The Caspian lowland is enveloped by the North - the largest unwearing lake in the world. The same lowland is most anhydrous, relatively flat, hollow space-tested space (bottom of the ancient Sea), receiving a small amount of moisture in the form of rain, only 10% of the territory of which is available for irrigation. On lowlands, the river, Terek, Sulac, Kuma, Emba and smaller rivers flow to the Caspian, in summer, drying and forming chains of small lakes.
At aerial photography, the Caspian depression (Wpadina) is similar to the crown, the crowned northern coast of the Caspian Sea. This territory is a flat plain, the southern part of which lies below the level of the world's ocean by almost 30 m, and in the northern part height rises to 150 m above the ocean level (Mountains inner, large and small Bogdo). The Caspian lowland is located within the borders of the Caspian Syneclide (from Dr. Greek. "Together" and "ignition") - a common deflection of the earth's crust formed in Paleozoa. The folding foundation of syneclidees lies at a depth of 3000-4000 m and covered in thickness sediments, the power of which reaches the greatest depths for the Russian platform. In ancient times, the Caspian lowland was part of the World Ocean, the modern relief was influenced by numerous raising and lowering the Caspian Sea.
In the south of the north-western sector of the Caspian lowland, between the Kumo-Manic depression, the Ergeninskaya hill and the Volga (at the junction with Sarpinsky lowland) are the so-called black lands. This anhydrous area with uncomfortable climatic conditions and natural foci of plague, lepros (the old name - leprosy) and other diseases are unsuitable for life. There is an extremely low population density - less than 4 people / km 2. In the summer, dust storms will be launched here, up to 40 days a year. The only direction of agriculture in these places is distant animal husbandry.
Having done black lands with water, nature did not pumped into minerals: for hundreds of millions of years, sedimentary breeds were accumulated here, and now black lands - the richest Caspian oil field area, the place of mining of uranium, titanium, noble metals - gold, silver and platinum, rare-earth elements - Scandia, Ittium, Rhenium, Gallium.
The active development of deposits has a negative effect: the surface of the black lands is quickly turning into an anthropogenic desert (especially if we consider that the soil began to form only 4-5 thousand years ago, there is almost no turne). To preserve the local ecosystem, the State Biosphere Reserve "Black Earth" has been created.
In the northeast "Har Gazer" descends to the Volga Delta, to Caspian, where the bands of the Barhogrov Baghrov stretched along the coast (first described in 1866 by Academician K.M. Bar) - sandy groin the right shape height from 6 to 45 m, width 200-300 m and a length of up to several kilometers alternating with Ilmen (small, ingrowing reed lakes). Human economic activity can lead to full destruction in the near future.
With an extensive Delta of the Volga River crosses the Caspian lowland in the northwestern part. As they approached the sea, the main 300-600 m wide sleeves are branched to numerous ducts and the trenches of about 30 m wide. When pushing into the Caspian Sea, the river has about 800 sutures. Volga water saturated with industrial and agricultural drains represents a serious danger to ecology in the Caspian lowland.
In 2000, the Natural Park Volgo-Akhtubinskaya Floim was created to protect the ecosystems of swamps and nestings: there are more than 200 species.
People settled in these places from long. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe farmhouse, the burial of the Bronze Age was found in the area of \u200b\u200bBurtle (Volga-Akhtuba. In ancient times, transit trade was of great importance for the region: one of the routes of the Great Silk Road took place here.
The dry climate of the Caspian lowland and a large number of sunny days a year contribute to the development of muddy, gardening and vegetable growing in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain.
Astrakhan watermelons are considered the best in Russia and Kazakhstan. All other land is only suitable for pasture or unsuitable at all. An important sector of the economy of the Caspian lowland is the extraction of a cook salt, mainly in salty lakes and Elton. Salted lakes are the number of protected natural objects on the territory.
In general, the entire lowland is characterized by landscape, plants (wormwood, kobyl, tichak, linen, etc.) and animals of semi-deserts and deserts. Among mammals are dominated by rodents and hedgehogs; They feed predators - wolves, foxes, sacks; Preserved steppe antelopes - saiga, in the south - boars; Birds - eagles, flamingos, pelicans, sparks, larks, gray cranes, ducks, geese, etc. Many reptiles, for example, the marsh turtle, a shield, viper steppe and so on.
The name of Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region is translated from the Turkic as "solar" or "glorified". The reason is that nearby is Mount Big Mother - the object of religious worship of Kalmykov. The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is about 100 km 2, and it eats at the expense of salt keys. In summer, the lake dries out and becomes like a snowy desert with a solid and dry salt cover. There is an unusually a lot of cooking salt, which is up to 98% of all lake sediments. Salt reserves in Baskunchak are considered inexhaustible.
