Among plants adorning our gardens, coniferous trees occupy a special place. They give the garden a noble look and decorate it all year round. They love them for the fact that they are very decorative and set the tone in many compositions. But, especially popular coniferous plants in winter - on the eve of the New Year. They look spectacularly in the New Year's decoration in our apartments, under the hats of snow in large parks and squares, and on very small sites.
As for landed coniferous plants, then we can say that the sympathies of gardeners are practically evenly distributed among different species Firings, pines, tui, juniper and larchs. All of them can be called long-livers, many of them live even one hundred years.
Almost all coniferous plants are evergreen. Only some of them, for example, larch, dumps a cheva for the winter. Nevertheless, the rest update their chevy gradually. Once a few years, old needles are falling out, and new young green khiows appear in their place.
The manifold of coniferous plants allows gardeners to choose the most suitable tree or shrub for their garden.
The following merit merchants make them very popular in landscape gardening:
- Well tolerate the lack of light and moisture
- Many varieties from nature have right shapeand therefore do not need a haircut
- Thanks to therapeutic coniferous aroma, widely used in folk and official medicine.
- Due to the variety of species and forms, are actively used in landscaped compositions in areas of any size.
If you decide to plant a coniferous plant on your site, you need to come to choose very carefully.
Key issues to which you need to answer:
- What do you want to plant - wood or shrub
- Is the coniferous composition ready
- Did you take into account your climatic conditions and the composition of the soil on the plot
Coniferous plants Perfectly combined, in particular with cereals, with roses, etc. If the answers are ready, you can take a selection of varieties, species and shape of a coniferous plant.
Types of coniferous plants
Spruce
Evergreen monocarbon and wind-sour plant. Himself latin name (Lat. Pícea.) Spruce is required to large resin content in the wood. Wide application Industry is due to the softness of the wood and the absence of the kernel.
Spruce - Perhaps the most favorite and common coniferous tree in our country. These beautiful slender trees with a pyramidal crown occupy one of the first places in the coniferous kingdom and there are almost 50 species of plants in their family.
The greatest number of fir types grows in Western and Central China and in the northern hemisphere. In Russia, 8 species of ate are well known.
A spruce is considered a sufficiently shadowable plant, however, it still prefers good lighting. The root system is superficial, i.e. Closely located to the ground. Therefore, the land in the roots do not go. Spruce demanding of soil fertility, loves light lighter and samp soil.
Types of firs, successfully used in the gardening of the site:
Sometimes it reaches 40 meters. Fast growing tree. Thanks to the special color of the needles - the top is brilliant dark green, and the bottom - with noticeable white stripes, it seems that the tree is bluish-green. Brown-purple bumps give the plants a special charm and elegance.
Serbian spruce looks great, both in solitary and group landing. An excellent example serve magnificent alleys in the parks.
There are dwarf varieties with a height of no more than 2 meters.
(Picea Obovata.). On the territory of our country grows in Western and Eastern Siberia., in the Far East and in the Urals.
The coniferous tree with a height of up to 30 m. Crown is thick biccins, with a pointed vertex. Bark fractured, gray. Ophid-cylindrical cones, brown. It has several subtypes, differing colorful needles - from pure-green to silver and even golden.
Erendan fir, or ordinary (Picea abies). Maximum height The coniferous tree - 50 m. can live up to 300 years. This is a slim tree with a thick pyramidal crown. Spruce is considered the most common tree in Europe. The width of the trunk of the old tree can reach 1 m. Mature cones ordinary ace - oblong cylindrical form. They ripen in autumn in October, and their seeds begin to fall out from January to April. European spruce is considered the fastest growing. So, for the year she can grow by 50 cm.
Thanks to the breeding work today, several very decorative varieties of this species are derived. Among them there are spruce, compact, kegletoid. All of them are very popular in landscape landscaping and are widely used in park compositions and as a living hedge.
Spruce, like any other coniferous plant, especially beautiful becomes with the arrival of winter. Any shade of needles effectively emphasizes snow cover, and the garden looks elegant and noble.
In addition to the above-described species, spruce gardeners spray, East, Black, Canadian, Ayanskaya.
Pine genera consists of more than 100 items. These coniferous plants are distributed almost throughout the northern hemisphere. Also, pine grows perfectly as part of forests in Asia and North America. Artificially planned plantations of pines feel well in the southern hemisphere of our planet. Much harder this coniferous tree is coming in conditions of the city.
It tolerates frost and drought. But the lack of light pine does not really like. This coniferous plant gives a good annual increase. The thick crown of pine is very decorative, and therefore pine is successfully used in greening parks and gardens both in a single landing and in group. This coniferous tree prefers sandy, lime and stony soils. Although there are several types of pines that prefer fertile soils are pine beamutov, Wallich, cedar and resinous.
Some properties of pine are simply striking. For example, he admits the feature of its bark when the bark is much thicker than that at the top. It makes it once again think about the wisdom of nature. After all, this particular property protects the tree from summer overheating and a possible lower fire.
Another feature is how the tree is pre-prepared for the winter period. After all, the evaporation of moisture in the frost can destroy the plant. Therefore, as soon as cold is approaching, pine needles are covered with a thin layer of wax, and the dust closes. Those. Pine stops breathing!
Pine ordinary. The right is considered a symbol of the Russian forest. In height, the tree reaches 35-40 meters, and therefore is deservedly called the first magnitude tree. The trunk circle sometimes reaches 1 meter. The needles at pine - dense, sizo-green. The form is different - the protruding, curved, and even assembled in the bundles of 2 needles.
