This word is "puppeteer", which is explained quite simple. All that is connected with the word "doll," is associated with something small, associated with the younger generation, so for the "kids" a word was crammed.
Small certificate of "Teen":
In itself, the word "teen" means generationyoung trees that have grown either in the forest itself under the canopy of older trees, or on an empty place - it can be cut down or burnt sections.
By the age assessment, trees trees belong to young people.
The practical meaning of the "teenager" is quite significant: it is precisely plots with young trees can be the basis of a new forest massif.
People have long understood the importance of such "teenagers" to preserve forests. Therefore, in addition to natural sites with young trees, you can meet artificially, that is, specially fitted, more often are combined. Experts evaluate high-quality indicators, breeds, a dense of existing natural teenagers in terms of the number of trees on a certain unit of the area and set new specimens, bringing the indicators of the pebbles to the set optimal norm and, thereby laying the foundation for new forest tiers.
In addition to controlling the teen, forestry specialists apply a number of practical measures that contribute to the proper formation of a forest massif, for example, various types of logging that have their own purpose and specificity.
The text of Boris Wheel:
(1) Clear frosty winter morning. (2) In a narrow rustic trail, stepping with a bucket on the spring. (H) I have not so much years yet to bring two buckets of water at a time. (4) This will then already be two volumes of galvanized people, and even the rocker. (5) According to the example of the grandmother, I will go to the source of a well-armed rustic auxiliary device, but I can not balance the vendors - will go to go.
(6) So, it means, a small peasant I go to ravine, deep and snow-covered, where the pure, never freezing the stream. (7) I see upstairs, behind a white failure, behind heavenly blue snowdrifts, green Christmas trees. (8) And for some reason, it becomes joyfully on the soul and I want to run into the ravine, so that later, already at the exit of it, to turn around and again notice the green living trees. (9) Together with them and I am satisfied with the transparency of the heavenly, whiteness and vigorous, not very strong frost.
(10) Then, in summer, more than once walked past those chips for three kilometers in the next village.
(11) And always met them on the road - the party of the trails - with such an enthusiastic joy, as if nothing had seen nothing more beautiful on Earth! (12) Or maybe he really did not see this, so that in the village with their thick emerald charm: in our village, lost in the snow in the snow, and on July in the cherry worm, there were no picture galleries, nor even the club.
(13) Now I have been under seventy, but always remember those Christmas trees with the sinking heart.
(14) I can not explain what is with me, - Sometimes a tear is spoiled: you are my dear, beloved!
(15) days between those continued a series of years; Many events, meetings became familiar, slowly erased memories. (16) But did not go anywhere those days when the legs of the viewer took the legs of the Torisko-terrace-terraced elastnikov, along the wondrous local nature reserve. (17) Eli here were special. (18) The reserve itself, with all its plants and animals, is extremely interesting. (19) Some bison is worth it! (20) Where else will you see the powerful giants that existed at the time of the Vine Slavic peoples? (21) But as for the protected firing teenager ... (22) Hold your ear eld!
(23) On the other side of the Oka, on the forest-steppe or steppe south, it is difficult to already meet the Christmas tree growing quite naturally. (24) In the middle lane of Russia for such trees, nature is put on the limit, an invisible feature was carried out explained by the peculiarities of the Russian climate. (25) To take at least moisture, to which they ate very hoops - it is not enough in the steppes * isn't it? (26) In the climate, more dry and hot, stand up a little tree, quickly grow up to put roots in the ground and gain strength, is not so easy. (27) Even artificial leaflations, where the teen ensured caring care, it turns out, in the language of forest products, unprofitable, and pines have preference among coniferous rocks. (28) Neat green lines of young pines I met even on the steppe Don. (29) But I have not seen fir plantings.
(30) Highly appreciated fir in woodworking, in paper production, in the manufacture of singers of musical instruments ... (31) But how to evaluate the beauty of her wonderful green decoration in the middle of the Russian snow?
(32) Nature is so amazing that the desire arises to be with her at the same time in a string of living, to defeat the difficulties and be useful people. (ZZ) I have been joyful, happy days. (34) There were also such when the business attitude forced to understand what is important in everyday, full of all sobs, everyday life of people. (35) Who is a book, to whom the violin, who is a firewood for the stove, to whom some planes are for the construction of the house .. (zb) who are who, and foresters know what artificial landing is made for what.
(37) But a heartache hurts for a spruce forest ... (38) 3a Thelni, as they called wet forest places in old days with the predominance of this breed of conifers, for the landings in the reserves, where young Christmas trees are subjected to a merciless nastouch. (39) Who is on them, the poor, comes in our times? (40) 3 Increased wild stocks tend to cut down the tree large and strong to take a magnificent top from it. (41) In addition, in large landings, where there will be no work of the security, the workpiece of firewood is in full swing. (42) Maybe there are such that they will object to me, but where then in young forests so much ugly stumps, eh?
