Gray voles and features of her subspecies. Forest Polevka - a very prolific animal where voles in which natural zone

Environmental status and conclusion

Ordinary Polevka is a widespread view, most of whose populations, upholstered in different natural zones, are relatively numerous. The reaction to the economic activity of man is not unambiguous. Agricultural transformation of natural landscapes contributes to an increase in the size of the species. In connection with this feature, the ordinary pool is proposed to be called agrotofil (Tupikov et al., 2001). In the years of mass reproduction, it can cause significant damage to agriculture, has a considerable epidemiological importance, being a carrier of tularemia pathogens, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and other diseases dangerous to humans. In this regard, it is necessary to control the number of species.

Description

The painting of furs of the fields can vary significantly from the pale-pale-gray light-paleau-brown to a dark gray-drier sometimes with an admixture of brown-rusty tones. The abdomen is usually lighter: dirty gray sometimes with a yellowish-ocher flask. The tail is either one-color or weakly two-color. The spinal fur of the nominal race is brown-brown. The limestly painted pools of the form "Arvalis" from the middle strip of Russia, and the darkest color at the form "Obscurus" (Ognev, 1950; Malygin, 1983).

Ordinary wheel - a brine of small sizes. Body length change. The weight usually does not exceed 45, the tail is 30-40% of the length of the head and body. Stop on average - 15.5 mm. Ears small rounded slightly protruding fur. Condylobasal skull length on average - 24.5 mm, cheekbone width - 14.0, length in the ferrous row of indigenous teeth - ranges from 5-7 mm, lower - 4-6.5 (fireproof, 1950; Malygin, 1983; Meyer et al., 1996). Combs on the skull are weakly expressed. Upper m2 with two angles protruding inside. In the overwhelming majority of the Names of the M3 version of the "typica" (Malygin, 1983). His last rear blade does not form a strongly pronounced arcuate bend. Nizhny M1 has at least 7 closed spaces, rarely - 8. At the back of the foot 6 of the corns (Fire, 1950).

Spread

The area of \u200b\u200bthe type is extensive: from the Atlantic coast in the West to Mongolian Altai in the East, from the Baltic Sea, Finland, Karelia, Middle Urals and Western Siberia in the north to the Balkans, the Black Sea and Malaya Asia in the south (Malygin, 1983; Baranovsky, etc., 1994; Ordinary Polevka ..., 1994; Meyer et al., 1996). The view was noted in the Transcaucasus and in the territory of Mongolia. In Russia, the Western border of the spread of ordinary pools coincides with the state. In the north of the European part of the country comes from Karelia and the Leningrad region. In the south through Moldova and Ukraine to the north of the Caspian lowland and the Caucasus.

Biotopes

The spectrum of habitats is diverse. A variety of factors can affect the biotopic preference for ordinary voles. First of all, natural climatic. So, on the northern outskirts of its range in the zone of the Taiga forests, Polevka (the form "Obscurus") is to field and meadow cenos, reaching in them, respectively, 49 and 30.2% of the total population of small mammals. Even in the territories around the livestock farms. According to Tower in 1979, 1980 and 1983. In the foothills of the Urals, the ordinary voles dwells in the meadows and small agricultural crops, in the gardens, gardens and cutting. In similar types of biotopes, she met in Aburaral. Avoiding solid forests in Western Siberia, the voles is common in rarefied birch slices and in the thickets of shrubs along the rivers (Malygin, 1983). But here, to the Irkutsk region, it prefers habitats with well-developed herbal cover (Bashenina, 1968; Shvetsov et al., 1981). In the more southern part of its range M. a. Obscurus is to more wet biotopes: floodplain meadows, lowering, beams, watering gardens and gardens (ordinary field ..., 1994). However, it is common here in xerophilic cenos: dry steppes, enshrined sands outside the desert zone (Nikitina et al., 1972; Tikhonov et al., 1996; Tikhonov et al., 1999). In the foothills of the Caucasus and the Transcaucasus, voles also touches agricultural lands. In this region, she mastered the slopes of the mountains, population of decortion, glads, river valleys, arable land. Rises to Alpine meadows, lives on stony areas. The "mountain" populations of this species are found at an altitude of 1800-3000 m above the UR. M.: In highland subalpine and alpine meadows and mountain oak, beech and robber formations (ordinary field ..., 1994).

Forms "Arvalis" on the very north of the range and in the forest zone are demonstrated similar to the form of "obscurus" Biotopic distribution, a meadow cenos for centers and agricultural land (Mokeeva, Chengzova, 1981; Dobrochotov, and others, 1986, 1986 ; Tikhonov et al., 1992; Caraseva et al., 1994; etc.). In the zone of large forests and forest-steppes, it is often found in rarefied forest biotopes, according to the valleys of rivers, beams, forest belts.

According to our data, the ordinary wheel avoids territories subject to intensive anthropogenic load and transformation (Tikhonov et al., 1992; 1996, 1998; Tikhonov, Tikhonov 1997; Tikhonov, 1995).