The life expectancy of the needles is 3 years. With the onset of the autumn of the chewing yellow and fall.
The pine cones, as a rule, are located 1-3 pieces on the legs. Ripe cones have a brown or brown color and reach 6 cm.
In adverse conditions, the pine ordinary may stop growing and staying "dwarf". Surprisingly, different instances can have a different root system. For example, on dry soils, pine may develop a rod root that minor water deep underground. And in the conditions of high location groundwater Side roots develop.
The life expectancy of the pine can reach 200 years. Stories are known when Pine lived and 400 years.
Pine ordinary is considered fast-growing. For the year, its increase can be 50-70 cm. Fruit is a coniferous tree begins with 15 years of age. In the conditions of forest and thick landing - only after 40 years.
Latin name Pinus Mugo. This is a multi-rolled conifer, reaching a height of 10-20 meters. Dwarf varieties - 40-50 cm. Barrels - salting and ascending. In an adult condition can reach in diameter 3 m. A very decorative coniferous plant.
The needles are dark, long, often curved. Bark brownish gray, scaly. The cones ripen on the 3rd year.
To date, more than 100 varieties of pine mountains are registered. And every year this number increases. In landscaped landscaping, dwarf varieties are especially used, which form beautiful compositions along the shores of reservoirs and in rocky gardens.
Magnificent view of a narrow pyramidal crown. Motherland - North America. In our country, it grows well in the southern and middle lane. Grow up to 10 meters. Very bad tolerate urban conditions. Especially in young age Frequently frozen. Prefers places protected from winds. Therefore, the pine yellow is better to land with groups.
Dark and long needles. The bark is thick, reddish-brown, cracks on the large plates. Egg-shaped cones, almost seated. In total there are about 10 varieties of yellow pine.
Very spectacular pine variety. Motherland - North America. The needles has a blue-green shade. The bumps are large and somewhat curved. An adult tree can reach a height of more than 30 meters. It is considered a long-liver, as it can live to 400 years. As it grows it changes its crown with a narrowopyramidal to a wide-frame. It acquired its name thanks to the English Lord Waemut, who took her home from North America in the 18th century.
Poor tolerates salted soils and. Frodules are relatively stable, but does not like winds. For the pine, Weimut is characteristic of a redhead on young shoots.
A relatively low conifer plant is up to 20 m high. This is a slow-growing tree. The bark is light gray, lamellar. The needle is bright green, rigid, curved. Chips are yellowish, shiny, long. The diameter of the crown can reach 5-6 meters.
Some experts consider her pine Heldreyha. Indeed, the similarity is great. However, since there are varieties under the other name, still focus on the pine Belokor. To date, about 10 varieties of this species are known. Approximately the same at the pine of Heldray. Often varieties can be mixed.
This type of pine in the conditions of our country is best taken out in the southern areas, as it does not tolerate frosts. Pine white light, the soil nutritional is undemutatory, but it is better growing on moderately moisturized, drained and moderately alkaline soils.
It looks good in Japanese, stony and heather garden. Great suitable for both solitary landing and mixed group.
Fir
High (up to 60 m) Coniferous tree with a conical crown. A little bit like a fir. In diameter can reach 2 meters. This is a real long-lived plant. Some copies live 400-700 years. The trunk of the fir is direct, colonum. Crown thick. In the young age of Crown, fir has a cone-shaped or pyramidal shape. As the crown form is growing, it becomes cylindrical.
Couplings depending on the variety have different lengths and live 8-10 years. Frequency of fir starts from about 30 years old. A bumps are reprehension and long (up to 25 cm).
This coniferous plant does not tolerate frost, drought and a large heat. The advantages include what is the most shadowed tree. Sometimes shoots can appear under the maternal tree in full shading conditions. With good lighting, fir, naturally grow better.
This coniferous plant is a real find in landscape gardening. Fir uses in a single landing, and to decorate Alley. Dwarf shapes look great in the rocky garden and on the Alpine slide.
Botanical name Abies Balsamea. "Nana". This coniferous plant is a dwarf pillowing tree. IN natural conditions Growing out in North America.
In the care of unpretentious. He loves good lighting, but the shadow tolerates too well. For firing balsamic scary, not so much frost, how strong gusty winds that can simply dampen a small tree. The soil prefers a light, wet, fertile, weakness. The height reaches 1 m, which makes it a favorite decorator object in landscape gardening. It is equally good for decorating the garden, gardening terraces, slopes and roofs.
Propagated by seeds and annual cuttings with an upheat kidney.
The needles are dark green with a special reflections. Express characteristic resinous fragrance. Red-brown bumps, elongated, reach a length of 5-10 cm.
This is a very slowly growing conifer plant. For 10 years, it grows no more than 30 cm. Lives up to 300 years.
Fir Nordman (or Caucasian). Evergreen coniferous tree that came to us from the mountains of the Caucasus and Malaya Asia. Sometimes grows up to 60-80 meters in height. The shape of the crown is a neat cone. It is for this neat appearance and love gardeners in Fir Nordman.
It is her who dressed instead of Christmas tree on new Year holidays In many European countries. In many ways, this is due to the structure of branches - branches are often located and raised up. it distinctive feature Fir Nordman.
The needles are dark green with some glitter. Young shoots have a light green, even a yellowish tint. Coupling - from 15 to 40 mm, look very fluffy. If the needles are slightly lost between your fingers, you can feel a specific citrus fragrance.
The trunk of an adult plant can reach two meters in the diameter. In the young age, the bark fir is Caucasian grayish-brown, smooth. As adults are cracking into segments and becomes matte.