(43) Take care of the Miracle of Nature, take care of beauties, especially on New Year's Eve.
(44) Young Christmas tree - they are for everything for everyone. (45) Youth for the country - Golden Fund. (46) The 3-dear beauties of the reserves - the benefit for the Russian forest. (47) Gentle these Christmas trees - young people are quite worthy.
(On B. Wheel)
Boris Wheels - Russian writer, journalist, screenwriter.
Essay by text:
What is the true beauty of nature? The Russian writer, journalist Boris Wheel, argues on this issue in the text.
The author recalls his childhood as he, heading towards the source for water, met on his way with green Christmas trees. It would seem that the usual ate, what much everywhere, but B.Clesov remembered them to his whole life. After many years later, the author cannot forget the emotions that "green beauties" delivered to him.
The position of the author is clear: Nature is beautiful. We must be able to see this beauty and take it away.
I share the opinion of Boris Wheel. Indeed, you need to be able to see and appreciate the beauty that surrounds us. After all, nature does not hide her from us.
Let us turn to the poem of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Winter Morning." The lyrical hero is admired by the Beauty of the Winter Morning. The author in every way revives the picture, forcing the reader to penetrate the landscape of the wonderful winter morning and feel all. To show all the beauty, the author appeals to such a means of artistic expressiveness, as an personification: "The blizzard was angry", "Miscelled".
In the story of Vasily Shukshin "The old man, the sun and the girl" an eighty-year-old old old man, being blind, every day in the same place admired nature. The story makes you think about the fact that a person not only sees the beauty of nature, but also feels it.
Boris Wheels are confident, much better live in unity with nature than apricious. Such emotions that the nature of nature and her beauty deliver is nowhere to find anywhere.
According to the OST 56-108-98 distinguish the following terms:
Shoots are plants of woody breeds to one year, formed from seeds.
Samums are young woody plants of natural seed origin at the age of two-five, and in the conditions of the North to ten years.
Teen is a young forest generation capable of entering the upper tier in the future and take the place of old stand, under the canopy of which it has grown. The teen applies a generation of woody plants over two to five years, and in the conditions of the North - older than ten years, before the formation of young or tier of the stand.
The young people include viable, well-rooted majority trees with a height of more than 2.5 m and a diameter at the height of the breast below the vacation diameter established in the regional rules of logging capable of participating in the formation of plantations, and therefore the cutting of such trees is prohibited.
Teen can be seed and vegetative origin.
The seed renewal of the forest is considered the most perfect, allowing new generations of trees as a result of splitting signs to successfully improve after a changing environment.
Vegetative renewal, in essence, is the absolute copying of the properties of the parent organism with the lack of genetic differences. This reduces the adaptive abilities of a new generation of such plants. Among tree species are growing vegetatively, unlike coniferous, almost all deciduous. At the same time, new individuals appear from the vegetative bodies of the parent plant: Sleeping and apparent kidney on the trunk, branches, roots. This ability is used in forestry to reproduce particularly valuable clones or individual instances. The formation of pressing roots on shoots at coniferous rocks in a natural setting is a rare phenomenon. Therefore, vaccinations are used for their vegetative reproduction.
The process of accumulation of teenage under the canopy of the stand is called preliminary resumption, i.e. Renewing taking place to cut the forest (before his death). Teen under the canopy is called a teen preliminary generation
Renewal, which is happening after cutting the forest, is called the following. Accordingly, the teenager, appeared after the cut, is called a teenager subsequent generation.
Teen all tree breeds is divided:
· In height - on three categories of size: small up to 0.5 meters, medium - 0.6-1.5 meters and large - more than 1.5 meters. To be preserved by the young man is taken into account with a major teenager;
· In the thickness - into three categories: rare - up to 2 thousand, medium thickness - 2-8 thousand, thick - more than 8 thousand plants on 1 hectare;
· On the distribution of the area - into three categories, depending on the occurrence (the occurrence of teenagers is the ratio of the number of accounts with plants to the total number of accounts laid on a test area or a lessel, pronounced in percent): Uniform - occurrence of over 65%, uneven - Communicability of 40-65%, group (at least 10 pieces of small or 5 pieces of medium and large copies of viable and closed teenager).
Vissal teen and young forest plantings of coniferous breeds are characterized by the following signs: thick needles, green or dark-green coofing color, noticeably pronounced mutuality, islandine or cone-shaped symmetrical dense or medium crown thickness with a length of at least 1/3 of the trunk height in groups and 1/2 The heights of the trunk - during single placement, the height increase over the past 3-5 years is not lost, the increase in the vertex escape is no less than the growth of the side branches of the top half of the crown, direct intact barrels, smooth or small-sided bark without lichen.
