In almost all countries of the world, he has great trouble in all countries of the world - one of the manifestations of an irreversible equilibrium impairment between man and nature. The impact of material production in nature was so intense that it fails at the expense of its own forces and mechanisms to compensate for disorders of environmental equilibrium.
Pollution of the atmosphere and water in industrial emissions is growing. The main sources of emissions into the atmosphere are the production and consumption of energy. For 1970-2000 The growth rates of general emissions were somewhat declined, but their absolute sizes grow and reach huge volumes - 60-5 million tons of suspended particles, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, 22.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide (1990 - 16.2 million tons.). In this regard, in recent decades, the concentration of gases, solid suspended particles in the atmosphere, as well as chemical elements that reduce the ozone layer increased significantly. The concentration of gases causing a greenhouse effect is methane, nitrogen, carbon compounds - has increased significantly. Prior to an industrial coup. The concentration of greenhouse gases remained relatively stable (0.0028% of the volume of the atmosphere). Recently, it is 0.036%, which is caused by various types of production activities. It is believed that greenhouse gases are preserved in the atmosphere of a hundred and more years.
A serious environmental problem is the risk of climate change. The land climate was relatively stable, the temperature changes during the century did not exceed 1 ° C. in the twentieth century. Compared to the six centuries, the climate has warm - the temperature rose by 0.5 °. Earth and water environmental systems, socioecological systems (agriculture, fisheries, forestry and water resources) are vital for human development, and they are all sensitive to climate change. Increased temperature can lead to a further increase in the level of the ocean, which over the last century rose by 10-25 cm. But since more than a third of mankind lives at a distance of 60 km from the coastline, the number of people who will be on the position of immigrants can reach unprecedented scale.
There was a threat to the destruction of the ozone layer in the lower layers of the atmosphere. There is pollution of water systems and soil. In recent years, about 150 million tons of mineral fertilizers in the year and over 3 million tons of kerigohymics are scattered in the fields. With an increase in the number in the environment, various types of chemical compounds arise a real threat to their joint action as a result of mutual reactions involving unforeseen catalysts. According to experts, even at low concentrations, the accumulation of negative effects on the action of various chemical compounds is possible.
Simple water is vital for human development and its production activities. It is also of particular importance for the normal life of nature. In many parts of the world, a total shortage is observed, gradual destruction and growing pollution of fresh water sources. This is caused by an increase in raw wastewater, industrial waste, loss of natural water intake areas, disappearance of forest arrays, incorrect methods of housekeeping, etc. Access to clean water has only 18% of the population (1970 - 33%), 40% of the population suffers from its shortage. In developing countries, approximately 80% of all diseases and 1/3 of deaths are caused by the consumption of polluted water.
Modern production creates a threat to the destruction of the initial living conditions of a person on Earth, and in some cases it crossed the possible line. An example of this is the destruction of valuable objects of nature, the disappearance of a number of varieties of plant world and some species of wild animals. According to estimates, after 1600, over 100 types of birds, invertebrates, mammals, about 45 species of fish, 150 species of plants disappeared. Reducing biological diversity presents a serious threat to the development of human society. The presence of the necessary goods and services depends on the diversity and variability of genes, biological species, populations and ecosystems. Biological resources are fed and dressed man, provide housing, medicines, spiritual food. Thus, about 4.4% of US GDP is obtained at the expense of wild species. The greatest economic benefit from biological diversity is manifested in medicine.
An important impact on the state of the environment and environmental management has emergency situations of man-made character, industrial catastrophes. In 1984, in India, 2500 people died and tens of thousands received poisoning when there was a release of toxic gas from the American Chemical Corporation Union Carbayad, which was released near the densely pop district in Bhopal. Two years later there was an explosion of a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl. 135 thousand people were evacuated, and radioactive contamination touched a significant territory. Some time later, another incident at a chemical plant in Sandoz in Switzerland was the cause of an environmental disaster in Western Europe.
Environmental damage causes hostilities, the use of weapons of mass lesion. During the War of Vietnam, American aviation dropped over 15 million liters of defoliates. The affected area of \u200b\u200b38 thousand square meters. km for several decades turned into a lifeless desert, over 2 million people were affected by the poisoning substances.
A number of economists believe that if the rate of economic growth, the nature of economic activity, the methods of resolving conflicts will continue, then the growth of losses may exceed the benefits of this type of development, and this will mean the beginning of the era of the "anti-economic" development leading to poverty, and not to wealth.
Scientific awareness of the consequences of economic activity belongs to the XVI century. and is associated with the name of the German Naturalist G. Agrikola. He noted that as a result of the development of mining activities, fertile lands began to deteriorate, cut down the forests, polluted by the river, and there are more damages from digging a penny than the benefits of those ores that are mined. However, in contrast to India, China in Europe prevailed the concepts of Albert Great and Roger Bacon, stateing the unlimited domination of a person over nature. They dominated the economic worldview of society to the last quarter of the XX century.

