For a long time, people living and the team thought about the peculiarities and patterns of living together, sought it to organize it, to ensure stability.
The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle compared the society with a living organism.
Man is a public creature, can not live isolated.
Society- This is a combination of relations between people, the wisely organized life and the activities of their large groups.
System (Greek) is an integer composed of parts, compound, a set of elements in relations and connections with each other, which form a certain unity.
Components of society:
The people are the historical form of the community of people associated with the terms of the production of material and spiritual benefits, language, culture and origin.
The nation is the historical form of organizing the life of anyone nation (or several close). This is a group of people who develop on the basis of the community territory, Econ. ties, language, culture.
The state is based on the right and law form of organizing the life of the people or nation. Contributes to the population of a certain territory.
Nature is a combination of natural conditions for the existence of human society (are closely interconnected).
Man is a living being that has the maximum impact on nature.
Society is a set of relationships between people who are developing in the process of their livelihoods.
Society is the concept of multifaceted (philatelists, nature protection, etc.); society as opposition to nature;
In society there are different subsystems. Close in the direction of the subsystem is customary to be called the spheres of human life.
Public relations are a set of various connections, contacts, dependencies arising between people (property relations, power and subordination, attitude of rights and freedoms)
Society of life of society
The economic area is a combination of public relations that arise in the process of manufacturing material values \u200b\u200band exist about this production.
The political and legal sphere is a combination of public relations that characterize the relationship of power (states) to citizens, as well as citizen relations to power (state).
Social sphere is a combination of social relations that organize interaction between various social groups.
Spiritual and moral, cultural sphere is a combination of social relations that arise in the spiritual life of humanity and function as its basis.
There is a close relationship of all spheres of human life.
Public relations are a combination of various connections, contacts, dependencies arising between people (property relations, power and subordination, attitude of rights and freedoms).
Society is a complex system that combines people. They are closely unity and interconnection.
Institute of Family - Primary Social Institute related to the reproduction of man as a biologist. Species and its upbringing and socialization as a member of society. Parents-children, love and mutual assistance.
Society is a complex dynamic self-developing system, which consists of subsystems (spheres of social life).
Characteristic features (signs) of society as a dynamic system:
dynamism (the ability to change over time both society and its individual elements).
a complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions).
self-sufficiency (the ability of the system to create and recreate the conditions necessary for their own existence, to produce everything necessary for people's life).
integration (relationship of all system components).
self-governance (response to changes in the natural environment and the world community).
Section 1. Social Studies. Society. Man - 18 hours.
Topic 1. Social Studies as a totality of knowledge about society - 2 hours.
General definition of the concept of society. Essence of society. Characteristics of public relations. Human society (man) and animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics. Main social phenomena human life: communication, knowledge, work. Society as a complex dynamic system.
General definition of the concept of society.
In a broad sense society - it is a part of the material world closely associated with it, which consists of individuals possessing will and consciousness, and includes ways to interact people and the forms of their association.
In a narrow sense the society can be understood as a certain group of people who united to communicate and jointly implement any activity and a specific stage in the historical development of any people or the country.
Essence of societyit is that in the process of its vital activity, each person interacts with other people. Similar diverse forms of people's interaction, as well as connections arising between different social groups (or inside them), is customary public relations.
Characteristics of public relations.
All public relations can be conditionally divided into three large groups:
1. Interpersonal (socio-psychological), under which they understand Relationships between individual individuals.At the same time, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have an unequal cultural and educational level, but they are united by the general needs and interests lying in leisure or life. Famous Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin highlighted the following types Interpersonal interaction:
a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);
b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);
c) between four, five and more people (singer and his listeners);
d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).
Interpersonal relationships arise and are implemented in society and are public relations even if they are the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.
2. Material (socio-economic), which there are and folded directly during the practical activity of a person, outside the consciousness of a person and regardless of him. They are divided into industrial, environmental and attitudes.
3. Spiritual (or perfect), which are formed, pre-"passing through the consciousness" of people, determined by their significant values \u200b\u200bfor them. They are divided into moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious public relations.
Main social human life phenomena:
1. Communication (the emotions are mainly involved, nice / unpleasant, I want);
2. Cognition (intelligence is mostly involved, truly / false, I can);
3. Labor (the will is mainly involved, it is necessary / not needed).
Human society (man) and animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics.
1. Consciousness and self-consciousness. 2. Word (2nd signal system). 3. Religion.
Society as a complex dynamic system.
In philosophical science, the Company is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, preserve its essence and qualitative certainty at the same time. At the same time, the system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, the element is called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
For the analysis of complex-organized systems similar to the one that society is, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than elements, but less complicated than the system itself.
1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relationships arising between people in the process of producing material goods, their exchange and distribution;
2) the socio-political, consisting of such structural formations, as classes, social layers, the nation, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other, manifested in such phenomena, as politics, the state, the right, their relationship and functioning;
3) Spiritual, covering various forms and levels of public consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of life of society, form what is customary to call spiritual culture.
Instruction
Dynamic called a system that is constantly in a state of movement. It develops, changing their own features and signs. One of these systems is society. Changing the state of society can be caused by the influence of the outside. But it sometimes lies the inner need of the system itself. The dynamic system is characterized by a complex structure. Its constitutes many sublevels and elements. On a global scale, human society includes many other societies in the form of states. States constitute public groups. The unit of the public group is a person.
Society constantly interacts with other systems. For example, with nature. It uses its resources, potential, etc. Throughout the history of mankind, the natural environment and natural cataclysms not only helped people. Sometimes they slowed down the development of society. And even became the cause of his death. The nature of interaction with other systems is formed due to the human factor. Under it usually understands a combination of such phenomena as the will, interest and conscious activities of individuals or social groups.
Characteristic signs of society as a dynamic system:
- dynamism (change in the entire society or its elements);
- complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions, etc.);
- self-sufficiency (the system itself creates conditions for existence);
- (interrelation of all components of the system);
- self-profit (the ability to react to events outside the system).