Fir Nordman is growing quite rapidly. Under favorable conditions, this coniferous tree can live to 600-700 years. Moreover, the increase in height and in width continues until the very last day of life!
Depending on the type of soil, the root system can be both superficial and in-depth with the central rod. This fir bumps have large, up to 20 cm, located on a short leg vertically.
Possessed a unique feature - Couplings on branches remain even after their drying, right up to mechanical damage.
Coniferous evergreen plant relating to the family of cypress. It can be like a tree and shrub. Juniper Communis (Juniperus Communis) grows mainly in the northern hemisphere of our planet. However, in Africa, you can also meet your juniper - East African. In the Mediterranean and in Central Asia This plant forms juniper forests. Pretty spread of low-spirited species that are sprinkled on the ground and stony slopes.
To date, more than fifty species of juniper are known.
As a rule, it is a light and drought-resistant culture. Completely undemanding to soil and temperatures. However, as any plant, has its own preferences - for example, it is better developed in light and nutritious soil.
Like all coniferous plants, relates to long-livers. The average duration of his life is about 500 years.
The needles of a juniper bluish-green color, triangular, pointed at the ends. The bumps have a spherical shape, gray or blue. Root rod.
Magical properties were attributed to this coniferous plant. For example, it was believed that the juniper wreath blends evil spirits and brings good luck. Perhaps therefore in Europe a fashion appeared to hang wreaths on the eve of the New Year.
Landscape design is widely used both trees and juniper shrubs. Group landings are good when creating live elevations. Single plants also perfectly cope with the main role in the composition. Calculate varieties are often used as soil plants. They strongly strengthen the slopes and prevent soil erosion. In addition, the juniper is well amenable to haircut.
Juniperus Scaly (Juniperus Squamata) - Shrub of the poppy form. Thick branches with the same thick cheevey look very decorative.
Evergreen coniferous plant. It has the form of trees or shrubs. Depending on the genus and species differ in color, quality of the needles, the form of the crown, height and lifespan. Representatives of some species live to 150 years. At the same time, there are specimens - true long-livers who reach almost 1000 years old!
In landscaped landscaping, Tuya is considered one of the basic plants, and as any conifer is good and in a group landing, and as a solo plant. It is used for the design of alley, alive hedges and borders.
The most common types of Tui - Tui Western, Eastern, Giant, Korean, Japanese, etc.
Tui's needles - soft needle. A young needle plant has a light green color. With the age of the needles, it acquires a darker shade. Fruits - oval or oblong shishchers. Seeds ripen already in the first year.
It is famous for Thuja his unpretentiousness. It is well tolerating frost, and a noncainting in care. Unlike other coniferous plants, there is a good gaspace in large cities. Therefore, indispensable in urban landscaping.
Larch
Coniferous plants with a quay falling for winter. This is partly explained by his name. These are large, light-minded and winter-hardy plants that are rapidly growing, undemanding to soil and do not badly carry air pollution.
Larch is especially beautiful in early spring and late autumn. In the spring of the decoration of the larch acquires a gentle green shade, and in the fall - bright yellow. Since the needle is growing every year, her needles are very soft.
Fruit larch from 15 years. The cones have an ovoid-conical shape, something remotely resembling a rose flower. Reach length 6 cm. Young cones have a purple color. As they ripen, they acquire a brown shade.
Larch - Wood-long-liver. Some of them live up to 800 years. The most intensely plant develops in the first 100 years. These are high and slim trees reaching depending on the type and conditions of 25-80 meters in height.
In addition, larch is a very useful tree. He has very solid and durable wood. In industry, its red core enjoys the greatest demand. Also, larch appreciate both folk medicine. Folk Lekari harvest her young shoots, kidneys and a larch resin, which receives the "Venetian" Terpetin (Skipidar), used in many diseases. The bark is harvested throughout the summer and used as a vitaminer.
Photo of coniferous plants
Admire the beauty of nature with us
The coniferous forest fascinates with its beauty and aroma. At any time of the year, he retains the crown, so it is also called evergreen. But besides its beauty, it serves as an excellent filter cleansing our air. Being some time in Pine Bor, you can feel the tide of strength, since the atmosphere of this place is impregnated with phytoncides, which are destructively affect the pathogenic microorganisms. That is why many people like to visit the coniferous forest and enjoy it with air.
Family of evergreen trees
Usually in the coniferous forest there are only several breeds of trees. The whole class of coniferous plants can be divided into several families:
- cypress (juniper, thuja, sequoia, some shrubs and, of course, cypress);
- pine (more than 120 varieties of pines, cedar, fir, spruce, tsuga, larch);
- tees (tees, torreya);
- araucaria (Vollembraim, Agathis, Araucaria);
- nicknamed;
- also, some nerds make a division into the head and tissue families.
Features of evergreen plants
Trees of coniferous forest have their own characteristic differences. Large breeds Almost always possess a direct large barrel and a cone-shaped crown. If the plant is in a dense forest, its lower branches due to lack of light begin to die.
Also, coniferous plants are vicious, they are pollinated mainly due to wind. Gautes grow in the trees, or, in other words, bumps. When they ripen, their scales open and the seed falls on the soil, after a while it germinates.
In addition, it is worth noting that the zone coniferous forests It is mainly in the northern hemisphere (a significant part of it is Taiga). Such a location explains the form of "leaves". They are sufficiently tough and have a need-shaped or scaled form, they are also flat, in the form of strips. Since the climate of the area in which coniferous trees grow is mostly cold, for better absorption of rare sunlight they got a dark green color. Also, the wax surface of "leaves" does not allow snow to linger on the branches, while the moisture remains inside the needles during the frost.
