The Giant Salamadras (Andrias), the bodies of the tailed amphibian family of hijdaybernikov, includes two types:
chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias Davidianus)
japanese Giant Salamandra (Andrias Japonicus)
These are tailed amber-living families of hijeeboy
The Japanese Giant Salamander and the Chinese Giant Salamander are distinguished by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and the habitat.
To date, this is the biggest amphibian.
Reaches 160 cm long, weight up to 180 kg and can live up to 150 years.
But they met them only in Vorasta to 55 years.
Dark brown with dark blurry spots. With such a coloring salamander imperceptible against the background of the rocky bottom of the rivers.
The torso and the big head are flavored, ahvost is almost half of all length,
looks like paddle padded.
There are 4 fingers on the front paws, and on the rear - 5 fingers. And paws - short and thick
Eyes do not have a century and are widely planted, and the nostrils on the contrary are very close.
Soft skin, wart, forms longitudinal folds on the sides of the body; The same folds focusing the rear edges of the legs. The giant salamander absorbs oxygen through the skin. The presence of skin folds on the sides of the body serves as an increase in the body surface area, which helps to absorb even more oxygen.
Salamandras are distinguished by poor eyesight.
Water lifestyle is active at dusk and at night, prefers cold, fleeting mountain streams and rivers with rapid flow, raw caves and underground rivers.
Holds a day under the waters of the shores or major stones in the western part of Honshu Island (north of the Gifu Prefecture) and on the Islands of Sikoku and Kyushu (OITA Prefecture), choosing heights from 300 to 1000 m above sea level.
Adults are not relatively poorly tolerated.
So, for example, a case is described when the Giant Salamander calmly survived the lowering of the water temperature to zero mark in January 1838.
In the aquarium of the Moscow Zoo, at the same time, even the crust of ice appeared during the cold nights on the water surface.
Salamander is distinguished by poor vision, which is compensated by an excellent sense of smell, with the help of which it finds frogs, fish, crustaceans, insects, slowly moving along the bottom of the river.
Food of Salamander miners, rushing at the bottom of the river, a sharp depression of the head captures and keeps the sacrifice with jaws with small teeth.
The Giant Salamander can how to look for mining, focusing with the help of smell,
so climb her having trough
The metabolism of Salamandra is slowed, which allows her for a long time to do without food.
Salamander's metabolism is slowed down, they may not be afraid without food. It feeds on fish and small amphibians, crustaceans and insects.
It is capable of long fasting - there are cases when Salamandra did not eat in captivity for two months without visible harm for themselves., And grab the sharp movement of the head aside. Inconsisions were noted by cases of cannibalism (eating like this).
The Japanese Giant Salamandras, the Japanese Giant Salamandras begin to begin in late August, when they are going to small groups at the nests. The males are very aggressive with each other in relation to opponents, and often many die later because of the injuries they received in marriage fights.
The female lays a few hundred cherry of 6-7 mm in size, reminiscent of long rosary, in horizontal nonoras under water at a depth of 3 meters, which is absolutely not typical for amphibians.
For moisturizing masonry, eggs are constantly lubricated with mucus, and one of the parents (usually, the male) have to foam their tail, providing a continuous influx of fresh air.
Caviar matures 60-70 days at water temperature 12 OS. . The larvae is in a length of about 30 mm, three pairs of outdoor gills, fastening of the limbs and a long tail with a wide fin folder.
Little Salamandras are constantly in water up to one and a half years, while they finally do not form lungs, and they will be able to go to the land. But Salamander can breathe through the skin. At the same time, the genital maturity of the Giant Salamandra comes.
Although the giant salamanders do not have natural enemies, but their number falls as a result of the hunting of the local population as a food product, and the loss of their habitat in connection with the cutting of the forest.
The meat of Salamandra gigantic is tasty enough and suitable in food, which led to a reduction in the population of the animal. So, at present, in Japan, Salamander is practically not found in nature, but divorces in special nurseries.
At the beginning and middle of the last century in the markets of Osako and Kyoto, local residents sold the average value of Salamander for 12-24 Gulden.
At the same time, Chinese and Japanese doctors advised to apply boiled meat and broth from the Giant Salamander as an anti-infectious agent in the treatment of consumers and diseases of the digestive organs.