Ecology

Ordinary waters - an environmentally plastic look. Typically herbivorous rodent, in the diet of which a wide kit of feed is included. According to the generalized data of the fields from different regions, at least 80 species of plants are usually eaten, preferring the families of cereals, composite and legumes (ordinary pools ..., 1994). Characterized seasonal change of feed. Expressed a tendency to stock. In France, animals form "Arvalis" made reserves of up to 3 kg (Renierd, Pussard, 1926). Similar food stores found in the voles in the Leningrad region. (Glakna, Chengzova, 1971) and in Kazakhstan (Ichkladna, 1972).

Ordinary wield - family-colonial appearance. The family, as a rule, consists of female and its descendants of the 3-4th generation (Frank, 1954; Bashenina, 1962). In such settlements, animals dig a complex system of NOR and protruding a network of paths. In winter, snowy nests on Earth. The ordinary wield characterizes territorial conservatism, but if necessary, during harvesting and plowing fields, it can migrate to other biotopes, including stacks, vegetable and granaries (ordinary pools ..., 1994).

Seasonal and annual fluctuations in numbers are inherent. The minimum abundance of populations is marked in spring time. Features of these fluctuations may also have geographical specificity. In the pessimum of the area there is long depressed of the number of species. In the middle of Russia, they usually alternate with the years of high numbers.

Behavior

Features of the ecology of ordinary fields determine the ethological structure of its populations. The animals of this species do not form solid settlements, but live well-limited colonies, are attached and tied to their family groups (Frank, 1954; Bashenina, 1962). In all parts of its range, the species has polyphase circadian activity. On average, in the 3-hour period, the fields have 2-4 sleep acts, 3-9 cleaning, 2-6 nest improvements from 6 to 20 feeds and 14-47% of the total activity falls on locomotion (walking, jogging) (ordinary field ..., 1994; own data).

The pronounced territoriality of the voles is reflected on their social behavior. The intragroup interactions of animals are minimized, mainly to simple identification contacts, somewhat less common - friendly (Zoronko, 1978, 1984; own data). An important element of social behavior, testifying to the tolerance of individuals to each other, is bought. Ordinary voles can show aggression towards members of their group. More than this form of behavior demonstrates males. The most acutely manifests the aggression to other individuals of their own species and, especially, to the Eastern European fields (up to the murder). Ordinary voles are very emotional. We have noted cases of death of animals due to nervous overvoltage during aggressive interactions.

The animals of this species are very careful, have a tendency to neophobia (ordinary field ..., 1994; Fedorovich et al., 2000). Under the experimental experiment in approximately research activities, ordinary voles relied more on the sense of smell and in a lesser on vibribute touch and vision (own data).

Reproduction

Depending on the meteo conditions in different regions of Russia, the reproductive period from ordinary fields usually begins in March-April and ends in September-November (ordinary field ..., 1994; Tikhonov, Tikhonov, 1995; Tikhonov et al., 1998). In winter, a pause usually comes. But in closed stations (stacks, skirds, vegetable and granaries) reproduction can continue in winter. For the reproductive season in the nature of the females of ordinary fields, 2-4 broods can bring, in conditions of laboratory content - more (ordinary field ..., 1994; Glading, 1996). The bulk of the brood depends on a number of reasons: age and physical condition of females, season, habitat, models of pairing and many other (Zorrenko, 1972; Zoronko, Zaharov, 1986). On the combined data, the average number of cubs in the litter in the ordinary field about 5 (ordinary field ..., 1994). The study of the reproduction strategy of this species has shown that its natural populations are lifted with broods (Tikhonov et al., 1999).

Full, strains (arvicolinae or microtinae) - the subfamily of rodents of the hamster family. Includes toys, mothers, shapshonok, lemming and ondatr.

Ordinary Start (Microtus Arvalis) is the type of rodents of the genus of gray straps.Most of small sizes; The length of the body is variable, 9-14 cm. Weight usually does not exceed 45 grams. The tail is 30-40% of the body length - up to 49 millimeters. The color of the fur on the back can vary from lightly brown to a dark gray-drier sometimes with an admixture of brown-rusty tones. The belly is usually lighter: dirty gray, sometimes with yellowish-ocher nails. The tail is either one-color or weakly two-color. The most lightly painted overwhelms from the middle strip of Russia. In karyotype 46 chromosomes.

By Levka Ob.snag

Wheels in biocenoses and agrocenoses of forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of mainland Europe from the Atlantic coast in the West to the East are common. In the north, the border of the range passes along the coast of the Baltic Sea, Southern Finland, South Karelia, the Middle Urals and Western Siberia; In the south - in the Balkans, the coast of the Black Sea, the Crimea and the North of Minor Asia. Also available in the Caucasus and in Transcaucasia, in Northern Kazakhstan, in the south-east of Central Asia, in Mongolia. It is found in the Orcane Islands.

In its extensive area, the Starting is mainly to field and meadow cenos, as well as agricultural lands, gardens, gardens, parks. Solid forest arrays avoid, although it is found on cutting, glades and edges, in gentlemen, in the string thickets of shrubs, forest belts. Presents preference to places with well-developed herbal cover. In the southern part of its range, more wet biotopes: floodly meadows, beams, river valleys, although it is also found on dry decortion areas, on the attached sands outside the desert. In the mountains rises to subalpine and alpine meadows at an altitude of 1800-3000 m above sea level. Avoids territories subject to intense anthropogenic load and transformation.