Society as a dynamic system consists of elements. They can be material (buildings, technical systems, institutions, etc.). And intangible or ideal (actually ideas, values, traditions, customs, etc.). So, the economic subsystem makes banks, transport, goods, services, laws, etc. Special system-forming element -. It has the ability to choose, has a free will. As a result of human activity or group of people, large-scale changes in society or individual groups can occur. This makes the social system more mobile.
The pace and quality of changes occurring in society can be different. Sometimes the established orders exist several hundred years, and then the changes occur quite quickly. Their scope and quality may be different. Society is constantly in development. It is an ordered integrity in which all elements are in a certain relationship. This property is sometimes called the inadecity of the system. Another feature of society as a dynamic system is municipality.
About the focus as a social phenomenon, its essence, signs and structure
As noted above, the object and subject of the study of sociology as a science is the Society and the diverse processes of cooperation, mutual assistance and rivalry of people who are combined into large and small social groups and community - national, religious, professional, etc.
A summary of this topic must begin with what human society represents; What are his distinctive signs; What group of people can be called society, and what - no; What are his subsystems; What is the essence of the social system.
With all the external simplicity of the concept of "society", the answer to the assigned question is uniquely impossible. It would be wrong to consider society as a simple set of people, individuals with their certain original qualities, which are manifested only in society, or as an abstract, faceless integrity, in which the originality of individuals and their connections is not taken into account.
In everyday life, this word is used quite often, wide and multi-valued: from a small group of people to all mankind (anatomical society, surgical society, Belarusian society of consumers, society of anonymous alcoholics, the international society of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Society of earthlings, etc.).
Society is a rather abstract and multifaceted concept. It is studied by various sciences - history, philosophy, cultural technology, political science, sociology, etc., each of which explores only its inherent parties and processes occurring in society. His simplest interpretation is the human community that people living in it form.
Sociology gives several approaches in the definition of society.
1. Famous Russian-American sociologist P. Sorokin, for example, considered: so that society can be, at least two people with a certain interaction association (family). This case will be the simplest type of society or social phenomenon.
Society is not any mechanical aggregate of people, but such an association, within which there is more or less permanent, sustainable and fairly close mutual influence and interaction of these people. "Whatever social group we have taken - whether it is a family, class, party, religious sect or a state, - wrote
P. Sorokin, - they all represent the interaction of two or one with many or many people with many. " All the infinite sea of \u200b\u200bhuman communication consists of the processes of interaction: one-sided and bilateral, temporary and long, organized and unorganized, solidarity and antagonistic, conscious and unconscious, sensual emotional and volitional.
The whole of the most difficult world of public life people disintegrates the outlined processes of interaction. A group of interacting people represents a kind of collective integer or collective unity. The close causal interdependence of their behavior and gives reason to consider interacting persons as a collective integer as one being composed of many people. Just like oxygen and hydrogen, interacting one with another form water, sharply different from the simple amount of isolated oxygen and hydrogen, and the set of interacting people is sharply different from their simple amounts.
2. Society is a combination of people united by specific interests, goals, needs or mutual relations and activities. But this definition of society cannot be complete, since in one society there may be people with different, and sometimes opposite interests and needs.
3. Society is the association of people with the following criteria:
- The community of their residence, usually coinciding with state borders and the service provider, in which the relationships and interaction of individuals of this society (Belarusian society, Chinese Society, are developing and developing.
and etc.);
– its integrity and stability, the so-called "collective unity" (according to P. Sokin);
– a certain level of culture development, which finds its expression in the development of a system of norms and values \u200b\u200bunderlying social relations;
– self-reproduction (although it can increase its number and as a result of migration processes) and self-sufficiency guaranteed by a certain level of economic development (including and due to imported supplies).
Thus, society is a challenged, a holistic, self-developing system of social interactions between people
and their community - family, professional, religious, ethnonational, territorial, etc.
Society as a complex, dynamic system has certain features, structure, stages of historical development.
1. Sociality, which expresses the public essence of the life of people, the specifics of their relationships and interactions (in contrast to group forms of interaction in the animal world). Man as a person can only be formed among themselves as a result of its socialization.
2. Ability to maintain and reproduce high intensity Socio-mental interactions between people inherent only by human society.
3. An important feature of society is the territory and its naturallymatic conditions where various social interactions occur. If we take to compare the method of producing material goods, lifestyle, culture and traditions of different peoples (for example, Through African tribes, small ethnic groups of the Far North or residents of the middle strip), it will become clear the great importance of the territerial-climatic features for the development of a society, its civilization.
4. Awareness of changes in the society changes and processes as a result of their activities (in contrast to natural processes independent of the will and consciousness of people). All that happens in society is carried out only by people, their organized groups. They create special bodies for self-regulation of society - social institutions.
5. The society has a challenging social structure consisting of various social layers, groups and communities. They differ among themselves in many respects: income and education levels, attitude
to authorities and property, belonging to various religions, political parties, organizations, etc. They are in difficult and diverse relations between relationships and continuous development.
Nevertheless, all the above signs of society interact with each other, ensuring the integrity and sustainability of its development as a single and complex system.
The Company is divided into structural components, or subsystems:
1. Economic subsystem.
2. Political subsystem.
3. Socio-cultural subsystem.
4. Social subsystem.
Consider these structural components Read more:
1. The economic subsystem of society (often referred to as the economic system) includes the production, distribution, exchange of goods and services, the interaction of people in the labor market, economic
stimulation of various activities, banking, credit
and others like them, organizations and institutions (studied by students
in the course of economic theory).
2. The political subsystem (or system) is the whole set socio-political interactions between individuals and groups, political structure of society, the regime of power, the activities of government bodies, political parties
and social and political organizations, the availability of political rights
and freedoms of citizens, as well as values, norms and rules governing the political behavior of individuals and social groups. With this system, students get acquainted in the course of political science.
