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• The quality of life
• 4. Differentiation of income
• Income inequality in Russia
• Literature

1. Level and quality of life: concept, index human Development, the quality of life

The main goals of a person are survival, pleasure and development. Therefore, when evaluating human life It should take into account the degree of achievement by the individual of these three goals. In the era of the formation of civilization, when food and other survival products were not in sufficiency, the human life was assessed by the volume of survival to him, i.e. The physiological approach to the assessment of human life prevailed. With the development of the productive forces of society all more People have at their disposal the amount of resources, sufficient not only for survival, but also for the development and receipt of pleasure. For centuries, the purpose of obtaining pleasures dominated in the ideas of people over the purpose of development, i.e. The utilitarian approach to the assessment of human life prevailed. IN market economy The purpose of obtaining pleasures was transformed into the goal of maximizing the consumption of material goods, and the society turned into a "consumer society". TO at the beginning of XXI in. in developed countries Formed information societywhich is recognized as the primacy of the purpose of the development of the creative potential of a person. The appropriate approach to the assessment of human life can be defined as "creative" (from english creative - creative, creative).

In order to quantify the process of development of society, many economists sought to establish an integral statistical indicator, which characterizes the degree of achievement of the "average" member of the society of the main goals of life. This indicator is usually called level life. In theoretical terms, the concept of "standard of living" is akin to the concept of "well-being", since they both reflect the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs population. At the same time, a subjective welfare is usually understood in modern economies, while the standard of living is considered as an objective indicator that does not depend on individuals's opinions.

When calculating the standard of living of the population, private meters are commonly used, characterizing the degree of achieving the private goals of the life of the "medium" member of society. Thus, the degree of achievement of the goal of survival can be assessed by the specific population of the population of devoid of minimum means of existence; Value medium duration life, etc. The degree of achievement of material consumption is estimated by the value of average income, the volume of GDP per capita, etc. The degree of achievement of the development goal can be determined by the specific population with high levels education, the number of students per 1000 people of the population, etc.

When designing an integral indicator of living standards, a number of difficulties arise. First, each of the three private meters of living standards is chosen from many of the same type of indicators, and the subjective views of the Economist of the researcher cannot do not influence this choice. Secondly, creating a formula for calculating the integral indicator of the standard of living, the researcher laid into it some relative importance of private level of living standards, which is also subjective. Thirdly, private level of living standards are usually measured in various units, which makes it difficult to use these indicators as arguments of the standard standard function. Fourth, the development phenomenon is very difficult, therefore it cannot be described by any one quantitative indicator. Human development as social Individual It is characterized not only by its formation (which can be easily measured), but also the level and director of its creative abilities and the degree of development of the system of its social relationships with other people: family, friendly, profes with sional, civil, political, etc. Three of the four difficulties listed above were successfully overcome under the concept of the human development index, which will be discussed below. As for the problem of level evaluation social Development, then it is considered more deeply within the framework of the concept quality life. The concept of life quality includes both the standard of living, measured in one way or another, and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics. public Lifereflecting various aspects of social development, in particular the state of crime, morality, culture, ecology, etc.

Human Development Index

Index human development (HPI - Human Development Index) is the most famous indicator of the standard of living, officially used in the UN publications. Its values \u200b\u200bare calculated and published since 1990 by countries belonging to this international Organization. In accordance with the value of the human development index, the country is divided into three groups: with high, average and low level development. The human development index is calculated as the arithmetic average of three private indices: the life expectancy, the level of education and secondary GDP. Each of the private indices and the human development index lie ranging from zero to one.

Index expected duration life (Lei - Life Expectancy Index) reflects the degree of achieving survival goals, it depends on the level of income of the population, quality medical care, its availability, etc. The index is calculated by the following formula:

Le.- Le.mIN.

Lei = Le.max - L.mIN.

where Le. - actual life expectancy at birth in the country under consideration, A Le. max and Le. mIN. - accordingly, the maximum and minimum values \u200b\u200bof this indicator among all countries of the world.

Example 1. The values \u200b\u200bof the expected lifespan at birth in some year amounted to: the maximum - 85 years, the minimum - 25 years, the actual - 64 years. Then the index of expected lifespan for the country under consideration will be:

Lei= (64 - 25): (85 - 25) = 0,65.

In Russia in 2003, the life expectancy was 75 years old, and the corresponding index - 0.67. Among the 100 most developed countries of the world, Russia for the expected life expectancy occupied the 98th place (fewer values \u200b\u200bof this indicator were noted only in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). The most important factor in the backlog of Russia in terms of the expected lifespan is the insufficient amount of public funding for the health sector. So, in 2000 specific gravity Expenses for health care in percentage of GDP amounted to: in Russia - 2%, Great Britain - 5.9, Germany - 8, France - 7.2%. In addition, the level of crime has a significant impact on the mortality rate in Russia.

The population of Russia in 2020 will amount to 144.1 million people, in 2012 - 142 million, in 2009 - 141.9 million people. Such an assessment is contained in the materials for the concept of long-term socio- economic Development Until 2020, published by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, reports ITAR-TASS.

At the same time, experts of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the expected average life expectancy in 2009 will be 68 years old, in 2012 - 68.9 years, and in 2020 - 72 years.

The total fertility rate is estimated in 2009 - 11.7-11.9 births per 1000 people, in 2012 - 12-12.4, in 2020 - 12.5-13 births. At the same time, the mortality rate in 2009 is predicted in 13.2-13.5 dead per 1000 thousand people, in 2012 - 11.8-12.8, in 2020 - 10-11.

Index level education (EI - Education Index) reflects the degree of achievement of development goals, it depends on the level of development of the country's productive forces, the level of culture, state policy in the field of education and science, etc. The index is calculated by the following formula:

EI= GI.*2/3+ HI*1/ 3,

where GI. - adult literacy index, a. HI - the index of participation of young people in training. The literacy index is calculated by the following formula:

G.- G.mIN.___

GI.= G. max- G. mIN.

where G. - actual literacy rate of the adult population in the country, a G. max and G. mIN. - accordingly, the maximum and minimum value of this indicator among the countries of the world. The method of participation of young people in training is calculated according to the following formula:

H.- H.mIN.___

HI= H. max- H. mIN.

where N. - the proportion of students among the population under the age of 24, and N. max and H. mIN. - accordingly, the maximum and minimum value of this indicator among the countries of the world.

Example 2. The specific weight of competent in the number of adult population of the country is 98.4%. The maximum and minimum values \u200b\u200bof this indicator are taken equal to 100% and 0%, respectively. Then the literacy index is:

G / \u003d (98.4 - 0): (100 - 0) \u003d 0.984.

Example 3. The literacy index is 0.984, and the participation index of young people in learning - 0.491. Then the formation index is equal to:

EI= 0,984 * 2/3 + 0,491 * 1/3 = 0,819.

In Russia, the Education level index takes enough high values For a long period of time. In 2003, the significance of this indicator was approximately the same in Russia, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Argentina, Hungary, Poland (about 0.96). The most important factor in the successful development of the field of education in Russia is the traditional relatively high level of government financing of the industry of the economy. Thus, in 2000, the proportion of state expenses for education as a percentage of GDP amounted to: in Russia - 3.1%, the United Kingdom - 4.7, Germany - 4.4, France - 5.9%.

