Relict Chaika
Larus Relictus.
| Vertebrate - Vertebrata. Squad:Rzhanko-shaped - Charadriiformes. Family:Girls - Laridae. Rod:Larus. Lonnberg, 1931. |
Spread: In Russia nests only on Oz. Barun Tey Chita region. Out of Russia, nesting settlements are known in Kazastane at Oz. Alakol and Balkhash, in Mongolia on Oz. Tatzin-Tsagan Nur in the valley of the lakes, in China on the Plateau of the Ordos.
Habitat:Nests on the islands of saline lakes with a non-permanent water level in the steppe and desert zones; During the period, the flutter is held according to the valleys of rivers and inland water bodies, in winter in the sea coasts. Reproduction proceeds at the age of 2-3 years; Life expectancy is not known. In laying 1-4, more often than 3 eggs, reproduction 1 time per season. Mounting with very dense colonies with a few pairs to several hundred nests. The location of the colonies from year to year is changing, even if they remain within one o-bet. In the reproduction season feeds in the steppe, on the fields and on the shores of the reservoirs, in the zone of the splash and in shallow water. The main feed objects are massive types of insects, grains of cultural cereals, less often aquatic invertebrates, fish, small rodents. The eating eggs of his species is noted. The proportion of non-advocated eggs in a colony 2-4.4%, 0.3-2.0 young on a couple of birds rises. In some years, the colony is dying entirely, washed with storms; Eggs and chicks are dying (in some years completely) from the predatoryness of silver chaps, infanticide (aggressiveness of adults in relation to the chicks) and cannibalism, especially with an increase in the concern factor. The combination of an exceptionally high nesting density with a tendency to cannibalism makes the form extremely sensitive to concern during the period of reaching and hatching chicks. The main places of wintering are not known; Apparently, this is the south-east. Asia, possibly Vost. Coast of Korean P-Oov, southern. Part of Japan and the inner district of China.
Number:The species is characterized by sharp fluctuations in the number of nesting settlements by year, right up to the disappearance of colonies in adverse seasons. At the same time, birds either move to other reservoirs, or will not nest at all. IN1967 . on Oz. Barun-Town nests at least 100 pairs, in the 70s. - 81-612 couples, in the 80s. - 280-1025 steam, and in1983 ., With the full drying of the lake, the seagulls did not nest. IN1990 . 1200 pairs nested, in1991. - 1100 pairs, in 1992. - 1000, in 1993. - 800, in 1994 . - 200 pairs (the colony was completely broken by silver seagulls); Reduced numbers in the 90s. Cooked against the background of raising the water level in the lake. The number of species in Russia, despite sharp fluctuations, increased over 20 years, reaching the beginning of the 90s. 1200 breeding pairs. The current decline does not inspire serious concerns and is associated, apparently, with a natural cyclical cycle, depending on the fluctuation of the water level of the steppe lakes. On Oz. Alakol in Kazakhstan in the 70s. The number of relics changed from 35 to 1200 pairs, in 1986 and 1987. nests, respectively, 11 and 22 pairs. On the Plateau ORDOS in1991 . 1115 pairs nest. The world population of the species is estimated at 12 thousand individuals. From the number of natural limiting factors, the main factories include lakes in the field of nesting of the species, weather conditions in the breeding season: cold, rainy seasons are unfavorable to remove the offspring, and storm winds often ruin the colony, flushing the nests or causing a colony (especially already excited by visiting People), the soundtitz, which is launching a chain reaction of the destruction of masonry and downholes with silver seagulls and relic seagulls themselves. In the absence of anxiety, the press of predatoryness of silver segments does not lead to disastrous consequences. The anthropogenic factors are the most important factor of anxiety in the breeding season.
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Sources:1. Zubakin, 1988; 2. Zubakin, 1979; 3. Osipova, 1987; 4. Auezov, 1980; 5. HE FEN-QI ET AL., 1992; 6. Duff et al., 1991; 7. Vasilchenko, 1986; 8. Stotskaya, Krivenko, 1988; 9. Goroshko, Tkachenko, Personal. Post.; 10. Auezov, Shrokov, 1989; 11. Rose, Scott, 1994. Compilers:V.A. Zubakin |
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Security:| Title of the form: | Relict Chaika |
| Latin name: | Larus Relictus Lonnberg, 1931 |
| English name: | Relict Gull. |
| French name: | Goeland Relique. |
| German name: | Lonnbergmowe. |
| Latin synonyms: | Mongolian Gull. |
| Squad: | |
| Family: | |
| Rod: | |
| Status: | Nesting migratory view. |
General characteristics and field signs
Seagull with dark head, medium size, with a siza seagull. The pattern of the wing resembles a black-headed laughter, but differs from it much smallest dimensions. From all the dark heads of our country in the field, it is well distinguished by wide white stripes above and under the eyes, which are often closed behind the eye, forming a semiring ("glasses"). On this basis, the relic seagull is similar to American L. Pipixcan. Flying, swimming, as in other seasons of similar size; Does not dive. Outside the colony is usually silent. Anxious Creek - three-seat short "Kav-Kav-Kav" - similar to the same screaming of other chaps. In addition to him, the colonies are usually heard hoarse cries of the "Arrr" type, "Arriria", short sighty "RVIU", a variety of rigging and sighty sounds, reminiscent of a whining puppy or scattering piglery.
Description
Adult birds in marriage plumage (ZM MSU; Zin Academy of Sciences of the USSR). The chin and the forehead of the light-coffee or saturated gray, which quickly darkens and turns into dark brown and black on the dark, throat, head and neck. The border of the "hood" takes place on the back of the back, in front of the black color captures and top of the front of the neck. Over and under the eye of white strips with a width of 4-7 mm, which in some cases are closed behind the eye. Neck, chest, sides, belly, tail, ability, ward, axillary and lower luminous wings white; Back and upper luminous wings light gray.
II (first visible) paramount turning white with light gray base, black outdoor lap almost to the vertex of the pen and a black pre-stain spot. The third paramount with a black preasseshy spot, the black outer falter in the distal part of the pen and the second black spot at the peak itself; The gray color of the base is gradually moving into white about in the middle part of the pen. On the IV rebel, the pre-arm of the spot and the black section of the outer appeal shifted to the top, the light gray color of the base applies to about two thirds of the pen. V and VI paramount turns with black pre-arm spots at the top of the top; Gray dressed reaches almost the spots. The remaining primary turning gray, on the VII can be a black pre-arm stain. Secondary fly light gray with a white distal part. The beaks and paws are dark red. According to A. F. Bedshar (1974), Radugina is dark brown, the edges of the age of bright red.
Winter final outfit is not described.
Pooh outfit (Zin; Live chicks from the Torey lakes). Head, neck, chest, sides and brying silver-white color. Forehead, chin, back and wings light gray with separate dark gray fluffs; On the back, the top of the neck and wings, dark empties are often combined into unclear dark gray spots. The beak is black and gray, with the tip of the color of the ivory, the paws are grayish-brown.
Nesting outfit (bucket, 1974). The forehead, cheeks and throat are white, the dark and the population with a unclear dark pattern. Bead feathers White with wide pre-brown brown stripes; The feathers of the back and the upper crumbling wings are gray, with wide brown pre-primary fields and wide whitish endings. Supplement, sides and all the bottoms are white. Tail White with a wide pre-arm black and brown strip. The first and second fly ones are black, the rest with gradually increasing in the proximal direction by white fields on internal appeal; All turns with white drop-shaped spots on tops. The beak is dark brown, brighter at the base of the connection, the paws are dark gray. Rainbill dark brown, black edges.
The first winter outfit (specimens of the Zin collection No. 157 118 and 157 119 from China, the province of Hebei, Dagi, 8.IV 1935 and 29.x 1934). Wings and steering, as in the nest dress. The forehead, the throat, the bridle, the lower part of the neck, belly, sides, the ability and the supest - white, on the temperature of the petty dark brown pepins, which are gradually enlarged on the back of the neck and the back of the neck and turn into rare drop-shaped peplops. White chest, in small rare brown pendins or without them. Spin gray.