Coniferous forest and its plants
In comparison with deciduous forests, vegetation is not so diverse in coniferous vegetation, but it is not scarce. They are found in many shrubs and herbs. In addition, there are mosses and lichens. The soil of coniferous forests contains many organic matter, so it is too oxidized for ordinary herbs and shrubs. But the plants of the coniferous forest are arranged in such a way that they are suitable for local conditions. Most often here you can find nettle, cleanliness, elderberry, strawberries, a shepherd bag, acacia, fern.
In such forests, the moss is better than everyone who can occupy a significant area, creating a green carpet. Movu here is a huge variety, since the conditions for them are ideal. Due to the shadow, the moisture crowns practically does not evaporate, and the snow is not in a hurry to go. All mosses between themselves are distinguished between coloring and height. Some are able to reach 10 centimeters in height.
Entertaining facts
The coniferous forest attracts not only with its beauty and benefits, but also some interesting facts:
- Among the conifers there is a record holder in height. This is a sequoia evergreen, the height of which exceeds 115 meters.
- The main part of the coniferous trees is evergreen. They do not change their "leaves" from 2 to 40 years! The exception is larch, glyptostrobus, metasex, pseudolistrician and taxodium, which for the winter is discharged.
- There are long-lived trees on Earth, and almost all record holders among them are coniferous. For example, in California, a pine is growing, which, according to some counts, about 4,700 years.
- There is a New Zealand dwarf pine, which surprises with its small size. Its height is about 8 centimeters.
- Coniferous trees Can save from avitaminosis. In these plants, vitamin C is more than in lemons, seven times. But besides this, other trace elements are contained in their composition, so the drug from these plants is able to replace the multivitamin complex from the pharmacy.
- Air in pine forest destroys a tuberculosis wand.
- The most durable coniferous wood is larch. For example, Venice still keeps on stilts made from this material.
It can be confidently called "light earth", because it is precisely the condition of the air, the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Here are focused on rich wood reserves, mineral deposits, many of which are opened to today.
Location in Russia
A wide strip is spread in our country of Taiga. Coniferous forests occupy most of Siberia (Eastern, Western), Urals, Baikal, Far East and mountain Altai. Its beginning of the zone takes western border Russia stretches to the coast Pacific Ocean - Japanese and Okhotsk seas.
Conifer taiga forests border with other climatic zones. In the north they are adjacent to the tundra, in the West - with in some cities of the country there is an intersection of taiga with forest-steppe and mixed forests.
Location in Europe
Taiga's coniferous forests cover not only Russia, but also some foreign countries. Among them are the countries of Canada. Around the world, taiga arrays occupy a huge territory and are considered the largest zone on the planet.
The extreme biom border on the south side is located on Hokkaido Island (Japan). The north side is limited to Taimyr. This location explains the leading position of the taiga in length among other natural zones.
Climate
Biom is at once in two climatic belts - Moderate and subarctic. This explains the diversity of weather conditions in the taiga. Moderate climate provides warm summer. The average temperature of the natural zone in summer time The year is 20 degrees above zero. Cold Arctic air affects sudden temperature differences and affects taiga winter, air here can cool up to 45 degrees below zero. In addition, at all times of the year, penetrating winds are observed.
Taiga's coniferous forests are distinguished by high humidity due to the location in the swampy terrain and low evaporation. Summer falls out most of precipitation in the form of small and torrential rains. In winter, a lot of snow is the thickness of its layer is 50-80 centimeters, it does not melt for 6-7 months. In Siberia, there is a long-term permafrost.
Features
The largest, extended and rich natural zone is Taiga. Coniferous forests occupy fifteen million square kilometers of the land area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth! The width of the zone in the European part is 800 kilometers, in Siberia - more than 2 thousand kilometers.
The formation of taiga forests began in the past era, before the onset and however, a detailed analysis and characteristics of the zone received only in 1898, thanks to P. N. Krylov, which determined the concept of "Taiga" and formulated its main characteristics.
Especially rich in biy reservoirs. Here they take the beginning of famous russian rivers - Volga, Lena, Kama, Northern Dvina other. Cross Taiga Yenisei and Ob. In coniferous forests, the largest Russian reservoirs are located - fraternal, Rybinskoe, Kamskone. In addition, there are many in the taiga underground waterwhich explains the predominance of swamps (especially in Northern Siberia. and Canada). Thanks to moderate climates and sufficient moisturizing, there is a rapid development of the plant world.
Taiga subzones
The natural zone is divided into three subzones that differ climatic features, vegetable and animal world.
- North. It is characterized by a cold climate. Here saw Winter and cool summer. Huge land areas are engaged in swampy terrain. Forests in most cases are low, there are small spruce, pines.
- Average. Different with moderation. The climate is moderate - warm summer, cold, but not frosty winter. Many swamp different types. High humidity. The trees of the usual height, basically germinate-blueberry.
- South. Here is the most diverse animal and vegetable world, coniferous forests. Taiga has a mixture and fine tree species. The climate is warm, distinguished by hot summer, which lasts for almost four months. Reduced wetting.
Types of forests
Depending on vegetation, several types of taiga differ. The main and darkened forests are the main. Along with the trees, there are meadows that have arisen on site of forests.
- Svetochkoy type. Basically applies to Siberia. Also found in other areas (Urals, Canada). Located in a sharply continental climatic zone characterized by numerous precipitation and moderate weather conditions. One of the common types of trees is pine - a light-affilous representative of the taiga. Such forests are spacious and bright. Larch is another common view. The forests are even brighter than pine. The crowns of trees are distinguished by rarity, so the feeling of open area is created in such "cups".