In warm, the time is active mainly at dusk and at night, in winter the activity is round-the-clock, but intermittent. Lives family settlements, as a rule, consistent with 1-5 related females and their offspring of 3-4 generations. Sections of adult males occupy 1200-1500 m² and cover the sections of several females. In its settlements, the strokes are digging the sorcerer and the network of paths, which in winter turn into snowy moves. The animals rarely leave the paths that allow them to move faster and easier to navigate. The depth of NOR is small, only 20-30 cm. The animals protect their territory from the nasal individuals of their own and other species (up to the murder). During periods of high numbers in the fields of grain and in other forage places, colonies are often formed from several families.

The ordinary web is distinguished by territorial conservatism, but if necessary, during harvesting and plowing fields, it can move to other biotopes, including in the skird, stacks, vegetable and granaries, sometimes in residential buildings. In winter, makes nests under the snow, woven from dry grass.

Store - Typically herbivorous rodent, in the diet of which is a wide range of feed. Characterized seasonal change of diet. In the warm season, it gives preference to the green parts of cereals, complex color and legumes; Occasionally eats mollusks, insects and their larvae. In winter, clogs the bark of shrubs and trees, including berry and fruit; Eating seeds and underground parts of plants. Makes food reserves reaching 3 kg.

Ordinary chewing is multiplied throughout the warm time of the year - from March-April to September-November. In winter, a pause usually comes, but in closed places (stacks, skirds, economic buildings) in the presence of sufficient feed can continue to multiply. For one reproductive season, the female can bring 2-4 broods, maximum in the middle lane - 7, in the south of the range - to 10. The pregnancy lasts 16-24 days. In a litter on average, 5 cubs, although their number can reach 15; Baby Weigh 1-3.1 g. Young fields are becoming independent for 20 days of life. Begin to multiply on 2 months of life. Sometimes young females will be pregnant already on the 13th day of life and bring the first brood of 33 days.

The average life expectancy is only 4.5 months; By October, most of the pool dies, the young last litters winter and in the spring reproduce. Stores are one of the main sources of food for a variety of predators - owls, emptores, caress, ermine, ferrets, foxes and boars.

Ordinary toilet is a widespread and numerous appearance that easily adapts to the economic activity of man and the transformation of natural landscapes. The number, as in many prolific animals, hesitantly ranges from seasons and years. Characterized outbreaks of numbers that are connected by prolonged depressions. In general, oscillations look like a 3- or 5-year cycle. During the greatest numbers, the population density can reach 2,000 individuals on the hectares, during depression falling to 100 individuals on the hectare.

It is one of the most serious pests of agriculture, gardening and gardening, especially during the years of mass reproduction. Hars the grain and other cultures on the root and in the skirds, brings down the bark of fruit trees and shrubs. It is the main natural carrier of plague pathogens in the Transcaucasia, as well as pathogens of Tularemia, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis and other dangerous diseases for humans.

In the steppes of the European part of the territory of the former USSR, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia, an ordinary wheel, which is of great importance as a pest of agriculture, especially grain crops. In the steppe zone of southern Siberia to the east to the middle Amur, the old rowing has the same meaning. Mostly in the more dry grass-hollow steppes from Southern Ukraine to East to Yenisei there is everywhere there lives a steppe poestushushka. In similar conditions, public fields in southern Ukraine lives in the steppes of the Crimea, the North Caucasus and places in Kazakhstan, as well as the gluttony. For the oak, Ukraine is characterized by an earthy vole. In addition, in the island forests of the European part of the former USSR there is everywhere there is a red wheel.

The typical and most numerous inhabitants of the Altai Taiga are representatives of the Rodent detachment, among which forest voles prevail. In addition to the taiga species - Red (Clethrionomys Rutilus) and Red-gray (C. Rufocanus), there is also a redhead European field (C. Glareolus), as well as several representatives of the genus of gray fields - housekeeper (Microtus OECONOMUS), dark (M. argestis ), ordinary (M. Arvalis). On the banks of the rivers and lakes are often a waterfolk (Arvicola terrestris), in a dark taiga, the forest Lemming (Myopus shisticolor) is quite common, and several types of mountain fields are encountered in the Golts and Mining sites (Alticola Argentatus) and flat bar (A. Strelzowi ).

Forest forest

Among several types of mice is highlighted as an active consumer of cedar seeds Asian forest mouse (Apodemus Peninsulae), in open biotopes, a field mouse (A. agrarius), more rare mouse-baby (Micromys Minutus), as well as a forest mousepaper (Sicista Betulina), pretty A common group of gray fields is a housekeeper (M. OECONOMOMUS), dark (M. argestis), ordinary (M. Arvalis) and narrow-bar (M. Gregalis). In settlements, gray rats are marked (Rattus Norvegicus), a single house mouse is partitioned.

In the forest-steppe parts of Western Siberia, there is a red vole. In the rivers and coasts of rivers there are narrow-bar and water voles. Characteristic of the mountain ranges of the mountain altai rodents are European and Asian forest mice, alpine fields of Streltsov and Vinogradov.