The first summer and second winter outfits are not described.
The second summer outfit (copy No. 157 117 of the Collection of Zin from 9.IV 1935 from China, Hebei Province, Dagi). As final, but II (first visible) and III fly black with white pre-arm spots. On the inner opahalah II-V, the widespread light gray field, the length of which increases from II to V Peru; In the latter, it does not reach the edge of the wing 2-3 cm. VI-VII primary turn gray with a brown pre-stain, the remaining gray.
The third winter and third summer outfits, apparently, final, although certain features of intermediate outfits can be saved.
Building and sizes
| Sign | Floor | Birds from Kazakhstan (ZM MSU; Zin; Auezov, 1971; Master, 1974) | Birds from Transbaikalia (ZM MSU; Zin; Larionov, Chelts-Bebutov, 1972; Vasilchenko, Podgushkin, Osipova, oral communication.) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n. | lim. | Average | n. | lim. | Average | ||
| Wing length | males | 7 | 338-356 | 348 | 18 | 337-362 | 347 |
| females | 8 | 322-347 | 328 | 4 | 334-354 | 343 | |
| Beat's length | males | 7 | 35,0-38,0 | 36,9 | 18 | 32,3-42,5 | 36,9 |
| females | 8 | 32,5-36,1 | 34,4 | 4 | 32,2-36,6 | 34,1 | |
| Length Tsvki. | males | 7 | 53,0-64,6 | 60,2 | 18 | 53,1-65,4 | 57,9 |
| females | 8 | 52,5-59,0 | 56,2 | 4 | 49,0-58,5 | 54,4 | |
| Body mass | males | 7 | 470-575 | 505,8 | — | — | — |
| females | 5 | 420-488 | 462,8 | — | — | — | |
| males and females | — | — | — | 7 | 499-665 | 573,7 | |
Linka
Almost not studied. According to M. A. Osipova (1987A), a molting of adult birds in a winter outfit is stretched out and flows in the second half of July - August, concluded, apparently, already in wintering. The first to change the contour plumage, the last - steering and carving steering. The molting and their crumbling begins with internal primary. The timing of molting of intermediate outfits is not installed. In the Collection of Zin Academy of Sciences of the USSR, there are 2 copies in the first winter dress, mined 29.x and 8.IV, and a person in the second summer outfit, mined 9.iv.
Subsidious systematics
Monotypic view.
Comments on systematics
Relief seagull was described by E. Lönnberg as the subspecies of the Larus MelanoCephalus relictus's black-headed seagull on one copy, obtained by 24.IV 1929 in the inner Mongolia in the lower course of p. Edzin-goal (Lonnberg, 1931). It was later that it was suggested that this is evading the ordinary coloring instance of a gull brown-head (Dementiev, 1951) or a hybrid between a blackhead lap and a gull brown-head (Vaurie, 1962). 14.V 1963 and 12.V 1965. On Torean Lakes in the Chita region, A. N. Leontiev, two relics were mined, defined as brown-heads (Lariones, Chelts-Bebutov, 1972). 4.VI 1967. They also found a colony of these chaps here, which, due to the wrong definition, it continued to consider the brown-heads (Leontyev, 1968). The first message about the species independence of the Relician Seagull was made by E. M. Auezov (1970, 1971) after the find in 1968-1969. Colonies on Oz. Alakol and comparisons of mined copies with seagulls of other species in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University of the USSR, conducted by A. F. Dosharem. Almost simultaneously with this, M. Stubbe and A. Bold (Stubbe, Bolod, 1971) expressed the assumption of the species independence of the relicce.
Spread
Nest area. The nesting is reliably marked only in three points (Fig. 18, 19): at Oz. Alakol (Taldy-Kurgan region. Kazakh SSR), on Oz. Barun Tey (Chita region of the RSFSR) and in 1984 on Oz. Balkhash (Auezov, 1986). Sharp fluctuations in the number of nesting gulls over the years and an extremely minor number of meetings of heated adult birds in a colony with almost solid chickening of chicks speak about the presence of some unknown colonies (Auezov, 1980). In the breeding season, adult birds were produced in June 1957 at Oz. IZS-NUR in Gobi Altai (Piechocki et al., 1981) and 15.V 1966 at Oz. Bayan-Nur south of Oz. Buyr-Nur in the eastern part of Mongolia (Stubbe, Bolod, 1971). Single bird met 1-2.V 1975 on the shore r. Bulgan-goal in the western part of Mongolia (Piechocki et al., 1981); 20 pairs are marked 24.IV-5.V 1977 at Oz. Orok-Nur and 3 couples around the lake. Tatzin-Tsagan-Nur in the Mongolian Valley of Lakes, 3 birds were produced 5.VII 1977 at Oz. Huh-Nur in the northeastern part of Mongolia (Kitson, 1980).
Figure 18.
1 - nesting settlements, 2 - meetings of birds in the breeding season, 3 - the estimated border of the nesting range sites, 4 - Estimated places of wintering, 5 - the estimated areas of spring migrations
Figure 19.
1, 3 - famous nesting settlements, 2, 4 - areas of light knockers, 5 - Barogol colors
Two subsidiary individuals were marked on the northern slope of Munh-Hyirchen mountain range in the western part of Mongolia (Kishchinsky et al., 1982). In other places, Mongolia, including in the Basin of Large Lakes, has not yet been met (Kitson, 1980). Of the listed places, nesting (apparently not an annual) is most likely in the vicinity of Lake Bayan-Nur, Huh-Nur and in the Valley of Lakes (Stubbe, Bolod, 1971; Kitson, 1980). Perhaps the colonies of relics are in China next to Lakes Alakol and Barun Tey.
Wintering
Wintering relics are located seemingly in Southeast Asia. 29.x 1934, 8 and 9.IV 1935. Real assets were mined in the Buchawan of the Yellow Sea (Zin), A 30.IX 1971, a young seagull, surrounded by a chick of 3.VI of the same year on Oz. Alakol, was mined at Oz. Bytya-Long in the province of Kuangnin Vietnam (Auezov, 1974, 1977).
Migration
The paths and the deadlines for the migration of relic chaises were practically not studied. It can be assumed that the autumn and spring span of the Tordees go through the Bayhawan Bay. It is possible from this bay to the West and the spring migration path of Alakolsky golumers, which is probably passed through the Gobi desert, through the valley of the lakes and then through the Jungan gate, in the vicinity of which the first relict seagull in 1973 was marked on March 31 (Auezov, 1980). Birds fly singly, couples and groups to 9 individuals (Auezov, 1980). According to three refunds of the rings (Auezov, 1977), some young birds after the lifting on the wing until the end of September hold near the place of the nesting (up to 250-300 km north-west of Oz. Alakol), others in the same period make a flight for Thousands of kilometers to wintering places. Late summer and autumn, relic gulls were celebrated on Oz. Hur-Nur in Eastern Gobi (9 and 12.VIII 1970) and on the southern foothills of Hanghai, where the birds 15-17.IX 1982 were fed to the brandt and disappeared 20.IX with the establishment of frosts (E. N. Kurochkin, Oral message).
Havory
In the season of nesting - salted steppe lakes with a non-permanent water level. During the period, the relic chaps are held on river valleys and inland reservoirs, during wintering, - apparently, on sea coasts.
Number
On Oz. Alakol in 1968 nested 15-20 pairs, in 1969 - 25-30, in 1970 - 118, in 1971 - 35, in 1972 - more than 120, in 1973 - did not drive, In 1974 - 40 pairs, in 1975 - about 500 pairs, in 1976 - about 800, in 1977 - about 1,200, in 1978 - about 350, in 1979 - about 300, In 1980 - 414, in 1981 - 252, in 1982 - 350, in 1983 - 700 and in 1984 - 700 pairs (Auezov, 1975; Auez, and others, 1981; Auez, sema , oral message). On Oz. Barun-Town in 1967, not less than 100 nesting pairs, in 1970 - 81, in 1975 - 322, in 1976 - 493, in 1977 - 86, in 1979 - 612, In 1980 - 312, in 1981 - 280, in 1982 - 653, in 1983 - did not drive, in 1984 - 320, in 1985 - 1025 couples (Leontyev, 1968; Potapov, 1971; Headshkin, 1977; Zubakin, 1978; Vasilchenko, 1986). On Oz. Balkhash in 1984 met 1 pair of birds with a chick aged 15-17 days (Auezov, 1986). In general, in the USSR, apparently can nest up to 2.2 thousand pairs; The world population is unlikely to exceed 10 thousand adults.