Index average per capita GDP (GDPI - GROSS Domestic Product Index) reflects the degree of achievement of consumption purposes, it depends on the level of development of the country's productive forces, its volume natural wealth, export opportunities, entrepreneurial climate, etc. The index is calculated by the following formula:

GDP.- GDP.mIN.

GDPI= GDP. max- GDP. mIN.

where GDP. - the actual value of average per capita GDP in the country under consideration, corrected by purchasing power parity, A GDP. max and GDP. mIN. - accordingly, the maximum and minimum value of this indicator in the countries of the world.

In 2003, Russia occupied the 56th place among the 100 most developed countries of the world on the middle-ripped GDP index, this indicator was 0.76.

Table 7.1

Indexhumandevelopmentin2003 g.

Rank Index Human Development		Index of expected lifespan (LEI)	Education level index	Environmental GDP Index (GDP1)	Human Development Index (HDI)
	Norway
	Germany
	Brazil

The human development index is calculated by following in the formula:

HDI= (Lei+ E.I.+ GDPI): 3.

In Russia, in 2003, this indicator was 0.795, which provided the country 63rd in the world and the 5th place in the group of countries with an average level of human development. In the past 15 years, the rank of human development of Russia (place in the list of countries) has changed significantly, while any sustainable trend of its decrease or an increase has not been designated. So, Russia occupied the following places in the ranking of countries: 1992 - 52nd, 1994 - 119th, 1997 - 67th, 1998 - 72nd.

Russia takes 67th place in the list with the Development Index \u003d 0.802 (which is quite a high indicator, but this index in Russia for 2008 is worse than in Belarus and the Baltic republics). The index began to fall with the beginning of the 90s due to the reduction of GDP and improving mortality. In 1992, Russia ranked 52, 1995 - 114, in 2004 - 57, in 2005 - 62 with an index of 0.795, in 2006 - 65 with an index of 0.797, in 2008 - 67 place with an index of 0.802. However, it should be borne in mind that the index is drawn up with a lag in two years, so the numbers published by the UN on November 27, 2008 actually relate to 2005. From its neighbors, Russia has a very low lifespan and a very high level of education. Thus, the main factor hindering Russia to raise his IR is the low life expectancy.

The index varies greatly by regions of Russia. According to the Independent Institute of Social Policy, in 2007, the highest among Russian regions of Il at the city of Moscow - 0.907 (which is comparable to such countries as Germany, Italy, etc.), while the smallest index in the Republic of Tuva - 0.691 (comparable with Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan, etc.). It is important to note that the index for Moscow and St. Petersburg is overestimated, while underestimated for Moscow and Leningrad regions. This situation is obtained due to the fact that a separate part of the RCP index is considered as the attitude of university students to total number Pupils. However, a significant one (if not overwhelming), a part of residents of the respective regions is studying in two federal cities, thereby contributing to their index (for Moscow, the contribution to the IRCP of the Education Index - 0.9999, for St. Petersburg - 0.985). The most Russian regions refer to the category with the index value of 0.750-0.799, which is quite comparable to countries such as Kazakhstan, Ukraine, etc.

The quality of life

Quality life - comprehensive assessment of human existence conditions, which include providing material benefits, safety, availability and quality of medical care, opportunities for education and development abilities, condition natural environment, social relations, including the freedom to express opinions and the impact of citizens to political decisions.

The quality of life indicators have previously reviewed meters of living standards (human development index, life expectancy, level of education, secondary GDP), as well as the following indicators:

· The level of money incomes of the population;

· Actual finite household consumption;

· The presence of long-term items in the population;

· Saving levels;

· Poverty level;

· unemployment rate;

· Differentiation of income of the population;

· The average daily consumption of calories, proteins and fats per dup of the population;

· The degree of dissemination of dangerous infectious diseases (AIDS, tuberculosis, etc.);

· Infant mortality rate (the number of children who have deceased under the age of one year, on 1000 alive born);

· Number of pregnancy interrupts (abortion);

· Mortality of the population due to external influences (accidents, murder, suicide, etc.);

· crime level;

· Emissions to the atmosphere harmful substances etc.

Some quality indicators of life in Russia and a number foreign countries Led in Table 7.3.

In 1980, the Council of the Organization economic cooperation Approved the list social indicators in order to evaluate the quality of life in different countries. This list contains the following groups of indicators:

· health: life expectancy, maternal mortality rate, temporary disability, long-term disability;

· education: continuous education, adult training, literacy;

· employment: unemployment, forced incomplete employment, desperate to find a job;

· leisure: free time, its use;

· income: distribution of income, distribution of wealth, poverty, insecurity, availability of certain services;

· accommodation: interior living area, ownership of the adjacent territory, basic amenities;

· environment wednesday: pollution of the atmosphere, the effect of noise;

· social wednesday: suicide, deaths, serious injuries, fear for personal security;

· quality labor life: the average duration of working time, time on the road to work, paid annual leave, flexible work schedule, distribution of earnings, mortality in the workplace, violation of normal working conditions.

Table 7.3

Someindicatorsqualitylife

	Indicator
				Germany
	Actual finite household consumption,%
	The number of personal computers per 1000 people population
	The number for the first time established cases of AIDS per 100,000 people population
	Mortality of the population due to external influences per 100,000 people
	The number of residential premises equipped with sewage,%

In addition to the above social indicators, indicators characterizing the content of labor are also used to assess the quality of labor life, such as the proportion of workers with higher and secondary vocational education in the total number of employees of the enterprise or industry, etc. The main indicators of the quality of labor life in the three sectors of the Russian economy are presented in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4

QualitylaborlifeinindustrieseconomyRussia

Table 7.5

Levellifeper2009 g.

According to UNESCO, in terms of quality of life, Russia occupies 56th place, and on the efficiency of resource use lags behind the developed countries by 2.8 times, actually being on the periphery of the global process.

The life level of each fifth citizen of the Russian Federation is below officially subsistence. The incomes of 10% "the richest tip" 15-20 times higher income "of the poor part of the population, and taking into account the" shadow "means this parameter" excavits "in 30%, which is 4-5 times higher than in Europe and the United States, And in fact, equates our country to the economically backward states of Africa and Latin America.

2. Subscessing minimum and poverty

The most important private indicator of the standard of living is money income, so the state usually establishes some minimum level of income that provides normal population reproduction, i.e. Provides normal level Life. This income is called the value subsistence minimum.

Value subsistence minimum includes valuation consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. Consumer basket represents minimum set food, not food products and services needed to preserve human health and ensuring its livelihoods. The composition of the consumer basket is revised once a few years, and its cost is quarterly. The amount of the subsistence minimum is established by the Government of the Russian Federation in Russia as a whole, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - in the respective subjects of the Russian Federation.

The legal basis for establishing the amount of the subsistence minimum is the federal law № 134 "On the subsistence minimum in Russian Federation"(1997). In the period 1992-1999. Calculations of the subsistence minimum were made on the basis Methodical recommendations Mintruda of Russia, developed in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 210 "On the system of minimum consumer budgets of the population of the Russian Federation" (1992) - Starting since 2000, the calculations of the subsistence minimum in Russia are made on the basis of data Rosstat on the level of consumer prices for goods and services that determine the consumer basket, as well as about the cost of mandatory plates and fees in accordance with the method of calculating the amount of subsistence mines of noise in the Russian Federation, approved in 2000 by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and the State Statistics Committee of Russia No. 36/34.

