the ground, have a curved look. This is due to the fact that the long-term permafrost and soil wets do not give plants to have deep roots, and strong winds are flexing them to the ground.

A spruce prevails in the Fundra of the European part of Russia, it is less common to pine. In the Asian part the larch is common. Trees are growing slowly, their height usually does not exceed 7-8 m. Because of the strong winds, the flag-like frame shape is distributed.

Little animals remaining in the forest tundra winter are perfectly adapted to the local conditions. Lemming, voles, tundra partridges are done in the snow long moves, feed on leaves and stems of evergreen tundra plants. With the abundance of the feed lemmings at this time of the year they also bring offspring.

On small forest massifs And thickets of shrubs along the rivers in the southern areas, animals from the forest zone are applied: Zayak-Belyak, brown bear, white partridge. There are wolves, fox, ermine, caress. Small insectivore birds fly.

Subtropics

This zone, which occupies the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, is characterized by the smallest in Russia with length and square.

The magnitude of total solar radiation reaches 130 kcal / cm 2 per year. Summer long, winter warm (average January 0 ° C). The sum of the active temperatures is 3500-4000 ° C. Under these conditions, many plants can develop all year round. In the foothills and on the mountain slopes there are 1000 mm and more atmospheric precipitation per year. On the plain territories, snow cover is practically not formed.

Predest fertile red and yellow soils are common.

Subtropical vegetation is rich and diverse. Vegetable world It is represented by evergreen talist trees and shrubs, among which they call the Samshat, Laurel, Lavirovnya. Forests are common from oak, beech, grab, maple. Thickets of trees intertwine liana, ivy, wild grapes. There are bamboo, palm trees, cypress, eucalyptus.

From the representatives of the animal world, we will celebrate sulna, deer, boar, bear, forest and stone kunitsa, Caucasian TETEREV.

The abundance of heat and moisture allows you to grow such subtropical cultures such as tea, tangerines, lemons. Significant areas are engaged in vineyards and tobacco plantations.

Favorable climatic conditions, the proximity of the sea and the mountains make this area large recreational area our country. There are numerous tourbases, holiday homes, sanatoriums.

In the tropical belt are wet forests, savanna and gentlemen, deserts.

Substantially Tropical wet forests (South Florida, Central America, Madagascar, East Australia). They are used, as a rule, under the plantation (see Atlas Map).

The subequatorial belt is represented by forests and savannahs.

Sub-screen wet forests Located mainly in the Ganges Valley, southern Central Africa, on the northern coast of the Guinean Bay, the northern part of South America, in Northern Australia and on Oceania Islands. In more arid areas they are replaced Savannai (Southeast Brazil, Central and East Africa, Central Districts of North Australia, Industan and Indochina). Characteristic representatives of the animal world subscance belt - Rubbly mannocipettes, predators, rodents, termites.

At the equator, the abundance of precipitation and heat led to the presence of the zone here Evergreen wet forests (Amazon and Congo pool, on islands South-East Asia). The natural zone of evergreen wet forests is a record holder in the world in a variety of species of animals and plants.

The same natural zones are found on different continentsHowever, they have their own characteristics. Primarily we are talking About plants and animals that have adapted to existence in these natural zones.

The natural zone of subtropics is widely represented on the coast Mediterranean Sea, southern Shore Crimea, in the south-east of the United States and in other regions of the Earth.

Western Industan, East Australia, Pool Parana in South America and South Africa - distribution zones of more arid tropical Savannan and retrieves. The most extensive natural zone of the tropical belt - desert (Sugar, the Arabian desert, the desert of Central Australia, California, as well as Kalahari, Namib, Atakam). The huge spaces of pebble, sandy, stony and salt surfaces are deprived of vegetation. The animal world is small.

Natural complex (landscape), natural zone, latitudinal and high-rise explanancy

Natural complex - the territory with a certain unity of nature, due to the community of its origin and the history of development, the originality of the geographical location in force within its limits modern processes. In the natural complex, all components are connected with each other. Natural complexes are diverse in size. The largest natural complex (PC) is a geographic shell. The continents and oceans, natural zones - also PC. A small ravine or lake is also a natural complex. The formation of natural complexes occurs for a long time.