Reproduction
Daily activity, behavior
The activity of the day, however, there are guidance on some activity at night, in particular on the arrival of gulls to the colony before dawn (Auezov, 1977). The characteristic feature of the behavior of relics in the colony is their small bugness. During the hatching of chick chicks, a person is allowed to colonies for 10-20 m, after which the smaller part of the birds takes off, and most begin to move away from their nests (Potapov, 1971; Auzzov, 1977; Zubakin, Flint, 1980).
Food
The feeding stations of the relic chaps are shallow water in the coast and the zone of the splash, where the seagulls eat blown into the water and nailed to the banks of insects, curled fish, as well as crustaceans; In addition, the virgin steppes and fields (Zhuravlev, 1975; Headshkin, 1977; Auezov, 1980; Osipova, 19876). On Oz. Alakol during the nesting period the main feed serves insects, which are noted in 100% of the matages of adult birds (where 98.5% of the total number of forage facilities are 97.1-100% of chicks. Occasionally among the food facilities, fish, small mammals, sparrows, small crustaceans and spiders are marked; In some years, barley grains are often found. Among the insects, the main food of adult birds and chicks - mosquitoes - bells (chironomids). Unlike lake and silvery, relic chaises were not noted in the landfills of settlements, in the beversers and fish reception points (Auezov, 1980).
According to the analysis of the reports collected on the Torean lakes 11-16.VI 1976 (n \u003d 163) and in July 1982 (n \u003d 120), the grains of cultural cereals were kept in 97.5% of the repulsions in 1976 and in Half of the repulsions in 1982. Insects (mainly beetles) in 1976 were met in 55.8% of rejoices, water crustaceans - in 24.6%, fish-in 18.4%, sparrows - 0.6%, Brandt toilets - in 1.2%, jumper tushchik - 0.6%. In 63.2% of the repulsion marked tour. In 1982, remnants of 2 wins of Brandt were met; Among the insects, more than 98% were beetles, as a rule, mass species (black-powertelf, weevils, bugs). In 1976, the eating eggs of Chief, as well as eggs and, possibly, the chicks of their kind (Zubakin, Flint, 1980; Osipova, 1987b).
Enemies, adverse factors
Relicious colonies are not available for terrestrial predators. From feathered predators, silvery seagulls have the greatest impact on their settlements, in some cases, destroying eggs and chicks (Zubakin, 1979). Weather factors are important. It has been established that the number of injected relics increases into arid and warm years, and in cold and rainy decrease (Auez, 1980). The death of the colonies during the storms has repeatedly noted.
A special role in the death of the offspring is plays a concern factor. The exceptional sensitivity to it is explained, firstly, a combination of cannibalism in relation to masonry with high nesting density and, secondly, a joint settlement with silver seagulls. In the absence of anxiety, relic gulls in contrast, for example, from smaller black-headed can withstand predatoryness of silver chaps. However, the general takelets of the birds of the colony during its concern to her man not only extremely facilitate silver seagulls mining eggs and chicks, but also allow individuals-cannibals to overcome the masonry of the chaps, descending into the colony later than others. Sufficiently frequent anxious takeoffs therefore lead to a pronouncement of a colony, which becomes unable to resist the onslaught of silver seas and dies. As a factor of anxiety that launches such a mechanism for the destruction of a colony, not only visits to the colony by man or four-legged predators, but also some weather conditions: rain with strong wind, storm. Apparently, it is a special sensitivity to a worry factor responsible for the extreme small number of this species, and the small bugness of relics in the colony described above - an evolutionary attempt to somehow reduce its catastrophic effects (Zubakin, 1979; Zubakin, Flint, 1980).
Economic importance
Because of the extreme rarity of the economic value does not have the view. Relief seagull is listed in the Red Book of IUCN and the Red Book of the USSR. Saving this seagull from extinction depends on the provision of nesting capabilities in conditions that exclude any concern from human.
(Larus Relictus.)
A beautiful bird with a raven size, the body length is about 45 cm. The upper face of the body is sisaya, the ends of the wings and the head of black (but around the eye - white eyebrows), the rest of the white. Non-specialists are often confused with another widespread view having a similar color - lake seagull. It is listed in a red list of globally threatened types of IUCN (it is often referred to as the International Red Book), in the Red Books of Russia and the Trans-Baikal Territory. Extremely rare - only 4 nesting places are known in China: two in China and one in Kazakhstan and in Russia. Nest on small, gentle sandy islands. In our country, breeding in the Daurus Reserve on the small island of Huhn (Lake Barun Tey). Here, they were first discovered in 1963 A.N. Leontiev.
Modern world species is estimated at 12 thousand individuals. The number of birds nesting on the Torey lakes is constantly pulsed due to climatic cycles. During the alternation of perennial arid and wet periods, the area of \u200b\u200bthe island is changing, the abundance of feed, the abundance of predators and other conditions. The number of breeding pairs is reduced, up to complete disappearance, during the periods of drying the lakes (for example, in 1983, 2009-2011), as well as during their very high filling (not nests in 1997-1998). With high water, the island's area is too small and the colony is completely washed with storms. The number of birds is maximum in periods of average water level in lakes. For example, in 1990, it reached 1215 pairs, which was near the fifth of the world population of the species.
Arrive in May. Mix usually together with the corporal. These crags due to their powerful beak and decisive character play a leading role in the protection of the predators of the joint settlement (see "Bird Bazaars"). In order to protect both types, form a very dense colonies, where sockets are located close from each other (the distance between them usually does not exceed 50 cm). And around such a settlement, Mongolian seagulls have their nests. These are large birds with the wings of the wings until one and a half meters. They also play a very important role in the protection of the island, since boldly attack any predator in the event of its appearance. They are not afraid of man, trying to hit him on the head from the destroy. Those who had "happiness" to experience this blow to the dive of "bomber", in the future behave extremely carefully. Unfortunately, Mongolian seagulls themselves love to be predicted and breaking other people's nests, drinking eggs and small chicks. Under normal conditions, cheggs and relice seagulls can protect their nests from Mongolian. But during the protracted storms, when Mongolian seagulls cannot produce their main feed - fish, they completely switch their attention on weaker neighbors, and then they apply a tangible damage. The emergence of a person's colony and frightening the relics of relics and a choke is also accompanied by deposits, since Mongolian seagulls have time to ruin a lot of nests without protecting the nests.
In the masonry of the relicate seagull, most often 3 distrect eggs (sometimes from 1 to 5). Slightly grown chicks leave the nests and are going to large dense groups - "kindergartens" protected by part of adult birds. The rest of the parents at this time mined food. This rare form of behavior is not found from other Trans-Baikal bird species. The base of nutrition is insects blown by the wind from the steppe into the water. Seagulls collect them in a surf strip. From nesting sites, they fly early - in August, shortly after the youth learned to fly. Data ringing shows that from the Torean lakes their path lies in Southeast Asia, where they spend the winter on the sea coast. The state of the population in Transbaikalia is safely. The nest colony on the Torean lakes is strictly guarded. In the nesting period there is also forbidden to appear even employees of the reserve. Falling the number of birds in adverse climatic periods is a natural phenomenon. Seagulls to this are adapted. Some of them conjugates, looking for new places for temporary nesting. Part remains on Torean lakes, waiting for the onset of a favorable period.