3. The sociocultural subsystem (or system) includes education, science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, organizations
and culture institutions, media, etc. It is studied in such training courses as cultural studies, philosophy, aesthetics, religious studies, ethics.
4. The social subsystem is a form of vital activity of people, which is implemented in the development and functioning of social institutions, organizations, social communities, groups and individuals and unites all other structural components of society. It is a subject of study of sociology.
The interaction of the main subsystems of society can be submitted
in the form of the scheme (Fig. 3).
Society as a holistic system
Fig. 3. Structure of society
The Social Subsystem of the Company in turn includes the following structural components: social structure, social institutions, social relations, social relations and actions, social norms and values, etc.
There are other approaches in determining the structure of society as a social system. Thus, American sociologist E. Shilz proposed the study of society as a certain macrostructure, the main elev
whose cops are social community, social organizations and culture.
In accordance with these components, society must be considered in three aspects:
1) as the relationship of many individuals. As a result of the relationship of many individuals, social community is formed. They are the main side of society as a social system. Social community - these are actually existing sets of individuals forming certain integrity and with independence in social activities. They arise in the process of historical development of society and are characterized by the variety of species and forms.
The most significant are socio-class, socio-ethnic, socio-territorial, socio-demographic, etc. (more details in separate themes of the manual).
Forms of interaction between people in social communities are different: Individual - Individual; Individual - social group; Individual - society. They are formed in the process of labor, practical activity of people and are the behavior of an individual or social group, meaningful to the development of social community as a whole. Such social interaction of subjects determines social relations between individuals, between individuals and an external world. The aggregate of social relations is the basis of all social relations in society: political, economic, spiritual. In turn, they serve the foundation for the functioning of the political, economic, spiritual and social spheres (subsystems) of the life of society.
At the same time, all spheres of life of society, any social community cannot function successfully, and even more so develop without ordering, regulating relations between people in the process of their practical activity and behavior. For this, the Society has developed a kind of system of such regulation and organization of public life, its "Tools" - social institutions. They represent a certain set of institutions - the state, law, production, education, etc. In the context of the stable development of society, social institutions fulfill the role of mechanisms for coordinating the common interests of various groups of the population and individuals;
2) the second most important side of society as a social system is a social organization. It means a number of ways to regulate the actions of individual individuals and social groups to achieve certain goals of social development. In other words, a social organization is a mechanism for integrating the actions of individuals and social communities under a social system. Its elementary
mi are social roles, social statuses of individuals, social norms and social (public) values \u200b\u200b(in a separate topic).
The joint activity of individuals, the distribution of social statuses and social roles is impossible without a specific managerial body within the framework of the social organization. For these purposes, organizational and power structures are formed in the form of administration, as well as management links in the form of managers and managers. There is a formal structure of a social organization with various social statuses, with the administrative division of labor on the principle of "leaders - subordinates";
3) the third component of society as a social system is culture. In sociology under the culture, the system of social norms and values \u200b\u200benshrined in the practical activity of people,
but also, this activity itself. The main binding link is social
and cultural systems are valuable. Their task is to maintain a sample functioning of the social system. Norms in sociology are predominantly a social phenomenon. They are mainly carried out by the integration function, regulate a huge number of processes, promote the implementation of regulatory value obligations. In civilized, developed societies, the basis of social norms is the legal system.
IN the focus of the attention of sociology is the question of the social role of culture in society - to what extent certain social values \u200b\u200bcontribute to the humanization of social relations, the formation of a comprehensive personality.
On the bottomhound stages of the historical development of society, its types and concepts
As noted above, society is a constantly developing, dynamic system. In the course of such a development, it passes a number of historical stages and types characterized by special distinctive features. Social scientists have identified several major types of society.
1. Marxist concept of the development of society proposed in the middle of the XIX century. Marx and Engels, comes from the dominant role of the method of manufacturing material benefits in determining the type of society. According to this, Marx substantiated the presence of five production methods
and corresponding to them five social and economic formations consistently replacing one other as a result of class struggle
and social revolution. This is a primitive, slave, feudal, bourgeois and communist formations. Although it is known that a number of societies have not passed in their development by some stages.
2. Western sociologists of the second half of the XIX - mid-XX centuries. (O. Kont, Spencer, E. Durkheim, A. Tynby, etc.) believed that there are only two types of societies in the world:
a) traditional (t. N. Military democracy) is an agrarian society
from primitive production, a long-standing hierarchical social structure, the authorities of land owners, the assembly of armed warriors; undeveloped science and technology, minor savings;
b) Industrial society, which develops gradually, comes to replace the traditional as a result of great geographical and scientific and technical discoveries. A slow growth of technical progress begins, an increase in agricultural work, the emergence of a layer of merchants, merchants, the formation of centralized states. The first bourgeois revolutions in Europe lead to the emergence of new social layers, as well as to the emergence of the ideology of liberalism and nationalism, democratization of society. The historical framework of this type of society is from the era of Neolith to the industrial revolution, carried out in various countries and regions at different times.
For industrial society, characteristic:
– urbanization, increase in the downtown 60–80 %;
– accelerated industry growth and reducing agriculture;
– the introduction of achievements of science and technology into production processes and improving productivity;
– the emergence of new branches of production as a result of scientific program progress;
– increasing the share of capital savings in GDP and investing them in the development of production (15-20% of GDP);
– changes in the structure of employment of the population (an increase in the share of workers engaged in mental labor due to the reduction of unqualified, physical);
– growth of consumption.