The human effect on the environment is indisputable and obvious. It is necessary to honestly admit that the whole negative, which is observed in nature, is "thanks to" man. People are typical of any of their problems to decide without looking at the possible effects of environment. Many entrepreneurs put forward one single goal - receiving profit, leaving the care of ecology for later.

Given the consumer attitude towards quite unreasonably, humanity came close to the decision of the ecology. It is from them that will depend on the further happy or problematic life on Earth.

Of course, at the beginning of the 20th century, when progress only gained its strength, it was much done to improve the quality of life, but whether the positive impact of a person on the environment, the question is controversial. The swamps were dried, roads were laid, the first hydroelectric power plants were built. Engineers, without having computers and guided by their calculations, erected structures, given the landscape and the state of groundwater. The influence of a person on the environment was rated long before the start of the work, and measures were taken to reduce the risk of negative impacts on nature.

Large changes occurring continuously in agriculture clearly demonstrate the influence of a person on the environment. Often they lead to large-scale and irreversible changes. For example, today under the agricultural fields, 10-12% of the area of \u200b\u200bearth sushi. Their increase, as scientists evaluate, will not be able to fully solve the food issue, but it is capable of catastrophic soil depletion. In some countries, the Earth has 30-70%, and their intensive exploitation has already led to environmental shifts. Without accepted urgent measures, humanity risks leaving the dead, not suitable for any of the land to their descendants.

The influence of a person on the environment in the agricultural field is connected with superfluous, sometimes thoughtless use of fertilizers and herbicides. This leads not only to the fact that many grown products become dangerous for use, but also to the negative impact on the soil and groundwater.

Currently, promising agricultural institutions have concluded that it is necessary to solve the problem of lack of food on Earth, it is necessary by removing highly productive rocks of animals and the same productive varieties of plants.

Previously, the farmers made a predatory attitude towards the fertile layer of the Earth. The positive influence of a person on the environment was expressed in the fact that the soil was treated for all the rules of agrarian science, allowed to relax and generously fertilized by organic. People built prospects for the future, understanding the meanness of the Earth.

Unfortunately, the rapid 20th century is characterized by the wastefulness of natural wealth, which is uncontrollabically leading to emerging periodically

Humanity depletes the rivers and takes 13% of the river flow, 100 billion tons of useful natural fossils are recycled annually, and electricity consumption increases twice every 10 years. It may not affect nature around us. That everything will return on their own back, it is not necessary to count on, but it does not stop entrepreneurs in pursuit of progress. Of course, the impact of a person on the environment should change and become more prudent. Otherwise, our descendants are unlikely to be grateful to us.

The reasonable impact of a person on the environment will achieve equilibrium in nature and harmony, namely, progressive humanity is striving. Scientists create new high-tech sewage treatment plants, modern and humane work are used by experts to preserve rare and they are listed in the Red Book, they are not allowed to hunt. Of course, the best for them is to live in a natural environment, in reserves and reserves.

Of the most important problems of modern, human problems, the ecology of a person has acquired a special sharpness. The man turned out to be vulnerable under a powerful on-line impact of his own conversion activities.

These consequences were found not only in the processes of functioning of the natural-biological basis of its nature, but also its social and spiritual qualities. The ecology of a person was in crisis. Currently, there is a variety of opinions on the general state of the ecology of society, including about the subject of the human ecology, its main aspects and methodological principles.

Today, the environmental protection problem is particularly acute due to all increasing rates of urbanization, as well as increase in population density. Thanks to a significant increase in cities and an increase in the number of residents in them, there is a very intensive accumulation of household waste, and human life waste. If it is not enough to dispose of them or recycle them, then this process can lead to a real environmental catastrophe.

The main trends of today are aimed at studying the possible ways of a more optimal export of household waste, as well as the study of new opportunities for their further processing. Since the previously used utilization method by burning waste has also caused even greater harm to the environment. The main issue worth today is precisely the export of household waste into special polygons.

In any city there are one or more companies involved in the export of solid household waste (MSW). Their activities are aimed at clearing the streets, from accumulating household waste there. Here the main problem is the unconsciousness of citizens who often throw away household waste by containers, do not produce primary sorting of garbage, and even sometimes satisfied natural landfills within the city. The decision of this particular problem may further increase the scale of the processes of further processing of household waste, after all, on specialized enterprises for further recycling of waste, they must flow already sorted.

water pollution

Clean water is transparent, colorless, there is no smell and taste, inhabited by a variety of fish, plants and animals. The polluted waters are muddy, with an unpleasant odor, are not suitable for drinking, often contain a huge amount of bacteria and algae. The system of self-cleaning of water (aeration of running water and precipitation at the bottom of weighted particles) does not work due to the oversight of anthropogenic pollutants in it.

Reducing the oxygen content. The organic substances contained in wastewater are decomposed by enzymes of aerobic bacteria, which absorb oxygen dissolved in water and isolated carbon dioxide as the organic residues are absorbed. Well-known final decay products are carbon dioxide and water, but many other connections can be formed. For example, bacteria are processed by nitrogen contained in waste, in ammonia (NH3), which, connecting with sodium, potassium or other chemical elements, forms nitric acid salts - nitrates. The sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide compounds (substances containing -shh or H2S hydrogen sulfide), which are gradually moving to sulfur (S) or to sulfate ion (SO4-), also forming salts.