The detail of the relief is characteristic of the Caspian lowland - salt dome, one of which is Mount Big Bogo height 149 m. This hill near Lake Baskunchak is called "Mountain", because dramatically stands out in the middle of a flat plain. It was formed as a result of lifting plastic salty strata.
Every year Mount Big Bogdo is becoming higher and higher: inside the salt of the salt dome is increasing annually by about 1 mm. "Bogdo" in the languages \u200b\u200bof Mongols and Kalmykov - something sublime, majestic, in some cases implies the holiness of the object. The local population is confident that Mount Big Bogo is consecrated by the Dalai Lama - the high priest of the Buddhist church in Tibet, - and comes to worship.
Today, the largest cities of the Caspian lowland are Russian and Kazakhstani Atyrau.
Astrakhan is the administrative center of the Russians of the Russian Federation - stands at the top of the Volga delta, stretching along both banks of the river 45 km. In the VIII - X centuries. Here was Itil - the capital of the Khazar Kaganat. Itily is also the name of the Volga in Arabs, and later - Tatars and Bashkir. In the XIV century Astrakhan (Haji-Tarkhan) was a gadget gold horde rate. In 1556, Tsar Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584) joined the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. In 1692, the plague epidemic ruined more than 10 thousand people from 16 thousand inhabitants of the city. Currently, Astrakhan is a large river port, gas production center.
Atyrau (until 1991 - Guryev) - Regional Center for the Atyrau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, standing on the banks of the Ural River. Founded in the XVII century. As a Cossack Ostrog (strengthening). In 1991, renamed Atyrau. It is considered the "oil capital" of Kazakhstan: oil began to extract here in the XVII century.
general information
Location: in the extreme southeast of the Russian Plain, goes from the north of the Caspian Sea.
Administrative belonging: Astrakhan Region (Russia), Republic of Kalmykia, (as part of the Russian Federation), Republic of Dagestan (as part of the Russian Federation), Republic of Kazakhstan.
Origin: Tectonic, sedimentation of sedimentary rocks.
Languages: Russian, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Dagestan, Tatar, Bashkir.
Ethnic composition: Russian, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Dagestanis, Tatars, Bashkirs.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Islam.
Cash units: Russian ruble, Kazakhstani tenge.
Large cities: Astrakhan (Russia), Atyrau (Kazakhstan).
The largest rivers: Volga, Terek, Sulak, Ural, Emba.
The largest lakes (salty): Baskunchak, Elton, Manch-Gudilo, Tinka.
Natural borders: In the West is limited by the elevations of Stavropol, Ergen and Volga, in the north - common raw, in the northeast and east - the preion of the Plateau, in the south-east - the discontinuity of the Ustyurt Plateau and the Mangyshlak Peninsula, in the south - the coast of the Caspian Sea.
Numbers
Area: about 200,000 km 2.Extension: from north to south - up to 550 km, from west to east - up to 770 km.
Population: about 2 million people.
Population density: About 10 people / km 2.
The lowest point: -28 m below sea level.
The highest point: Mount Big Mount (149.6 m above sea level).
Climate and weather
Cropped continental.Saw and a slight snowy winter, hot summer.
The average temperature of January: -14 ° C in the north, -8 ° C on the coast of the Caspian Sea.
The average temperature of July: -22 ° С in the north, + 24 ° С on the coast of the Caspian Sea.
The average annual precipitation: less than 200 mm.
Relative humidity:50-60%.
Economy
Minerals:oil, natural gas, uranium, titanium, gold, silver, platinum, scandium, yttrium, rhenium, gallium, salted salt.Industry: mining (oil and gas, ore, salty).
Agriculture: Crop (muggy, gardening, vegetable growing), animal husbandry (pasture - sheep).
Services: Tourist (amateur fisheries in Volga Delta), Transport.
sights
■ Natural: Natural park "Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain" and Delta Volga, Astrakhan Nature Reserve, Natural Biosphere Reserve "Black Lands", Natural Reserve "Manch-Gudilo" (Solen Lake), Kumo-Manic Wpadina (border between Europe and Asia), Barovskaya band Bugrov, Mount Biggluda (Salt Dome), Baddin-Bascunchak Reserve (Lake Baskunchak, Cave Baskunchakskaya, Surikovskaya Balka), Lotus Valley in Astrakhan in Delta Volga, Cordon Delta, Natural Reserve "Burley Sands" (Kharabalinsky District).■ Historical: The burials of the Bronze Age (Burtle Farm, Volga-Akhtuba Flood), the Gold Ordinous Settlement of the damn town (Iclarinsky district, the XIII-XIV centuries), Saray-Batu - Selitreal Gorodishche (1242-1254), the Employee settlement - ITIL (XI-XIII centuries), Kalmyk Temple-monument Khosheutovsky Hurul in honor of the victory of Russian troops over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 (1814-1818).