Table 7.2

Valuesubsistenceminimuminregionsandsocialgroupin2004

The subject of the Russian Federation	The value of the subsistence minimum per month, rub.
	all population	able-bodied population	pensioners
Kabardino Balkar Republic
The Republic of Dagestan
saint Petersburg
moscow
Murmansk region
Sakhalin Oblast
Chukotka Autonomous District

The value of the subsistence minimum is differentiated by region and the following social Groups: All population, able-bodied population, pensioners and children. As follows from Table 7.2, the value of the subsistence minimum varies significantly by regions. Therefore, when comparing the level of income in different regions Usually consider the indicator real income equal relation nominal income to the magnitude of the subsistence minimum in the region. So, in 2004 in St. Petersburg, the average accrued wage was more than in Vologda region (7931 against 6971 rubles). At the same time, the subsistence minimum of the able-bodied population was 3334 rubles. and 2587 rubles. respectively. Based on these data, we calculate the real wages in the regions. This indicator in St. Petersburg amounted to 238%, in the Vologda region - 269%. Thus, the real wages in St. Petersburg turned out to be less than in the Vologda region.

minimum consumer budget -

Minimum the size payment labor installed throughout the Russian Federation by federal law and cannot be lower than the subsistence minimum of a able-bodied person, which is enshrined in Article 133 Labor Codeand the Russian Federation. At the same time, in Article 421 of the Labor Code, it is indicated that the order and deadlines for the phased increase in the size of the minimum wage to the amount of the subsistence minimum, as well as the mechanism that guarantees the payment of minimum wages in the specified amount is established by federal law. In the period after the implementation of the Labor Code in 2002, such a law was not adopted. Also, the minimum pension at the level of no lower than the subsistence minimum was not legally established. As a result, in period Time The share of the population with income below the subsistence minimum remained high, i.e. In society, such a social phenomenon as poverty has gained widespread. Table 7.3 presents the minimum size from 2000 to 2009.

Table 7.3

Minimumthe sizepaymentlaborinperiodfrom2000-2009 g..

Validity	The magnitude of the Mrot
01/07/2000-31/12/2000
01/01/2001-30/06/2001
01/07/2001-30/04/2002
01/05/2002-30/09/2003
01/10/2003-31/12/2004
01/01/2005-31/08/2005
01/09/2005-30/04/2006
01/05/2006-01/09/2007
01/09/2007-01/01/2009

A more complete set (in value and natural form) of material and spiritual benefits reflects another indicator - minimum consumer budget - balance of income and expenses, which allows the most reasonable to determine the cost of living groups with minimal income. It is this indicator that should be a social standard, a standard that includes scientifically based norms and nutritional regulations, most important non-food products and services. Consequently, the minimum consumer budget represents monetary evaluation Minimum benefits and services providing normal reproduction of labor force working and normal life-friendly.

Poverty - the lack of vitality in a person who has an income below the subsistence minimum. Usually consider two levels of poverty. Loweings homework farm - households with a middle-income level below the subsistence minimum. Extremely poor homework farm - households with a level of middle-wide income in two or more times lower than the subsistence minimum. Poverty in the country characterize the following indicators:

· number population from income below values subsistence minimum. In Russia in the period 2000-2004 This indicator decreased from 42.3 million people to 25.5 million people, and the share of this category of citizens in the total population - from 29 to 17.8%;

· deficit monetary income those. The amount of funds necessary to bring the income of the population with cash income below the subsistence minimum to the amount of the subsistence minimum. In the period 2000-2004 The deficit of monetary income in percentage of the total amount of money incomes has decreased from 5 to 2.1%;

· structure poor households. In Russia in 2004, 36.1% were among all poor citizens in rural settlements, members of households, including four and more people, were 50.2%, children under 16 - 21.9%, related to economically inactive population - 39.8%;

· structure extremely poor households. In Russia in 2004, from among all extremely poor citizens, 49.9% lived in rural settlements, members of households included four or more people were 64.4%, children under 16 - 27.1%, related to economically inactive population - 42.8%;

· attitude middle pensions to subsistence minimum pensionerIn Russia, it was: in 2000 - 90.5%, in 2001 - 99.5%, and in subsequent years this indicator exceeded 100%. Nevertheless, have a number of regions in which the pension remains below the subsistence

· Minimum. In 2004, a third of all subjects of the federation belonged to such regions, including: Kostroma region (86.7%), Moscow 19,2,1% ), Murmansk region (87%), Republic of Ingushetia (89.6%), Chechen Republic (75.5%), most of the subjects of Siberian federal District, all subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District;

· distribution by industries and posts workers receiving wages fee below values subsistence minimum. In 2000, in three sectors of the Russian economy, the average accrued salary was lower than the subsistence minimum of a able-bodied person. The ratio of these indicators by industry amounted to: Education - 93.5%, culture and art - 93.1, agriculture - 67.5%. In the period 2001-2003 The only industry, in which the level of remuneration remained below the subsistence minimum, was agriculture. Since 2004, the average salary in all major sectors of the economy exceeds the amount of the subsistence minimum;

· distribution by regions population from monetary income below values subsistence minimum. In Russia in 2004, the proportion of this population in the total population of the region was: in Tyumen region - 12.8%, G. St. Petersburg - 13.5, Moscow - 16, Vladimir region - 30.9, Ivanovo region - 53, the Republic of Ingushetia - 73%.

Article 4 of the Federal Law of 24.10.1997 N 134-FZ provides that the amount of the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation quarterly on the basis of a consumer basket and data federal Body The executive authorities on statistics on the level of consumer food prices, non-food products and services and expenditures for mandatory payments and fees.

In 2000 - 2004, federal law of 20.11.1999 N 201-FZ "On the consumer basket as a whole in the Russian Federation" was operating, on the basis of which the amount of the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation was approved in this reference information. The new Federal Law of March 31, 2006 N 44-FZ "On the consumer basket in general in the Russian Federation" came into force from the day official publication (published in the "Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation" - 03.04.2006, in " Russian newspaper"- 04.04.2006), and applies to legal relations arising from January 1, 2005.

The cost of living for the period from 2000 to 2009 is shown in Table 7.4.

Table.7 .4

Summaryminimum

The period for which the amount of the subsistence minimum in the whole of the Russian Federation is calculated	The size of the subsistence minimum in the whole of the Russian Federation (in rubles)	Regulatory act who has established a subsistence minimum
	per capita	for a working-age population	for pensioners	for kids
for III quarter of 2009					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 20.02.2010 N 69
for the second quarter of 2009					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11/14/2009 N 925
for the first quarter of 2009					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 19.08.2009 N 666
for the IV quarter of 2008					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/18/2009 N 418
for III quarter of 2008					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24.02.2009 N 151
for the II quarter of 2008
for the first quarter of 2008					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 19.11.2008 N 860
for the fourth quarter of 2007					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.05.2008 N 347
for III quarter of 2007					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.02.2008 N 47
for the II quarter of 2007
for the first quarter of 2007					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the fourth quarter of 2006					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the III quarter of 2006					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the II quarter of 2006					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the first quarter of 2006					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the IV quarter of 2005					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the III quarter of 2005					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the second quarter of 2005					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the first quarter of 2005					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2007 N 841
for the fourth quarter of 2004					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.03.2005 N 105
for III quarter of 2004					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2004 N 689
for the II quarter of 2004
for the first quarter of 2004					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 03.09.2004 N 456
for the IV quarter of 2003					Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.02.2004 N 74
for III quarter of 2003					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.11.2003 N 672
for the second quarter of 2003					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.08.2003 N 483
for the first quarter of 2003					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.05.2003 No. 276
for the IV quarter of 2002					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.02.2003 N 62
for III quarter of 2002					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.11.2002 N 793
for the second quarter of 2002					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24.08.2002 N 627
for the first quarter of 2002					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.05.2002 N 344
for the IV quarter of 2001					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08.02.2002 N 91
for the III quarter of 2001					Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation of 21.12.2001 N 879
for the II quarter of 2001
for the first quarter of 2001					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.09.2001 N 664
for the IV quarter of 2000					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.02.2001 N 99
for the III quarter of 2000					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.11.2000 N 852
for the second quarter of 2000					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.08.2000 N 589
for the first quarter of 2000					Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 31.05.2000 N 421