Larus Relictus (Lonnberg, 1931)
RELICT GULL | Minaқ Nememe Alakөz
Description
In adults (over three years), relics in the spring and summer spin and crumbling wings are sisovato-gray. Liberal, tail, ability and all the bottom white. Black head with light coffee raid around the beak; On the forehead, cheeks and throat, this flaw gradually darkens and smoothly goes into a purely black color of the pattern, the nape, ear and nose throat. Above the eye and under it - one wide (6-7 mm) bright white stripes, which are closed behind the eye, forming an incomplete ring, contrastingly released on a dark head background. Primary fly white with black pattern. In individuals with the smallest development of this drawing, the black color is maintained only on the outdoor appearances of the first three flyers and in the form of wide pre-prison strips through both of the second - fifth flying. In some (apparently, younger than younger), black also takes a significant part of the inner cut of the first two flyers. The beak is dark red. Castka, fingers and meat-red meat, black claws. Rainbill dark brown, bright red eyelids. In the young in the nest dress, the front feathers are white with wide pre-broth brown stripes; The feathers of the back and the upper crumbling wings are gray, with wide brown pre-primary fields and wide whitish endings. Forehead, cheeks and throat white; The topics and the back - with an unclear dark pattern. Supplement, sides and all the bottoms are white. The tail is white, with a wide pre-bridal black and brown strip. The first and second fly ones are black, the rest - with gradually increasing in the proximal direction by white fields on internal opahalaces; All flywheel with white drop-shaped vertices, which are backed much faster than black sections of the pen. The beak is dark brown lighter at the base of the connection, the legs are dark gray. Rainbill dark brown, black edge black. After the first autumn molting head and white, with rare dark brown tap-shaped spots. Back and crumbling wings, like adults, and only small crumbling with wide brown vertices. Tail with a dark pre-arm band. The legs are light gray, the beak is light at the base and the dark at the top. Dimensions. Males (5): wing 338 - 352, tail 134 - 150, beak 35 - 35 mm. Females (6) wing 322 -345, tail 126 - 143, Tsevka 52.5 - 59, beak 33 - 35 mm. Weight: 420 - 575
Spread
Relief seagull nests on the islands of Lake Alakol, in the eastern part of Balkhash and on the lakes of Pavlodar Priirtesh. On the span was observed on the Lake Jalanashkol and in the corridor of the Dzhungarian gate. From Alakol birds, one return from Northern Vietnam was received from North Vietnam, three from China and two unusual - one ring was sent from Bulgaria, where the seagull was met on March 25, 1978, the second from Turkey on March 30, 1990, which suggests the wintering of this species On the black and Mediterranean seas.
Biology
Relief seagull - a rare nesting migratory bird. Inhabits large salty lakes with islets, both permanent and temporary. In the spring appears at the end of March - April in small groups. It nests with dense colonies, sometimes more than a thousand pairs, often with a black-headed laughter, tea-tailed and segregated. The nest is built on the sandy islands with weak vegetation and is a shallow straw lined with dry grass, which is added during the starting process. Nests are located at a short distance from each other. Masonry in 1-4 eggs occurs in May. Eggs of light olive-clay color with dark brown or dark olive and saturated-gray spots. Both parents are based on the masonry (female at night and early in the morning, the male day) 24-26 days and after the chicks, which hatch in June and begin to fly aged 40-45 days, in July. Autumn departure begins in early August, most birds leave nesting sites in September. And already at the end of September, one heated bird was marked in the field of wintering in Vietnam.
Information sources
"Birds of Kazakhstan" Volume 5. "Science". Alma-Ata, 1974.
E.I. Gavrilov. "Fauna and spread of birds of Kazakhstan." Almaty, 1999.
Gavrilov E. I., Gavrilov A. E. "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty, 2005.
ISSN 0869-4362.
Russian Ornithological Journal 2015, Volume 24, Express Issue 1202: 3726-3741
Request Seagull Reserve and its role in preserving unique nesting colonial birds on Lake Alakol
N.N. Berezovikov
Second edition. First Publication in 2004 *
After the sensational discovery in 1968, on Lake Alakol, the first in the world of the nesting colony of the RELATIC Gull Larus Relictus (Auezov 1970, 1971) by the Ornithologists of the Institute of Zoology of the Kazakh SSR, already in 1970, the question of the need to serve the island of the average was raised. The petition was supported by a number of scientific institutions and public organizations of the Soviet Union, including the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Central Laboratory of Nature Protection of the USSR, the Kazakh Nature Protection Society. The Laboratory of the Ornithology Institute of Zoology of the R & CAZSR Recommendations were developed on the creation of a special reserve on the island of Middle Lake Alakol, which is the main place of nesting relict seagull. Given the recommendations of scientists, the General Directorate of Reserves and Hunting Economy at the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR in its order of May 24, 1971 No. 135 created a commission for examining Alakol Islands in order to determine the expediency of their opposition. It includes the eldest hunting of the Main Directorate of Reserves and Hunting Economy M.N.Bik-Bulat, Senior State School of Interregional State Hunting Inspectorate V.I. Azarov, Inspector of the Interregional State Hunting Inspection A.S. Seshevtsov, Senior Researcher of the Institute of Botany An Kaz SSR Candidate of Biological Sciences M.S. Baitenov, Junior Researcher at the Institute of Plant Protection of the MSH KAZSSR Candidate of Biological Sciences E.A. Sokolov, Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of the Ornithology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences, E.M.Auezov According to the results of the work of the Commission from May 25 to June 6, a "act of examination of the islands of the Lake Alakul Ala-Kulsky district of Taldy-Kurgan region", in which scientists came to the following conclusion:
"The Commission states that there is no economic value on the islands and they do not imagine any economic value. Given the important scientific and cultural significance
* Berezovikov N.N. 2004. Request Chaika Request and its role in preserving unique nesting colonial birds on Lake Alakol // Tr. Alakol Reserve 1: 31-48.
in the islands of colonies of rare and extinct species, as well as the entire natural complex, which formed in the places of their nesting, representing one of the unique places in the Kazakh SSR, the Commission believes that the specified islands need to establish a protected regime. One of the species nested here is the relict seagull, first described by Kazakhstan scientists, has world scientific value and included in the Red Book of the specially protected objects of the International Union of Nature Conservation in the United Nations. The most realistic and appropriate form of their protection is to organize on the islands of the natural reserve of republican importance with the conduct of a strict protected regime, with a complete ban on them of any access, including research work, without special permits of the Main Department.
Strict security should be carried out during breeding and staying on the islands of birds, and especially - in the period from April 15 to August 15. The rest of the time, it is necessary to control the control of the rules and the timing of hunting, leading hunting farms on the lake. It should be especially indicated on the need to combat the mechanized extermination of Lyushu and the uncontrolled destruction of waterfowl.
Due to the difficult climatic conditions, the remoteness of the islands and the complexity of their protection, the staff of the reserve should consist of the head of the head and two hantsmen. For inspection of the islands, a Dural boat "Progress" is needed with a 20-40-strong main and 10-12-strong spare suspended boat engines. It is desirable to highlight the Spare Durable Boat like "Kazanka". Boats must be equipped with individual means and bench with fresh water. To work on the shore, inspection of hunting expectation, entertainment equipment, water and products from the village. Zharbulak is needed a motorcycle with a carriage, better than the "Ural" type.
The main cordon - the base of the reserve - should be located on the eastern shore of the lake at the village. Zharbulak. Additionally, on the shore of Ulken Araltobe, the construction of Cordon is needed - the observation post for finding hurkers in the spring-summer period. Here there are shallow bays, quite protected from the bucket, comfortable for parking boats. For guarding, Henser's staff must be provided by binoculars and rockets.
The acceptable name of the reserve is "Alakul Islands". The island of average does not have the name, its present name is purely conditional - by its location. Considering the deals with the unique colony of relices on this island, in order to perpetuate this interesting discovery, the members of the Commission apply to the main department to name this island "Relic Gull Island".
By the decision of the executive committers of the Makanchinsky and Alakol district councils of deputies of the working people of May 28, 1971 No. 165-12 and dated July 4, 1971 No. 14, decisions were made to "On the organization of the State Reserve on the Islands of Lake Alakul" in order to protect the unique colony of girlfriends and on assignment Unused land of the State Land Fund of the islands of Ulken Araltobe, Middle and Kishkin Araltobe with an area of \u200b\u200b2950 hectares.