- Dark-type - most common in Northern Europe and mountain ranges (Alps, Altai Mountains, Carpathians). Its territory is located in conditions of moderate and mountain climate, distinguished by high humidity. Fir and fir predominate here, the juniper is less common, a dark pine.
Vegetable world
Even at the beginning of the 19th century, no one shared the natural zones, and their differences and features were not known. Fortunately, today the geography has been studied in more detail, and everything is available to everyone. the necessary information. Conifer Taiga Forest - Trees, Plants, Shrubs ... What is characteristic and interesting to the plant world of this zone?
In the forests - a weakly expressed or missing undergrowth, which is explained by the insufficient number of light, especially in the dark throat. Observed monotony of MCH - as a rule, you can only meet here green view. Shrubs - currants, juniper, and shrubs - lingonberry, blueberries.
The type of forest depends on climatic conditions. For the western side of the taiga, the dominance of the erect European and Siberian is characteristic. Fir-fir-fir forests will germinate in the mountainous areas. To the east, the accumulations of larchs. The Okhotsk coast is rich in variety of trees. In addition to coniferous representatives, travelers and deciduous trees taiga. Consist of aspen, alder, birch.
Animal world Taiga
Animal world of coniferous forests Taiga is diverse and unique. There are many diverse insects here. Nowhere is there such a number of furny animals, among which the ermine, sable, hare, caress. Climatic conditions Favorable for sedentary animals, but unacceptable for cold-blooded creatures. Only a few types of amphibians and reptiles live in the taiga. Their low number is associated with harsh winter. The rest of the inhabitants adapted to the cold times of the year. Some of them fall into hibernation or anabiosis, while their vital activity is slow.
What animals live in coniferous forests? Taiga, where so many shelters for animals and abundance of food, inherent in the presence of such predators, like a lynx, brown bear, wolf, fox. Human coils live here - roe, bison, elk, deer. On the branches of trees and under them, rodents live - beavers, squirrels, mice, chipmunks.
Birds
More than 300 species of birds nest in forest rooms. Special diversity is observed in the Eastern Taiga - alcoholic, rhykchiki, some varieties of owls and dyatlov live here. The forests are distinguished by high humidity and numerous reservoirs, so it is especially widely extended to some representatives of coniferous expanses have to be migrated in the winter period to the south, where the conditions of existence are more favorable. Among them are Siberian Drozd and Forest Sing.
Man in Taiga
Human activity does not always have a favorable affects nature. Numerous fires caused by negligence and frivolousness of people, cutting down forests and mining of minerals lead to a decrease in the number of animal world of forests.
Collection of berries, mushrooms, nuts - typical classes, popular with the local population, which is known for autumn taiga. Coniferous forests are the main supplier of wood resources. Here are the largest mineral deposits (oil, gas, coal). Thanks to moisturized and fertile soil, agriculture developed in the southern regions. The dilution of animals and the hunt for wild beasts are common.
Coniferous and deciduous forests are two of the three main types of forests. Life in these forests is developing in different ways, which is explained by the difference in how examples show on this page.
Man and forest
The influence of human activity on the forest around the world is huge. Forests are an important part of the economy of many countries - manufacturers of wood, paper, building materials and furniture. The intervention of a person in the forests threatens them to death. Special serious problems It occurs when plantations of other trees are planned on the spot of the cutting forests - fast-growing: they break the habitat, displacing its inhabitants and change the landscape sharply. Plantations are important sources of wood, but they can damage forest ecosystems. From huge deciduous forests of antiquity to this day, very few have been preserved. Explain this spread of agriculture and rapid growth of cities. Destructive human activity, for example, acid rainthreatens the last balances of forests. We must remember this danger and take all forest protection measures.
Coniferous trees got their name from the needles - green needles covering their branches. In cold and harsh climatic zonesWhere the summer is short, and the rainfall falls little, for example, in North America, in the north of Europe and Asia, there are huge firing, cedar, pine, fir and larch forests. South coniferous trees grow in the so-called deciduous mixed forests. Coniferous trees instead of leaves are covered with cheese. The surface of the needle is less than leaves, and it evaporates less moisture. Almost all coniferous - evergreen and with needle can produce food all year round. Coniferous trees cannot serve as a source of nutrition for animals: their needles are very tough, and the branches on the trunk usually a little. On the ground in coniferous forests, only a few species of plants can grow. This is explained by the lack of sunny. Therefore, the animal world in such forests is poor. There is too cold, and most bacteria and earthworms cannot live and develop. The soil remains unreashed, and the humus is formed quite a bit, and this is the reason low efficiency Crooked nitrogen minerals. Some animals have adapted to constant life in the forest (see also the article ""). So, moose roam in the bowl in search of writing, and the bears and the chipmunks fall into the winter in a hibernation and live due to the reserves of fat accumulated in summer and autumn. Warm short summer awakens all living things to activity. Insects quickly multiply and serve food for birds that returned to the north to bring offspring. Coniferous trees under abundant sunny rays Right grow.