However, due to the rarity of the animal, then the "medicine" was worth a huge amount of money. As a result of the excessive catch of the Giant Salamandr, they are under protection: included in the Red Book of the International Nature Conservation Union (IUCN) and in Appendix II of the International Convention on Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna (CITEC). The catch of Japanese salamander from nature is extremely limited, although it is quite successfully bred on Japanese farms.
This unique amphibian millions of years ago adjacent to dinosaurs and managed to survive and adapt to new living conditions.
For the first time, the species was described and cataloged in the 1820s, when one of Salamander caught the German naturalist Philip Franz von Zibold, while working in Japan and who lived on the island of Deadzim in Nagasaki Prefecture.
He sent a caught by Salamanndra to the city of Leiden (Netherlands).
Probably, this species refers to the extinct view of the Giant Salamandra Scheuchzeri, described in the 18th century from the Miocene sediments of Germany.
The dimensions and appearance of the skeleton of the Giant Salamandra from the Miocene sediments of Germany was so struck by the imagination of the Vienna doctor A. Sheikhzer, that in 1724 he described like Homo DiluVitestis ("Human - Witnessed World Flood"), deciding, apparently that skeletal materials are all that It remained from the biblical hero, who failed to escape on a noah ark.
Only Georges Cuwier, the famous zoologist of the turn of XYII and XYIII centuries, carried this "man" to amphibian.
The first gigantic salamanders appeared in European aquariums in the middle of the XVIII century.
One of them in Kharkov from the circular travel on the ship "Gaidamak" in 1877 brought the ship doctor of P. N. Savchenko. Lately, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences agreed to buy this individual for 300 rubles after her death.
In Moscow, the Giant Salamandras first came to Moscow at the request of the famous domestic zoologist, director of Zoomazei MSU A. P. Bogdanova, for which the Russian Messenger under the Japanese courtyard and Plenipotentiary Minister K. V. Struve organized the delivery of two copies in 1886.
One of them lived in the Moscow Zoo, and the other who died in the way from Japan to St. Petersburg on the cruiser "Europe" was brought to Zoomuses of MoscowSU and is now exhibited in the exposition.
Externally, Salamander resembles a huge lizard, being her "relative". This is a classic endemic of the Japanese islands, that is, in the wild lives only there. This species is one of the largest salamander on Earth.
Description of type
This type of salamander was opened in the 18th century. In 1820, she first discovered and described the German scientist on the surname Zibold during his scientific activity in Japan. The length of the body of the animal comes to one and a half meters along with the tail. Mass of adult salamandra about 35 kilograms.
The shape of the animal's body is not distinguished by grace, such as lizards. It is slightly flattened, is characterized by a large head and squeezed in the vertical plane tail. Little Salamander and Teenagers have gills that disappear when sexual maturity reaches.
Salamander is characterized by a very slow metabolism. This circumstance allows her for a long time to do without food, as well as survive in conditions of insufficient feed base. Weak vision led to the strengthening of other senses. Giant Salamandras have acute hearing and a good sense of smell.
Another interesting feature of Salamandra is the ability to regenerate tissues. Under this term understand the restoration of tissues and even the entire organs, if they were lost for any reason. The most bright and familiar for many example is the rustling of the new tail at the lizards instead that they are easily and voluntarily leave when they try to catch them.
Lifestyle
This type of salamander dwells exclusively in water and shows activity at night. For a comfortable habitat, the animal needs a flow, so Salamandra is more likely to settle in quick mountain streams and rivers. The water temperature is also important - the lower, the better.
Food Salamandra make up fish and various crustaceans. In addition, she often eats small amphibian and water insects.
The gigantic salamander is laying small eggs, with a diameter of up to 7 millimeters. As a "socket" uses a special nora, digging at a depth of 1-3 meters. In one masonry, as a rule, several hundred eggs that need to be constant updating the surrounding aquatic environment. For the creation of an artificial flow, the male is replied, which time periodically accelerates water in the masonry area.
Ripening eggs occurs almost a month and a half. Light small salamandres are larvae a length of no more than 30 millimeters. They breathe through the gills and capable of moving on their own.