Considering the important scientific and cultural significance of the colonial settlements of rare and endangered species of birds in Alakol Islands, the main management of reserves and hunting services under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR Order No. 211 of July 27, 1971 declared the islands of Middle, Ulken Araltobe and Kishkin Araltobe (coordinates 46 ° 07 " s. sh. 81 ° 45 "c.) Alakol state reserve" Relicate Seagull "of regional importance, banning from August 1, 1971 visiting the islands without special permits and was established by the state of two mergery from Semipalatinskaya and Talda-Kurgan Regional Hunting inspections. By the decision of the Executive Committee of the Taldy-Kurgan Regional Council of Workers from August 11, 1971 No. 280, "On the organization of the state reserve of relict seagulls on the islands Alakul Ala-Kulsky district" Islands of Ulken Araltobe, Middle and Kishkin Araltobe were declared a state reserve.
Soon, Vladimir Mikhailovich Korkkin was appointed the head of the reserve, and Yegerm Vasily Dmitrievich Urmaashov, who were engaged in the protection of colonial birds in Alakol Islands for 18 years. There were 2 boats and cars at their disposal. In addition to the protection of the territory of the reserve in the spring and autumn-winter time, they were protected by hunting land of Alakolsky district and struggle with poachers. Every year, Yegerians were detained dozens of violators of the rules of hunting, and the number of erased guns in some years exceeded hundred. On the effective work of V.M. Korobkin and V.D. Rodmashova for the protection of the animal world, the local population recalls so far.
During March and April, Eger was parted by the coast of Lake Alakol by car. In May, the detours on the engine boat of the islands began, on which all the colonial settlements of the birds were revealed and the collaboration was calculated in them. In late May, the beginning of June began to protect the main colony of relices, which lasted to the lifting of the young birds on the wing. All this period, the ruger lived in tents on one of the neighboring islands, periodically carrying out patrolling on the boat of other islands, where there were colonies of chaps. The main goal of these duty was to prevent cases of emergence on the islands of foreign people,
birds of breeding birds and attempts to ruin them. This work was carried out in extremely difficult conditions characteristic of alakol, where squalid winds and frequent storms are regularly blowing. Acquaintance with the Egerski diaries of those years indicates how weekdays of inspectors on the islands blown by all winds, about cold rainy days spent in the tents flowing, about hurricanes who ruptured in the shreds of the tent and destroyed by the waves of many thousands of bird colonies. According to the memories of V.D.URma-Shahov, with whom I repeatedly had to travel around Alakol-Sky Islands in 1999-2003, clouded by Storm Hermann turned out to be on the verge of an imminent death, but only experience, excerpt and reliable motors every time we saved them Among the raging waves. At the end of June - early July, together with the ornithologists of the Institute of Zoology, V.M. Corobkin and VDURMashov annually participated in the ringing of gulls and other chain birds. These works each year organized E.M.Auezov. In their years, E.I. Gavrilov, A.M. Semos, S. Yerokhov, B.P. Yannenkov, V.V. Khro-Kov, A.E. Gavrilov and other specialists took part in them.
Later, when, as a result of a sharp drop in the water level and cases of worrying from people, a colony of relic chaps in 1975 left the island of Middle and moved to the Western Angle of Lake Alakol to the group of the islands of Chubar Tubek (Sandy, South), the executive board of Talda Kurgan Regional Council Deputies of the working people, taking the recommendations of the ornithologists, by its decision No. 376 of September 13, 1977. "On the accession of the island of Chubar-Tubek to the reserve - the Islands on Lake Alakul Alaklsky District expanded the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve, which included the islands of the yard of Chubar -Tyubek, on which were the colonies of relices and black-headed hugowans Bakov Zhianvyb. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the CAZSSR of September 5, 1978 No. 348, it was transformed into the state reserve of the republican value "Relicate Gull". The Regulation on the reserve "Relic Gull" was approved on February 8, 1987. The reserve was in the departmental submission to the General Directorate of Reserves and Hunting Economy under the Council of Ministers of the CAZSR, and its activities were regulated in accordance with the "Model Regulations on State Reserves" approved by the Resolution of the USSR statement and GKnt of April 27, 1981 No. 77/100 and individual " Regulations on the State Transportation "Relief Seagull".
Characteristics of Fauna Birds Lake Alakol Islands
In the eastern, most deepwater part of the lake, there is a group of three islands that form the similarity of a small archipelago long.
17 km and up to 40 km in circle. They removed 30-40 km from South, 40-50 km away - from Western and 10-15 km from the north coast. It is assumed that they are on the line fault lines of the earth's crust (Tretyakov 1960) and are the exits of the indigenous Paleozoic rocks of the Middle Devon and the lower carbon, towering over the surface of the lake in the form of a narrow tectonic block of the North-West Stretch (Kazan 1965). Island hill girded gradually declining terraced ledges, which are covered with sparse semi-desert vegetation with a predominance of bo-yalycha Salsola arbuscula, tasbiyurguna Nanophyton erinaceum, Teresken-on Eurotia ceratoides, wormwood belozomnoy Artemisia terrae-albae, kohii Kochia scoparia, wheat grass and other plants on gray-brown Deserted low-depleted, strongly stony soils. The foot of the sobes of rubble-hundred-pebble with loam and small salt salts. Along the shores there are shafts from small rubble and pebbles, as well as small lugues of a lagoon type with open beaches. The coastline configuration changes almost annually, as the islands of each spring are subjected to a powerful effect by the carrying flow of a huge mass of ice. In the straits between the islands there are strong water flows.
The islands are a unique nesting site of colonial birds and are particularly important in the years of the high water level on Lake Alakol, when all gull birds with flooded small islands along the coast are moving here. The main types of forming colonies on the islands are laughterloon Larus cachinnans, black-headed gull L. ichthyaetus, connate gull L. relictus, cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia, chaykono sai-tern Gelochelidon nilotica, Tern Sterna hirundo, meadow GLAREOLA Glareola pratincola , Kulik-Forost Haematopus Ostralegus, Small Charadrius Dubius and Sea Ch. Alexandrinus Zuyki. In the Bay of Islands in the Summer Time in a noticeable number, concentrate on a mongrel of Swan-Shipun Cygnus Olor, a large refining podiceps cristatus, Tadorna Ferruginea turn, some kinds of other ducks and honeycombs.
In addition to the birds on the islands found dwelling 9 species of reptiles: phrynocephalus versicolor Phrynocephalus versicolor, phrynocephalus mystaceus Phrynocephalus mystaceus, squeaky gecko Alsophylax pipiens, sand lizard Lacerta agilis, quick lizard Eremias ve-lox, grass snake Natrix natrix, multicolored snake Coluber raver-gieri, arrow - Taphrometopon Lineolatum, Ancistrodon Halys Showing, from among which is the most numerous fast shuffle, which plays an important role in the nutrition of girlfriends (Kubykin 1973, 1975). From the mammals on the island of Ulken Araltobe in the 1970s, 2-3 families of Vulpes Vulpes were regularly lived. In some years,
in winter, one of the families of the Lisiza remains on the island of Middle and becomes the culprit of the death of nests and chicks of chaps, including relict. In winter, the island is visited by the Wolves of Canis Lupus and very rarely the loners remained at them.
There are no any residential buildings of a person on the islands, although there are several Kurgans on the island of Ulken Araltobe, testifying to the presence of people here in ancient times. After an unsuccessful attempt at the winter content of sheep on Ulkhen Araltobe due to the lack of fresh water and the lack of feed more island in agriculture were not used. Due to the fact that on Lake Alakol, the fishing fishery of the fishing teams of Ala-Kola fishing plant (created in 1939), to islands often, especially in stormy weather, boats, boats and major transport ships were taken, which in the nesting period were created for Colonial nesting birds serious concern factor. Especially the destructives of the fishermen were for relic chaises, which, unlike other searches, cast masonry even after a single visit to the colony. Along with random visits, a group of locals came to the islands, which from year to year harvested eggs and krachek, as well as chickplan chicks, often destroying entire colon.