3. Minimum social standards of the standard of living of the population

In addition to the subsistence minimum, among the minimum standards of the standard of living of the population, providing the minimum degree of satisfaction of the basic needs of a person, economic science calls installed in legislative order Providing regulations for housing, health, education, culture, conditions and labor protection, employment, status standards ambient.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides for the right of every citizen to housing. Organs state power and local governments are called to encourage law in accordance with the law housing construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to housing. The poor, as well as otherwise listed in the law to citizens in need of housing, such a right is provided free of charge or for an affordable fee from state, municipal and other housing funds on established standards.

As the minimum allowable provisional standards for the period of overcoming the economic recession in Russia, the so-called housinglikebut sanitary norm, to which the state was focused in the pre-reform period, in the provision of housing population, in the public housing stock, when paying for the so-called surplus residential area, etc. On the eve of the collapse of the USSR, a housing and sanitary rate was operating in the country - 9 m 2 per person, which, as studies have shown, ensures the normal implementation of human physiological functions. The initial at the same time is " air cubic in calculation on the man" . The lower limit, as recognized by world science and practice, are 25-30 m 3 of air per person. For minimum height Residential premises 2.8 m per person we obtain area - 8.93 m 2 (rounded - 9 m 2). In the future, as Russia outgoes from the socio-economic crisis, the named norm may have to be increased and apparently differentiated in relation to local climatic conditions.

In area security health to assess the minimum allowable level of medical care needs and medical Services The population is used by doctors provision, hospital beds, clinics and outpatient facilities. The Ministry of Economy of Russia approved " Social norms and regulations "prepared by federal ministries and departments operating in the social sphere, including in health care. These norms and regulations of the executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation are used in financial and budget planning.

In the context of the transition to insurance medicine and expanding the subjectivity of medical services in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it is guaranteed free for the population of medical care in state and municipal health institutions. The costs associated with providing such services are covered at the expense of the relevant budget, insurance premiums, other revenues. In addition, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal protection and health promotion programs are funded in the country, measures are being taken to develop state medical and private Systems Health, promoted activities aimed at strengthening human health, development physical culture and sports, ensuring economic and sanitary and epidemiological well-being.

In area education The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the publicity and freeness of preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state or municipal general educational institutions. This establishes the obligation of the main general Education. Every citizen has the right on a competitive basis to get the highest or secondary professional education In the state or municipal educational institution or in the enterprise. Installed federal states educational standards, various forms of education and self-education are supported. As standards of provision of educational institutions are used: the number of places in preschool institutions, the norms of filling classes in secondary schools different types and etc. Federal standards All-Russian training programs for specific disciplines are designed to serve.

Similar approaches to establishing social standards in the field culture. Here, the role of standards are designed to play network development norms mass libraries, cinemas, cultural houses in cities and countryside etc.

In sphere conditions security labor and state surrounding environments as state standards, the indicators established by the legislation are made permissible concentration (MPC) content of chemical and other negatively affecting the work and working capacity of citizens of substances in water, air and workplaces manufacturing enterprises. The norms of movement of goods are also used, their lifting to a certain height and other norms are maximum permissible gravity and harmfulness. production environment.

Legislation on improving working conditions and production environments provides for preventive measures so that labor becomes more humane. Here, first of all, refers to the creation of the conditions as possible to physical and professional opportunities Workers, security and a healthy production environment, including the use of ergonomic principles in the design of tools and labor organization and preventing states of excessive overload and fatigue.

Based on research and summarizing world experience, type instructions for these issues have been developed. They refer either to individual industries (mining industry, forestry, transport, etc.), or to areas of special risk (radiation, noises, vibration, etc.). Currently, significant attention is paid to research related to remote consequences (ie, the impact on the employment and performance of a person, on his health) of adverse factors of working conditions and the state of the environment. Research results should also be used in the development of social regulations in the field of labor protection.

IN modern conditions important Acquires the establishment of warranties (standards) employment population since the position of employees in the labor market is not always sustainable.

The attempts undertaken to develop minimum indicators of the maximum permissible level of unemployment in the country's regions did not receive the legislative (or at least recommendatory) status. In this regard, we can assume that the minimum standards in the field of employment practically does not exist. Meanwhile, without them to evaluate the situation in the labor market and its influence on the standard of living of the population is very difficult.

4. Differentiation of income

Income is a fee for the use of economic resources. In the modern economy, there are three main types of economic resources: labor, capital and entrepreneurial ability. They correspond to three types of income: wages, percentage and profits. Consider the three relevant groups of differentiation factors (differences) of income.

Differentiation revenues from capital caused primarily uneven distribution Wealth between members of society (land, means of production, real estate, money and securities, copyright, etc.).

Differentiation volumes arrived is primarily associated with uneven distribution of ability to implement business activities, inequality of starting conditions such activities, differences in social capital of individuals.

Differentiation wage fees depends on a variety of variety of factors. A. Smith allocated two groups of such factors. In the first group, he included five causes of inequalities that are associated with the nature of the occupation, namely:

1) nimble or the troubles of the classes themselves;

2) the ease and low cost or difficulty and high cost of learning them;

3) constancy or impermanence of classes;

4) less or greater confidence provided by those who are engaged in;

5) A large or smaller probability of success in one or another of them. In the second group of factors, he turned on three elements public PolicyImpretize perfect competition:

1) restriction of competition in some occupations fewer people than could be under other conditions;

2) an increase in competition in other industries than it would be with a natural course of things;

3) restricting the free transition of employees from one classes to another and from one place to another. In the modern labor economy, differences in the productivity of workers are taken as the main cause of differentiation of wages. At the same time allocate the following factorsaffecting differences in wages:

· performance labor. It depends not only on the individual work out of the employee, but also from the market price of the product produced by him;

· social efficiency labor. The salary of employees of the budget sector depends on the subjective ideas of higher government officials about social efficiency labor in certain sectors and departments;

· human capital. It is determined by investments in education, its duration, professional experience, as well as market conditions on the relevant labor market. Thus, as a result of increasing market demand for lawyers, both the level of their salary and the cost of legal education are increased. As a result, the human capital of a lawyer, expressed in cost units, also increases;

· social capital. It is characterized by the system relative relations, business connections and professional contacts of the employee. In professions as a journalist, sales manager, etc., social capital is served the most important factor income.

Discrimination in payment labor - salary differentiation, not caused by the difference in labor productivity. The reason for discrimination in removal of labor is usually used to prejudice, according to which labor productivity differs significantly in social groups: national, sexual, age, etc. Accordingly, in the practice of social and labor relations, discrimination is found in pay for labor by nationality, sex, age, social origin, religious and political convictions, etc. The ILO Convention No. 111 (1958) emphasizes the importance of the abolition of all forms of discrimination in pay for labor. Most famous theory. discrimination is presented in the work of Bekcker " Economic theory discrimination "(1957).