In the highland areas of the Mountain Altai and the adjacent ridges of Mongolia, as well as in the Kazakh Highlands (Karaganda region and the southern part of Pavlodar), the plank equipment (ALTICOLA STRELZOWI)- Small animal with a rather long, densely pubescent tail. Body length 110-125 millimeters, tail 33-62 millimeters. The fur is very fluffy, the mustache is long, up to 4 centimeters. The ears are relatively large, wide at the base, rounded, at the end of the tail a narrow bunch of elongated hair.

Storesaw flat-venee

The skull of the fields of this species is unusually wide and flattened; The height of the brain box is approximately 2 times less than its width. 3rd upper indigenous tooth commonly with 5 outstanding angles on each side; The front outer triangle is small and has a wide message from the front loop; Indigenous teeth with stretched in the longitudinal direction loop. Coloring the top of the body ash-gray, with blacknate small ripples and with a large or smaller development of brownish tones. Beluto whitish gray. The tail is white or yellowish, sometimes weakly two-color. Pretty flat and fluffy hair poles.

It is characterized by two types of habitats: in Altai occurs in high-mountainous areas, adhering to stony stamps and rocks; In Kazakh Highlands, lives on low hills, in stony places, in the close neighborhood with characteristic steppe rodents (small gopher, steppe, and steppe milk). In the mountains, the plane reservoir can be often observed during the daytime. Like other alpine voles, collecting grass stocks between the stones and in the cracks of the cliffs. Before entering the housing, the animals often collect big heaps of rubble.

About it is a flat-meal voles preferably in wet places: on the shores of the reservoirs, on the Kochard swamps, in the coastal thickets of willows and other shrubs, in the meadows, etc. Nora arranged relatively simple, the nesting chamber is located at a depth of 10-15 centimeters less, usually under a bunch of burned land; close to the nesting chamber 1-2 storerooms connected to the socket chamber with short moves; A few short moves leading to the surface are also departed from the socket chamber. In the fall, the storerooms are filled with various roots; Stock weight in one hole is 5-10 kilograms. In winter, voles make moves under the snow and almost do not go to the surface. It is powered by green parts of various herbaceous plants (laptops, cereals) and semi-shops (wormwood). In the summer and in the fall, there are significant reserves of a specially dried hay, hiding it into cracks, niches and under stones. In the crevices, the rocks builds extended partitions made of small stones, fastening them with litter and urine with an admixture of the Earth. Pebbles weighing up to 15 grams tested in the teeth.

Ce it will be ruled by the flat jar of voles usually colonies, leads a daily lifestyle, the greatest activity is observed in light clock. Very mobile and active, sometimes runs away for food for hundreds of meters from the hole. Makes jumps up to 50 centimers in length and 40 centimers Height. Climb on shrubs and even on trees. Pauses in round-the-clock intermittent activity come on the hot time of day and rainy days. Highly cooling stones are strongly cooled by animals to construct large sockets. The reproduction begins in April, females bring up to three liters per season, in the sump seven-eleven young. Substitutions: 1) A. s. Strelzovi Kastschenko (1899) - Fur painting is relatively dark, gray, with brown tint; Havor - Central Altai ,. 2.) A. s. Desertorum Kastschenko (1901) is close to the previous, color is somewhat more pale; Havitage - Kazakh Highlands (Karaganda region). 3) A. s. DEPRESSUS OGN. (1944) - Zylovy arches are less widely placed than in previous forms, the inter-block Skull space with a noticeable narrowing in its backyard, the inter-close part of the frontal bones with a sharp pressing; Havory - (South Altai), Range. Small and rare appearance. Plate jerpets - Natural carrier of the pathogen of the plague.

In the preparation of the article, articles were used: Mammals of the USSR; Directory-determinant of the geographer and traveler, V.E. Flyt, Yu.D.Chugunov, V.M. Smirin. Moscow, 1965; Rodents of the fauna of the USSR, Moscow, 1952, materials of sites: Wikipedia, as well as photos of the site users.

Adults can grow up to 20 cm longAlthough the average individuals reaches 15 cm.

They look like mice, but have shorter ears and tail. The color of the wool on the back of a dark brown color, and on the rush - ash. Many varieties of pools are difficult to distinguish each other with a naked eye.

The most common types of family of gray fields - ordinary and pasha.

Ordinary Polevka

This kind of rodents a little larger. It has longer tailwhich can reach half the length of the body. The color is light in gray-brown shades.

It dwells such rodents in the forests, forest-steppes and steppes ranging from the Atlantic coast of Europe to Mongolia. Occasionally meets on the Korean Islands.

Polevki forming family settlements. Such organizations are on average of three females and their offspring at 3-4 generations.

The colony builds holes that have several outlets and many moves that are close to the soil surface. Slightly deeper there are several storage facilities in which rodents store your winter stocks.

Ordinary polevka herbivadna. In the warm season, it feeds on green shoots of cereals and legumes, as well as plants of the family of comprehensive.

May feed insects, their larvae, mollusks. In the cold season food feed and underground parts of plants, seeds. Makes stocks for the winter. Pantry can accommodate up to three kilograms of food.

The activity of ordinary voles depends on the ambient temperature. When heat, it is active predominantly at night. In the cold season, its activity is the same during the day, but intermittent.