Geographic belt - the largest territorial unit of latitude and zonal division of the geographic shell, characterized by the generality of thermal conditions. Latitude location geographic belts It is mainly determined by the change in the amount of solar radiation from the equator to the poles of the Earth. Inside geographical belts, moisturizing may be different, which allows you to highlight inside each belt geographic zones and subzones.

Natural zones. Based on geographic zonalityclimate change, and above all the differences in the flow of solar heat. The largest territorial units of zonal dismemberment of the geographic shell are geographical belts.

Natural zones- Natural complexes occupying large areas characterized by the domination of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the characteristics of the distribution of heat and moisture, their relations. Each natural zone is inherent in its type of soil, vegetation and animal world.

The appearance of the natural zone is determined by the type of vegetation cover. But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal regime, moisturizing, lighting.

As a rule, natural zones are elongated in the form of wide bands from the west to the east. There are no clear boundaries between them, the zones are gradually moving to another. The latitudinal arrangement of natural zones is violated by the uneven distribution of sushi and ocean, relief, ocean remoteness. For example, in moderate latitudes of North America, natural zones are located in a meridional direction, which is associated with the influence of the Cordiller, which prevent the passage of wet winds from the Pacific Ocean into the mainland. In Eurasia there are almost all zones of the northern hemisphere, but their width is not the same. For example, the zone of mixed forests is gradually narrowed from west to east as it removes from the ocean and increasing the continentality of the climate. In the mountains, natural zones are changed with a height - high-rise explanancy . High resistance is due to climate change with raising up. The set of high-rise belses in the mountains depends on the geographical position of the mountains themselves, which determines the nature of the nature of the lower belt, and the height of the mountains, which determines the nature of the highest of the highest belt for these mountains. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more they have altitude belts.

The location of the high-rise belses also affects the direction of the ridges relative to the parties of the horizon and the dominant winds. So, the southern and northern slopes of the mountains may differ in the number of altitude belts. As a rule, there are more on the southern slopes than on the northern. On the slopes subject to the influence of wet winds, the nature of the vegetation will differ from the vegetation of the opposite slope.

The sequence of changes in high-rise belses in the mountains almost coincides with the sequence of changes in the natural zones on the plains. But in the mountains of the belt change faster. There are natural complexes characteristic only for mountains, for example, subalpine and alpine meadows.

Natural zones sushi. Evergreen Tropical and Equatorial Forests Located in Equatorial and tropical belts of South America, Africa and Islands of Eurasia. The climate is wet and hot. The air temperature is constantly high. Red-yellow ferrallitic soils are formed, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, but poor nutrients. Thick evergreen forests - a source of a large number of plant ponds. But organic substances entering the soil do not have time to accumulate. They are absorbed by numerous plants, wash out daily precipitation in the lower soil horizons. Equatorial forests are characterized by multi-tie. Vegetation is presented mainly by woody forms forming multi-tiered communities. Characterized by a high species diversity, the presence of epiphytes (ferns, orchids), Lian. Plants have rigid leathery leaves with devices that save from excess moisture (dropper). The animal world is represented by a huge variety of forms of consumers of rotting wood and sheets, as well as views in the crowns of trees.

Savannah and edging - Natural zones with herbal vegetation characteristic of them (mainly cereal) in combination with individual trees or their groups and shrub chairs. They are located north and south of the zones of equatorial forests of southern continents in tropical belts. The climate is characterized by the presence of a more or less long arid period and high air temperatures throughout the year. In the savannas, red ferroll or red-boring soils are formed, which are richer humus than in equatorial forests. Although in the wet season, nutrients are washed out of the soil, humidiation occurs in a dry period. Herbal vegetation with separate groups of trees prevailing. Characterized by umbrella crowns, life forms that allow plants to store moisture (bottled trunks, succulents) and protect against overheating (omitting and waxing on the leaves, the location of the leaves edge to the sun rays). For the animal world, the abundance of herbivores, preferably hoofs, large predators, animals, processing plant opead (termites) are characterized. With the removal from the equator in the northern and southern hemispheres, the duration of the arid period in savannas increases, the vegetation is becoming increasingly sparse.