Measuring income inequality

Consider the methods of calculating the two main meters of income inequality: the fund factories and the Gini coefficient.

Coefficient funds. To calculate this indicator, the studied households are placed by increasing income, and then divided into several equitable groups. The first group is called the "poorest", and the last - "richee". Fund coefficients are defined as the ratio of the average income in the richest group to the middle income in the poorest group. Fund coefficients can also be defined as the ratio of the total income of the richest group to the total income of the poorest group. These definitions are equivalent, and of them it follows that the fund's coefficient is no less than one. In the case of absolute equality, when the incomes of all households are the same, this indicator takes its minimum value equal to one.

In practice, three private funding factor are most often used: decile, quintile and quarterly:

· decyl coefficient (from lat. deci - the tenth) is equal to the ratio of average income of 10% of richest households to the average income of 10% of the poorest households. This ratio is a kind of fund coefficient, it meets the case when the set of all households are broken by ten groups;

· quintyl coefficient (from lat. quinta - the fifth part) is equal to the ratio of the average income of 20% of the richest households to the average income of 20% of the poorest households. This coefficient is in case when many households are divided into five groups;

· yield coefficient (from lat. quarta - the fourth part) is equal to the ratio of average income of 25% of the richest households to the average income of 25% of the poorest households. In this case, all households are divided into four groups.

The decile coefficient is greater than the quintile coefficient, since the average income of 10% of richest households is larger than the average income of 20% of the richest, and the average income of 10% of the poorest households is less than the average income of 20% of the poorest. Thus, in the formula for calculating the decyl coefficient, the numerator is larger, and the denominator is less than in the formula for calculating the quintile coefficient. Similarly, it is possible to prove that the quintile coefficient is more than the apartment.

Example 1. Ten households are considered, the incomes of which are arithmetic progression: 301, 302 ,., 309, 310. Then the decile coefficient is 310: 301 \u003d 1.030, and the quintile coefficient is equal

(309+ 310): (301 +302) = 1,026.

The disadvantage of the fund factor is its weak sensitivity to changes in household income. So, this ratio will not change its value in the case when:

· Household income from the richest group will increase;

· Household income from the poorest group will decrease;

· The income of the household not related to the two extreme groups will change ranging from maximum income in the poorest group to minimal income in the richest group.

Coefficient Gini, or index concentration income. To calculate this indicator, the studied households are placed by increasing income, and then divide this sequence into several equitable groups, as in the method of calculating the fund factories. However, here the number of these groups is usually much more than ten. In the maximum case, it coincides with the number of households, so that each household is a separate group. This case is taken by us as a basis when describing the algorithm for calculating the Gini coefficient.

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Introduction

Socio-economic policy modern state relies on maintaining a permanent balance between its economic and social blocs. If, within the first of which, the tasks of a macroeconomic nature are solved, first of all, the social block is designed to provide a sufficient standard of living of the population and the normal process of its livelihoods. A distinctive feature Recent decades is the process of "socialization" of the economy, which is not only in developed, but in many developing countries. This is due to the fact that it is the quality of life that today comes to the fore in the system of factors that determine the international competitiveness of the national economy. The task of transferring accent to the social sphere has now become very relevant for Russia. Quality and standard of living of the population - social Structure Russian society.

The standard of living is a complex socio-economic category, reflecting income and expenditure of the population, consumption and degree of satisfaction of needs, opportunities and abilities, level of education and qualifications, organizational abilities and motivation of humans, human life conditions and the state of the environment. Raising the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions For the long, safe and prosperous life of people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society. In the Russian Federation, in conditions transition periodwhose crisis led to a significant impoverishment of the population and the discharge of social tensions in society, the monitoring of the standard of living should be a permanent component economic Policy At all levels of management.

The term "quality of life" received in the middle of the XXVEK widespread in countries with a market economy and at the end of the same century became the dominant of restructuring processes in Russia. The concentration of attention to the term "quality of life", as they transition to market relations, were associated not only with complex situation In the social sphere, but also with a gradual realization that the pace and scope of the sustainable socio-economic development of the country will be determined by the quality of life of various sectors of society. The past fifteen-year period of the transformation transformation of Russia to the market economy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and unevenness in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development. Despite achieved successesObviously, until a complete solution to many social issues in our country, far enough. Some problems in the field of public security, social protection, health, education and a number of others included in modern concept "Quality of life", even tend to exacerbation. This is due to both inadequate resource security of social policy, and with disadvantages in its practical implementation. Social policy - both federal and regional levels - is far from always being implemented as a whole. Often separate social problems They are solved autonomously, without comprehensive linking with other directions of "social regulation".

At the present stage of the development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors determining its dynamics are becoming very important. The focus and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and economic stability in society depends on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central moment of which would be a person, his welfare, physical and social health. Transformations that entail a change in standard of living are of great interest in a wide variety of segments of the population.

The transition to market relations, made significant changes in income regulation, which determine the well-being of people. The role of the state has decreased in this area, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, the significance of market regulators increased. Important development own politics income enterprises that take into account the interests of various groups of workers and owners provides for effective system employment and remuneration for labor, measures for social Protection Workers and provides a person worthy of life. The strategic goal of the legislative reforms is concern for the welfare of the population of the Russian Federation.

1. Quality of the life of the population

.1 Structural components of the quality of life

The concepts of "quality of life" and "standard of living" are often intertwined and replaced each other, which is not quite correct. Wherein standard of livingit is defined as an indicator characterizing the number and quality of goods and services consumed in the country.

Among the large set of works devoted to the special consideration of the quality of life of the population and its various sides, so far there is no unity in understanding what socio-economic processes and phenomena are indicated by this term. On the one hand, there is an extremely expansion interpretation of this category, which absorbs all the processes of human life and society. On the other hand, in terms of quality of life sometimes incorporate without any scientific argument only a narrow part of people's life processes. It is characteristic that over time, the situation in this area is not only not clear, but, on the contrary, becomes increasingly confusing, because in the scope of consideration includes increasingly acute problems and few studied social consequences, which are so rich in the fleet and changing the life of post-industrial society.

Very often used close terms, identified with "quality of life": standard of living, lifestyle, standard of life, lifestyle, lifestyle, etc. It is important and the opposite point of view, in accordance with which, the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator, which includes, as components of the signs: standard of living, lifestyle, lifestyle. Sometimes it is about the quality of life, along with the living conditions, level of living, social behavior It is part of a wider concept of "lifestyle".

Currently, the problem of analyzing the quality of life of the population as a whole and the state of his health acquires a clear applied accent. Quality of life can be interpreted as an integral category, comprehensively characterizing the level and degree of welfare of freedom, social and spiritual development of man, as well as his physical health. Among its structural components, it is possible to distinguish (largely conditionally, because certain interrelations are traced between them) the following main components: the level of health and life expectancy of the population, the standard of living of the population, the lifestyle of the population.

Simplified structure of the quality of the population

The discharge of the component "Health and life expectancy of the population", as one of the main structural components of the quality of life, is due to the following consideration: in world practice, the level and dynamics of health, the life expectancy is put in the first place in determining the conditions of life, since they are considered as a basis need for a person , the main condition for its livelihoods. There are many health definitions that are trying to cover all the variety of this phenomenon. Constructive is a constructive approach to the definition of a health category, which is proposed by scientists from the St. Petersburg Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute. Health category is represented as a state of the structure of functions and adaptive capabilities (reserves) of a person who provide him with this quality of life in this time and in this environment.

