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Physical geography of the continents and oceans
Oceans
PACIFIC OCEAN
Features of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean
In the waters of the Pacific Ocean focused more than half of the living matter of the world's ocean Earth. This applies both to plants and to the animal population. The organic world as a whole distinguishes the species wealth, antiquity and high degree of endemism.
For fauna, there are generally up to 100 thousand species, characteristic mammalsthat dwells mainly in moderate and high latitudes. Mass distribution has a representative of the tooth whales - Cachelot, from the toothless whales - several types of striped whales. The fishery of them is strictly limited. Separate childbirth families of eared seals (sea lions) and sea seals are found in the south and in the north of the ocean. Northern seats are valuable furny animals whose fishery is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sivuchs (from eared seals) and walrus, having a circumpolar area, but now located on the verge of extinction.
Very rich fauna fish. In tropical waters there are no less than 2,000 species, in the northwestern seas - about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the global fishing catch. The main areas of the fishery are the northern and central parts of the ocean. Major fishing families - salmon, herring, crength, anchovies, etc.
The prevailing mass of living organisms inhabiting the Pacific Ocean (like other parts of the World Ocean) is accounted for invertebrateswho live at various levels of ocean waters and at the bottom of the shallow towns: these are the simplest, intestinal, arthropods (crabs, shrimps), mollusks (oysters, squid, octopuses), iglobler, etc. They serve food for mammals, fish, seabirds, but Also constitute a substantial component of marine crafts and are objects of aquaculture.
The Pacific Ocean, due to the high temperatures of its surface waters in tropical latitudes, is especially rich in various kinds coralov, Including with a lime skeleton. None of the oceans have more than such abundance and diversity of coral buildings of various types, as in a quiet.
Foundation plankton Make up unicellular representatives of the animal and plant world. As part of the phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean, there are almost 380 species.
The greatest wealth of the organic world is characteristic of areas where the so-called is observed. apveling (lifting on the surface of deep water rich rich in minerals) or mixing waters with different temperatures, which creates favorable conditions for nutrition and development of phyto and zooplankton, which feed fish and other animals of nechon. In the Pacific Ocean, the areas of the Owling are focused on the coast Peru and in the divergence zones in subtropical latitudes where there are areas of intensive fishing and other fields.
Against the background of ordinary, annually recurring conditions, for the Pacific characteristic phenomenon violating the usual rhythm circulating and hydrological processes and not observed in other parts of the World Ocean. It manifests itself between 3 to 7 years old and entails a violation of the usual environmental conditions within the interdropic space of the Pacific Ocean, having an impact on the lives of living organisms, including the population of Sushi coastal regions. It is as follows: at the end of November or in December, i.e. Shortly before Christmas (why the phenomenon received the folk name " El Niño"What does the" Holy Infant "mean), according to the reasons unexplained to the present, the reasons are weakened by the South Passat and, therefore, the weakening of the southern trade house and the inflow relative to cold water to the shores of South America and west of it. Simultaneously from the north-west towards the southern hemisphere, the winds that are relatively warm water carrying in the southeast of relatively warm waters are beginning to blow, which reinforce the interpassate counterchange. This violates the appearance of the opveling both in the zone of intrachetic divergence and the coast of South America, which, in turn, leads to the death of planktonAnd then fishes and other animals feed on them.
EL Niño Phenomenon regularly Observed from the second half of the XIX century. It has been established that in many cases it was accompanied by a violation of environmental conditions not only in the ocean, but also on extensive areas of the adjacent sushi: an abnormal increase in precipitation in the arid regions of South America and, on the contrary, droughts in island and coastal areas of Southeast Asia and Australia. The consequences of El Niño 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 are particularly seriously considered, when this unfavorable phenomenon continued for several months.
- Pacific Ocean
- Ocean's bed, mid-oceanic ridges and transition zones
- Features of the organic world
Originality of the organic world of Australia
Purpose: Create conditions for the formation of knowledge about the originality of the organic world of Australia
Tasks: Educationals: promote the formation of knowledge about the endemics of Australia, the ability to establish causal relations in the originality of the organic world in nature. Developing: Development of cognitive activity of students, logical thinking, ability to analyze, compare, draw conclusions. Rising: the formation of the ability to work in the team, the ability to evaluate the level of their knowledge, to bring up a sense of responsibility, empathy.