3. From the second half of the XX century. In Western sociology, the concepts of the three-star social typology appeared. R. Aron, Z. Brzezinsky, D. Bell, J. Galbreit, O. Toffler and others proceeded from the fact that humanity in its historical development takes three main stages and the type of societies (civilizations):
a) pre-industrial (agrarian-craft) society, the main wealth of which is the Earth. It prevails a simple division of labor, manufactory manufacturing. The main purpose of such a society is power, a rigid authoritarian system. Its main institutes - army, church
cow, agriculture. Dominant social layers - know, clergy, warriors, slave owners, later - feudal feudal;
b) Industrial society, the main wealth of which is capital, money. It is characterized by large engine manufacturing, scientific program progress, developed system of division of labor, mass production of goods to the market, the development of the media, etc. The dominant layer - industrialists, businessmen.
c) post-industrial (informational) society comes to replace the industrial. The main value of it is knowledge, science that produces information. The main social layer is scientists. The post-industrial society is characterized by the emergence of new means of production: information and electronic systems with billions of operations per second, computer equipment, new technologies (genetic engineering, cloning, etc.); the use of microprocessors in industry, services, trade and exchange; A sharp reduction in the share of the rural population and an increase in employment in the field of service, etc. Reality of various types of society is presented in Table. one.
Table 1 |
|||
Differences between traditional, industrial |
|||
and post-industrial types of society |
|||
Signs | Type of society | ||
Traditional | Industrial | Post-industrial |
|
(agrarian) |
|||
Natural | Product farm | Development of the sphere |
|
management | farm | services, consumption |
|
Predominant | Agrarian | Industrial | Production |
sphere of economy | production | production | information |
Manual labor | Mechanization | Computerization |
|
labor way | matization | production |
|
schedule | and management |
||
Main social | Church, Army | Industrial | Education, |
institutes | corporation | universities |
|
Priests | Businessmen, | Scientists, managers |
|
social layers | feedals, know | entrepreneurs | consultants |
The method of political | Military democra | Democracy | Civic |
office management | tia, despotic | society, |
|
control | self management |
||
Chief factor | Physical | Capital, money | |
control | divine power | ||
Maintenance | Between higher | Between labor | Between knowledge |
contradiction | and lower | and capital | and ignorance |
slobs | incompetence |
||
Olvin Toffler and other Western sociologists argue that developed countries from the 70-80s. Xx in. Survive new technological
a revolution leading to the continuous renewal of social relations and the creation of super-industrial civilizations.
The theory of industrial and post-industrial society brings together five trends in social development: the technicalization, informatization, complication of society, social differentiation and social integration. This will be discussed below, in certain chapters of this publication.
However, it should be borne in mind that all of the foregoing concerns developed countries. All others, including Belarus, are located on the industrial stage (or in the pre-industrial society).
Despite the attractiveness of many ideas of post-industrial society, the problem of its formation in all regions of the world remains open due to the exhaustion of many resources of the biosphere, the availability of social conflicts, etc.
In Western sociology and cultural studies, the theory of cyclical development of society is also allocated, the authors of which are O. Spengler, A. Tynby, etc. It comes from the fact that the evolution of society is considered not as a straightforward movement to its more advanced state, but as a kind of closed lifting cycle , flourishing and decline, re-repeated as it is completed (the cyclical concept of the development of society can be considered by analogy with the life of a separate person - birth, development, flourishing, old age and death).
Of particular interest in our students is the "Theory of Healthy Society", created by a German-American psychologist, a doctor and sociologist Erich Fromm (1900-1980). Emigrating from Germany in the United States in 1933, he worked for many years a psycho-analyst practitioner, later engaged in scientific activities, since 1951 he became a professor at the University.
Criticizing capitalism as a patient, an irrational society, Froms developed the concept of creating a harmonious healthy society using social therapy methods.
The main provisions of the theory of healthy society.
1. Developing a holistic concept of personality, Froms found out the mechanisms of interaction between psychological and social factors.
in the process of its formation.
2. Health of society he displays his members. The concept of a healthy Society of Fromma differs from the understanding of Durkheim, who admitted the possibility of having an anomy in society (i.e., denials by members of the main social values \u200b\u200band the norms leading to the socio
devintegration and subsequent deviant behavior). But Durkheim attributed it only to the individual, but not to society as a whole. And if we assume that deviant behavior may be peculiar
most members of society and lead to destructive behavior to domination, then we receive a sore society. Stages of "Diseases" Next: Anomios → Social Disintegration → Deviation → Destruction
→ Disintegration of the system.
IN advanced Durkheim Fromm calls a healthy such society,
in which people would develop their mind to such an extent of objectivity, which allows them to see themselves, other people and nature in their true reality, distinguish good from evil, do their own choice. This would mean a society, whose members developed in themselves the ability to love their children, family, other people, themselves, nature, feel unity with her, and at the same time - to preserve the sense of individuality, integrity and exceed nature in creativity, and not in destruction .
The goal scheduled to them, considered ferry, while it was possible to achieve a minority. The task is to turn the majority of society
in healthy people. The ideal of a healthy Frome Society sees in the transformation of all spheres of public life:
– in the economic region should be the self-government of all employees in the enterprise;
– income should be equalized to such an extent to ensure a decent life of various social strata;
– in the political sphere, decentralization of power is needed with the creation of thousands of small groups with interpersonal contacts;
– changes should simultaneously cover all other areas, since changes only in one devastively act on changes
generally;
– a person should not be a tool used by other or himself, but to feel like a subject of his strength and opportunities.
The theory of social change in the company T. Parsons is quite interesting. It comes from the fact that evolution is subject to various systems of society: the body, personality, social system and the cultural system as a growing degree of complexity. Indeed, in deep changes are only those that occur in the cultural system. Economic and political coups that do not affect the level of culture in society do not change the basis and society itself. Examples of this is a huge set.
Summing up the foregoing, it should be noted that all scientific and technological radical changes entail the coups and other areas of public life, but they are not accompanied by social revolutions, as Marx, Engels, Lenin argued. Class interests, of course, exist, contradictions - also, however, employees force ownership owners to make concessions, raise the salary, increase revenues, and therefore
and lift the life level and welfare. All this leads to a decrease in social tensions, smoothing class contradictions and denial of the inevitability of social revolutions.