Ulken Araltobe (Big Stone) is the largest island, which is a flat-terrible elevation, stretched from the North-West to the southeast. The island has a length of 8 km, width of 5.7 km, area 26.5 km2, height above the water level of 88.4 m. Absolute height 439.5 m above sea level. The indigenous rocks are covered with a layer of loose deluvial deposits on which desert vegetation is developed. In the central part of the island there is a hilly plain, elevated at the level of the lake at 58-60 m. The elevation is frightened by a trulywater terrace, which is formed by sand, rubble and a pebble. The eastern and northeastern side of the island of Spray, with the coastal shaft of a pebble, rubble and sand, followed by cane curtains, Tamarix Sp Grebenchik. And Saksaoul Haloxylon Sp. From the south and south-west side of the island there are rocky cliffs with a height of 10-20 m, on the occasions of which there is a colony of large cormorants. In 1971, there were 2 colonies with a total number of up to 2,000 individuals (Auez 1977), in 1974 - 2 colonies of 100-150 nests in each (Borodichin, Gavrilov 1978), in 1986 - 3 groups of 18, 50 and 100 nnods. In 1999, there were only 49 nests of the Big Cormorant and 48 pairs of Hochotuny lived. On the northern coast of the island in lowering coastal shafts, shallow-water oils were formed by an area of \u200b\u200bup to 300x300 m, surrounded by a cane, a rider and having a mosaic type of overtention. On these
reservoirs in 2000-2003 noted breeding shelduck Tadorna tadorna, Ogar T. ferruginea, Savka Oxyura leucocephala, red-dive Netta rufina, ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca, teal Tres Kunqu Anas querquedula, stilt Himantopus himantopus, Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, Herbalist TRINGA TOTANUS, Lugovaya Tirkushka Glareola Pratincola, Small Charadrius Dubius and sea ch. alexandrinus plovers, Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed and river Sterna hirundo terns, coots Fulica atra, moorhens Gallinula chloropus, Sand Martin Riparia riparia diluta, black-headed wagtail Motacilla feldegg, drozdovidnoy Acrocephalus arundinaceus and A. agricola kamyshevok Indian and even dwelling muskrat Ondatra zibethicus. Along with them at the end of June, there were non-stick accumulations of waterfowl and chain birds, probably flying here on the molt. Among them, a large podiceps cristatus, black and cervical P. nigricollis and small TachyBaptus Ruficollis Rubbing, Swan-Shipun Cygnus Olor, Redogol Aythya Ferina and Crested A. Fuligula Blackti, Gogol Bucephala Clangula, Krakawa Anas Platyrhynchos, Gray Duck A. Strepera, Big Veretnik Limosa Limosa. On the slopes of the hills, Fieldla Alauda Arvensis and Steppe Melanocorypha Calandra Flashing, Emberiza Bruniceps, in the Thickets of the Grebelchik - Indian Passer Indicus Sparrow.
The middle island has the appearance of a semi-pasted rocky-crushed hill, towering over the water at 53-60 m and oriented from the west to the east. Length island 1.5 km, width 0.5 km, area 0.7 km2. It is located at 4.5 km from Ulken Araltobe Island and 1.5 km from Cushkin Island Araltobe. The southern and western slopes of the hill-shaped top of the island have a pigeon, wormwood, cereals, suolars, on the northern slopes of Tereskin, Spires, Ferul, Rhubarb, wormwood, squeezed, depressed rhubber bushes. Biurgun, Sarsazan, wormwood, Lepidium Latifolium flavist are growing along the foot footage. Coastline rubbedly sandy. The south-western part of the island is obscure, with the outcrops of the indigenous rocks, on the occasions of which are numerous nests of cormorants and laughing. On the canopy, the clay-rocky terrace in the southern corner is usually a separate colony of black-headed laughter and hoocotuny. The top of the hill is occupied by the relict seagull, the Cello-wearing a colt, a meadow Tirkushka, and the eastern and northern side is engaged in a continuous settlement of river krachek (Table 1), whose density in June 1999 was 1-2 nests per 1 m2.
In addition to the relictaic seagull, the island in 1968-1972 was nested with black hoocotun from 70 to 2500 pairs, breadcrumb - 100-350 pairs, Cegruss - 1000-2500 pairs, tea paint - 550-1200 couples, river paint - 250 pairs ^ Waves 1977 , 1980, 1981, 1991).
In 1980, except for chaps and krachek (Table 1), a large cormorant (450) and meadow tirkushka (50 pairs) were also injected here. The next year, 300-400 pairs of meadow Tirkushki lived here, 800 pairs of big cormorants (all chicks, with the exception of two, dead), 15 nests of Chagrava (V.M. Corobkin, V.D. Amashov). In addition, on the island in the 1970s, 10-20 pairs of gray ducks were nesting, 2-3 pairs of disars and forty hits, as well as several pairs of field larks, coastal and rustic swallows and up to 20 pairs of Indian Sparrow (1974 bucket; Auez 1977).
Table 1. Dynamics of the number of gloomy birds (number of pairs), nesting on the island of Middle Books by E.M.Auezov accounting (1977, 1980, 1981),
V.M. Corobkina and VDurmashov
Types of all
Years Larus Relictus Larus Ichthyaetus Larus Cachinnans Hydroprogne Caspia Gelochelidon Nilotica Sterna Hirundo
1968 15-20 70-80 100-110 1000 850-1000 200-250 2235-2460
1969 25-30 90-120 200-250 2000-2500 550- 800 250-300 3115-4000
1970 118 500 200-250 2000-2200 1000-1200 100-150 3918-4418
1971 35 2000 150 - 200 1000 800 - 3935-4035
1972 120-130 2300-2500 300-350 1200-1500 1000-1200 - 4920-5680
1973 0 2300-2500 500-600 1200-1500 500-800 500 5000-5400
1974 40 2500 1000 1000-1100 100-150 1500 6140-6290
1975 60 3000-3200 1200-1300 700-800 100-150 1000 6060-6510
1976 0 3000-3200 1200-1500 1500 500-700 1500-1200 7700-8900
1977 0 2500-2700 1500 2000 700 100-200 6800-7100
1979 0 1000-1200 2000 1200 300 300 4800-5000
1980 3 1200-1500 1000-1200 450 1000 500 4150-4650
In 1985, when visiting a colony on May 20, 2000 pairs of tea-conidge crash, 1,500 pairs of Chernogolovaya Stryutun, 1000 pairs of hoocotuny, 750 pairs of big cormorant. During the examination on June 18, 250 pairs of relic chaises were found here, 700-800 pairs of Hochotuny and Chernogol, 1000 pairs of river paint, 500-700 pairs of colorable tea, 150-200 pairs of meadow tirkushki and 2 pairs of silence. On the island of Ulken Araltobe nested 2 pairs of crawlers Anthropoides Virgo.
In 1986, 11 pairs of relics, 500-700 pairs of Chernogolovaya Hochotun, 800 pairs of Hochotuny and 800 pairs of teachosa, and 800 pairs of chatekosa are nested. The colony of cormorants with chicks in June turned out to be the entirely deceased as a result of an infectious disease, and Chagrava, with the exception of 20 pairs, throwing the nest, for not established reasons left the islands.
In 1987, the Colony of Chernogoli Stryutun on the island numbered 1500-1600 couples. In the rocks also lived one pair of SIZY pigeons of Columba Livia.
In 1988, 750 pairs of Chernogoli Lahotun, 350 pairs of Hochotuni, 50 pairs of meadow tirkushki, were discovered at the inspection of the island on May 23, 350 pairs of Hochotuny, 50 pairs of Silica Couples. Real seagulls were absent. However, in 1015 km north, on a small sand island at Cape green in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the Emel River, on June 6, a colony of 60 nests of relics, containing full masonry (at the end of July, there were only 20 chicks on the wing). Together with them 300 pairs of Cheglava, 1800 Couple Teach Teach, 900 pairs of river paint, 25 pairs of hoocotuni and 4 pairs of Couple-Soroki are nesting. In one colony on the island of squeaks, 8 km from the mouth of the Urjar River, about 50 pairs of relics, which subsequently rose 6065 young ones on the wing.