Coniferous trees and their needles
Looking at the form of chewing, you can easily determine what kind of tree species they relate. Here are the main breeds of conifers:
1. Larch. Bundles for 12-20 short needles. Fall falls fall.
2. Fir. Single needles with stupid tips.
3. Cedar and Juniper. Little flat scaly leaves.
4. Pine. Two or three needles connected at the base.
5. Spruce. Acute, solid four-pointed needles.
6. TISA. Flat leathery needles.
On deciduous trees, the leaves are blown every year. In the spring or early summer, most of these trees blooms. Deciduous forests are found in places where the climate is relatively soft, and precipitates quite a lot. They are covered by most of Europe, Japan, East Asia and the eastern states of the United States. There are many such breeds such as oak, birch, maple and ash. Deciduous trees are covered with large, wide leaves. They actively carry out the process of photosynthesis for several months. Late in autumn Leaves die and fly under the influence of strong winds and jersey. Each tree is a source of writing for many types of living beings. On the fertile soils, with the abundance of sunlight, rabidly flourish various plants. They give food to many species of animals. Annual leaf fall and necrophage activities contribute to the formation of soil rich in humus, nitrates and minerals. In winter, animals B. deciduous forests lead a more active lifestyle than in coniferous forests. But especially rich in the life of deciduous forests in spring and summer: there is an abundance of plants, insects, birds, mammals. IN Southern Europe, in the southwest of the United States, in Australia, New Zealand and in the north South America Many deciduous trees have adapted to very hot, arid summer. They appeared some features common with coniferous trees. They themselves became evergreaven, and their leaves are smaller and thicker, which makes it better to keep moisture.
How to measure the height of the tree
Attach the paper strip on the height of the tree to the tree trunk and measure it 1 (in cm). Go away from the tree, holding a ruler on the elongated hand until the top edge of the strip is aligned with a 3 cm mark on the line. Note, with what mark on the line the top of the tree coincides, divide this number to 3 and multiply to the height of your height (for example, 21 cm: 3 x 150 cm gives 1050 cm, or 10.5 m).
Forestry and coniferous forests
There is a transition to TundR and coniferous forests between the tundra and coniferous forest zones. This is an unbreakable strip in which the distribution of vegetation is most dependent on local conditions.
On the southern border of the tundra zone, shrubs or dwarf shapes of trees appear on the southern border and warmed places, and then south as the summer temperatures and the duration of the growing season - and trees are mainly coniferous. According to unfavorable habitat, the tundra communities of the southern options are common: such as shrub.
More south of coniferous forests begins, which is often called Taiga. Initially, this name belonged only to the forests, but then passed on the coniferous forests of other regions of the moderate belt Northern Hemisphere. The South Taiga border in Eurasia comes from 60-61 ° C. sh. On the Scandinavian p - ve to the mouth of the river. Narva, then r. Oki, further south of origins. Kama, through Ural Mountains; In Western Siberia, it is located about the 54th parallels and then passes through the south of Central Siberia to the Pacific Coast, South Sikhote-Alin and Oh. Hokkaido. In North America, she stretches from about. Vancouver through Cordillera to the origins of r. Mackenzie, Lake Winnipeg, north of the Great Lakes, to the mouth of r. St. Lawrence. Conditions of existence organic World In this zone are diverse, different and biocenoses.
Within the area of \u200b\u200bthe range of average temperatures warm month - 10-19 ° C, the coldest can be both relatively high, even positive (up to 3 ° C) and very low (up to -40 ° C). The growing season is rather short, and with temperatures above 10 ° C lasts from a month to four. Snow cover holds throughout the winter. The precipitate exceed evaporation, so that the moisturization is excessive. The zone is quite widespread a long-term permit, which contributes to the overeximation of the upper layers of the soil. With excessive moisture, the plants are located under conditions of physiological dryness due to low temperatures and the acidic reaction of soil water.
Vegetation and soil
Forest-forming species of trees possess some common properties: They have a housing, as a rule, not falling on the winter, in most of them the surface root system. However, with a different structure of the relief and on various soils, the conditions for the soil formation and habitat of plants of unequal. From here - a huge variety of forest communities inside the zone.
In the European taigue in glacial and water sediments, sprues are dominant and pinemas. Fir forests of various types predominantly with european fir in the upper tier grow mainly on clay and driving soils in normal conditions of moisturizing. These forests are dark, trendy plants dwell with the predominance of vegetative reproduction, many evergreens or winter-green species, there are no ephemers. In the undergrowth, juniper, willow, currant, rowan, in herbal cover - sour, pears, nieneja double-leaf, saddumpp, ferns, shrubs: blueberries, lingonberries. Many green mosses, and in the wetlands dominates sphagnum. Pensiles grow on sandy soils. Pines can even grow on the rocks, fastening in cracks mountain breeds, and on wetlands. Pine ordinary with its powerful root system can live there, where other breeds die, the same spruce, which has a root system superficial. But pine seedlings do not bring shading, so they are easily displaced by other trees. In light-hot pine forests, mossy-lichen coverings are dominated and united shrubs, xerophytes (for example, a feline paw, mobbed) and psammofitis - a sandy and others. On the wetted soils of the woodcover depressed, but still survives. In the European taiga, there is an admixture of fine trees, and in the place of cutting and fires, secondary crafts grow, birchings, oxenic.
In Western Siberia, fir-fir-fir-fir forests are dominated in poorly drained lowland plains. The spruce of Siberian and Fir with a pretty big impurity dominate here cedar Pine. Medium Siberia Almost fully occupied by cold-resistant light laratory forests, losing soft housing for winter. Larch better than other breeds grow in conditions perennial Murzlota and sharply continental climate. Two types of larch predominate: Siberian and Dauroskaya. In the Far East, Mountain Taiga with the dominance of Anyanskaya Eli and Belokoroy Fir is common in the Far East. There are even more of the ingrowth of the cedar stabel - the pops of a special type from the pine family. They cover the slopes of the mountains and sobes with a solid carpet.