Society as a social, dynamically developing system has always been, there is also the most difficult and attracting the attention of sociologists as an object of study. According to the degree of complexity, it can only be compared with the human person, an individual. Society and individuals are inextricably linked and one through another is interdess. This is the methodological key to the study of other social systems.
In polls for self-control
1. What does human society mean?
2. What are the main approaches in determining the concept of "society"?
3. Name the main signs of society.
4. Give the characteristic of the leading subsystems of society.
5. Set out the structural components of the social system of society.
6. What theories of society theories can you call?
7. Describe the essence of the "Theory of Healthy Society" E. Fromma.
Literature
1. American sociological thought. M., 1994.
2. Babosov, E. General Sociology / E. Babos. Minsk, 2004.
3. Gorelov, A. Sociology / A. Gorelov. M., 2006.
4. Luman, N. The concept of society / N. Luman // Problems of theoretical sociology. St. Petersburg., 1994.
5. Parsons, T. System of modern societies / T. Parsons. M., 1998.
6. Popper, K. Open society and its enemies / K. Popper. M., 1992. T. 1, 2.
7. Sorokin, P. Man, Civilization, Society / P. Sorokin. M., 1992.
Ticket number 1.
What is society?
There are many definitions of the concept of "society". In a narrow sense under societyit can be understood as a certain group of people who united to communicate and jointly implement any activity and a specific stage in the historical development of the people or the country.
In a broad sense, society - It is the part of the material world closely associated with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction between people and the forms of their association.
In philosophical science Society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, preserve its essence and qualitative certainty at the same time. In this case, the system is defined as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, the element is called some further indecomposable component of the system, which takes direct participation in its creation.
Signs of society:
- A combination of individuals gifted by the will and consciousness.
- Common interest having a constant and objective nature. The organization of society depends on the harmonious combination of the general and individual interests of its members.
- Interaction and cooperation based on common interests. There must be an interest in each other with the possibility of the interest of each.
- Regulation of public interest through mandatory rules of behavior.
- The presence of organized force (power) capable of providing internal order and external security to society.
Each of them these areas, being an element of the system called "society", in turn turns out to be a system with respect to elements, its components. All four spheres of social life are interconnected and mutually determine each other. The separation of society on spheres is somewhat conventionally, but it helps to extend and explore the individual areas of a really holistic society, a diverse and complex social life.
- Politics and power
Power- The right and opportunity to influence other people, subordinate them to their will. The government appeared with the emergence of human society and will always be accompanied in one form or another.
Sources of power:
- Violence (physical strength, weapons, organized group, threat of use of force)
- Authority (family and social ties, deep knowledge in some kind of field, etc.)
- Right (position and powers, control over resources, custom and tradition)
Subject of power - the one who gives orders
Power object - The one who performs.
To date researchers allocate various public authorities:
Depending on the prevailing resource, power is divided into political, economic, social, informational;
Depending on the mutual entities, the authorities are divided into state, military, party, trade union, family;
Depending on the methods of interaction between subjects and objects, the authorities distinguish the power dictatorial, totalitarian and democratic.
Politics- activities of public classes, parties, groups defined by their interests and goals, as well as the activities of state authorities. Often under political struggle imply a struggle for power.
Highlight the following types of power:
- Legislative (Parliament)
- Executive (Government)
- Judicial (courts)
- Recently, the media is characterized as the "fourth power" (information possession)
Policy subjects: individuals, social groups, classes, organizations, political parties, state
Policy objects: 1.internal (society as a whole, economy, social sphere, culture, national relations, ecology, personnel)
2. External (international relations, world community (global problems)
Policy features:organizational base of society controlling, communicative, integrative, educational
Prices:
1. In the direction of political decisions - economic, social, national, cultural, religious, state-legal, youth
2. On the scope of exposure - local, regional, national (national), international, global (global problems)
3. According to the prospects of impact - strategic (long-term), tactical (urgent tasks for achieving strategy), conjugate or current (urgent)
Ticket number 2.
Society as a complex dynamic system
Society - A complex dynamic self-developing system, which consists of subsystems (public life areas), which are usually distinguished by four:
1) economic (its elements are material production and relationships arising between people in the process of manufacturing material goods, their exchange and distribution);
2) social (consists of such structural formations as classes, social layers, nation, from their relationships and interactions with each other);
3) political (includes policies, state, right, their relationship and functioning);
4) the spiritual (covers various forms and levels of public consciousness, which in the real life of society form the phenomenon of spiritual culture).
Characteristic features (signs) of society as a dynamic system:
- dynamism (the ability to change over time both society and its individual elements).
- a complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions).
- self-sufficiency (the ability of the system to create and recreate the conditions necessary for their own existence, to produce everything necessary for people's life).
- integration (relationship of all system components).
- self-governance (response to changes in the natural environment and the world community).
Ticket number 3.
- Nature man
To date, there is no clarity as to what the nature of a person defining its essence. Modern science recognizes the dual essence of a person, a combination of biological and social.
From the point of view of biology, a person belongs to the class of mammals, a detachment of primates. A person is subject to the same biological patterns as animals: he experiences food, musculoskeletal activity, rest. The person grows is susceptible to diseases, aging and dies.
The "Animal" personality person is under the influence of congenital behavior programs (instincts, unconditional reflexes) and purchased throughout life. This personality party "answers" for nutrition, preservation of life and health, continued genus.
Supporters of the theory of human origin from animals as a result of evolution
They explain the peculiarities of the appearance and human behavior with a long struggle for the existence (2.5 million flyer), as a result of which they survived and left the offspring of individuals the most adapted.
The social essence of a person is under the influence of a public lifestyle, communicating with others. Thanks to communication, a person can transfer to others what he realizes what he thinks about. The means of communication of people in society is primarily a language. There are cases when small children brought up animals. After hitting the human society in adulthood, they could not master the self-partitioned human speech. This may indicate that the abstract thinking about it is formed only in society.