■ Cultural: Museum "Russian Watermelon" (Kamizyak), Mausoleum of the poet Kurmangazy (1818-1889) and the Museum of Culture of the Kazakh people (Altynzhar village of Astrakhan region).
■ Cult: The Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary (village Salt Zaynutsya of the Astrakhan Region, 1906), the church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (village Nikolskaya Astrakhan Region, the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries).
Curious facts
■ The power of surface deposits of salt on Lake Baskunchak reaches 10-18 m. Only some types of bacteria are inhabited in a rape (saturated saint solution). Today, the extremely pure salt of Lake Baskunchak is up to 80% of the total salt mining in Russia: they produce from 1.5 to 5 million tons of salt per year. For the export of salt was built by the Baskunchak railway.■ Cordon tract - a monument of regional importance (status since 1995): here in vivo, the Mexican cactus is growing cleaned chungy, blooming with large yellow or pale pink flowers. Cactus is planted under the experimental purposes of scientists in the Khošewit point of the Republic of Armenia in 1904-1917.
■ Big Bogo called "Singing Mountain": in the process of weathering on rocky cliffs, recesses were formed, similar to the gigantic cells. If the wind blows, the holes make the characteristic sounds of different heights.
■ Lotus flower grows in the Astrakhan nature reserve. He is known in the Volga Delta for more than 200 years, here it is called the Caspian Rose. Lotus blooms from mid-July to September. According to one version, Lotus was listed here by birds during migration. On the other, the lotus was brought in the delta worst Kalmyki, according to the beliefs of which the lotus - a sacred plant. And on the third, the lotus has always grown in the Volga delta from time immemorial. Floating walnut lotus leaves reach 80 cm in diameter and can withstand a small child, almost like the famous tropical Victoria Regia.
■ In the vicinity of Mount Mount Bogdo, a squeaky geckonchik is inhabited - a lizard of only 4.1 cm long.
■ Fish living in the Volga delta can reach giant sizes. In 1926, Beluga was caught 424 cm long, weighing about 1 tons, 75 years old. In 2003, at the competition "I will catch fish for history", organized by the Astrakhan State Historical and Architectural Museum, the Nature Reserve, was presented with a length of 2.5 m and weighing 93 kg.
■ For the Caspian lowland, a strong wind is characterized by speed up to 1220 m / s or more. In June 1985, a tornadow was held in the village of Tambovka with wind speed over 40 m / s.
■ In Astrakhan, watermelons are grown from the VII century. Translated from the Turkic Watermelon (Harbuse) - "Big Cucumber". This fetus ate not only raw: the watermelombus marinated and cooked with pepper. In 2007, the Watermelon Lunar was created here - with a lemon yellow pulp. At the end of August, the Russian Watermelon festival is held in the city and the competition for the largest watermelon, as well as the competition for the title of the fastest watermelon dock.
The Caspian lowland, the geographical position of which is determined by the territory of the Ancient Sea bottom, is a flat area with smooth sections of the Earth, somewhat inclined to the largest salt lake of the planet - the Caspian Sea. On the plain there is a lot of sights of various origin. The indigenous people are Kalmyki.
Short description
This area is almost anhydrous, the small mountains and hills are visible in some places. This is small and big board, inner mountains. The territory of the Caspian lowland extends 700 km long and 500 km wide. It takes about 200 square meters. km of common area. From several sides is surrounded by the hills of the Volga region, the pre-rally plateau, as well as the hill. The coast of the Caspian Sea from the north, the Russian Plain from the Southeast side and Kazakhstan in the West are the borders of the territory called the Caspian lowland. On the map of the hemispheres, its location can be seen more accurately.
The river and the loop network developed weakly. The lowland consists of clay and sand. For the relief of the territory, the movement of the earth's crust is characterized, which is accompanied by the growth of ravines, funnels, landslides. 
Inland waters
Caspian lowland crosses six large rivers (Urals, Volga, Terek, Emba, Kuma, Sulac) and several small watercourses. The latter in the summer season often completely dry up, forming many catlers. The Volga is the most mone and long and long plain river. Nutrition of all water flows due to snow and groundwater. Most of these reservoirs are fresh, but fell and salty. The most famous salted lake of those places is an inner lake, its area of \u200b\u200b75 square meters. km.