In North America taiga zone stretches, too, from the ocean to the ocean. Her north border It reaches the mainland of the 48th parallels in the east, and South descends significantly south than anywhere in Eurasia. The rock formation of American taiga is much more diverse Eurasian.
For those who are common in Eurasia, more thermal-loving Tsugs, pseudotours, Tui, sequoia are added. Some of them are found in East Asia and Himalayas, which speaks of their former floral relations with the North American districts. Spruce, pines, fir, larches are presented, as a rule, with their special types. Many in this taise trees of fine breeds, also belonging to endemic species.
Cordillers serve as a significant barrier for the spread of plants and animals. Although the zone of coniferous forests in the mountains is not interrupted and is a mountain taiga with the conditions characteristic of the whole zone, but the forests of the Pacific coast differ sharply from the eastern, so-called Canadian taiga. Here they affect both the disunity of the regions in the last stages of the development of the organic world after the formation of a mountain barrier and differences in modern conditions Life existence.
Canadian Taiga is very similar to the northern forests of Eurasia.
The ate canadian (white) and black, american larch, close to Daurosky dominate here. Of the fine breeds are common paper birch and American aspen. As can be seen, the forest-forming species of trees are the same as in Eurasia, but are represented by endemic species. From typically American trees, balsamic fir, Canadian Tsug (East Chamlock), Eastern Tuya. On sandy soils in pinemas, the pine banks prevails. In the shrubs, tier and herbal cover, there is a very large similarity with the forests of Eurasia.
Pacific coniferous forests are timed to the Western foot of the Cordiller and are common in the lower yarus of the mountains. They differ greatly from the Canadian and Eurasian taiga. In the northern part of these forests, there is some similarity with the forest vegetation of East Asia.
Gentlemen are dominated here with Alaskan larch, close to Daurosky. South, in conditions of very wet climate With a soft winter and cool summer, peculiar "rainy" forests are common, both in structure and in the viewing composition. Despite abundant moisture, there are almost no stagnation of water, since the relief is dismembered. Large conifers are dominated in forests: Sitkinskaya spruce, Douglasia (Fir Douglas ", or pseudo), Western Chamlock (Tsuga), Tuya Giant (folded, red" cedar "). These are often joined by balsamic fir, red spruce, yellow and murreeeva pine and some wide large breeds: Maple, Lipa, Elm. Multi-tier forests, usually polydominants, with dense shrub and herbal cover. The fallen trunks and branches of trees often form a kind of flooring in two or three meters above the ground. From the trees hang mosses and lichens, and appearance These forests sometimes resemble wet tropical, especially their mountain variant. Trees of the upper tier - long-livers and can reach giant sizes: The height of the Douglasia is up to 75 m (individual specimens - and up to 100 m), a folded thuly - up to 60 m, the diameter of the Tsugi trunk - up to 6 m. The entire upper tier has, as a rule, a height of 50-70 m. In the second tier overlays More lowered coniferous and deciduous rocks. By the south, these forests reach 40-50 ° C. sh. In terms of thermal regime, already broader breeds should grow here, but in the conditions of a large amount of precipitation in the upper tier, conifers are dominated, and the broader occupies the lower tiers. White fir, sugar pine, incense cedar, in the south - evergreen sequoia are joined to the already listed rocks. In the mountains of Sierra Nevada at an altitude of 1,500 m, the groves of the Montuaddron of a giant (Mamontov Tree, Wellingtonia), belonging, like sequoia, to the ancient family of taxodiev, were preserved. These trees live to 1500 (and maybe more) years and reach a height of up to 100 m and the diameter of the barrel to 15-18 m. Mammoth trees groves are now carefully guarded, each tree is taking into account and under observation.
Flora American coniferous forests has high degree endemic. Inherent only 50 species of ate, 30 of 40 - fir, 80 out of 100 pines. Most rich in endemic and real species Forests of the west coast.
Under the coniferous forests of both continents, most often podzols are formed.
They are distinguished by the presence from the surface or at a very small depth of the wilderness horizon, white, consisting of fine-dispersed silica. The drive horizon is a tight dense, red-brown color, enriched with iron oxides. Such soils are formed on the threshold beads of weathering of crystalline rocks, on sea loams, fluvioxy sands with a rarefied herbal cover under the coniferous opeglad. In decomposition of the coniferous opaque, acids are formed, and the reaction of the soil solution in podzolic soils sour. Moving fulvocions contribute to washing the substances from the upper horizons to the lower, where they go to a fixed state. Gumus does not accumulate. Only in the presence of deciduous fodder of the lower tiers and the undergrowth, the development of herbal cover in some types of coniferous forests is formed by ferrous-podzolic soils with a more or less powerful humus horizon. Under the forests of the Pacific coast, due to the deciduous water, the latter tiers can be formed. forest soil With a dark color comparatively powerful humus horizon.
Significant spaces within the zone of coniferous forests are engaged in wetlands and swamps. All types of types are common here. For dark taiga, the development of sphagnum swamps is especially characteristic. Sphagnum mosses are settled in the formation. They form dense clusters. Mossi have hygroscopic properties, accumulate moisture, and in the places of their growing, rollers with peatlands are formed.