The social forms of behavior can be attributed to human ability to sympathize, care for weak and needing assistance to members of society, self-sacrifice for the rescue of other people, the struggle for the truth, justice, etc.
The highest form of manifestation of the spiritual side of the human personality is the love of neighbor, not related to material remuneration or public recognition.
Disinterested love, altruism are the main conditions for spiritual growth, improving their own personality. The spiritual person, enriched in the process of communication, limits the egoism of the biological personality, so there is moral improvement.
Describing the social essence of a person, as a rule, is called: consciousness, speech, labor activity.
- Socialization
Socialization - The process of mastering knowledge and skills, ways of behavior necessary to a person to become a member of society, correctly act and interact with their social environment.
Socialization - The process, during which the baby gradually turns into a self-conscious reasonable creature that understands the essence of the culture in which he was born.
Socialization is divided into two types - primary and secondary.
Primary socialization concerns the direct environment of a person and includes, first of all, family and friends, and secondary refers to indirect, or formal, surrounding and consists of the impact of institutions and institutions. The role of primary socialization is large in the early stages of life, and secondary - later.
Highlight agents and Institutes of Socialization. Socialization agents - These are specific people responsible for teaching cultural standards and mastering social roles. Institutes of Socialization - Social institutions affecting the socialization process and guides it. Primary socialization agents include parents, relatives, friends and peers, teachers and doctors. Secondary - officials of the university, enterprises, army, churches, journalists, etc. Primary socialization is the sphere of interpersonal relations, secondary - social. The functions of the primary socialization agents are interchangeable and universal, secondary - non-violent and specialized.
Along with socialization it is possible desocialization - loss or conscious refusal of assimilated values, norms, social roles (committing a crime, mental illness). Restoration of lost values \u200b\u200band roles, retraining, return to normal lifestyle is called resocialization (Such is the purpose of punishment as corrections) - change and revision of ideas formed earlier.
Ticket number 4.
Economic systems
Economic systems - this is a combination of interrelated economic elements forming a certain integrity, the economic structure of society; The unity of relations that make up about the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic benefits.
Depending on the method of solving the main economic problems and type of ownership to economic resources, four main types of economic systems can be distinguished:
- traditional;
- market (capitalism);
- team (socialism);
- mixed.
Ticket number 5.
Ticket number 6.
Cognition and knowledge
In the dictionary of the Russian language, Ozhegova S. I. are given two definitions of concept. knowledge:
1) comprehension of reality by consciousness;
2) a set of information, knowledge in some area.
Knowledge - This is a multidimensional proven practice result, which was confirmed by the logical path, the process of knowledge of the surrounding world.
Several scientific knowledge criteria can be called:
1) knowledge systematicization;
2) consistency of knowledge;
3) the validity of knowledge.
Systematic scientific knowledge This means that the entire accumulated experience of humanity leads (or should lead) to a certain strict system.
Consistency of scientific knowledge It means that knowledge in various fields of science complement each other, and not exclude. This criterion directly follows from the previous one. The first criterion is more helping to eliminate the contradiction - a strict logical system of building knowledge will not at the same time exist in several contradictory laws.
Radiation of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge can be confirmed by repeated repetition of the same action (i.e. empirically). The rationale for scientific concepts occurs by referring to the data of an empirical study or by referring to the ability to describe and predict phenomena (in more often, relying on intuition).
Knowledge - This is the process of acquiring knowledge through an empirical or sensual study, as well as the comprehension of the patterns of the objective peace and a totality of knowledge in any industry of science, art.
Allocate the following views of knowledge:
1) everyday knowledge;
2) art knowledge;
3) sensual knowledge;
4) Empirical knowledge.
Lowish knowledge is the experience gained in many centuries. It is in observation and smelting. This knowledge, no doubt, is acquired only as a result of practice.
Art knowledge. The specifics of the artistic knowledge is that it is built on a visual image, displays peace and man in a holistic state.
Sensual knowledge is that we perceive with the help of senses (for example, I hear the call of a mobile phone, I see a red apple, etc.).
The main difference between sensual knowledge from the empirical lies in the fact that empirical knowledge is carried out by observing or experiment. When conducting an experiment, a computer or other device is used.
Methods of knowledge:
1) induction;
2) deduction;
3) analysis;
4) Synthesis.
Induction is a conclusion made on the basis of two or more prerequisites. Induction can lead both faithful and incorrect conclusion.
Deduction is a transition made from common to particular. The deduction method, in contrast to the induction method, always leads to true conclusions.
Analysis is dividing the object being studied or phenomenon to parts and components.
Synthesis is the process opposite to the analysis, that is, the connection of parts of the object or phenomenon into one.
Ticket number 7.
Legal responsibility
Legal responsibility - This is a way with which the interests of the individual, society and state receive real defense . Legal responsibility Indicates the application to the offender the sanctions of the legal norms specified in them of certain collection measures. This imposition on the offender of state coercion measures, the application of legal sanctions for an offense. Such responsibility is a peculiar attitude of the state and the offender, where the state represented by his law enforcement agencies has the right to punish the offender, to restore the impaired law enforcement, and the offender is intended to be convicted, i.e. Lighted certain benefits, undergo certain adverse effects established by law.
These consequences may be different:
- personal (death penalty, imprisonment);
- property (fine, confiscation of property);
- prestigious (reprimand, deprivation of awards);
- organizational (closure of the enterprise, exemption from office);
- their combination (recognition of the contract is illegal, deprivation of driver's license).
Ticket number 8.
Man in the labor market
A special and unique sphere of socio-economic relations of people is the disposal of the relationship to sell by the people of their labor force. The place where labor is sold and bought - labor markets. The law of supply and demand reigns here. The labor market ensures the distribution and redistribution of labor resources, the mutual adaptation of objective and subjective factors of production. In the labor markets, a person gets the opportunity to act in accordance with its own interests, to realize its abilities.
Work force - Physical and mental capabilities, as well as skills, allowing a person to perform a certain type of work.