Features of the structure
The Caspian lowland, the height of which varies mainly in the range of 100 m, has a minimum indicator, namely from the south side it is towering only 25 m. The geological structure of the territory is made up of several large tectonic structures: Ergeninskaya elevation, Caspian deep depression, and Nogai TERSKY. Once the territory of the plain was constantly inflated by the water of the sea, as a result of which clay and thin deposits remained from the north and sandy - from the south. 
Unique Barhogry
The Caspian lowland has small and large depressions, limans, braids, hollows, and on the seashore - Barhogs, extending by the strip. They begin between the mouths of the rivers Kuma and Emba. Their height varies from 10 to 45 m, the length is about 25 km, and the width is 200-300 m. The distance between the ridges of Barhrovskiy Bugrov is 1-2 km. This embossed education looks like artificially made sea waves. The vertices are wide, and the slopes of gentle. It is possible to describe them in different ways due to the ineptitude of addition. In the first case, they are folded by latexal sand, and in the second - Rannexal clay, blocked by sand.
The question of the origin of these Bugrov is still unclear. There are a number of hypotheses:
- The first of which is the result of some Caspian Crossing.
- The second refers to tectonic origin.
- The third testifies to glacial lakes.
But there are allegations of the insolvency of these versions. In connection with the location of the Barhogrov, near the coast, there is a change in their structure and clarity. Losing its forms closer to the north, they are replaced by other reliefs.
Climate
Caspian lowland is the locality where the permanent "guests" are anticyclones that come from the depths of Asia. But with cyclones more difficult, because of this, there is a very dry climate. In winter, there is a relatively severe and low-speed, temperature regime varies from - 8 ° C to -14 about C. Summer is quite roast for this area. Temperature July: + 22 ... +23 About C. From the south-east side 150-200 mm of precipitation falls, and from the north-western - 350 mm. Evapoability 1000 mm. Moisturizing is extremely insufficient. Characteristic Sukhove and dust storms. They form hills called vegans. 
Features of soil
Caspian lowland, or rather its land, have several colors: from light-chestnut to brown desert-steppe. Soil here is very saline. In the north there are steppes with cereal and wormwood, the south are semi-deserts and deserts, where the wormwood is mostly growing. Among land, pastures are dominated. Pashnya takes less than 20% of the entire territory, mainly from the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. Much cultures are grown here, engaged in gardening, vegetable growing. In the Ural-Embinsky oil and gas area, oil and gas production has been established, in Lakes, Elton and Baskunchak mining a table salt. Bascunchak is also rich in plaster and limestone, the annual production of which is about 50 tons.
Animal world
The animal world affects European fauna. The Caspian lowland in the north is populated by ferrets, crops, raccats, water rats. Fish fishing is well developed: sturgeon, servers and others. Local seals are considered the most valuable animals. Along the shores, in the Turgai Thickets, there are many birds, Jeyrana, foxes, eared hedgehogs, tushkars, mice, fasteners live there.
14.07.2019 19:12
The famous reserve "Black Earth", created where people practically do not live, and there is no water, located in the Caspian lowland, in the point of view of science and geoturism, the object. Caspian lowland is a territory located at the extreme point in the southeast of the Russian Plain and the envelope of the Caspian Sea. In the south-east, black lands or Har-Gazer on Kalmykki, approaching the Volga delta, it is here that another interesting natural object is located - Barrey horses (in honor of AK. K. Barra, who opened this miracle of nature), which are sandy Ridges up to 45 meters high and up to 300 meters wide, the length of which has several kilometers. Between the Bugrov, you can see Ilmen, small lakes crouched grass, any activity is prohibited here, since it is able to destroy these delightful creatures of nature.
On the territory of the Caspian lowland, the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain is located, where the Great Russian River is divided into many sleeves, here they are about 800, flows into the Caspian Sea and finishes its current. In this area, the Natural Park is established, in order to protect the ecosystem and nests of more than 200, birds varieties. This place is extremely popular among fishermen, because the variety and size of underwater inhabitants can surprise even the most experienced fisherman! Therefore, traveling in Delta Volga stands to certainly make selfie with a huge catch, especially since stocks fishing in July will allow to significantly save on this sight. Another miracle of nature located in the Caspian lowland can be safely called the famous salty lake Baskunchak, which is considered to be a bottomless bowl of complete salt. In addition to the following attractions created by nature, it is also necessary to note: the lotus valley, the reserve "sands of Burley", the tract of Cordon, "Manic - Gudilo" - a natural reserve and, of course, the Salt Dome of Big Bogdo.