"... This region is the most curious on the whole globe! His emergence, plants, animals, climate - all this was surprised, surprised and will surprise ... The most fancy, the most illogical country of all ever existed! .. "Jules Verne" Children Captain Grant "
Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, similar to those inhabited land in distant times and disappeared on other continents.
Coat of arms of the Australian Union
Kangaroo - a symbol of Australia. His image along with the image of the EMU decorates the coat of arms of the country.
Giant kangaroo three types: gray kangaroo, the largest of the whole family, red or steppe kangaroo, slightly inferior to their gray relatives in size and the smallest of the giant kangaroo are mountainous.
Kangurovy family
Red or steppe kangaroo
Gray kangaroo
Second after a kangaroo Animal shown on the coat of arms of Australia
Ostrich Ehu is a large unauthorizing Australian bird, the second largest bird in the world, after the African Ostrich, it reaches 1.5-2 meters in height and weigh up to 60 kilograms.
Egglades, or previa
This unique animal is one of the symbols of Australia; It is depicted on the reverse of the Australian coin in 20 cents.
Wrockpoint got its eloquent name due to soft beak, coated elastic leather.
In its appearance, the Echida reminds the dickery. There are short rigid wool on their body, as well as long needles located over the entire surface of the back.
The echids feed their offspring with milk with pores on a dairy field.
platypus
echidna
Koala or Sunday Bear is the only view of the Koal family. Koala - endemics Australia.
Animals live on eucalyptus trees. They are only herbivores and real baggy!
No trees in the world above eucalyptus. The maximum of their height is 155 meters.
Eucalyptus have in more than 600 species and varieties in their family. One of the characteristic signs of this tree is a specific smell of its leaves highlighted by the essential suite glands, and the different types of eucalyptus give each odor: lemon, roses, violets, lilacs, mint, camphor, turpentars, laurel ... they grow in their homeland in Australia.
Bottle tree
In Australia, this plant is very very good to heat, drought and annealing. From afar it looks like a gigantic bottle. In the trunk accumulates moisture consumed in the drought.
Casuarina
Casuarina is another plant's most common plant for Australia. This is a strange view of a tree or shrub with thin falling shoots and without leaves. By sight, it resembles a hat, in the form of the crown it seems like a fir. It is called it - "Christmas tree". Casuarin's subtle shoots resemble the hair-like casual feathers - large running birds living next to Kazaarian. Because of the very durable wood of bright red, Kazaarian is called the "iron tree".
Summer or Tasmanian Devil
Family of sampling predatory. The length of the body is 52-80 cm, the tail is 23-30 cm. It dwells in the forests, active at night, the day is hiding in the slits among the stones, in voids under fallen trees. It feeds on various vertebrates. This beast is not just a predator, but really the devil in the flesh. He is evil to rabies and even the sounds that make up the Summer Devil look like a roar with some terrible cough.
Body length 52-80 cm, tail 23-30 cm.
Dingo is a second-friendly domestic dog, the only placental predator in the Aboriginal fauna of Australia.
The breeding is a family of coursescents living in Australia. WURNING - VERY NORS Herbivores, externally reminiscent of young bears.
About 350 species of birds are endemics
Lirahvost or Bird Lyra
Laming Kukabara
Australian crocodile
On the Australian continent, the most common view is the Australian crocodile Johnston, or the Australian narrow crocodile. These reptiles have a small body length - up to three meters. For people, Australian freshwater crocodiles do not hunt, and even with a random bite, a person does not threaten much serious injury.
Australia is famous for the great abundance of amphibians, especially frogs. 93% of 5280 species of frogs - endemics. Of these, a family of Australian toads should be noted, the genus of Australian Kwaksh, etc.