Another important component of the quality of life is the standard of living of the population. The standard of living of the population expresses the satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the individual, in the provision of consumer benefits, which are characterized by quantitative indicators abstracted from their qualitative value. This is: the amount of remuneration, income, the amount of consumption of goods and services, the level of food consumption and industrial goods, duration of work and free time, housing conditions, level of education, health, culture, etc.

The third of the main structural components of the quality of life of the population is a lifestyle. This category makes it possible to consider comprehensively in relation to the content of aspects of vital activity - the position and development of the personality, its social activity; population attitude to work, to the policies of the authorities, to the Institute of Family and Marriage to the legality and law and order; Value benchmarks of various social groups, etc.

The quality of life is a comprehensive characteristic of the socio-economic, political, cultural and ideological, environmental factors and the conditions of the human existence, the position of a person in society.

The concept of quality of life is a modern continuation of the intellectual searches started by Teyar de Chain and V.I. Vernadsky, which was introduced into the scientific use of the concept of "noosphere", which became one of the terms of the dictionary in socio-economic statistics: "Noosphere - the sphere of the wisely organized interaction of society and nature. The biosphere turns into a nosphere at the purposeful activities of mankind, by implementing measures for rational Environmental Management" In the concept of quality of life adopted in post-industrial societiesThe restrictions on the satisfaction of people's needs, providing the harmonious development of the noosphere:

Environmental protection;

Caring for the safety of industries and products;

Maintaining resource potential countries.

Central tasks in the concept of quality of life:

Ensuring the physical and moral health of society;

expanding the use of environmentally friendly food products;

harmonization of working conditions, etc.

There is the concept of "social quality circuit": human quality - quality of labor - quality of production - the quality of technology - the quality of education - the quality of culture and quality of science - the quality of management - the quality of social and economic Systems - Quality of life - human quality. The quality management of life, from the standpoint of the quality of life, integrates all types of "quality management organizations" and is considered as a kind of management of the "social quality circuit".

The quality of education - Intellectual revolution, intellectualization of productive forces. Creativity becomes the main function of management. Creative appears, innovative Managementas a form of management of firms, oriented creativity, creating innovative Potential, development of "market behavior" strategies with target installations for "technological breakthroughs". The result of these shifts was the differentiation of the global economy into two classes: the class "hot" and the class of "cold" economies.

Class "Hot Economics" - This is the class of "high-speed", intellectual, high-tech, educational and informable economies. Their appearance is an adequate transformation of economic mechanisms that ensure the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, "fast" dynamics of the update of high-tech and capital-intensive goods and technologies. In the "hot economies" there is a transformation of the market mechanism, the role of mechanisms for planning, programming, the formation of long-term strategies in personnel policies, marketing, investment policies increases, the centralization of the banking system increases.

Class "Cold Economics"- This is the class of "slow-search" economies with low susceptibility of science and education, with a low level of capital concentration. Their technological basis serve traditional technologies. The mobility of the investment complex in such economies remains low.

The intelligent and innovative revolution touched upon the development of countries with hot economies. Intellectualization of the working force of the Company's productive forces in developed countries accompanies the process of "warming up economies". In major economic structures - corporations, companies - appear internal systems Education. Permanent improvement of the qualifications of company personnel becomes a way of their lives.

The quality of ecology. Ecology quality management implies environmental risk management. Risk is a complex and ambiguous concept. From the standpoint of quality, he is a measure of the appearance of unwanted consequences as a result of decision making. Using the concept of measure, the risk is a measure of the quality of the appropriate solution, a project, a business event, a plan, program, etc., measured in a specific scale. Risk is a management concept associated with reliability, with the quality of management.

Ecological risk - complex category reflecting the level of danger of the appearance of unwanted environmental consequencesAs a result of the introduction of a particular project, the adoption and implementation of a certain economic event. An important point The assessment of environmental risk and in environmental risk management is the formalization of the situation, depending on which the requirements for initial data are differentiated, the volume of research and testing. Among the directions of such formalization, the introduction of the environmental category of the area is proposed. Environmental category The area is a comprehensive characteristic of the environmental quality of the area, reflecting the classification characteristic of the countries of habitat, human health and the population, nature and natural ecosystems, classification characteristics of states of individual environments. Sources of environmental risk can be: enterprises, technologies, components of the environment that can become a source of emergency influences on enterprises, environmental systemnot provided for by the project. Sources of risk, in relation to the economic object, may be external and internal. As a result of an environmental risk assessment, one can determine ecological quality of life - Part of the quality system of life, including "quality of habitat".

1.2 Definition and assessment of the quality of life of the population

The criteria for the quality of life of the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory are a set of signs, through which the assessment of the achieved level and dynamics of the socio-economic efficiency of the city's development is given. In determining the composition of the quality criteria, the integral and private approaches to the assessment of the categories under consideration are used. The integral approach implies two types of ratings: objective (based on official statistical data) and subjective (based on public opinion, with the involvement of generalizing information based on the results of sociological surveys of the population).

Objective and subjective criteria, coexisting in one system, criteria, complementing each other, reflect the objective living conditions from different sides, the subjective feeling of the degree of satisfaction with the individual data by living conditions. The integral approach is relevant because many composite elements Quality of life (for example, satisfaction) is quantitatively immeasurable. The number of "non-measured" elements includes individual attachments and preferences, degree of freedom, human confidence in their ability to control any situation, etc.

Along with the generalizing assessment of the quality of life, with the help of integral indicators, a private approach is aimed at a deeper study of individual components of the quality and standard of living. This is a state of health, education, housing, leisure and leisure areas. The scientific support for monitoring the quality of life of citizens, combines two groups of criteria. The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. The second group consists of assessments based on sociological surveys. The selection of statistical and social indicators is made on the basis of the essence of the basic elements of the quality and standard of living.

International statistics of the level (quality) of life (adopted by the UN in 1978) includes 12 main groups of indicators:

1. Demographic characteristics of the population: fertility, mortality.

2. Sanitary and hygienic living conditions.

3. Food consumption.

4. Living conditions

5. Education and culture.

6. Working conditions and employment.

7. Revenues and expenses of the population.

8. Cost of life and consumer prices.

9. Vehicles.

10. Recreation organization.

11. Social Security.

12. Freedom of man.

In the conditions of the transitional economy of Russia, in the center of economic conjuncture and forecasting at the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, a system of living standards was developed, consisting of seven sections and 39 indicators. The most important 12 indicators from the listed 39 are included in the system for evaluating the stroke economic reform In Russia, in the section "Social sphere, the life level of the population", the subsection "standard of living". The system of indicators of the subsection "standard of living" was introduced to the State Statistics Committee of Russia since 1993 and consists of the following indicators:

1. The average remuneration of workers.

2. Purchasing power of the population with medium salary and pension.

3. Minimum consumer budget for the main socio-demographic groups of the population.

4. Subscessary minimum for the main socio-demographic groups.

5. The population with the average income below the minimum consumer budget and the subsistence (physiological) minimum.

6. Consumption of food in households with different levels of average per capita income.

7. Monetary incomes and expenses of certain socio-demographic groups of the population.

8. Differentiation indicators.

9. The ratio of average per capita incomes of the population is 10% the most and 10% of the least secured population.

10. The index concentration index (Gini coefficient).

11. The structure of the requirement. Cost of socio-demographic groups.

12. Distribution of the population in terms of average per capita income.

In 1998, the State Statistics Committee of Russia approved the "unified system of indicators characterizing the socio-economic situation of the municipality", in accordance with which, the characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the municipality is supposed to be carried out in 25 directions using 300 indicators. The list of indicators includes sections reflecting the main aspects of quality and standard of living. The system of statistical indicators characterizing the socio-economic situation of the municipality, largely can be used to assess the quality of life of the population. The main disadvantage is the lack of an extensive network of institutions of municipal statistics or information and analytical institutions, which could be at a contractual basis with state statistics authorities to monitor the standard of living in the territory of the municipality.