Growing on trees in trees and young forest plantings of conifers can be attributed to the specified signs to viable if the trees declined, and the roots of the teenager penetrated the mineral part of the soil.
Viable teen forest plantations of hard rocks is characterized by normal crown damage, proportionally developed in height and diameter with trunks.
Paragraph 51 of the Rules of Wood Workpiece Indicates "When cutting ripe, overrun forest plants, it provides preservation of the teen forest plantations of economic and valuable rocks on areas not occupied by loading points, roads of trunk and baking wipes, roads, production and household platforms, in an amount of at least 70 Interest during solid logging, 80 percent - when conducting sample logging (for mountain forests - 60 and 70 percent, respectively). "
In connection with this requirement, if there is a sufficient number of viable teenager in the technological map of the development of the Label, the need to preserve it throughout the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lessekka or on its parts during the courtyard of the teenager is indicated. Cutting the teenager is allowed:
· When the cut of vizers;
· When harvesting hung and dry trees;
· On the territory of the upper warehouses and loading points;
· On the route of forest roads;
· On the trivial wolves;
· In places setting mechanisms;
· With a mechanized roller of trees within a radius of up to 1 m from the dumping tree;
· On the tracks up to 3 m long to waste the roller from the tree.
Paragraphs 13 and 14 of the Rules of Forestorestation say:
Measures to preserve the teen forest plantations of valuable forest tree species are carried out simultaneously with the holding of forest plantings. Cutting in such cases is carried out mainly in winter on snow cover with the use of technologies, allowing to ensure the preservation of the destruction and damage the number of teenagers and youngsters of valuable forest tree species that are no less abundant during the diverse of the cutter.
Sustainable teenage and young, fir, cedar, laratory, firing, fir, oak, bucch, ash and other forest plantations in the appropriate natural and climatic conditions are subject to preservation during cutting of forest plantations.
Teen cedar, and in mountain forests, also a teen oak and beech is subject to accounting and preservation as a major breed with all the ways of slamming, regardless of the number and nature of its placement on the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lesseki and the composition of forest plant to cut.
To protect the teenagers of the main forest tree of the unfavorable factors of the medium on cutting, more successful growth and formation of forest plantations of the desired composition, the teenage of forest wood (maple, linden, etc.) and shrub breeds are fully or partially maintained.
In the pinemas growing on the soils, the hands of fir forest plantations are preserved under the condition if the spruce plant will not reduce the quality and productivity of the stand. When restoring pine and fir forest plantings, the teen in the necessary cases is preserved on the deforestation to protect the soil and the formation of stable and high-performance pine-spruce forests.
Struck by the harmful organisms, the underdeveloped and damaged during the cutting of the forest under the end of the forest work should be cut.
When conducting selective logging and maintenance, the entire existing forest is subject to teenage and young, regardless of the amount, the degree of vitality and the nature of their placement on the area.
To determine the number of teenagers, the coefficients of recalculation of small and medium teenagers are applied into large. For a small teenager, a coefficient is 0.5, an average - 0.8, large - 1.0. If there is a teen mixed in composition, the evaluation assessment is made according to the main forest wood species corresponding to the natural and climatic conditions.
Accounting for teenagers and youngsters is carried out by methods that ensure the definition of their quantity and viability with an error of the accuracy of determining no more than 10 percent.
In all cases, it is necessary to observe predetermined distances between the venues on the visira and the loss ribtes. In areas of up to 5 hectares, 30 accounts are laid, on plotters from 5 to 10 hectares - 50 and more than 10 hectares - 100 sites.
Currently it is believed that of all the measures to promote natural reforestation, the most effective is the preservation of the teenager, that is, the rate is made to preserve the results of preliminary reforestation. To preserve the teenager, special methods of wood blank have been developed ("Kostroma Method" with a mechanized roll, a shuttle way when working VTM, etc.), which allow to maintain up to 65% of the teen in the apieges, but significantly reducing the performance of basic work.
The preservation of teenage and young when conducting logging ensures the restoration of the forest on the deforestation by the costly valuable rocks and prevents the unwanted shift of rocks, reduces the period for the restoration of the forest and the growth time of technically ripe wood, reduces the costs of forest-reserving work, contributes to the preservation of water protection and protective forest functions. In scientific literature, for example, in the works of prof. V.N. Menshikova, there are information that this method of fabuling assistance makes it possible to reduce the turnover of cutting the main breed for 10-50 years.