In 1989, 1,400 pairs of Chernogolovaya Stryutun nest on the island. When inspection on May 4, 10 relics kept here, from among which, on May 26, only 4 pairs were injected. As in the previous year, 35 pairs of relic chaps settled on the island of Cape green. In addition, 58 pairs of relic chaps nest on the island of skyski, but all the masonry on May 17 were crowded pink peelikans Pelecanus Onocrotalus.
In May 1990, 1450-1500 pairs of Chernogoli Lastunne, 500-550 couples, 300-320 pairs of Big Cablanna were injured on the island.
In June 1999, there are 930 Pair of Big Baklan, 250 pairs of Hochotuny, 60 pairs of hoocotuny, 2 pairs of relics, 2000 pairs of river cracked, 60 pairs of tea-colored facility, 20 pairs of meadow tires, 1 pair of forty hits and 2 pairs of pegs.
Cushkin Island Araltobe (Small Stone) has a length of 3.2 km, 1.1 km width, 2 km2 area. Absolute height 501.4 m. M. This is the highest rocky island, towering over the lake at 150 m, is composed of gray-green tuffogenias and psammo-fite tuffs covered with a small thickness sediment (Kazan 1965). Most of the island occupies a rocky chicken-and-shaped sopka, separated by the canyon-shaped valley into two parts. The South and South-Western side is a sheer rocks with a ledge, steeply tearing into the water. The eastern and northern side of the island is a whisker-clone, with small valley, crushed semi-desert vegetation. Coastline from rubble and alert.
Until 1970, on the island of Kiskina Araltobe_ there was a major colony of a large cormorant, located on rocky ledges, however, the annual collection of eggs and chicks of chicks fishermen forced them to leave this place. In subsequent years, only Hochotuni, in 1999, 12 pairs) were settle in individual and small groups), in the bays there are regular groups of nursing cormorants, lagged,
chernogoli laughter and river face. In the rocks in 1968 and 1970, a couple of Balobanov Falco Cherrug neghed, and on June 3, 1973, Sideyad Circaetus Gallicus (Auezov 1986) was observed.
With a decrease in the level of shallow water along the western coast of Lake Alakol, there are many small islets that serve as a mass nesting of colonial birds (Table 2). So, in the temporary island in the tract Karasu in 1969, about 500 pairs of Teach Teach, 200 pairs - River and Small Sterna Albifrons Krachek, about 100 - meadow Tirkushki, 10 pairs of gray duck, 5-6 pairs of stilt, herbal Tinga Totanus , Chibis Vanellus Vanel-Lus, Larus Ridibundus Larous Seagulls and Red Durge, 2-3 Couples of Small and Marine Zuykov (Auezes, Shrokov 1975).
On an island, originated in 1974 at the mouth of a bitter key, about 700 pairs of lakes and 5 pairs of the stilt beyond the nest. On another island of 140x70 m in size, there were more than 1000 nests, including a teachosa tool (500), river paint (250-300), small crash (150), stilt (45-50), meadow tirkushki (40), herbal (12 ) and sulfur duck (7). On the third island of the size of 200x50 m nested a small paint (about 100 nests), meadow tire (100), food cookerter (15), gray duck (5), river paint (4); On the fourth island there were about 100 pairs of lakes (Borodichin, Gavrilov 1978).
In the islands of Chubar-Tubek in 1975, in the same colony there were 500 nests of relict seagulls, 600-700 nests of Chagrava, 500-700 lake seagulls, 450-500 Teach Tile, 300 river paint, 10 gray duck, 3-4 red-eyed dums and 1 The nest of the village of Soroki. On another island in 1974, about 250 pairs of Hochotuny nested, in 1975 - 250 pairs of Hochotuni and about 100 pairs of Chernogolovaya Stryutun, about 300 pairs of lake seagull settled in 1974, a small amount of river and tea-haired cracked, 1 pair of forty robes ( Borodichin, Gavrilov 1978).
In June 1985, the island in the bay of the bay of the lip nesrested the black hoocotun (250 pairs), Hochotunya (50 pairs) and Chegra (80 pairs), on the islands of Chubar-Tubek - Chernogol Khokhotun (400 pairs), hoocotunya (250 pairs), Relic Seagull (55 nest, abandoned after storm). In 1986, after the crosses and compounds from the land of the islands of Chubar-Tyu-Beck, colonial birds settled on the islands in the Karasu tract: lake seagull (43 pairs), tea paint (180 pairs), river paint (240 pairs), small paint (220 pairs ), meadow Tirkushka (20 pairs), food cookerter (60 pairs).
Another colonial settlement was found on the island of Far: Chernogol Hochotun (750 pairs), Hochotunya (500 pairs), Chepness (6070 abandoned nests), Curly Pelican Pelecanus Crispus (8 pairs) and large cormorants (8 pairs). In 1987, when inspection on May 24, the islands of Chu-
bar-Tubek V.M. Korobkin and VDurmashov discovered 3 colonies of Chernogolovaya Hochotun (1600 pairs), as well as the settlements of Hohutunya (1000 pairs), Chagrava (1000 pairs), Big Blank (120 pairs), curly Pelican (15 Couples), Kulika-Soroki (6 pairs). With the ringing of June 15, there were 4000-4500 chicks of blackheads, more than 2000 chrutuny chicks, and after June 20, a large lines of Swan-Shipuan, Oghar, Krasnonozoy Dream, Redogol Black and Gray Duck appeared. The main part of the chorely masonments died after severe rains and cooling.
Table 2. The number of nesting girlfriends (number of pairs) on the islands of the yarch of Chubar -Tyubek in 1974-1979 (according to E.M.Auezov, V.M. Corobkina, VDurmashov)
Types of birds years
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
Island of relic chaises
Larus Relictus 0 500 800 1200 250 0
LARUS IchThyaetus 0 0 0 0 50 50
LARUS CACHINNANS 2-5 5-10 20 30 40 50
LARUS RIDIBUNDUS 300 500-700 0 0 0 0
HydroProgne Caspia 0 600-700 600-700 450-500 500 120
Gelochelidon nilotica 50 450-500 500 400 400 0
Sterna Hirundo 50 300 200 250 250 250
Island of silver chap
Larus Ichthyaetus 0 100 500 800 1000 1200
LARUS CACHINNANS 250 250 250 300 300 300
Chekrav Island
Larus Relictus 0 0 0 0 0 130
LARUS RIDIBUNDUS 0 0 0 20 10 0
HydroProgne Caspia 0 0 300 500 500 300
Gelochelidon nilotica 0 0 200 300 200 0
Isleless Island
LARUS RELICTUS 0 0 0 0 100 160
Gelochelidon nilotica 0 0 0 0 300 300
Sterna Hirundo 0 0 0 0 100 200
Sterna Albifrons 0 0 0 0 30 50
GLAREOLA PRATINCOLA 0 0 0 0 0 50
Total 655 2705-3110 3370-3470 4250-4300 4030 3160
In 1988, there was a noticeable rise in the water level, and many islands in the western Alacol were flooded. 1700-2000 pairs of Chernogoli Stryutun, 400 pairs of Hochotunya, 350-400 pairs of Choreray, 350-400 pairs of large cormorants, 12 pairs of curly and 50 pairs of pink pelicans were injected out onto the Chu-Bar Tubeque. Real seagulls this year were absent here, but 20 km northeastern, on the island of Sandy in the bay of the Guba Guba, on May 23, they found their colony out of 28
couple, in which all masonry due to the rise of water, storms and rains were abandoned. In 1989, 250 Pair of Chernogoli Stryutun, 15 pairs of curly Pelican discovered on the Chubar-Tubek.
In 1990, on Lake Alakol lasted the rise in the water level. On the Unnamed Islands in May, 33-37 pairs of relics, 1500-1550 pairs of Chernogolovaya Stryutun, 200-250 Couples, 380-400 pairs of big cormorant and 19 pairs of curly Pelican were nearing. After the Hurricane East Wind on May 14-15, the colony of relices, a black-headed lanceal (about 1000 nests), a large cormorant (300-320 nests), hoocotuny (150-170 nests) turned out to be wholely washed storm. When inspecting the coastal edge on May 16, a large number of floating and echoed eggs and dead chicks were discovered. On this year, 1800-2000 pairs of Chernogoli Stryutun, 50-60 pairs of Chuchotuny and 500-550 couples of Chegwab were injured on this year.