Australian blue kvaksha
Natural zones of Australia
Conclusions:
Australian mainland has been insulated from other continents for a long time. Here, in a favorable climate, unique ecosystems were formed with the types of plants and animals inherent in them. The species composition of plants and animals is distinguished by poverty and originality. Of the 12 thousand species of about 9 thousand are endemics! Among the flowering plants of endemics 85%, among mammals - 84%, and coastal fish are unique almost all - 90%! Not a gift to Australia is called the mainland reserve. Australians carefully relate to their nature.
Natural zones. If you compare the placement of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, the largest squares occupy the zones of savanna and tropical deserts. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. The savannahs bind this zone from the north, east, southeast and south-west.
The originality of the organic world. Although Australia has the same natural zones as South Africa with Madagascar, in addition to the areas of high-altitude, but the organic world is completely different here. Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, similar to those inhabited land in distant times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is distinguished by poverty and originality. This is explained by the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long separated from other continents.
The organic world has long developed isolated. Up to 75% of plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus, with a height of more than 100 m. The roots of such trees are 30 m in the ground and, as powerful pumps, pump out moisture from it. There are low eucalyptus and eucalyptus shrubs. Eucalyptus are well adapted for dry climates. The leaves are located ribs to the sunlight, the crown does not shake the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. Eucalyptus solid wood is a good building material. And their leaves are used to produce oils, paints, medicines.
In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacia, casuarines with light-free filamentous branches that are not on other continents.
In the subequatorial forests among high herbs with other trees (palm trees, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow ..- with thick at the base with a barrel, sharply narrowing up. The characteristic feature of subtropical forests is the domination of various types of eucalyptus, sent by Lianami, a lot of tree fern.
In the internal desert areas, dry shrubs were distributed, consisting mainly of low-spirited barbed acacias, eucalyptus. Such thickets are called scrub. There are almost no rocky sandy ridges and stony places of vegetation. In contrast to Africa - there are no oasis in Australia, but the deserts do not look so lifeless as, for example, sugar.
The animal world of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here the most primitive mammals live here - Echidna and Lockos. They are interesting to bring young from eggs, and feed them with milk as mammals. In Australia, many sample animals. They are born very small, and the mother tears them in a bag representing the folds of the skin on the stomach.
The overwhelming majority of the silence families inherent only in Australia. Among them, the Kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroo reach 3 m. There are a dwarf kangaroo, a size of 30 cm. There are also womb, resembling Surkov. In the eucalyptus forests, you can meet the Koala sample bear. He lives on the trees and leads a night-living lifestyle, it is called the Australian sloth. On the island of Tasmania, a very rare predator was preserved - the Summer Devil.
Rich, diverse and also peculiar world of birds. Especially many parrots. In the forests there is a beautiful bird lyricvost, paradise birds with a bright plumage, in dry savannas and semi-deserts - Ostrich Emu. There are lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the reservoirs of Northern Australia.
Australians love and carefully belong to the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to the protection of plants and animals and the study of them. Ostrich Ema and Kangaroo are depicted on the state coat of arms of the country, and Echidna, Larochvost, the Bird is captured on Australian coins.
End of work -
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Geographical position of Africa
And Frick is the second in Square Continent after Eurasia washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the North of Red Northeast by the Atlantic Ocean with .. Extreme points North Ben Skid .. Southern Cape Needle ..
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If you compare the placement of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, the largest squares occupy the zones of savanna and tropical deserts. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. The savannahs bind this zone from the north, east, southeast and south-west.
Although Australia has the same natural zones as South Africa with Madagascar, in addition to the areas of high-altitude, but the organic world is completely different here. Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, similar to those inhabited land in distant times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is distinguished by poverty and originality. This is explained by the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long separated from other continents. The organic world has long developed isolated. Up to 75% of plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus, with a height of more than 100 m. The roots of such trees are 30 m in the ground and, as powerful pumps, pump out moisture from it. There are low eucalyptus and eucalyptus shrubs. Eucalyptus are well adapted for dry climates. The leaves are located ribs to the sunlight, the crown does not shake the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. Eucalyptus solid wood is a good building material. And their leaves are used to produce oils, paints, medicines.
In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacia, casuarines with light-free filamentous branches that are not on other continents.
In the subequatorial forests among high grasses, together with other trees (palm trees, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow - with a thick ground with a barrel, sharply narrowing up. The characteristic feature of subtropical forests is the domination of various types of eucalyptus, sent by Lianami, a lot of tree fern.