However, as practice shows, the priority orientation for the preservation of the teenager is not always justified for the following reasons:
· For most parts of the Forest Forest Lands of the Forest Fund of the Russian Federation, conifers are main breeds;
· In the forests, where light-loving conifers (pine, larch) are chosen as the main breed, the teen of these breeds is almost absent because of their inability to develop normally under the mother canopy;
· In the forests formed by the shadow-skinned conifers (spruce, fir), there are a large number of teenager, however, according to our observations and according to other researchers, a large number of teenager preserved during logging dies in the first 5-10 years after solid logging due to a sharp change of microclimate and the light mode after the removal of the maternal canopy (burns of the needles and root neck, squeezing roots, etc.). Moreover, the percentage of the dying teenager directly depends on the type of deforestation, and, consequently, from the forest type preceding it;
· Teen littering for 1-2 years old classes litter the Lessek, increasing her fire hazard and increasing the risk of forest damage by pests and diseases.
In connection with the foregoing, it can be argued that in certain types of forest, with the orientation of natural reforestation, the refusal to preserve the teen, with the obligatory leaving of the sources of the disgrace, can be more positive than negative results for the following reasons:
· Substantial work technologies without preserving the teenager are more productive than technology with its preservation;
· Refusal from a strictly predetermined network of baking skippers means, the loading of the tracks of the trolls (one trace) can be significantly reduced (depending on the remoteness from the upper warehouse, the stock of the forest on the hectare and carrying capacity of the skipping tractor), which will contribute to the improvement of forest soil due to its mineralization, as well as bringing the density of the soil to optimal for the development of seeds, i.e., improving the conditions for subsequent natural reforestation);
· When cleaning the ice sheets from the flowing residues, it is possible to use high-performance pickles of robber type;
· Refusal of preserving the teenager will make it wider to use the technology of trelery trips, sharply increasing the performance of the cleaning of trees from the bruises (using mobile suchish vehicles), will make it possible to concentrate most of the carrying residues on the upper warehouse, significantly facilitating their further recycling and reducing the laboriousness of the leased cleaning.
In a number of scientific publications on the success of natural reforestation, it is noted that in deforestation in Western and Central Siberia, 15-95% die, and sometimes 100% of the preserved viable teenage of coniferous breeds. The same data was obtained on some types of cutting for the conditions of the North-West Region of the Russian Federation V.I. Oddrannikov, L. N. Roshina. They noted that "the outpad of the teente spruce (20 years of age at the time of the logging) in the five-year period after the solid logging (under the conditions of the Crusading LPH) amounted to in the emerging discern, 18.5%, in Sitnikovo-Veinik - 57, 3%, in sicknik - 100% .
In addition, as a result of large-scale studies conducted in the 80s of the twentieth century, it was established that as a whole, in the North-West region, the area of \u200b\u200blandscapes with sufficient for sustainable reforestation by the number of teenagers of major breeds does not exceed 49.2%, and in some regions It does not exceed 10% (Novgorod - 9.0%, Pskovskaya - 5.9%).
The above facts suggest that in significant forest areas, the preservation of the teen is unprofitable due to the poor perspectives of its development or with its insufficient number. In this case, the foregoing natural reforestation is coming to the fore, based on the mandatory preservation of the sources of the dish and supported by such measures as the preparation of the soil, the cleaning of the sawmill, etc.
From the point of view of the subsequent natural reforestation (germination of seeds in the soil), the state of the soil will be one of the main factors affecting the success of this process. It is also obvious that the use of machines and mechanisms for the implementation of special technological operations for the preparation of soil to natural reforestation will contribute to the appreciation and complication of the process of forest work. Therefore, when conducting forestry work, it is necessary to strive for such an impact on the forest environment, in particular on the groundwater, which would ensure optimal conditions for subsequent reforestation.
This approach was reflected in the rules of wood blank, in paragraph 56 of these rules, it is indicated: "In the plain forests, with solid logs without preserving the teen in the conditions of the types of forest, where the mineralization of the soil surface has a positive value for reforestation, the area of \u200b\u200bthe wolves is not limited. Types (types of types) of forests, where such logging is allowed, indicated in forestry regulations, forest park.
At the same time, there are no more specific instructions in regulatory documents, in what cases we can assume that the mineralization of the soil surface has a positive value for reforestation.
Care for teenager
After the end of the sawmade work during the summer blanks and after stating snow and thawing the soil during winter logs, they carry out the saved teenager and care for it. Teenage and young dismissed from the carrying residues, pressing root plant root systems, which are broken with soil contact. Broken, perhaps and strongly damaged in the process of cutting the instances are cut down and removed from the apiary or land along with flowing residues.
After the main outpad, after 2-3 years, perishes, strongly damaged individuals of major breeds, for example, having a hubbird wider than 2 cm, teen unwanted breeds or their subsequent resumption and shrub trees that hinder the growth of major breeds. In the first year after logging, such work should not be carried out, because unwanted wood-shrub vegetation performs the role of protection for the teenager from the sun, frosts, from the wind that enhances the total evaporation. Care for a teenager, as a measure of promoting natural forest visiting, is particularly necessary for light-affiliated rocks: pine, oak, larch.