Desert and semi-deserts Located in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic belts. For a climate, the desert is characterized by an extremely low amount of precipitation throughout the year. Daily daily air amplitudes of air. In terms of temperature regime, they differ quite strongly: from hot tropical deserts to the desert temperate climatic belt. For all deserts are characterized by the development of desert soils, poor organic substances, but rich in mineral salts. Irrigation allows them to use them for agriculture.

Soil salinization is widespread. The vegetation is scanty and has specific adaptations to a dry climate: the leaves are converted into spines, the root system is very superior to the above-ground part, many plants are capable of growing on saline soils, withdrawing salt to the surface of the leaves in the form of a plaque. Great variety of succulents. Vegetation is adapted either to the "catching" of moisture from the air, or to a decrease in evaporation, or to the other. The animal world is represented by forms that have been able to do without water for a long time (stocking water in the form of fatty sediments), overcome long distances, worry in heat, leaving the hole or falling into the hibernation. Many animals lead a nightlife.

Tresting evergreen forests and shrubs Located in subtropical belts in the Mediterranean climate with dry hot summer and damp, soft in winter. Brown and red-brown soil are formed.

Vegetable cover is represented by coniferous and evergreen forms with leathery leaves, covered with a wax hollow, input, usually with a high content of essential oils. So plants adapt to dry hot summer. Animal world is very exterminated; But characterized by herbivores and loving forms, many reptiles, birds of prey.

Steppes and forest site - Natural complexes peculiar to moderate belts. Here, in climate conditions with a cold, often snowy winter and warm, arid summer, the most fertile soils are formed - black soil. The vegetation prevails herbal, in typical steppes, prairies and pampa - cereal, in dry versions - hollow. Practically everywhere natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural crops. The animal world is represented by herbivores, among which hoofs are strongly exterminated, preserved predominantly rodents and reptiles, which are characterized by a long period of winter peace and predatory birds.

Wide and mixed Forests grow in moderate belts in climate conditions with sufficient moisture and a period of reduced, sometimes negative temperatures. Soil fertile, brown forests (under the broader forests) and gray forests (under mixed forests). Forests are usually formed by 2-3 types of trees with a shrub tier and well-developed herbaceous cover. The animal world is diverse, clearly divided into tiers, is represented by forest hoofs, predators, rodents, insectivorous birds.

Taigawide in moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere with a wide bandwidth in climate conditions with a short warm summer, a long and harsh winter, sufficient amount of precipitation and normal, in places with excessive moisture. In the taiga zone in conditions of abundant moisture and relatively cool summer, there is an intensive washing of the soil layer, the humor is formed not enough. Under its subtle layer, due to washing the soil, a whitish layer is formed, which in appearance is similar to the ash. Therefore, such soils are called podzolic. Vegetation is represented by various types of coniferous forests in combination with small-scale.

A well-developed long structure, which is peculiar to the animal world.

Tundra and timber tundra Completed in subogenous and polar climatic belts. The climate is severe, with a short and cold vegetation period, long and harsh winter. With a small amount of precipitation, excessive moisturizing is developing. Soil - peat-gley, under them a layer of permafrost. Vegetable cover is presented mainly by herbian-lichen communities, with shrubs and dwarf shapes of trees. The animal world is peculiar: large hoofs and predators are common, the widespread and migratory forms are widely represented, especially migratory birds that spend only the nesting period in the tundra. There are practically no nursing animals, few grains.

Polar deserts Distributed on the islands in high latitudes. The climate of these places is extremely harsh, the winter and polar night dominates most of the year. The vegetation is scuba, represented by communities of moss and precipitated lichens. An animal world is associated with the ocean, there is no constant population on land.

Region of high-altitude explanancy Located in a wide variety of climatic belts and are characterized by a corresponding set of high-altitude belts.

Their amount depends on the latitude (in equatorial and tropical areas it is greater and on the height of the mountain range) the higher, the greater the bucket set.