The average age of the beginning of the reproduction of such rodent - 2 months. But the young female can get pregnant on the 13th day of life.

Pregnancy last 2 - 3.5 weeks. One selection gives an average of five new individuals, but it happens to fifteen.

For the warm season, the female can give 2 - 4 brood, in separate habitats 7 - 10. If the animal finds a good place for wintering, it can continue to multiply in the cold.

Paren Polevka

Mouse-free rodent S. dark color of wool. The other name is the dark vole. It has a wide caller and a short tail.

Pashed Polevka can be found throughout Europe and B. Asia Before Lake Baikal. It occurs in a humid area: river valleys, beams, floodplain meadows.

For the organization of communities, they resemble ordinary voles.

Nutrition is similar to other types of family of poorets. In addition to green parts of plants, also uses food berries and mushrooms.

Predominantly night rodent. But during the daytime still exhibits moderate activity.

Females of pasha fields very fruit. The average selection consists of six young. But the number of offspring may change.

Photo

Visual photos of ordinary and pasha voles:

What is harmful to farmer

In the cold season, gray voles go closer to man. They populate straw skews, sheds, cellar, product warehouses. And harm food reserves.

Some rodents settle in gardens and nurseries. They are blood bark trees and damage roots.

If the garden settled such animals, then in the spring many trees sick or dies. Most often they damage the apple tree, less often - pears and bone trees.

Methods of struggle and protection

To prevent the migration of rodents, it is necessary to carefully prepare the Earth for Winter:

• destroy weeds;
• carefully remove the bread and brand them;
• pull the rolling rods in the gardens;
• brother storm.

Fight with pests with the help of poisons, biological products or cappos.

IN as porav Used zinc phosphide, glyph-torus, bacotorodencid.

Also attract predatorswhich destroy the voles:

• owls;
• caress;
• ferrets;

Conclusion

Gray Polevka is a numerous family of rodents. Polevka ordinary is the most dangerous pest For agriculture.

It is capable of not only to destroy the stocks of cereals, but also to promote the death of trees.

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Field mouse description:

• The length of the body is not more than 12 cm, without taking the tail. Thin tail is 70% of the length of the body.
• The body is oblong. The rear feet are elongated, when running come forward.
• Long muzzle, small round ears, oblong nose.

Fur hard, rough, short. Coloring can be different - gray, brown, ocher or beige. Along the spine passes a smooth line of a black or brown shade. Blue white abdomen. At the base of the hairproke has a dark shade. Small specks may be present on the chest.

Waterflower has unique teethThe pair of long incisors on the lower jaw grow all her life. In order not to take place excessive growing, they grow with a speed of 1-2 mm per day, the mouse is forced to continuously bear them about solid objects.

As for the weight, the average animal does not weigh more than 20 grams.

Photo

Spreading of animals

This fauna representative is widespread in Europe. Also, animals can be found in the PRC, Mongolia, Denmark, Finland, Korea, Taiwan. In the Russian Federation, Rodent is distributed in Primorye, Siberia, Urals. It is often settled on the hills, it is closer to the mountains.

Meets in the Black, Azov Sea. Does not love desert forest-steppe and solid forests. Perfectly coming up on moistened interfluids.

Prefers overgrown meadows with small depressions, collective farm pies, solar edges of deciduous forests and, of course, gardens. It can meet in greenhouses, greenhouses, cellars, barns, abandoned household sheds and even in residential premises.

IMPORTANT! With the onset of the autumn period, rodents moves into the skird, haystacks, straw shields.

Reproduction

The period of reproduction at the mouse-pool - from the beginning of the spring in the middle of the autumn. For one season, the animal is able to bring 3-4 offspring. In rare cases up to 5-6. Young tool lasts 21-23 days. In one litter, 5-7 kids are born.

The toddles appear helpless and blind, but develop very rapidly:

• 12-14 days after birth, they see.
• 30 days after birth becomes independent.
• Young individuals are capable of the birth of a cub, 90-105 days after birth.

How much does the field mouse live? The lifespan of the field mouse can reach 7 years, but in the wild, the animals live, as a rule, year or two.

And now imagine, at how fast it can break the rodents in just one summer season, provided an abundance of food and the sun.

Lifestyle

In the summer and spring period, field mice are active in the evening and night time. In autumn and winter time can be active during the day. In winter hibernation do not fall.

How winter mice fun:

• Natural shelters or earth drives can use as minks.
• Their runes reach 3-4 m in length and have 2-4 outputs, one of which leads to the water supply.
• Residents necessarily have a nesting chamber and 2-3 storerooms in which winter reserves are stored.
• Stores are located at a depth of 0.5-1 m.

IMPORTANT! Rodents living on swampy terrain, holes do not dig. They build nests. The main material is grass. Such dwellings are usually located on high shrubs.

Distinctive features

Flying mice have their own, distinctive from other rodents, features:

• Depending on the habitat (oriental and west), individuals have different color and sizes.
• It differs from other rodents by the presence of a smooth strip along the spine.
• Unlike mumulating has larger body sizes.
• From the Dauro hamster is characterized by a longer tail.
• Unlike the mothers, there is a longer period of puberty - about 100 days.
• Compared to other subspecies of rodents, the field mouse has a slightly dismissed ear sink.
• Fur in the field mice is rougher. And adult individuals often appear soft needles, like hedgehogs.
• Field mice relate to rolling relations. They have characterized seasonal feed moving.
• Can be distributed in swampy terrain. At the same time, as a hole, they use herbal nests.