Animal world
The fauna of coniferous forests is quite homogeneous throughout the zone. Most animals have a thick fur, as they need to have protection from cold in winter. They are related to the category of fur animals. Many spare food or fall into hibernation for the winter. Rodents and birds are powered by seeds of coniferous trees. Their number depends on the crop of these seeds, because in winter and early spring it is almost the only kind of feed. Such, chipmunks, forest pools and mice, hares, birds - cedings, pichoras, cheeks. The fluctuation of their quantity entails a change in the number of those who feed them with the predatory: Cunits, Soboley, Rysy. In the taiga, there are large hoofs - moose, in the summer a deer from more southern, and in winter - from northern zones. There are predators: wolves, foxes, lynks, wolverines, minks, bears. Bobras live in water bodies. All these animals are in coniferous forests of both continents, but are represented by different types, subspecies or varieties, which are usually different from each other in a lifestyle and appearance. There is every mainland and endemics. The richest forests of North America, especially Pacific. In the subfamily of Barcuch endemic Skuns, from rodents - ondatra or musk rat. Woody dikifunction - a needlocher (breaking) in Eurasia lives in subtropics, and in North America - Iv Taiga. In North America reserves, forest bison are preserved, and in Eurasia - the bison, which were in artificial conditions with difficulty saved from a complete disappearance by repeatedly crossing single preserved copies with american bison and further selection of signs inherited from bison.
The biological productivity of coniferous forests is higher than the TundR and Forestry, but it varies significantly within the zone. The most productive biocenoses are in the southern part of the Pacific forests of North America. In this indicator, they are not inferior to broad forest. Productive and Far Eastern, and Western European taiga on the southern outskirts of the zone - up to 100 c / ha. But at most of the territory of coniferous forests, biological productivity ranges from 40 to 80 c / ha.
Coniferous forests of both continents are significantly changed by a person. They have long been cut down, suffered from fires. And for natural reasons, and the fault of people annually burn out hundreds and thousands of hectares of forest arrays. Contribute to this dry summer weatherwhich often continue to continue in a continental climate. The restoration of taiga biocenoses is slow. First, birchings, Osienniks, Olsaniki grow on cuttings and garks. Under their canopy, it's pretty good, although a spruce forest is slowly resumed, and a light-insulated pine has to grown artificially, causing landings. The culture of forestry, including referee, high in Canada, Sweden, Finland. Within our country, forestry is not fully rational. Often, branches and unsuitable trunks remain on cuttings, which makes it difficult to work on reforestation and protection from forest fires. Reducing the area of \u200b\u200bconiferous forests leads to the disappearance of many useful plants and animals and causes irreparable damage to the entire natural complex of these territories. However, new forest arrayscreated by man. Forest breeding persecutes different purposes, the main one is to obtain wood. Sometimes pine forests Sit to fasten the sands. That is why there were large sections of pine forests in the Lands on the Biscay coast of France, where they needed to stop the movable sands of the dunes. The same origin is gorgeous pine forests on the dunes of the Curonian Spit and the coast of the Gulf of Riga.
Coniferous forest is natural zoneconsisting of evergreen plants. Their unpretentiousness, the lack of fear of excess moisture and large temperature differences, as well as the need for natural light, caused the area of \u200b\u200bgrowth and unique features.
Russia's coniferous forests make up 2/3 of common Square Forests of the country. In this regard, Russia is the world leader. From the world heritage of coniferous forests, the Russian part is more than half.
All coniferous forests in Russia is a taiga, which extends mainly in the northern part of the country, occupies its European zone, the territory of Western and Eastern Siberia, as well as the Far East.
Zone of coniferous forests
Three taiga subzones are distinguished, each of which is characterized by its special vegetation:
- North.
- Average;
- South;
(North Taiga)
In the northern subzone, the taiga prevail predominantly fir forests and low vegetation. They are cut from the tundra, but to the south gradually thick.
(Pine forest Urals)
For coniferous forests of the Urals, pine arrays are characterized, the Far Eastern region of Siberia is predominantly larch.
(Forest South Taiga)
South Taiga can boast a large variety of vegetation. Here fir, spruce, cedar and larch grow here.
Forests in Russia are found formed by only one type of trees or are mixed tremors. Depending on the composition of the coniferous forest, it is also divided into light-king (pine and larch Siberian), as well as dark forest forests. The latter are fir, cedar and fir.
(Typical coniferous forest)
In coniferous forests, trees, as a rule, high with smooth trunks and a large, thick crown. Some of them, such as pines, can reach a height of 40 meters. Such conditions are not allowed to form a variety of undergrowth. It is presented mainly by moss, low bushes of berries and plauns. New, young trees, who also need light, can not always break through, and therefore the bowl is growing on the outskirts of the forest and the edges.
Climate of coniferous forests
In the coniferous forests of Russia, the climate is special, it is characterized by warm and sometimes hot summer and frosty, harsh winter. Maximum indicators Temperatures reach 45 degrees with a plus and minus sign, respectively. Such climate is suitable for coniferous rocks, which are undemanding to such temperature drops. For them, the main thing is a sufficient presence of natural light.
Another feature of the climate of the Russian Taiga - increased humidity. Indicators of falling precipitation here exceed the actual scope of evaporation. Not rare, especially in Siberia, meet large squares Wetlands. Partly, this is due to the close approach of groundwater.
Human economic activity
The territory of the taiga is represented by wood, the volume of which exceeds 5.5 billion cubic meters.
Similar resources, as well as the presence of oil, gas and coal reserves in the depths of regions, led the main types economic activity In Taiga:
- oil, gas and mineral mining;
- logging;
- forestore care.
For example, the pine wood goes to the manufacture of building materials, furniture, it is valued as fuel, also produce cellophane, artificial silk from it and, of course, paper.
Spruce and fir also perform material for construction. From their wood make paper, artificial viscose, etc. An interesting feature Ahuta is the resonant wood that is used for the manufacture of musical instruments.
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