In 1991-1993, the islands of Alacol nests: black headache - 1850, 0 and 0 pairs, respectively, hoocotuny - 350, 400 and 500, relict seagulls - 39, 0 and 2, colorable tea - 185, 450 and 300, Chagrava - 50 , 100 and 60, river crash - 950, 700 and 1200, meadow tirkushki - 125, 550 and 250, large cormorant - 550, 2700 and 1500, curly Pelican - 6, 13 and 15, Couple-Soroki - 2, 2 and 2 Couple. On the sandy islands of Chubar-Tübeck in 1999, pink pelican (87 pairs), curly pelican (66 pairs), a large cormorant (450 pairs), hoocotuny (1,100 pairs), black and chippetun (400 pairs), laservo seagull (86 neracted individuals), corpus (279 pairs), river paint (410 pairs), small paint (13 pairs), small joine (2 pairs).
In the summer in the area of \u200b\u200bthe islands of Chubar-Tubek, the lining accumulations of Swans-Shipunov to 100-200 individuals were constantly formed. In some years (1993), unmatched hips are collected here, whose number in May-June reached 500 individuals or more (Erokhov et al. 1993). Among them, in the summer there were small groups of Cygnus Cygnus cricookons flying on molting. In the first half of the summer, the males of red-skinned yokes and redhead worm, gray duck, Anas Penelope swivels and panels A. Acuta formed lining clusters to 5-10 thousand individuals here, mainly in the bay key and Mayan (Berezovikov et al. 2001). In the summer, on these islands on the line was collected up to 3 thousand disars and kept large clusters of lint river ducks. In August-October, lyshi (up to 2-5 thousand birds in each of the bays) are concentrated along the western coast in the middle of the western shore, the total number of them reaches 25-50 thousand individuals.
In the 1990s, a strong decrease in the number of black-headed lack of laxer, relict, chagging, tea, tea and small cracked (Berezovikov 2001) occurred on Alacol Islands, the River Colt.
Conclusion
By order of the Minister of Forestry of the KAZSSR No. 191 of December 20, 1988, the reserve of 29.5 thousand hectares was included in the Alakol Forestry Production Enterprise, and the colonies of birds on the islands since 1992 were practically not protected.
Concerned about the fate of the reserve and the unique colony of the Relicate Gull Scientific Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet Council on August 21, 1991 appealed to the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR and the Committee on Ecology and Rational Use of Natural Resources with the following letter:
"Relief seagull (bogsh ^ ШШ) is detected and described as an independent view of Oz. Alakol (Taldy-Kurgan region) E.M.Auezo-Vym in 1969, which was a sensation for world science, since the faunistic studies of Kazakhstan was considered sufficient. In addition to Alacol, the relict seagull currently lives only in Transbaikalia on Torean lakes. Since the total number in the world of this unique view has no more than 1-1.5 thousand pairs, the relict seagull is included in the international red book as a matter of threatening disappearance and requiring special measures to ensure its existence.
The USSR is the only country of the range of this species, which imposes on our country a special responsibility for saving the relics seagulls. In Transbaikalia, the Daurus Reserve was organized in the locations of its nesting and all the conditions for the protection and study of the Relic Gull were created. In Kazakhstan, at the initiative of the Institute of Zoology of the Having Code and the active support of scientific and public organizations, it was possible to create only the reserve - in the summer of 1971 the Islands of Lake Alakol were declared a state reserve. Already then, in 1973, the conference on the rare and endangered species of animals (Alma-Ata) was raised about the insufficiency of this form of protection, since even the general administration of reserves and hunting and hunting equipment at the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR prohibited only hunting on the territory of the reservations. V.A.Stpanov, Evening Alma-Ata, April 5, 1971). But for the relict seagull, which is not a hunting object, is important for the prohibition of all economic activities, and first of all the prohibition of visitors to people (fishermen, tourists) in May-July, that is, in the period of the formation of a colony and nesting this grave bird, easily casting their nests With anxiety. Unfortunately, the need to create for the relict seagull of the protected regime at that time did not find an understanding in government bodies.
Organized on the islands of Oz. Alakol Hsenther service gave certain positive results. In particular, it was possible
timy to eliminate the collecting eggs (including relict) fishermen, visiting the islands of tourists and resting. The transfer of the reserve in the department of the Ministry of Forestry has sharply worsened the state of affairs. Henmen have neither ground, no reliable water transport - all work they spend on their own technique. The salaries are extremely low. Do not understand the main tasks facing the reserve, management distracts the Henser's composition on agricultural work in the most responsible period (May-July, i.e. during the nesting of the reliccet seagull). Not organized properly monitoring the status of Alakol population with relic gulls. What kind of reliable protection of this unique view can we talk about?
Considering the preservation of the Ricketting Seagull Colony on Oz. Alakol prestige of our republic, please consider this issue and take specific measures to establish a fixed improvement. First of all, it is necessary:
Transfer state reserves "Relight Seagull" and Tour-Gay (the latter created in the crime of international importance to preserve the mass molting of waterfowl) to the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Management under the CAZSR Cabinet, since these reserves should be transferred to the rank of reserves, the creation of which is provided A promising plan for the development of protected territories in Kazakhstan.
Accelerate the organization of the Alakol Reserve in Delta R. Ten-tech and on oz. Sasikkol, including the island as a branch of the island with the waters of the reserve "Relight Seagull".
To oblige the State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Management under the CAZC CAZD Cabinet to ensure reliable protection of the only rickettian seagull in Kazakhstan by proper transport and other equipment by the spring of 1992.
This letter was signed by the director of the Zoology Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Academy of Sciences, the Chairman of the Kazakhstani Department of the Ornithological Society, the Chairman of the Kazakhstani Department of the Ornithological Society, the Head of the Laboratory of Animal Protection Laboratory by Dr. Biological Sciences A. F.Kohshar.
In 1993, on the basis of an agreement with the Forestry Committee of the Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources of the Republic of Kazakhstan and, in accordance with the Protocol of the First Hunting Construction Committee of May 26, 1992, the forces of the Ninth Okhotuasteing Party of Kazlepo-Ekt, a survey was conducted and prepared "Project Organization and Management of the House in the reserve "Reliques
tovaya Seagull »Alakul Forestry Production Company of the Taldykorgan Forestry Production Association." In order to improve the security activities and the material and technical base, it was recommended that the annual base camp (mobile trailer) was recommended on the eastern shore of Lake Alakol at the village of Zharbulak from April 15 to August 15 and the observation post (collapsible house) on the island of Ulken Araltobe to find hurkers in Spring-summer period. For the staff consisting of the director of the reserve and two hantsmen, there were also vehicles, technical means, equipment and overalls: the UAZ-452 car, two Kazanka and Progress boats with 2 Motors-30 type engines, a radio station type " Lon B ", weapons, binoculars, rocketans and sets of winter and summer clothes.
"In the future, it is advisable to transfer the reserve to maintain the regional inspection on the protection of the animal world, and in the event of the creation of the Alakol Reserve, entering it on the rights of the branch. These considerations are dictated by the fact that any economic value for LHFP does not represent the reserve, whatever economic activity is impossible here, the hunt is prohibited. Therefore, we believe that the guard by the reserve, LHPP fulfills the functions of it and in the near future it is necessary to carry out the transfer of the reserve. " Indeed, in 1993 the reserve was transferred to the maintenance of Talda-Kurgan Regional Inspection for the Protection of the Animal World. As a result, then the turn of the reorganization of the environmental system in Kazakhstan and the lack of funding, the world-famous reserve "Relic Gull" has actually stopped its existence.
The value of the reserve in the preservation of unique colonies of teaching birds is difficult to overestimate. For two decades, they were under reliable protection, the number of birds was regularly controlled, the colonies were studied by scientists. Essentially, the reserve began a long and difficult epic of the creation of alakol reserve.
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