For the sale of his workforce, the employee receives wages.
Wage - The amount of money remuneration, which pays the employer to the employee for the implementation of a certain amount of work or fulfill its official duties.
So, the cost of labor is wages.
At the same time, the "labor market" means for each competition for jobs, a certain freedom of hands for the employer of labor, that in adverse circumstances (the proposal exceeds demand) can cause very negative social consequences - a decrease in salary, unemployment, etc. For someone looking for a job or work on hiring, this means that it should, by improving the qualifications and retraining to maintain and deepen interest in itself as a labor force. This not only gives certain guarantees from unemployment, but is a foundation for further professional development. Of course, this is not a guarantee of unemployment, because in each particular case, a variety of personal causes should be taken into account (for example, desires and claims for certain activities), real conditions (human age, floor, possible obstacles or restrictions, place of residence and much more). It should be noted that even in the future, employees must learn to adapt to the requirements that the labor market has been in front of them, and the conditions themselves that quickly change. To meet the conditions of the modern labor market, each should be ready for constant changes.
Ticket number 9.
- Nation and national relations
The nation is the highest form of ethnic community of people, the most developed, historically sustainable, united by economic, territorial-state, cultural, psychological and religious signs.
Some scientists believe that the nation is degree of degree, i.e. People living in one state-ve. Belonging to one or another nation is called nationality. Nationality is determined not only by origin, but also by the upbringing, culture and human psychology.
There are 2 trends in the development of the Nation:
1. National, which manifests itself in the desire of each nation to sovereignty, the development of its economy, science and art. Nationalism is the doctrine of the priority of interests and values \u200b\u200bof its nation, ideology and politics, based on the ideas of superiority and national exclusivity. Nationalism can grow into chauvinism and fascism - aggressive manifestations of nationalism. Nationalism can lead to national discrimination (rejection and infringement of human rights).
2. International - it reflects the desire of nations to interact, mutually enrichment, the expansion of cultural, economic, and other connections.
Both trends are interrelated and promote human progress
Civilizations.
National relations are the relationship between national-ethnic development entities - nations, peoples, national groups and their state entities.
These relationships are three types: equality; domination and submission; Destruction of other subjects.
National relations reflect the entire completeness of social relations, are determined by economic and political factors. The main political aspects are the main. This is due to the meaning of the state as the most important factor for the formation and development of nations. The political sphere includes such issues of national relations as national self-determination, a combination of national and international interests, equality of nations, creating conditions for the free development of national languages \u200b\u200band national cultures, representation of national personnel in the structures of power, etc. At the same time, historically developing traditions, Social feelings and sentiment, geographical and cultural conditions of nations and nationalities have a strong impact on the formation of political installations, political behavior, political culture.
The main questions in national relations - equality or submission; inequality of levels of economic and cultural development; National Return, Reset, Enmity.
- Social problems in the labor market
Ticket number 10.
- Culture and spiritual life of society
Culture is a very difficult phenomenon, which is reflected in the current hundreds of definitions and interpretations existing hundreds. The most common are the following approaches to understanding culture as phenomenon of public life:
- Technological approach: Culture - a set of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Activities: Culture - Creative activities carried out in the spheres of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Value approach: Culture - the practical realization of universal values \u200b\u200bin the affairs and relationships of people.
Starting with i c. before. n. e. Under the word "culture" (from lat. Cultura - care, processing, cultivation of the earth) understood the education of a person, the development of his soul and education. It finally entered into use as a philosophical concept in the XVIII - early XIX century. And marked the evolution of mankind, gradual improvement of the language, customs, government, scientific knowledge, art, religion. At this time it was close to the meaning to the concept of "civilization". The concept of "culture" was contrasted with the concept of "nature", i.e., culture is what man created, and nature is what exists regardless of him.
Based on the many works of various scientists, the concept of "culture" in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a historically determined dynamic complex of forms that are constantly updating in all spheres of social life, the principles, methods and results of active creative activities of people.
Culture in a narrow sense - the process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values \u200b\u200bare being created, are distributed and consumed.
In connection with the existence of two types of activities - material and spiritual - you can allocate two main areas of existence and development of culture.
Material culture is associated with the production and development of items and phenomena of the material world, with a change in the physical nature of man: material and technical equipment, communication, cultural and domestic structures, production experience, skills, people skills, etc.
Spiritual culture - a set of spiritual values \u200b\u200band creative activities for their production, development and use: science, art, religion, morality, politics, right, etc.
Criterion of division
The division of culture on the material and spiritual is very conditional, since it is sometimes very difficult to carry out the line between them, because they simply do not exist in the "pure" form: spiritual culture can be embodied in material carriers (books, paintings, labor instruments, etc. d.). Understanding all the relativity of the difference between material and spiritual culture, most researchers nevertheless believe that it still exists.
The main functions of the culture:
1) cognitive is the formation of a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe people, the country, the epoch;
2) estimated - the implementation of the differentiation of values, enrichment of traditions;
3) Regulatory (regulatory) - the formation of the system of norms and the requirements of society to all individuals in all areas of life and activity (the norms of morality, rights, behavior);
4) informative - the implementation of the transfer and sharing of knowledge, values \u200b\u200band experience of previous generations;
5) Communicative - preservation, transmission and replication of cultural property; development and improvement of personality through communication;
6) socialization - the assimilation of the Individual of the knowledge system, norms, values, the teaching to social roles, regulatory behavior, the desire for self-improvement.
Under the spiritual life of society, the region of being, in which an objective reality is given to people not in the form of opposing subject activity, but as a reality present in the man itself, which is an integral part of his personality.
The spiritual life of a person arises on the basis of his practical activity, is a special form of reflection of the surrounding world and the means of interaction with it.
The spiritual life includes, as a rule, knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, ability, aspirations and goals of people. They taken in unity they constitute the spiritual world of the person.
Spiritual life is closely related to other spheres of society and is one of its subsystems.