In addition to natural attractions, an area is rich and historical. Among the architectural monuments it is worth noting such as - the damn fortification, located in the Iclarian district, erected in the times of the Golden Horde, Saray - Bat or as it is also called the Selitreal Proudness, this fortified complex built in about the early 13th century. It is also worth noting the burial discovered here, dated by the bronze age and later monuments, such as Khosheutovsky Hurul, a monument to the wins who won Napoleon. Also on the territory of cities located in the Caspian lowland a lot of cultural and religious structures built in different epochs.
The largest city located here is Astrakhan, the center of the region of the same name, the majority of enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of minerals are focused here, which are rich in the territory of the lowland. And it is mined here - oil, uranium, gas, many industrial and precious metals.
Part of the Caspian lowland is located on the territory of Kazakhstan, here the largest regional center is the city of Atyrau, which is considered to the oil capital of all Kazakhstan.
The Caspian lowland is not only the "black earth" where nothing is growing except for wormwood, but also the fertile lands of the Astrakhan region, where the climate allows you to grow one of the most delicious watermelons. The list of sights of the region is not limited to the list above, to describe them, everything is not enough even ten such articles, this amount of printed information is unlikely to be adequately learned, therefore, if you are interested, we advise you to visit this unique place located in our homeland. Good luck.
The famous reserve "Black Earth", created where people practically do not live, and there is no water, located in the Caspian lowland, in the point of view of science and geoturism, the object. Caspian lowland is a territory located at the extreme point in the southeast of the Russian Plain and the envelope of the Caspian Sea. In the south-east, black lands or Har-Gazer in Kalmyk, approaching the Volga delta, it is here that another interesting natural object is located - Barhogra (in honor of AK.
Where is the Caspian lowland on the physical card?
KM Barra, who opened this miracle of nature), which is sandy ridges up to 45 meters high and up to 300 meters wide, the length of which has several kilometers. Between the Bugrov, you can see Ilmen, small lakes crouched grass, any activity is prohibited here, since it is able to destroy these delightful creatures of nature.
On the territory of the Caspian lowland, the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain is located, where the Great Russian River is divided into many sleeves, here they are about 800, flows into the Caspian Sea and finishes its current. In this area, the Natural Park is established, in order to protect the ecosystem and nests of more than 200, birds varieties. This place is extremely popular among fishermen, because the variety and size of underwater inhabitants can surprise even the most experienced fisherman! Therefore, traveling in Delta Volga stands to certainly make selfie with a huge catch, especially since stocks fishing in July will allow to significantly save on this sight. Another miracle of nature located in the Caspian lowland can be safely called the famous salty lake Baskunchak, which is considered to be a bottomless bowl of complete salt. In addition to the following attractions created by nature, it is also necessary to note: the lotus valley, the reserve "sands of Burley", the tract of Cordon, "Manic - Gudilo" - a natural reserve and, of course, the Salt Dome of Big Bogdo.
In addition to natural attractions, an area is rich and historical. Among the architectural monuments it is worth noting such as - the damn fortification, located in the Iclarian district, erected in the times of the Golden Horde, Saray - Bat or as it is also called the Selitreal Proudness, this fortified complex built in about the early 13th century. It is also worth noting the burial discovered here, dated by the bronze age and later monuments, such as Khosheutovsky Hurul, a monument to the wins who won Napoleon. Also on the territory of cities located in the Caspian lowland a lot of cultural and religious structures built in different epochs.
The largest city located here is Astrakhan, the center of the region of the same name, the majority of enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of minerals are focused here, which are rich in the territory of the lowland. And it is mined here - oil, uranium, gas, many industrial and precious metals.
Part of the Caspian lowland is located on the territory of Kazakhstan, here the largest regional center is the city of Atyrau, which is considered to the oil capital of all Kazakhstan.
The Caspian lowland is not only the "black earth" where nothing is growing except for wormwood, but also the fertile lands of the Astrakhan region, where the climate allows you to grow one of the most delicious watermelons. The list of sights of the region is not limited to the list above, to describe them, everything is not enough even ten such articles, this amount of printed information is unlikely to be adequately learned, therefore, if you are interested, we advise you to visit this unique place located in our homeland. Good luck.
Tags: traveling
The relief of the Saratov region is diverse, in one article we cannot show you how different it differs from each other in different parts of the region, so we will write about each type of relief separately. In this article, you will learn everything about the Caspian lowland, including its geological structure and hydrography. Article on the geological structure of the Saratov region, read in our article: the geological structure of the Saratov region.
Caspian lowland Located in the basin of the lower flow of the rivers of the Greater and Small Nase and occupies the southeast part of the Saratov region.