Under the conditions of normal moisture supply in reliable (light) teenage, not only transpiration, but also photosynthesis increases, the metabolism increases, the breathing of the roots is activated, which contributes to the development of the root system and the assimilation apparatus. It is important that the kidneys laid under the canopy of the forest is formed on the cutting, close to the anatomy and morphology to the light. The new needle also arises from sleeping kidney.
Municipal General Education
October Secondary School
Manturovsky Municipal District
Kostroma region
Spruce forest and his teen
Performed:
Borodinsky Ilya Pavlovich
graduate student
MOU OCTOBER SOSH
Head:
Smirnova Tatiana Valerievna
1. Introduction. 3.
2. Meeting of the study. 4 3. Resects of research.
3.1. Features of fir forest. five
3.2. The species composition of the fir forest. 7.
3.3. Teen fir forest. eight
3.4. Effect of adult trees on growing sprues and teenager spruce. eight
3.5. The effect of adult trees on the formation of a teenager. nine
4. Conclusions. eleven
5. Conclusion and prospects 12 6. List of used literature. 13 7. Applications. fourteen
1. Introduction
Most of our locality occupy fir forests. Spruce forest is a completely special, peculiar plant community. This forest is gloomy, shady, wet. If you enter the fir forest from the field or meadow on a hot summer day, we will immediately find yourself in a deep shadow, feel cool, humidity. The whole setting is sharply different from what has been peculiar to the open place. A spruce strongly changes the environment, creates specific specific conditions under its color.
The composition of the plants of the lower yarus of the forest is largely determined by the properties of the soil. In those areas of Elnik, where the soil is poorer with nutrients and more raw, we usually find thick bilberry thickets on the moss carpet. This type of forest occurring at P. October is called the Yelniki-Capenechik.
purpose of work:
examine a spruce forest and teen fir forest.
Tasks:
Learn the features of the fir forest;
Explore the species composition of the fir forest;
Explore the teen fir forest;
Conduct research and identify the effect of adult trees on the growing shoot of sprunes and teen ate;
Remove the effect of adult trees on the formation of a teenager.
2. Research method
We spent the research work in the summer in 2011.
For our research, we used the following equipment: pegs, measuring plug, roulette.
When performing this work, we used observation methods, comparisons. Using the method of observation, the species composition of the spruce forest was studied, the external features of the teenager and shooters of the spruce forest. Tables were compiled based on the comparison method. This method allowed us to consider and compare the number of shoots and teen ate, and also helped determine the final results in this work.
As a result of the analysis of literary sources on biology and ecology, we learned in detail with the vegetation of fir forest, soils, the conditions of growth ,,,,
3. Resects of research
3.1. Features of spruce forest
Spruce forest is a completely special, peculiar plant community (annex I photo1). The fir creates a very strong shading, and only sufficiently shadowed plants can exist under her canopy. Shrubs in Ylannik usually little. The plants that we see under the canopy of the spruce forest are sufficiently shadowed, they are not only normally growing in a deep shadow, but even bloom and fruit. All these plants are also well tolerated by the comparative poverty of soil with nutrients and its increased acidity (such properties are characteristic of the soil of fir forest). At the same time, many frank plants are demanding of soil moisture.
Under the canopy of the fool, it is almost never for any strong air movement. And in Ylannik, you will almost won't find plants whose seeds would have any "parachutics" or other devices for spreading with wind. But many plants whose seeds are extremely crayons, similar to dust and are distributed even very weak air flows.
Among the plants found in spruce, there are many people who have white flowers.
Such painting of flowers is not accidental. This is a device to a meager light under the canopy of the spruce forest. White flowers are better than any other, noticeable in the twilight, they are easiest to find insects-pollinators.
Almost all herbaceous fir forest plants - perennial. Every spring they continue their lives, but they do not begin to first, with seed, as annual herbs. They occupy their definite place in the forest over the years. Most plants of the fir forest have more or less long creeping roots or overhead shoots that can quickly grow to the sides and capture a new area. All this - adaptations to a specific setting under the canopy of the yelnik. The emergence of new plants from seeds here is associated with great difficulties: the thick layer of dead needles is prevented by germination of fallen seeds on the soil and moss. Reproduction with the help of seeds in these conditions is very unreliable. The inhabitants of the spruce forest support their existence mainly due to vegetative reproduction. Shoots of any plants may appear from seeds only in much conditions - where the layer is removed
fallen needles together with the moss cover and exposed soil. Such conditions are necessary for the mass appearance of shoots even the spruce itself.