Elements of the spiritual sphere of life of society: morality, science, art, religion, right.
The spiritual life of society covers various forms and levels of public consciousness: moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal consciousness.
The structure of the spiritual life of society:
Spiritual needs
Represent the objective need of people and societies as a whole to create and master spiritual values
Spiritual activity (spiritual production)
Production of consciousness in a special social form, carried out by specialized groups of people professionally engaged in qualified mental labor
Spiritual benefits (values):
Ideas, theories, images and spiritual values
Spiritual public relations of individuals
Man itself as a creature spiritual
Reproduction of public consciousness in its integrity
Features
Its products are ideal formations that cannot be alienated from their direct manufacturer.
The universal nature of its consumption, as spiritual benefits are available to all - individuals without exception, being the inception of all mankind.
- Right in the system of social norms
Social norm- the rule of behavior regulating the relationship between people, social life, established in society.
Society is a system of interrelated social community relations. These relationships are numerous and diverse. Not all of them are settled by the right. Outside of legal regulation there are many relations of the privacy of people - in the field of love, friendship, leisure, consumption, etc. Although political, public interactions are mostly carried out, and in addition to the right are regulated by other social norms. Thus, the right does not have a monopoly on social regulation. Legal norms cover only strategic, socially significant aspects of relations in society. Along with the right, a large amount of regulatory functions in society perform a wide variety of social norms.
Social norm is a general rule that regulates homogeneous, mass, typical public relations.
In addition to the right to social standards, morality, religion, corporate rules, customs, mod, etc. The right is only one of the subsystems of social norms with its special specificity.
The overall purpose of social norms is to streamline the joint existence of people, ensuring and coordinating their social interaction, giving the last stable, guaranteed nature. Social standards limit individual freedom of individuals, establishing the limits of possible, due and prohibited behavior.
The right regulates public relations in collaboration with other norms as an element of a social regulatory system.
Signs of legal norm
The only one in a number of social norms, which comes from the state and is the official expression of his will.
Represents measure of freedom of the willing and behavior of a person.
Published in concrete form.
Is an form of implementation and consolidation of rights and obligations Public relations.
Supported in its implementation and protected by the power of the state.
Always represents state prescription state.
Is an the only state regulator of public relations.
Represents community behavior rule, i.e. indicates: how, in what direction, for which time, to which territory it is necessary to act a one or another subject; Prescribes the right one from the point of view of society and therefore the method of action is mandatory for each individual.
Ticket number 11.
- Constitution of the Russian Federation - the main law of the country
Constitution of the Russian Federation - the highest regulatory legal act of the Russian Federation. Adopted by the people of the Russian Federation on December 12, 1993.
The Constitution has the highest legal force, which enshrines the foundation of the constitutional system of Russia, the state structure, the formation of representative, executive, judicial authorities and the system of local self-government, human rights and freedoms and citizen.
The Constitution is the main law of the state with the highest legal force, enshrining and regulating basic public relations in the field of the legal status of the personality, civil society institutions, the organization of the state and the functioning of public authorities.
It is with the concept of the Constitution that its essence is connected - the main law of the state is intended to serve the main limiter for power in relations with man and society.
Constitution:
· Enshrines the state system, basic rights and freedoms, determines the form of state and the system of senior authorities;
· He has the highest legal force;
· It has a direct action (the provisions of the Constitution must be carried out regardless of whether other acts are contrary to them);
· It is distinguished by stability due to a special, complicated procedure for adoption and change;
· Is the base for current legislation.
The essence of the Constitution, in turn, manifests itself through its main legal properties (that is, characteristic features that determine the qualitative peculiarity of this document) to which include:
Speech as the main law of the state;
legal supremacy;
performing the role of the foundation of the country's legal system;
stability.
Sometimes the properties of the Constitution include other signs - legitimacy, continuity, prospects, reality, etc.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the country. Despite the fact that in the official title and text, this term is absent (in contrast, for example, from the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 or Constitutions of Germany, Mongolia, Guinea and other states), this follows from the very legal nature and essence of the Constitution.
Legal supremacy. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has the highest legal force in relation to all other legal acts, not a single legal act adopted in the country (federal law, the act of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the act of regional, municipal or departmental law-conducting, a contract, judicial decision, etc. ), cannot contradict the basic law, and in the case of contradiction (legal conflicts), the norms of the Constitution have priority.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the core of the legal system of the state, the basis for the development of the current (sectoral) legislation. In addition to the fact that the Constitution enshrines the competence of various public authority bodies in ructuralness and defines the main goals of such a rulemaking, directly determines the areas of social relations, which should be resolved by federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and So on, it contains many basic provisions underlying the development of other branches of law.
The stability of the Constitution is manifested in establishing a special procedure for its change (compared with laws and other legal acts). From the point of view of the procedure for change, the Russian Constitution is "tough" (unlike "soft", or "flexible" constitutions of some states - Great Britain, Georgia, India, New Zealand and others - where changes to the Constitution are introduced in the same manner as In ordinary laws, or at least a fairly simple procedure).
- Social mobility
Social mobility - a change in an individual or a group of space occupied in the social structure (social position), moving from one social layer (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social layer (horizontal mobility). Social mobility - This is a process of changing the person of his public status. Social status - The situation occupied by the Individual or the social group in society or a separate subsystem of society.
Horizontal mobility - Transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level (example: Move from Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish individual mobility - moving one person regardless of others and group - Movement occurs collectively. In addition, allocate geographic mobility - Move from one place to another while maintaining the former status (example: international and interregional tourism, moving from the city to the village and back). As a kind of geographic mobility allocate concept of migration - Move from one place to another with a variable status (example: Man moved to the city at a permanent place of residence and changed his profession).
Vertical mobility - Promotion of a person on the service staircase up or down.
Ascending mobility - Social lifting, upward movement (for example: promotion).
Downward mobility - Social descent, movement down (for example: degradation).
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