Caspian lowland: description and features
In geological terms, this lowland is the youngest - this is the sea accumulative plain of the early bloom age. Its surface is smooth, slightly chemmed and weak. Absolute marks: In the north - from 45-50 m, in the south - 20-25 m. Flat inexpressive watersheds up to 50 m highs are composed with sea sands, sachami and "chocolate" clays of the early Color age, which are almost horizontal.
There are many limans on its surfaces, as well as small "steppe meals" (lower) with a diameter of 1.5-2 m. Some estones due to the accumulation of melt waters form lakes and wetlands.
For the relief of the area of \u200b\u200bthe region, the modern movement of the earth's crust is characteristic. It is accompanied by a strengthening of erosion processes (growth of ravines, landslides, funnels, etc.), equalizing the relief. Also read our article about the relief of the Saratov region.
From the north of the damp plain, the lowland is separated by a well-expressed in the relief by an abrasive pre-assembly ledge, having a straight slope shape of 50-80 m wide, less often than 20 m. The surface of the plain has a weak slope to the south and south-east.
Limans are widespread suffoeeionic colors, saucer decreases, boggrats of biogenic origin, coastal shafts, lakes, differing in shape, sizes, duration of water. The river and the frozen beam network is developed weakly. The lowland is composed of clays, loams, sands. The cutting depth of the valley does not exceed 2-5 m. Erosion is inferior to the accumulation space.
The Caspian lowland in the Quaternary period was the arena of several transgressions of the Caspian Sea. The largest of them was early abandoned when the sea covered all the lowland. The boundary of this transgression in the north is clearly indicated by an abrasion ledge. Since then, erosion and other processes have changed little by the initial appearance of the marine plain.
The Caspian lowland is timed to the Caspian Syneclise and is currently the area of \u200b\u200blowering and accumulating a powerful (up to 17 km) of sediment covers. Against the background of the general immersion, sections of intensive rise in the development places of salt domes and arrays are distinguished.
When writing the article, the following sources were used: geography of the Saratov region. Saratov, 1997, Sargidro.narod.ru; Photo: 5klass.net
Sights of Russia: Caspian lowland
Abstract on the topic:
Caspian lowland
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1Geographic location
- 2Geological structure
- 3climat and vegetation
- 4 Economic value
- 5 History
Introduction
Caspian lowland- lowland located on the Eastern European Plain, the northern part of the Caspian Sea.
1. Geographical location
The Caspian lowland is focused on the north of the community, in the Western-Volga hill and Ergen, in the East-Pre-Ural Plateau and Ustyurt. The area of \u200b\u200blowlands is about 200 thousand km². Height above sea level up to 149m, the southern part of the lowland lies below the sea level (up to -28m).
The Caspian lowland is a flat surface, a hollow-toned to the sea, among which the individual elevations of the Intersky Mountains are rising, Big Bogo, Small Bogdo and others.
Caspian lowland crosses the Peks Ural, Volga, Terek, Kuma and others. Small rivers (large and small prose, Wil, Sagiz) dry out or disintegrate onto a row of Kotlovin, forming lake spills, immigrants-Samara lakes, Sarpinsky lakes. Many salted lakes (Baskunchak, Elton, etc.).
2. Geological structure
The Caspian lowland includes several large tectonic structures (Caspian synclesia, Ergeninskoye raising, Nogai and Teregadin). At the Quaternary Time, the lowland was repeatedly poured by the sea, which in the northern part left clay and loamy, and in south-sand sediments.
The surface of the Caspian lowland is characterized by micro and mesoforms in the form of bearendines, limanov, brass, naughty, in the south-ecoline forms, and along the coast of the Caspian Sea Barley Bagrov.
3. Climate and vegetation
Climate-sharply continental. The average temperatures of January from -14 ° in the north to -8 ° on the coast, July, respectively + 22 °, + 23 °. Precipitation from 200-150mm in the south-east of up to 350mm in the north-west, evapoability is about 1000mm. Parts of dry.
For soil and vegetation of the Caspian lowland, a large complexity is characteristic. Solonians are often found, Solonchaki.
At the north-cereal steppes on light-chestnut soils, in the south of the semi-desert and desert on brown and sandy soils with a predominance of wormwood.
4.
Map Caspian lowland
Economic importance
Used as pasture.
In the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain, messengers, gardening, vegetable growing are common.
Oil and gas production (Caspian Oil and Gasbon Province), in the lake of the cooking salt (lake Baskunchak, Elton, etc.).
5. Source
Grigoriev A.A. Brief geographic encyclopedia. Volume 3. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1962. - S.580.