In the internal desert areas, dry shrubs were distributed, consisting mainly of low-spirited barbed acacias, eucalyptus. Such thickets are called scrub. There are almost no rocky sandy ridges and stony places of vegetation. In contrast to Africa in Australia there are no oasis, but the deserts do not look so lifeless as, for example, sugar.
The animal world of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here the most primitive mammals live here - Echidna and Lockos. They are interesting to bring young from eggs, and feed them with milk as mammals. In Australia, many sample animals. They are born very small, and the mother tears them in a bag representing the folds of the skin on the stomach.
The overwhelming majority of the silence families inherent only in Australia. Among them, the Kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroo reach 3 m. There are a dwarf kangaroo, a size of 30 cm. There are also womb, resembling Surkov. In the eucalyptus forests, you can meet the Koala sample bear. He lives on the trees and leads a night-living lifestyle, it is called the Australian sloth. On the island of Tasmania, a very rare predator was preserved - the Summer Devil.
Rich, diverse and also peculiar world of birds. Especially many parrots. In the forests there is a beautiful bird lyricvost, paradise birds with a bright plumage, in dry savannas and semi-deserts - Ostrich Emu. There are lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the reservoirs of Northern Australia.
Australians love and carefully belong to the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to the protection of plants and animals and the study of them. Ostrich Ema and Kangaroo are depicted on the state coat of arms of the country, and Echidna, Larochvost, the Bird is captured on Australian coins.
Natural zones. If you compare the placement of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, the largest squares occupy the zones of savanna and tropical deserts. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. The savannahs bind this zone from the north, east, southeast and south-west.
The originality of the organic world. Although Australia has the same natural zones as South Africa with Madagascar, in addition to the areas of high-altitude, but the organic world is completely different here. Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, similar to those inhabited land in distant times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is distinguished by poverty and originality. This is explained by the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long separated from other continents.
The organic world has long developed isolated. Up to 75% of plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus, with a height of more than 100 m. The roots of such trees are 30 m in the ground and, as powerful pumps, pump out moisture from it. There are low eucalyptus and eucalyptus shrubs. Eucalyptus are well adapted for dry climates. The leaves are located ribs to the sunlight, the crown does not shake the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. Eucalyptus solid wood is a good building material. And their leaves are used to produce oils, paints, medicines.
In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacia, casuarines with light-free filamentous branches that are not on other continents.
In the subequatorial forests among high herbs with other trees (palm trees, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow ..- with thick at the base with a barrel, sharply narrowing up. The characteristic feature of subtropical forests is the domination of various types of eucalyptus, sent by Lianami, a lot of tree fern.
In the internal desert areas, dry shrubs were distributed, consisting mainly of low-spirited barbed acacias, eucalyptus. Such thickets are called scrub. There are almost no rocky sandy ridges and stony places of vegetation. In contrast to Africa - there are no oasis in Australia, but the deserts do not look so lifeless as, for example, sugar.
The animal world of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here the most primitive mammals live here - Echidna and Lockos. They are interesting to bring young from eggs, and feed them with milk as mammals. In Australia, many sample animals. They are born very small, and the mother tears them in a bag representing the folds of the skin on the stomach.
The overwhelming majority of the silence families inherent only in Australia. Among them, the Kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroo reach 3 m. There are a dwarf kangaroo, a size of 30 cm. There are also womb, resembling Surkov. In the eucalyptus forests, you can meet the Koala sample bear. He lives on the trees and leads a night-living lifestyle, it is called the Australian sloth. On the island of Tasmania, a very rare predator was preserved - the Summer Devil.
Rich, diverse and also peculiar world of birds. Especially many parrots. In the forests there is a beautiful bird lyricvost, paradise birds with a bright plumage, in dry savannas and semi-deserts - Ostrich Emu. There are lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the reservoirs of Northern Australia.
Australians love and carefully belong to the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to the protection of plants and animals and the study of them. Ostrich Ema and Kangaroo are depicted on the state coat of arms of the country, and Echidna, Larochvost, the Bird is captured on Australian coins.
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