Very often, the mice take other types of mammals, externally similar to the voles. The most common types of rodents in appearance resembling mice:

1. . Despite this name, this animal actually belongs to the mouse family, but differs from the voles in a large size.
2. . Lives underground and belongs to the family of hamster.

As well as rodents from the family of pools:

1. and. Externally looked like mice, but have a number of distinctive features. Read more about the beds.
2. . Forest residents who differ from the field of fur coat.
3. . This species lives with colonies and is able to do significant, up to 15 kg, stocks for the winter.

Read about various types of voles.

What harm is caused by a person?

Polels are able to apply very tangible harm and places of crop storage, and plants in the fields. They are able to damage vegetables planted in the garden and spoil the billets for the winter in the pan.

Moreover, these rodents are mortal carriers for human infections, such as leptospirosis, tularevia, ticky tomponotophous fever.

Wrestling and Protection Methods

The main difficulty in the fight against wildflowers is that they live in the hidden from the human eye. So, catch or poison them is quite problematic. therefore The first priority in the fight against the voles is the need to find and destroy their housing. This can be done in the following ways.

We run mice from the territory

First of all, you need to try to drive out rodents from the site:

1. Copy high grass, remove dry foliage and weeds. It is also necessary to get rid of branches and a bunch of vegetable garbage. All this is great places for building holes.
2. On the territory of the site should not be the fallen fruits falling from the tree, as they are an easily accessible source.
3. Plugging can help get rid of holes and underground transitions.
4. So that the rodents do not spoil the fruit trees, a fine-heeled grid is bought around the trunks to the ground. The same can be done around the perimeter of the entire site.

Apply dischargers

The use of special discharge devices can speed up the process of expulsing the voles from your territory. They are installed around the perimeter of the site and provide protection against moisture.

Use mousetrap

Conventional mousetrapists are also able to help in combating mice. Experienced gardeners recommend installing these devices on the site at the beginning of spring and at the end of autumnSince it is at this time that the mouse is most actively multiplied. In order not to suffer homemade mousetrap mousetrap, you can cover the box, mice in pursuit of bait it will not stop.

We use poisons

At the end of winter and early spring, the use of poisons is very effective. At this time, the mouse is hungry and not very legible in food. Poons are placed directly in Nora.

How to get rid of field mice in the house?

If you have mouse in your home, use the time proven, traditional ways:

• Mousetrap. At the same time, do not forget about safety measures so that people and pets are not injured.
• Screlers. Special devices are safe for people and pets, but have a negative impact on mice.
• Observing all precautions you can use poisons.
• Cat. The most efficient, proven and secure "remedy" from mice. If you have no cat in the house, lend it for a time with friends.

Thus, get rid of mice on the plot or in the house it is possible. It is enough to create them unbearable living conditions. And so that the polels do not appear again, prevention is needed - adherence to cleanliness on the site, timely cleaning of vegetable waste and food waste.

Video

On the video, you can consider how the field mice looks:

Funny smart animals and at the same time malicious "thoughts" of all and all. They are often undeservedly confused with the nearest sisters - house mice. However, residents of free fields bring no less concern and harm to agriculture and households. Favoric cats and so not loved by female sex and farmers animals are part of natural diversity.

The world is large enough for all kinds, you just need to reasonably coexist. Let's learn more about the field mouse, its habits, possible dangers and methods of struggle.

Field mouse description

Field mouse has many varieties. Among her close relatives are distinguished:

• ordinary is the most common view;
• red - the inhabitant is predominantly hot steppes of Asia;
• forest, preferring forest-steppe zones of the Eurasian and North American mainland;
• underground is a resident of urban communications and receiving territories.

Despite the diversity, they all belong to the family of voles, to the family of hamster, the detachment of rodents and the class of mammals.

Exterior Field Mouse

All sorts of voles have an elongated sharp face, dark peaks-beads (black or dense-brown), pointed ears and a long tail, leaving about ¾ of body length. This is a miniature rodent to a maximum length of up to 13 cm, more often up to 10 cm, not counting the tail. Weight Wilders about 15 g. In the high cheekbones, the mouse have wonderful records, which seems to seem like they have snowmobiles on the cheeks. The paws are small, from the feet of about 1.5 - 2 cm. Claws are short, dump from permanent digging.

The wool of the animal on the back is painted in brownish-icy color. It is not soft, but a somewhat rude, short, old individuals even turn into "soft needles", like hedgehog. A distinctive feature of the fields is a dark strip along the spine. On the trouser wool light gray shade.

It is interesting! The intensity of the color is related to the age of the mouse. More honorable individuals are brighter than young fellow, they even meet gray among the fur.

Male fields externally does not differ from the female. In order not to confuse the field mouse with its relative housekin, pay attention to their differences.