Analysis of the quality criteria for life operating in Russia and abroad shows that the quality of life is characterized and complemented by indicators that determine not only the level, but also living conditions:

Macroeconomic Indicators (Dynamics industrial production, inflation rate, salary level of a busy population).

Accommodation, social infrastructure.

State of health of the population.

Environmental state.

Social anomalies (crime, drug addiction, etc.).

The most important component of assessing the quality of life is to determine the level of social satisfaction with the dynamics of socio-economic changes in the city (the quality of medical and preventive care, labor activity, recreational service, environmental and civil security, etc.). In this regard, the management of the quality of life of the population in the territory involves, along with the use of a system of statistical indicators, the development and application of a complex of social indicators obtained in the process of conducting sociological surveys.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the quality of life, it is necessary to submit it in the form of a few integrative indicators, which would allow to evaluate the conditions for the life of the population at the maximum generalized level. This involves the construction of the aggregation procedure, "folding" of many hundreds of primary signs to indicators describing the quality of life as some holistic phenomenon. Information from primary measurements, recorded through elementary indicators, should make a completely defined climb, to do the path "up" and to appear in the form of a system of integrative social parameters, allowing to produce significant assessments on the quality of life of the population as a whole. The process of consolidation of information is associated with loss of informativeness, concrete fullness of indicators. Integrative indicators must contain a new quality about the test object, to provide the ability to "see" generalized patterns and trends, previously hidden. Measuring the quality of life can be represented as a pyramid, at the base of which are primary inhomogeneous signs designed by different-scale scales. of different levels. At the top - generalized indicators obtained as a result of the coordination of the scale at each intermediate level and aggregation, the consolidation of information to the greater extent, the farther from the base of the specified pyramid, information is moved.

Scheme of aggregation of quality of life

The measurement procedure is a non-empty multiple transformation (in the language of mathematics "Homomorphism"), therefore, the results of measuring the quality of life can be fundamentally different as in terms of quantitative assessment and the possibilities of interpretation of the measurement. For this reason, various informalized methods for assessing the quality of life are offered in various literary sources. In addition, a research search for simple in understanding and measuring indicators is tirelessly undertaken, the largest conclusions of the quality of life could be made. As such indicators, various authors are invited to use per capita GDP, the average life expectancy of the population, the share of costs in the budget of households for the services of essentials, etc. In social statistics of the UN, for the intercountry comparison of the standard of living, the human development index (ICR) and human development index (IRCHP) are currently used.

The IRCHP is a multifactorial index that includes an assessment by the main indicators:

On average life expectancy.

For health.

In terms of education.

In terms of welfare.

In terms of income.

IN 1999 g. IRCHP in Russia, according to UN experts, was equal to 0735, and Russia took 71 -e place in the world (in 1993 our country was in 31 place). However, each of the proposed indicators in relation to various situations suffers in incomplete, defined subjectivity and cannot claim universality and validity.

The main difficulty in measuring the quality of life consists in the heterogeneity of its indicators. The measurement of some components of the quality of life does not represent any particular procedural difficulties and, as a rule, is carried out in metric scales. Such indicators include, for example, the income level, the number of children in the family, the size of wages, the level of education, the number square meters In the accommodation occupied, the volume of implementation of the population paid services, Duration of free time, etc. The measurement of almost all objective aspects of the quality of life of fundamental problems does not cause and admits the use of relatively simple mathematical transformations.

Otherwise, the problem looks when subjective sensations of a person act as measurement objects, the level of its satisfaction with various sides of life support. In this case, nominal or rank scales are most often used to register various subjective components of the quality of life. Procedural measurements of such objects are carried out by attributing some estimated points with subjective sensations of a person, his moods, social well-being or some ordering of their subjective assessments in a particular feature space. So, to measure the degree of satisfaction of the population transport servicemay be offered five (or seven) the ballest system, each score of which is compared with the subjective assessment of the individual to what extent it satisfies the existing in this municipal Education Transport network. Measuring the quality of life of the population It makes sense only when its results are used in managing social processes when subjects of management make certain adjustments to the social policy, when the costs of costs for expenses are revised, in one word when quality of life becomes an element of social management in wide sense. In this case, the procedure for measuring the quality of life performs the function feedbackclosing control loop. Such measurements should be carried out with a certain periodicity and end with relatively standardized management solutions. This task should ensure monitoring the quality of life of the population, which is a kind of social monitoring.

Under the monitoring of the quality of life of the population, as a tool of social management, it is understood as a scientifically based system of periodicals, summarizing and analyzing information on the living conditions of residents of a certain territory, their social well-being, the needs, values, motivations, relationships to the consideration of the situation in their natural and social environment . Mandatory presentation of processed data for decision-making at the state, regional and municipal levels.

Monitoring studies of the quality of life of the population give local government to the operational, necessary and sufficient information to make decisions in adequate situations and ensure the sustainable development of the municipality.

2. Lifetime of the population

quality Life Population Qualifications

2.1 The concept of the standard of living of the population

At the present stage of the development of the Russian economy, the problems of living standards and the factors determining its dynamics become very important. The focus and rates of further transformations in the country, political and economic stability in society depends on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central moment of which would be a person, his welfare, physical and social health. That is why all transformations that entail a change in standard of living are of great interest in a wide variety of segments of the population.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on a variety of diverse reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is geographical factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The demographic situation, and housing and domestic and living may affect the standard of living. production conditions, volume and quality consumer goodsBut all the most significant factors can be combined into the following groups:

• political factors;
• economic forces;
• social factors;
• scientific and technical progress,
• environmental factors and etc.

The standard of living is the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs of the population. But it is necessary to take into account that the standard of living is a dynamic process that is experiencing a plurality of factors. Determining the standard of living is a complex and ambiguous process. Since it, on the one hand, depends on the composition and magnitude of the needs of society, and on the other, is limited to the possibilities for their satisfaction, again based on various factorscausing economic, political and social status in the country. This includes the effectiveness of production and services, the state of scientific and technological progress, culturally - educational level population national features and etc.

The standard of living assesses the quality of life of the population and serves as a criterion in choosing the directions and priorities of the economic and social policy of the state. Often the concept of living standards is identified with such concepts as "welfare", "lifestyle" and others, but the most fully essence of the standard of living discloses the following definition.

The standard of living is a comprehensive socio-economic category, which reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these wrestles.

2.2 Social standards and needs

An important role in studying the standard of living of the population is played by social standards as scientifically based reference points social processes in society. Social standards are distinguished: the development of the material base of the social sphere, income and expenses of the population, social security and maintenance, consumption by the population material benefits and paid services, living conditions, condition and environmental protection, consumer budget, etc. They may be levels expressing absolute or relative value Norms, respectively, in natural indicators or percentages (possible options for standards: instant, interval, minimum, maximum), as well as increased, presented in the form of ratio of the growth of two indicators.