The litter in the spruce forest has a strongly acidic reaction (pH), it is decomposed with almost exclusively microscopic mushrooms. The mushroom population is very abundant not only in the litter, but also in the upper layers of the soil. Not surprisingly, therefore, many plants of fir forests have Mikariza, their roots are braided with a dense cover from the thinnest mushrooms - gif. Mycorrise plays an important role in the life of forest plants, helps them to absorb the nutrients from the soil. Some herbs of the spruce forest are so closely connected in their lives with a mycorrhisa mushroom that even their seeds cannot exist without the participation of the mushroom.
Another characteristic feature of plant plants is that many of them remain green for the winter, retain living foliage in the cold season. In the spring, as soon as snow comes down, you can always see their old ones, overwhelming green leaves. Slightly warming up - and in the leaves immediately begins the process of photosynthesis, organic substances are produced. A relatively few rubbish herbs are completely losing their overhead part and winter only in the form of underground authorities.
In the lively impossible cover of the fir forest, the shrubs play a big role. All these plants in terms of the features of their structure do not differ from shrubs, but only significantly smaller sizes.
Mosses that we see on the soil in the spruce forest are very shadowed plants. They can exist with rather weak lighting. They are well tolerated and the mechanical effect of falling dry needles from the trees. There is no moss cover only in very thick firing youngsters, where the light is not at all at all falls. The appearance of Elnika varies little throughout the year. Spruce all the time remains green, many forest herbs are also. Constant green preserves and moss. Only in the spring and at the beginning of the summer we see some variety when the flowering of some of the herbs, located on the craft of the spruce forest begins.
3. 2. The species composition of the fir forest
In the spruce forest, together the main breed is a spruce or fir erene (Appendix I photo 2) The root system is the first 10-15 years rod, then the surface (the main root is dying). The tree is weakly wind resistant. Crown cone odor or pyramidal. The branches of mutual, horizontal, spread or drooping. In the first 3-4 years, the side shoots does not give. Sea bark, peeling with thin plates. Easy leaves (needles), green, short, quadruple, less than flat, rigid and sharp, with 2 keels on the top and bottom. Located spirally alone, sit on sheet pads. Save on shoots for several (6 or more) years. Every year it falls to one seventh piece of needles. After a strong essay of the needles with some insects, for example, a butterfly monastery, brushless shoots arise - with very short and hard needles that resemble the appearance of the brush.
Plants gone. The cones are oblong-cylindrical, pointed, not scattered, falling on the ripening of seeds in integer in the first year of fertilization. Mature cones hanging, dry, leathery or woody, length up to 15 cm, diameter 3-4 cm. The bumps consist of an axis on which numerous crumbling scales are located, and in their sneakers - seed scales, on the top surface of which usually develop 2 seeds Supported so-called false wing.
Seeds ripen in October, spread by the wind. Do not lose weight for 8-10 years.
Beginning of fruiting - from 10 to 60 years (depending on the conditions of growth).
Lives on average up to 250-300 years (sometimes up to 600)
Clean fir forests are very dense, dense, dark. Next to the firings are birch ordinary, but very rare. There are almost no undergrowth in fryanniki, only a single juniper is common, rowan ordinary. The herbalist is well developed - a shrub tier. Blueberry forms a solid well-developed tier. It is mixed sometimes mixed in a significant number of lingonberry ordinary, Mainicomy Two-leaf, sour russian, horsetail, male shield. Mokhovoy cover Elnikov Blueberry delivered and consists of sphagnum stains and cucoschina flax. After logging on the places of the former places of the blueberry, venikovy, souched or cycle cutters arise, then birchings, oxygen and shovels and shovels.
Having studied the species composition of the fir forest, the data was listed in the description form (Appendix II)
8
3.3. Teen fir forest
Teenager is a young generation, consisting of wood plants of natural origin growing under a forest canopy, capable of forming the main edge of the angle, not reached the height of the main
The teenager under a dense canopy of an adult forest is not easy to exist. Shoots that ended up on the edge, on the plot, in the areas where the crowns formed after the extraction of the old tree penetrates enough light, grow well. Such plants branches begin with the earth itself, they are thickly covered with foliage or bright green, the vertex is well developed.
Under the canopy of the spruce forest there is a lot of young trees that did not fall into such successful conditions, and they are forced to be content with what they got. And they got very few. Usually, the teen grows in groups, concentrates under conditions favorable to germinate seed and the initial germination growth period. But as the rivalry begins inside the group of the teenager, in addition, the tree is shaded by the top canopy of the adult forest, and they have to be content with the remnants of the light that penetrated through the crowns of the older generation trees. The roots of the teenager are developing in the soil already occupied by the root system of the old forest, and they have to be limited to fewer food and moisture. Often you can watch in a dense fir tree in such a teen one-level Christmas trees whose age is 30-50 years old.