Salamander and man
Despite a non-piecing appearance, this type of salamander has food value. Salamandra meat is characterized by tenderness and pleasant taste. It is actively used in food by residents of Japan, believing a delicacy.
As usual, the uncontrolled hunt for animal data has led to a sharp reduction in their number and today Salamandras "on the food" are grown on special farms. In the wildlife, the population causes concerns. The International Nature Conservation Union gave birth to the status of "in a state, close to threatened." This means that in the absence of measures to support and create optimal conditions for life, Salamandras can start dying.
To date, the number of salamander is not great, but quite stable. They live off the coast of the Japanese Island Honsu, as well as the Islands of Sikoku and Kyushu.
The largest salamander in the world reaches 1.5-1.8 m. Its mass is about 60-65 kilograms. This amazing animal is found in the reservoirs of Japan and China. It is impossible to say exactly how long these magnificent creatures live, because in their natural habitat, age can reach five decades. Researchers suggest that the giant sizes of Salamander can be 2-3 times higher than the standard weight and size.
There are two main types: Japanese giant salamander and Chinese. They belong to the family of hijeeboy. External differences occur only on the location of the growths on the head.
Animals have a rather undeveloped vision. That is why they feed on various petty dignity such as frogs and fish, determining their location solely by sense of smell. In addition, the animal has a slow metabolism, which allows for a long time not to experience the need for food.
Scientists suggest that Salamander could exist at the time of dinosaurs. But at the moment the form is under threat of extinction due to massive animals and excessive pollution of the environment, in which these magnificent salamanders are used to exist. Locals are actively destroying animals to enjoy tasty meat. At the same time, they do not understand how great the creation they deprive life. Because of this, the gigantic salamander reduces its population. For this reason, she was listed in the Red Book.
Unusual animals always attract attention. The exception did not become the Japanese Giant, or Giant Salamander.
What does the Giant Salamander look like?
Pretty large amphibian, the length of which most often reaches one and a half meters. The weight of adult salamander can reach 27 kilograms. Tail Long and wide, paws are thick and short. On the front paws four fingers, and on the posterior five. The Japanese Giant Salamander is completely covered with dark skin, which seems to be wrinkled, and has minor growths similar to warts. Thanks to these growths, the area of \u200b\u200bskin cover is increasing, which is a "nose" Salamandra, because it breathes through the skin. The lungs, of course, are, but they do not participate in the process of breathing, as they are rudimentary. Small eyes of Salamandra are not distinguished by the dormant, her eyesight is essentially weak. From other relatives, the Giant Salamander is also different because it has gill holes.
The habitat of the Japanese Giant Salamandra
The Japanese Giant Salamander is called, because it dwells exclusively in Japan, or rather, in the north of Kyushu Island, and the West Honshu, in cold, mountain streams that leave extremely rarely.
Japanese Salamander is a unique amphibian, which completely breathes the skin. Lifestyle Golyansky Salamandra
In the afternoon of Salamander prefers to sleep sweetly in some secluded place, all its activity falls on twilight and night time. Moves along the bottom on the paws, does it slowly, unlike, more acquaintances. If it is necessary to accelerate, the Giant Salamander connects the tail to the paws. Moves always against the flow, it helps to improve the respiratory process. Sometimes smaller individuals can be crushed with their colors, larger size. As a warning, Salamander highlights secretion with a sharp odor, which in the outdoor acquires a student consistency.
Despite the fact that the Japanese Salamander may not take food for several weeks, due to slow metabolism, it still often hunts. Salamander carnivoye. She has no saliva - she doesn't need her, because the process of eating production occurs under water. Salamander opens sharply and widespread, and literally sucks the victim along with water. Prefers fish, small amphibians, crustaceans and some insects.
Reproduction and offspring of giant salamander
At the beginning of the fall, the Giant Salamadras gather in the nesting places. These are usually underwater pits or rocky caves. The males are very aggressive and actively struggle for the place. The females lay their eggs right in the recess, after which the male fertilizes them. These individuals are concerned about the proceedings of the male. He protects eggs from predators and its aggressive conides until all the little salamanders are hatched. Like any other amphibian, Salamander passes three stages of growth: first the egg, then the larva, which then grows in an adult person. Throughout the life of Salamandra increases in size. So far, it is not definitely not installed, at what age they have sexual maturity, but obviously it happens when they reach large sizes.