House mouse	Harvest mouse
Small, up to 10 cm	Slightly larger, up to 13 cm
The back is gray-black, dark	Backing burying with a strip in the middle
Abdominal almost white	Light gray abdomen
Forefish shortened	Forecock pointed
Ears large, rounded	Little ears, triangular
Tail up to 60% of the body	Tail up to 70% of the body

Field mice can well dwell in the house and in the garden garden, and homemade in the wild.

Lifestyle Polevki

Field mice in the lifestyle are somewhat reminiscent of mini-moles: they dig holes close to the surface of the earth and move on them. The mice during digging throw away the earth on the side of themselves, so the holmik turns out to be gentle on the one hand, and the "entrance" in it is not from above, like a clock, and on the side. In winter, they move under the snow cover.

Important! Polevok has no period of winter anabea, even in the cold they need to actively move and look for food. At the same time, mice are used with the summer supplies in the tank sockets.

They live in minks or suitable shelters: under the branches, spin sisters, in the sheds, etc. If the mouse builds a hole for himself, she makes her extensive and branched. At a depth of 5 to 35 cm there is a labyrinth from 4 to 25 m long with several pantry rooms and a sleeve socket, as well as several spare outputs, one of which leads to a source of drinking water.

In the daytime, field mice prefer to hide underground and sleep, and in the afternoon they are active. They crawl into the surface and are looking for food, it's almost everything that will meet on the way: roots of plants, bluish flowers, tubers, bark at the bottom of the trees. In search of suitable feeding, they can make real migrations.

Mice are quickly running, moving "jumping" by gait. You can swim, but prefer to avoid it. Frequently settled by the colonies, often numerous: 1 or several females of relatives and several generations of their offspring.

How many pool lives

The average life expectancy of mouse-pools in the wild natural environment is 1-2 years old, as they have many natural enemies and dangers. If everything in the life of the mouse is especially safe, it can live to 7-12 years.

Area, habitats

This rodent can be found almost all over the world, except the hottest corners:

• on the European continent, including in Finland and Denmark;
• in Siberia and in the Urals;
• in North American forest-steppe zones (to latitudes Guatemala);
• they meet in Asia - China, Mongolia, Taiwan;
• from the south they are limited to Libya (North Africa) and Northern India;

Despite the name, the voles rarely settle directly on the fields. For them, a large amount of grass is preferable, so they choose meadows, forest edges, cutting, as well as places near human housing: cellar, greenhouses, sheds, comfortable shelters in the garden and garden. Polels can even climb into the house and settle under the roof, under the walls of the wall, in ventilation, in the insulation layer.

It is interesting! If the terrain is raw and swampy, the smart rodent will not build a hole, and the alkalie ball of herb, which will be located on a high bush branch.

In the flood, in periods of protracted shower, the winter thaws mink animals are poured with water, and many mice die.

Field mouse diet

Polevka - herbivorous rodent. Since it belongs to the family of hamster, her teeth are growing throughout life, so the instinct provides for their constant stratification. This explains the fact that almost constantly mouses are nibble. During the day, adult voles should eat the amount of food equal to its own weight.

The mouse feeds on almost everything that can find from vegetation:

• herbs and their seeds;
• berries;
• nuts, including cones;
• grain;
• tubers, roots, bulbs, rootepods;
• kidneys and flowers of various bushes;
• great bark of young trees.

Winter reserves in pantry field mice can reach weights in 3 kg.

Reproduction and offspring

With the onset of spring heat and up to the most autumn cold plates, the mouse-pools are actively multiplied. Mouse pregnancy lasts 21-23 days. For the season, the female is able to give up to 8 liters, more often than 3-4, in each of which to bring 5-6 young. This means that if 5 pairs of pools settled on the site, by the end of the warm season, the amount of mice can reach 8-9 thousand.

Mice are born completely helpless, their eyes are blind. But the development of them is extremely fast:

• vision appears on 12-14 days;
• after 20 days, they can already survive without mother;
• after 3 months and even earlier, they themselves bring offspring themselves.

It is interesting! There are cases when females of the pools will be pregnant on 13 day of their life and bring viable offspring at 33 days from the family.

Natural enemies

Such fertility is due to the fact that in nature there are many enemies that limit their population. The most important bird hunters are predatory birds: owls, hawk, cobschiki, etc. One owl per year can eat more than 1000 mice. For some animals -, Lask, Korea - Mice are the main, almost exceptional food. The ferret caught the day and eats 10-12 mice.

The caressing is dangerous for rodents also because she has a flexible and narrow body with which she is easy to penetrate into the nests and eat the young there. I am pleased to be enjoyed by fueling hedgehog, snake and, of course, the cat.

Population and status of the form

Mice-pools are extremely diverse. Scientists have established that there are more than 60 species and subspecies. It is difficult to distinguish them out, only a gene analysis method is suitable for identification.

It is interesting! Mice themselves are perfectly distinguished by relatives from another population and never mate with them. How they detect interspecific differences, still not clarified.

The mouse-field genome is a scientific riddle: genetic material is located without visible logic, and most of the information focuses in sex chromosomes. The amount of chromosomes - from 17 to 64, and they either coincide with males and females, or vary, that is, there is no sexual dependence. In one litter, all mice are genetic clones.