The oppressed teenager almost invisites the top escape, the branches are only in the top of the svolka and are horizontally, - so more light falls on them.
In the natural forest over the years, old trees are dragging, gradually at different times fall out and the lumens increase between trees. More light, more moisture in the forest - less rivalry in the younger generation with the root system of the mother's forest. Teen is recoverable, adapts to new conditions and speeds up the growth, inclusion of the vertex in the top canopy. Even after 80-100 years of oppression, the fir can recover and enter the top of the film.
Teen can be seed and vegetative origin. Teen seed origin at an early stage is called self-sowing (for coniferous and hardwood with heavy seeds) or a raid (for birch, aspen, etc. hardwood with light seeds). Plants up to 1 year belong to shoots. One of the important means of restoring the forest is to preserve the teenager from damage during logging. 3.4. Effect of adult trees on growing sprues and teenager spruce
We chose a plot of mature spruce forest (away from roads) with well-pronounced morttenance stains under the crowns of adult trees and with a moss carpet between them. Found a fir, under the crown of which there is a large number of young shoots (Annex III photo1), and laid 5 sites in size 100 cm 2 (10 * 10 cm 2). Another series of platforms was placed between the crowns of trees on a thick moss carpet. Calculated the number of shooters spruce on each site, and then calculated the average data per platform. Results contributed to the table (Annex III Table 1)
In the same areas (i.e., under the crowns of firs and between them) laying the larger sites - 1 m 2 and calculated the number of hands on them (Annex IV photo1), without germination. Data has been added to the table (Annex IV Table 1)
Compared the results and made output:
sew sprues appear in more points per unit area directly under the crowns of adult trees, since there is a thick layer of moss between the crowns of their appearance; The seedlings die without reaching the roots of the soil. On the contrary, the greatest number of treens Christmas trees is between the crowns of trees. Such a mismatch of plenty of exposure of various aging Christmas trees is due to the influence of adult trees. Under the crowns because of strong competition (primarily for the light), all shoots die quickly. In the intercrocroy forest areas, the influence of adult trees is weakened, and most of the total small number that appeared Christmas tree appeared here.
3.5. The effect of adult trees on the formation of a teenager.
During the studies, the state of the teenager was described in the forest and on the edge of the forest in order to identify the influence of adult plants on the formation of a teenager. Teen is medium in height, medium density, uneven, viable.
Chose young Christmas trees of approximately the same height of 1-1.5 m, growing in the shade of the forest, on its edge or in the meadow; They studied their external structure and the data was listed in the table (Appendix V Table 1).
Made output:
on the edges and glades, the state of the fir forest of the teenager, good. Here are the crowns of Christmas trees, with densely located, well-hung branches. Under the field of forest crowns, umbrella crowns, with rare and weakly hudded branches, which are strongly elongated to the sides. And at the clarified places, the forest grows thickly, and in the shading of Christmas trees, it is rarely found. These differences are able and abundance
10
teen in different parts of the forest indicate the unfavorable effect of adult trees, which is carried out through the change in habitat conditions: shading, etc.
From the comparison of the results it can be seen that the effect of adult trees ate affects both a teen growing between their crowns, but it is weakened here compared to subcronflates; An even less influenced by a teenager, grown on the edge of the forest.
conclusions
As a result of the work done, we learned much more about the spruce forest, his species composition, and also studied the influence of adult trees on the growing shoots of spruce and teen, as well as to form a teenager.
After the studies conducted came to the conclusion
Large species diversity in spruce forests is not observed, but only shadowish plants grow.
Sew sprues appear in more points per unit area directly under the crowns of adult trees, since there is a thick layer of moss between the crowns of their appearance; The seedlings die without reaching the roots of the soil. On the contrary, the greatest number of treens Christmas trees is between the crowns of trees. Such a mismatch of plenty of exposure of various aging Christmas trees is due to the influence of adult trees. Under the crowns because of strong competition (primarily for the light), all shoots die quickly. In the intercrocroy forest areas, the influence of adult trees is weakened, and most of the total small number that appeared Christmas tree appeared here.
On the edges and glades, the state of the fir forest of the teenager, good. Here are the crowns of Christmas trees, with densely located, well-hung branches. Under the field of forest crowns, umbrella crowns, with rare and weakly hudded branches, which are strongly elongated to the sides. And at the clarified places, the forest grows thickly, and in the shading of Christmas trees, it is rarely found. These differences in the state and abundance of teenagers in different parts of the forest indicate the adverse effect of adult trees, which is carried out through the change in habitat: shading, etc.
Conclusion
On the territory of our area there are coniferous forests and a predominant breed in these forests is a spruce spruce. Every year the amount of forest plantations are reduced, as a result of logging and unauthorized cutting.