Satellite photo of the lower part of the Volga, the Caspian lowland and the northern part of the Caspian Sea
Caspian lowland- lowland surrounding the northern part of the Caspian Sea.
Geographical position
The Caspian lowland is bored in the north of common raw materials, in the Western Volga Hills and Ergen, in the East Plateau by Pre-Uralsky and Ustyurt. The area is about 200 thousand km². The height is up to 149m, the southern part of the lowland lies below the ocean level and is -28m.
Caspian lowland intersect the Urals, Volga, Terek, Kuma; Small rivers (B. and M. Uzen, Wil, Sagiz) in the summer dry or disintegrate to the row of Kotlovin, forming lake spills, immunity lakes, Sarpinsky lakes. Many salted lakes (Baskunchak, Elton, etc.).
The Caspian lowland is a flat surface, the hollow-toned to the sea, among which the individual hill is raised by the Mountains, Big Bogdo, Small Bogdo and the other.
Map on google.earthh.
Geological structure
The Caspian lowland includes several large tectonic structures (Caspian synclesia, Ergeninskoye raising, Nogai and Teregadin). In quaternary time, it was repeatedly poured by the sea, which in the northern part left clay and linous, and in south-sand sediments.
The surface of the Caspian lowland is characterized by micro- and mesoforms in the form of bearend, estuary, Kos, nodbin, in the south-ethmic forms, and along the coast of the Caspian sea-strip of Barhogrov.
Climatic conditions
Climate dry, continental.
Caspian lowland
The average temperatures of January from -14 ° in the north to -8 ° on the coast, July, respectively + 22 °, + 23 °. Precipitation from 200-150mm in the south-east of up to 350 mm in the North-West, evapoability is about 1000mm. Parts of dry.
For soils and vegetation of the Caspian lowland, a large complexity is characteristic. The soils are light-chestnuts, saltwaters, salonts meet, salt marshes. On the north-crested vegetation, to the south, the amount of cereals decreases, begins to prevail the worm. Used as pasture. In the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, frosting, gardening, vegetable growing. Field of oil (Embune Oil District), in Lake, Salt (Lake Baskunchak, Elton ND.).
A source
Grigoriev A.A. Volume 3 // Brief geographic encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1962. - S.580 p.
§ 24. Plains (textbook)
§ 24. Plains
1. Do you indicate the plains on the map.
2. How are relief forms are distributed in your area?
Surfaceing.On our planet, the plain relief prevails. It is well noticeable in physical band hemispheres.
Plains flat. The surface is sources, there are no noticeable lifts and descents. there is hilly plainsWhere the increase alternate with reductions. However, inequalities have a relative height of no more than 200 m. Consequently, plains - This is a relatively smooth sectional surface with small height oscillations. Most of the plains of terrestrial sharamomic size. This reflects their names: Great Chinese Plainin Eurasia, Great plains in North America. On one Eastern European district Place the territories of many states - Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia (Western part).
Alpine.In the height above sea level, the events distinguish low (lowlands), elevated (elevation) and high (plateore).
Lowlands They have absoluteness up to 200 m.
For example, West Siberian Plain With a flat surface of Eurasia. On the earth's surface are lowlands, located even below the level. For example, Caspian lowland Lies 28 m below sea level.
Hills - these are plains with suarwed altitudes from 200 to 500 m. The elevations include, for example Podolskin Ukraine.
Plateau - These are also erased, only high enough - more than 500 m above sea level. Examples are Medium-term placamine and plateaua Dean in Asia.
Ravenial Relief Ukraine creates alternation of lowlands and elevations. On physical cartelka gel to determine where they are located: the yellowish painting of elevations is distinguished by the number of green, indicating lowlands. So, Pridneprovskayaelevationlocated in the western part, and Black Sea Lowland Lies the Naug of the country. However, in nature it is difficult to notice the transition from one type of the plains of dotold. If you go, for example, from Odessa to Vinnitsa, the terrain will be gradually fought and the traveler imperceptibly continue its path already with replacement, and hill. The change in absolute heights can be installed only by the assistance of special devices.
Education.Plains can be formed due to raising and exemption from the water of famous weather. This is observed with the vertical movements of the earth's crust. Such plains primary. For example, Shortiestorskayalowlandonce it was a section of the bottom of the Black Sea.
Secondaryplainsthey are formed differently. Some of them, created by the rivers (sands, loam), were accumulated by the earth's crust for a long time. Their surface is flat or weak up. So Mesopotamskaya lowland Formed by the sediments of the Tiger rivers and Euphrates. Erannins may occur at the site of the mountains, when their vertices and slopes are developed under the action of external proofs, and the babies are filled with fragments. Then the coarseness gradually aligns and goes into a hilly plain. Example can serve Kazakh Melchosopechnoyer- High plain, among which the individual residues of mountain ranges are rising. Vukraina such a plain is Donetsk Kryazh.