The consumer budget summarizing the standards (norms) of consumption by the population of material goods and services, differentiated on social and age groups, has a direct relation to the level of living. climatic zones, conditions and severity of labor, place of residence, etc. There are minimal and rational consumer budgets.

Other major social standards include: minimal wages and temporary disability allowance, unemployment benefits for worm-bodies, minimal labor and social pensions for older and disabled citizens, disabled people; Minimal scholarships of students, regular or one-time target benefits are the most vulnerable to population groups (large and low-income families, single-lone mothers, etc.).

In the aggregate, they form a system of minimum social guarantees as a state of state to ensure citizens: minimum dimensions wages and labor pensions, the right to receive social insurance benefits (including unemployment, disease, pregnancy and childbirth, care for a small child, by low-cost, etc.), the minimum set of publicly available and free services in the field of education, health care and Culture. The stem of the social policy is a living opportunity, and all other social standards and guarantees should be linked with it.

Existing regulations reflect modern scientific ideas about the needs of people in benefits and services - personal needs. However, the latter should not be absoluting, as they are always changeable, which makes them difficult to quantify. Personal needs reflect the objective need for a certain set and the number of material goods and services and services and social conditionsproviding comprehensive activities of a particular person.

Personal needs are divided into physiological (physical), intellectual (spiritual) and social. Physiological needs are defining - first-order, since they express the needs of a person as a biological creature; in their composition pressing, primary, the need for food, clothing, shoes, dwelling, rest, sleep, motor activity etc.

Intellectual needs relate to education, advanced training, creative activitygenerated internal condition man.

Social needs are associated with the functioning of a person in society - this is social and political activities, self-expression, communication with people, provision social law etc.

Intelligent and social needs relate to the needs of not essential and are satisfied after it comes to a certain degree of satisfaction of paramount needs. Direct ratings they do not have, although largely depend on the state of culture in society, the overall level and quality of life of the population. The conditions for their satisfaction are characterized by the budget of the population. According to the values \u200b\u200bof workers, non-working and free time, it is possible to estimate the efficiency of working time and the possibility of meeting the intellectual and social needs of a person.

There are rational (reasonable) and irrational needs. The first answer scientific ideas on the consumption of goods and services required for maintaining healthy image Human life and harmonious personality development. These are socially useful needs quantitative estimate. They can be determined conditionally with the help of rational norms and standards (except for rational norms of food consumption set based on data from nutrition science). The second (irrational) needs go beyond reasonable norms, adopt hypertrophied, sometimes perverted forms, in particular with respect to nutrition.

The external form of manifestation of personal needs is the demand of the population, although quantitatively, and it is qualitatively different from the actual need. The total consumer demand is distinguished, the volume and structure of which correspond to the volume of consumption by the population of material goods and services, and the effective demand for them, reflecting the solvent capabilities of the population. Along with personal, allocate social needs of society, due to the need to ensure the conditions for its functioning and development, including production, management needs, defense, environmental protection, etc.

The most important task of life statistics is the identification of patterns of changes in the well-being of the population. For this, research is carried out covering both the country and its regions, socio-demographic groups of the population and different types Households. This will make it possible to trace the differences in the standard of living, depending on the economic, national, natural climatic and other features, as well as the income of the population. The results of the study can be either general in nature or private, related, for example, with the assessment of consumption by the population of concrete goods and the provision of its various services.

The tasks of studying the standard of living also include: comprehensive consideration of the structure, dynamics and pace of changes in its indicators; Differentiation of various population groups for income and consumption and an analysis of the influence of various socio-economic factors on a change in level. Great importance They have an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in the material benefits and various services compared to the rational norms of their consumption and the development on this basis by generalizing the level of living standards.

Sources of information to solve the tasks are: the current accounting and reporting of enterprises, organizations and institutions serving the population; These labor statistics, employment, employment and payment, household budgets, population censuses, various kinds of sociological and other surveys of the social conditions of the life and activities of people.

2.3 Life Lion Indicators

The standard of living is determined by the system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of \u200b\u200bany one side of the human life. There is a classification of indicators for separate signs: General and private; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; Value and natural; quantitative and high-quality; Indicators of proportions and consumption structure; Statistical indicators, etc.

General indicators - the size of national income, the fund of consumption of national wealth per capita. They characterize the overall achievements of socio-economic development of society.

Private indicators - working conditions, accommodation in housing and landscaping of life, the level of socio-cultural service, etc.

Economic indicatorscharacterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic opportunities to meet its needs. Indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the welfare of the population (nominal and real income, Employment, etc.)

Socio-demographic indicators - age, professional qualification composition, physical reproduction of labor.

Decision of indicators on objective and subjective It is associated with the rationale for changes in the life of people and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment.

TO valueindicators include all indicators in cash, and natural characterize the amount of consumption of specific material goods and services in natural meters.

To characterize the standard of living, have great importance quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative determines the amount of consumption of specific material goods and services, and high-quality - high-quality side of the well-being of the population.

An important role in determining the standard of living is played by statistical indicators, which include summarizing indicators, income indicators, consumption and expenses, cash savings, accumulated property and dwelling of the population and the others.

Integral Life Lion Indicators include:

Ø macroeconomic indicators;

Ø demographic indicators;

Ø indicators of economic activity;

Ø pension indicators.

As macroeconomic indicators The following are used:

o. expenditure on finite household consumption;

o. actual finite household consumption;

o. growth rates of real disposable household income;

o. payment of labor of employees, including hidden;

o. salary fund;

o. nominal and real average monthly salary.

Demographic indicators Estimates of living standards play important roleSince the population is, on the one hand, the object of observation in the study of the standard of living, and on the other, reflects its characteristics, the level of economic and social development of the country. As the demographic characteristics of the standard of living and quality of life in the system of indicators included:

o. growth rates of the number of permanent population;

o. life expectancy at birth;

o. the level of infant mortality, including the floor;

o. the level of child mortality, including the floor;

o. maternal mortality rate.

Indicators of economic activity include:

o. level of economic activity;

o. employment level;

o. the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy to population;

o. unemployment rate.

o. the number of pensioners, including with a grouping by age;

o. sums of designated monthly pensions, including by age;

o. the average nominal amount of monthly pensions;

o. the growth rates of the average real size of the appointed pensions;

o. minimum pensions.

Indicators of material security divided into:

household revenues and

inequality in the distribution of income between individual groups of the population.

Indicators of this section are determined on the basis of the sample survey of households.

Group indicators of household income Included indicators of total and cash nominal and real incomes of households (general and disposable), as well as indicators characterizing real opportunities Population:

o. purchasing power of average per capita cash income;

o. average monthly salary the average size pensions;

o. income deficit and consumer price index.

Inequality in income distribution It is estimated using the characteristics of the distribution of the population according to 20% groups, depending on the amount of cash flow, the deceing coefficient of differentiation of income of the population, the coefficient of income concentration - Gini index.

Indicators of personal consumption and nutrition of the population include the following indicators:

Ø the cost of the minimum consumer basket;

Ø subsistence minimum;

Ø structure and dynamics of consumer household income in current and comparable prices;

Ø the proportion of food costs in disposable resources and consumer household expenditures;

Ø secondary consumption of basic food products;

Ø energy value eating diet;

Ø contents in food products animal proteins per capita.

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