Enemies of Japanese salamandry
Pretty successfully disguised, the Japanese giant salamander is easily hiding from his enemies. But from the most important, from a person, she does not always manage to hide. Giant Salamadras are interesting to people not only as meat. Some of their parts of the body are successfully used in alternative medicine.
Geopark Tianzisshhan, famous for its mountains of amazing beauty, and Park Sucky, notable, first of all, a huge cave Huanlong, the largest hall of which is able to accommodate ten thousand people. In the past five thousand years, there were no significant earthquakes there, therefore, the high-alkaline-air stone pillars live and live there, overlooking subtropical vegetation, surrounded by clouds and squeezed by James Cameron in his famous film "Avatar".
Salamandras protrude from the mountains there, and Salamandras are the indicator of the environmental well-being. Chinese giant salamander - endemic, now in a wild form they live only in the province of Hunan, these amphibians have survived dinosaurs. Here they are also puzzled biochemists.
People have long been trying to understand how Salamandras regenerates todied tails, limbs, jaws. At the place of injury after contact with the mucus constantly covering their skin, they have a protective sheath that protects against blood loss, and subsequently there appears on the place of the missing limb, the mass of non-specialized cells, which are waiting for the "order" of the body in order to gain "specialization "And become skin cells, muscles, bones and vessels. It is curious that Salamandras are capable of regenerating not only limbs, but also separate organs of the body, for example, an eye crystal or intestines.
In adults of mammals (in contrast to embryos) such a miracle will not happen - cellular specialization has already ended. But what is interesting, in humans, like Salamandra, have genes necessary for tissue regeneration. But we do not have these genes to work the first protection system. Apparently, during the evolution, immune and regenerative systems have become incompatible with each other, and the body had to choose. Salamandras use primitive regenerative, and man is immune. She protects us from infections, but at the same time blocks "self-repair". But the ancient "instruction" on the cultivation of new organs is stored somewhere! But how to make it "turn on" when required?
"For reference: Salamandra Giant is a genus of tailed amphibian family of hiddenhamberries and is represented by two species: Japanese Giant Salamander (Andrias Davidianus), which differ in the size, habitat and the location of the tubercles on the head, says Pavel Alexandrovich . - Today, this is the biggest amphibian, which can reach 2 m in length, weight up to 100 kg. The officially registered maximum age of the giant salamandra is 100 years old. This unique amphibian millions of years ago adjacent to dinosaurs and managed to survive and adapt to new living conditions. Giant Salamander leads a water lifestyle, active at dusk and at night, prefers cold and clean mountain streams and rivers, raw caves and underground rivers. Dark brown with darker blurry painting spots makes Salamandra invisible against the background of the rocky bottom of the rivers. The torso and the big head of Salamandras are stiven, the tail, which is almost half of the total length, paddleless, the front paws have four fingers, and the rear - five fingers, the eyes of the unknown are widely planted, and the nostrils are very close.
Salamander is distinguished by poor vision, which is compensated by an excellent sense of smell, with the help of which it finds frogs, fish, crustaceans, insects, slowly moving along the bottom of the river. Food of Salamander mined, rushing at the bottom of the river. She captures a sharp depression of the head and holds the sacrifice with jaws with small teeth. The exchange of substances at Salamandra slowed down, which allows her for a long time to do without food.
In August-September, Salamander comes a period of reproduction. The female lays out the caviar in horizontal nonorants under water at a depth of up to three meters, which is absolutely not typical for amphibians.
Caviar matures 60-70 days at a water temperature of about 12 ° C. At the same time, as a rule, the male constantly provides aeration of iconic, creating a tail of water current. The larvae is in a length of about 30 mm, three pairs of outdoor gills, fastening of the limbs and a long tail with a wide fin folder. Little Salamandras are constantly in water up to one and a half years, while they finally do not form lungs, and they will be able to go to the land. But Salamander can breathe through the skin. At the same time, the genital maturity of the Giant Salamandra comes. Salamandra giant meat is tasty enough and suitable for food, which led to a reduction in the population of the animal and bringing it to the Red Book, as a view that threatens the disappearance.
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