It is equally covered with thick sediments: sand, clay, forests, gravel, limestone. Melic and metamorphic rocks are deeply under them: Gneisse granite. In some places, they go to the surface. Layers of sedimentary breeds are horizontally or with a minor inclination. Determine which way aside is inclined and on the ground, and on the map you can in the direction of the flow of rivers.
Changing the surface of the plains.Plains vary under the influence of internal and external processes. Plains, asked, lying on platforms - ancient aligned stable areas of lithospheric lip. Therefore, the internal processes are manifested mainly in slow-detective movements.
Exterior processes are associated with the work of water and wind. Where enough flow water, river valleys, ravines are formed. The ravines destroy the area of \u200b\u200bfertile lands. For the struggle of them, people put on bushes and trees. In deserts, where dry, the surface is equal, as a result of weathering, as well as wind action, which creates sandy ridges, dunes and vegans. Now the economic activity is also a significant external force. During the construction of cities, the gaskets of the roads are falling asleep, creating a suction. When mining is mining, careers arise, and the hills with a blank breed are near the shawholder tercons. So regret, often transforming the natural surface by a person has negative presses. Careless economic activity can lead to the emergence of a thickness of ravines, the transformation of fertile lands on the wasteland.
Questions and tasks
1. What is called plains? What surface can the plains?
2. How does the plains differ in height?
3. As a scale of heights in the atlas, determine which color is designated each of the type-levels in height. Give examples of each type of plains.
4. What are the plains in Ukraine?
5.Deep divides Ukraine on the right bank and left bank. According to the physical map of Ukraine, which of them is higher.
6. How are the plains formed?
7. For the action of which processes may change the surface of the plains?
Caspian lowland is located in Eurasia. This is the southern tip of the Eastern European Plain, adjacent to the Caspian Sea in its northern part. Natural borders: from north - elevation Common Syrte, West - Volga, Stavropol Hills and Ergen, East - Pre-Ural Plateau and Ustyurt, from the South - Caspian Sea. Located in Russia and Kazakhstan.
Coordinates:
Latitude: 47 ° 32 "S.Sh.
Longitude: 49 ° 01 "V.D.
Caspian lowland is a huge plain with an area of \u200b\u200b200,000 sq. Km, from the south lowering below the sea level. These are the steppes, deserts, semi-deserts and salt marshes, although there are quite a few rivers, including the major: Volga, when pushing into the Caspian, forming an extensive delta, and the Urals. Emba, Terek, Kuma crossed lowland. Many salted lakes - Baskunchak, Intere, Arall, Kamam-Samara lakes, Elton, Botkul.
Among the flat, like damn, the plains of some kind of dome from salt, called the mountains. Big Bogdo - a salt mountain of 150 meters high, is a cult destination of Buddhists. The main part of the lowland is the steppes and sands used for pastures. Fisheries and hunting is developed in the Volga-Ural interfluchia, the famous Astrakhan watermelons grow in the floodplain. In the Ural-Embinsky interference there are oil and gas fields.
In the Caspian lowland, despite the seemingly misfortune of nature, many natural attractions. There are archaeological, historical, cultural different peoples and epochs.
Russia
Reserves "Bogodino-Baskunchaksky", "Astrakhan", "Black lands". Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain is a natural park. Reservations "Manych-Gudilo" and "Berli Sands", Mount Big Bogdo, Lotus Valley, Kumo-Manic Wpadina (shares Eurasia), Cordon's tract, Barhogry. The monuments of archeology: the damn fortification of the Golden Horde (Astrakhan region), Saray-Batu (Astrakhan region), burials in the Barmony Bearing Towns, the Education Sorcement (Astrakhan Region). From cultural facilities, Khosheutovsky Hurule can be noted (Kalmyk Monument in honor of the victory over Napoleon in the village of River Astrakhan Region), Watermelon Museum (Kamyzyak City).
Kazakhstan
Ustyurt reserve, Wpadina Karagiye on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Lake Shalkar (Aktobe region), floodplain forests of the Ural River with unique and relict vegetation., Sanal and Sazanbai canyons. On the coast of the Caspian Sea, the resort town of Aktau and the Kenderlie complex. You can travel through the Great Silk Road, which passed through these places. Many archaeological monuments: Kyzyl-Cala (Red Fortress), the city of Sary-Ichik -Zolotodordsky trading center. Muslim sacred places - Underground Shopan-Ata and Beket-Ata Mosques.
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