Teenager is a young generation, which is capable of forming the main ancient, he is the main change in the dead or cut down forest, so we must explore it and protect it.
In the future, I want to continue the work on the study of the stand of the fir forest, as well as other wood crops.
List of used literature
1. Biological encyclopedic dictionary. GL ed. M. S. Gilyarov et al. - Edition of the 2nd fix. - M.: OV. Encyclopedia, 1989
2. Lerner G.I. Dictionary directory for schoolchildren of applicants and teachers. - M.: "5 for knowledge", 2006.
3. Litvinova L.S. Moral and environmental education of schoolchildren. - M.: "5 for knowledge", 2005.
4. Rosanov L.L. Dictionary-Directory. - M.: NCSNAS, 2002.
Appendix ι.
Photo 1. Spruce forest
Photo 2. Spruce spruce
Appendix ιI.
Vegetation of spruce forest
Description 15 Iyulya 2010Name of associations: ylannik - Ceingnik
The overall nature of the relief: flat
Soil (name): dernovo - podzolic luggy
Moisturizing conditions: not uniform
Deadling (composition, power, coating, distribution nature): last year's needles, solid coating, evenly distributed, 2 cm
Precious composition of woody breeds
The species composition of the teenager
The species composition of the shrub tier
Precious composition of herbal - shrub tier
|
№ p / P. |
View |
Latin name |
|
1. |
Blueberry ordinary |
Vaccinium Myrtillus. |
|
2. |
Lily of Maysky |
Convallaria Majalis |
|
3. |
Mainicom Bilic |
Mojanthenum Bifolium. |
|
4. |
Barbecue ordinary |
Vaccinium vitisidaea. |
|
5. |
Ordinary acid |
Oxalis Acetosella. |
|
6. |
Male shield |
Dryopteris Filix-Mas |
Appendix ιII.
Photo 1. Spruce
|
Growing conditions |
Number of shoots ate |
|||||
|
|
Average indicators |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 | ||
|
Under the crowns of trees |
4 |
10 |
3 |
5 |
5 |
5,4 |
|
Between Kron. (on the layer of moss) |
2 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
1 |
3.6 |
Table 1. Number of shoots ate
Appendix ιv.
Photo 1. Teen ate
|
Growing conditions |
Number of teen ate |
|||||
|
On individual accounting |
Average indicators |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 | ||
|
Under the crowns of trees |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Between Kron. (on the layer of moss) |
2 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
Table 1. Number of teen fir
Appendix V.
Table 1. The state of the teenager ate in different conditions
Evaluation of the state and prospects of growing firing teen in different types of forest work performed: Shilova Alina, student 10 grade gymnasium 363 and Eremina Anastasia Student 8 grade school 310 Head: Alexandrova Natalia Nikolaevna, Additional education teacher St. Petersburg 2015 Children's Palace (Youth) Creativity of Frunzensky District Department of Natural Science
Objective and objectives Goal: Find the most favorable places for growing spruce teenager. Tasks: 1. Determine the growth rate of spruce teen in different biotopes. 2. To allocate the most favorable biotope for the development of the teenager ate. 3. Find places where you can massively grow fir seedlings to restore spruce plantings.
The window dynamics are associated with the death of individual old trees and education in their place of lumen in the wood tier ("windows"), ensuring the access of light under the edge of the old and give the opportunity to young trees to develop and take a place in the upper tier of the stand.
Conclusions The growth rates of spruce teen in different biotopes are primarily determined primarily by the lighting regime, as well as climatic conditions. The most favorable conditions for ate turned out to be clay soils, with elements of fever and with cover from Mukhov and Cenerneps. As well as more open space on the site of the dropped fir forest, where there are few high trees and is better falling sunlight.
List of references and Internet resources 1. Korobkin V.I., Ecology. Tutorial for universities / V.I. Corobkin, L.V.Predelsky, 2006 2. Potapov A.D., Ecology / A.D. Potapov, 2000 3. Shamilleva I.A., Ecology: Tutorial For students of pedagogical universities / I.A. Shamilleva, 2004. 4. Renewable resources [Electronic resource] - 5. Spruce forest and his teen [Electronic resource] - ASPX 6. Spruce European or ordinary [Electronic resource] -
7. Spruce EB [Electronic resource] -% EE% E2% E5% ED% ED% E0% FF 8. Forests of Russia [Electronic resource] - HTML 9. The window dynamics of taiga forests [Electronic resource] - assessment of the life state of a pine teen [ Electronic resource] - Ref.ru/04Bot/podrost.htm 11. Recommendations for reforestation and care for young people in the North-West Russia [Electronic resource] - _id \u003d coniferous forests [Electronic resource] -
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