Another unique property of a field mice population is a "self-speaking" genes in the core from other cells (mitochondria). Scientists minds are still fighting over a man's gene transplantation, while the pools she has been working no longer than one thousand years. The only explanation of scientists is a sharp evolution leap of a field of field mice over the last million years.

Since the mouse is a prolific animal, its number is highly dependent on the year and season. They noticed that bursts of growth and the "demographic pit" of the fields alternate about 3-5 years. The maximum marked number of animals in the population was approximately 2,000 mice on 1 hectare of the square, and the smallest - 100 individuals per hectare. The family of rodents, except mice, are lemming and ondatras.

Waterflower Mouse and Man

People have long been considering this little yurt animal with their opponent. Choosing a place to live near people of human dwellings, repositories and passengers, mouse-pools cause damage to reserves and plantations, besides, they are carriers of many infectious diseases.

Ground of gardens, fields and gardens

In the years when the reproduction is most actively, heavily totals the harm that the field is inflicted by plants:

• he cuts underground parts, causing the death of the plant to the root;
• spoils root and bulk cultures;
• sharpens grain and seed reserves;
• browsing the bark in young shrubs and trees.

Poles eat vegetable farm products not only on Earth, but also in storage facilities, on elevators, in skirds and stacks, cellars.

Important! Understand that the family of voles settled on your site, it is easy: the colony will be given the so-called "runway" traces left on the surface from the digging of underground holes.

Dangerous carrier

Wheel mouse can be a carrier of extremely severe diseases, many of whose pathogens are able to cause a fatal outcome in humans. Cute and funny animals, especially in mass, can cause:

• leptospirosis;
• tularevia;
• sophisticated infections;
• toxoplasmosis;
• salmonellosis and others.

He acquired sad fame due to the fact that there are practically the only natural carrier of the plague in the Transcaucasian region.

How to deal with wildflower

Due to the danger to agriculture, as well as for the health and life of a person, one should strive to limit the number of mice-pools. For this, two directions of struggle are applied:

• passive-prophylactic - scaring mice from people and agricultural facilities;
• active - measures aimed at the direct destruction of rodents.

We scrapping field mice

As part of the scary, it is effectively used to plant and lay a plant whose smell does not like mice. Among them are garlic, black, calendula, mint, wormwood, pajma and other strongly smelling herbs and fruits. It is not possible to use the plants themselves, but essential oils, laying the pieces of wool in them near the intended place of the mice settlement. Sometimes kerosene is used for the same purpose, ammonia alcohol. Mice avoid scattered ash.

Another humane embrying option is ultrasound or vibrating devices that are created for the residence of mice in the area of \u200b\u200bthe action. They can be purchased in stores. "Home" version of such a scaretcher is an oblique bottle into the ground, which will buzz and vibrate into windy weather. Similarly, tin cans on the poles around the perimeter of the site and even woven on the trees "Wind Music" (linking sticks or bells) will be valid. The colony of mice is hardly justified on the plot and in the house that the "patrol" natural mouse enemy is a cat.

Destruction of voles

"In war" all means are good. When the crop and landings threaten irreparable harm, extreme measures can be justified. The arsenal of folk and industrial methods offers the following funds for battle with pools not for life, but to death:

• "Gypsum Trombus" - Mix the salted wheat flour with lime or plaster. The rodent eating such a bait will die of thrombus in the stomach.
• Poisonous bait - In specialized stores you can buy ready-made poisons for rodents in the form of wax pills or granules. When laying, you can not take them with bare hands, otherwise smart mice do not touch them. Some types of poisons have a delayed action, and poisoned rodents have time to infect their fellow.

Important! You should not use this method if a cat or a dog can be destroyed by dead mice - it may be fatal for a pet life.

• Physical shredders - All sorts of mousetrap. Not effective if the mice population is large.
• Traps -farmers come up with various options, from the bank put on the coin that the mouse drops, being under it, to the bottles in the ground with a small amount of sunflower oil. Full traps are sold. Another option is the board with a special glue applied to it, which the mouse sticks out reliably.

According to the latest data, not traditional cheese, but nuts, chocolate, a piece of meat, bread with sunflower oil as bait for pools. Another unpleasant moment associated with all punitive ways is that it will have to regularly remove and dispose of dead mice.

Why you can not destroy the fields completely

Like any view on our planet, voles occupy their place in an ecological niche. Singing herbs seeds, they limit the growth of herbal cover, which does not allow to break into the light to the young trees, thereby saving forests. In addition, their role in the food chain is very important for the population of birds of prey and many fur animals. In those years, when there are few mice, the number of foxes, owls and other animals that feed on the rods are falling. Single types of voles are rare and disappearing and are under protection:

• evron;
• muyskaya;
• ballhistanskaya;
• mexican;
• japanese red;
• taiwan;
• central Kashmir.

Prevention measures

To reduce the likelihood of a settlement of pools on your site, you can:

• make a cat or dog;
• do not drive natural enemies of mice, especially owls;
• do not allow inventory litter to inventory, faulty furniture, etc.;
• constantly loose down the land, destroying the "grooves" of field mice;
• timely get rid of cropped branches, leaves, bunuana and other garden garbage.

To combat the fields it is necessary to apply an integrated approach that combines the prevention, creating an uncomfortable environment for rodents of the medium and physical destruction.