In waters containing fecal masses, vegetable or animal residues coming from food industry enterprises, paper fibers and remnants of cellulose from enterprises of the pulp and paper industry, decomposition processes are almost the same. Since aerobic bacteria use oxygen, the first result of the decay of organic residues is to reduce the oxygen content dissolved in the taking drains of water. It varies depending on the temperature, as well as to some extent - from salinity and pressure. Fresh water at 20 ° C and intensive aeration in one liter contains 9.2 mg of dissolved oxygen. With an increase in water temperature, this indicator decreases, and when it is cooling, it increases. According to the standards acting in the design of municipal treatment facilities, for the decay of organic substances contained in one liter of utility waters of the usual composition at a temperature of 20 ° C, approximately 200 mg of oxygen is required for 5 days. This value, called the biochemical need for oxygen (BOD), is made as a standard in calculating the amount of oxygen required for the purification of this volume of wastewater. The magnitude of the BODs of the wastewater of the enterprises of the leather, meat processing and the sucropper industry is much higher than municipal wastewater.

In small watercourses with a rapid flow where water is intensively mixed, compensating from the atmosphere oxygen compensates for the exhaustion of its reserves dissolved in water. At the same time, carbon dioxide formed during decomposition of substances contained in wastewater is disappeared into the atmosphere. This reduces the deadlines for the adverse effects of organic decomposition processes. Conversely, in water bodies with a weak flow, where the water is mixed slowly and isolated from the atmosphere, the inevitable decrease in the oxygen content and the increase in carbon dioxide concentration entail serious changes. When the oxygen content decreases to a certain level, the fishe harness occurs and other living organisms begin to die, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the volume of decaying organic matter.

Most of the fish die due to poisoning with industrial and agricultural drains, but many - and from the lack of oxygen water. Fish, like all living beings, absorb oxygen and isolated carbon dioxide. If the oxygen in water is not enough, but the concentration of carbon dioxide, the intensity of their breathing is reduced (it is known that water with a high content of coalic acid, i.e. dissolved carbon dioxide, becomes acidic).

In waters experiencing thermal pollution, conditions are often created leading to fish death. The oxygen content is reduced there, since it is weakly dissolved in warm water, but the need for oxygen increases sharply, as the rates of its consumption by aerobic bacteria and fish are increasing. Adding acids, for example, sulfur, with drainage waters from coal mines also significantly reduces the ability of some species of fish to extract oxygen from water.

However, the problem of water pollution and its unsanitary state is not limited to developing countries. The fourth part of the entire Mediterranean coast is considered dangerous polluted. According to the report on the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea, published in 1983, within the framework of the UN Environmental Protection Program, the use of molluscs and lobster foods is unsafe for health. In this region, typhoid, parasip, dysentery, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are distributed, periodically arose cholera flashes. Most of these diseases are caused by a discharge into a sea of \u200b\u200buntreated wastewater. According to the available estimates, 85% of the waste from 120 coastal cities is reset to the Mediterranean Sea, in which there are holidaymakers and local residents. Between Barcelona and Genoa, approximately 200 tons of discharged waste per year account for each mile of the coastline per year.

air pollution

Previously, people usually believed that air pollution is the price that cities are forced to pay for their growth and successful development. Smoking pipes factories mean the security of the population by work places, and jobs meant material well-being. And what if you have wheezing in the lungs and cough bouts? Well, then everyone has a job.

The problem with air pollution is not limited only to space outdoors. Air inside our homes and offices may be no less dangerous to health. The main source of pollution is a cigarette smoke, but it is not the only one. Toxins are highlighted even when you just cook food. Each time you scratch the Teflon anti-stick coating, it is highlighted enough toxins to kill the canary.

The greenhouse effect that all of us is associated with the phenomenon of global warming caused by toxic gases. The main enemy of a pure atmosphere - methane. It is released as a result of decomposition of sewage waste. But most of methane enters the atmosphere during the extraction of natural gas, which we use for heating houses and cooking. Another source of this gas is the burning of waste. Methane very aggressively behaves with respect to the ozone layer and causes a greenhouse effect.

Stone coal and raw oil, burning, also contribute to air pollution. This highlights sulfur dioxide. This toxin is dangerous for a person and causes problems with the lungs. It stands out even when coal mining, and miners mining coal are in the risk group.

Air pollution has a harmful effect on living organisms in several ways: 1) delivering aerosol particles and poisonous gases into the respiratory system of humans and animals and in the leaves of plants; 2) increasing the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, which, in turn, affects the change in the chemical composition of soils and water; 3) stimulating such chemical reactions in the atmosphere, which lead to an increase in the duration of irradiation of living organisms of malicious solar rays; 4) Changing the composition and temperature of the atmosphere on a global scale and thus creating conditions that are unfavorable for the survival of organisms.

Respiratory system of man. Through the respiratory system in the human body, oxygen is entered, which is spread with hemoglobin (red erythrocyte pigments) to vital organs, and exit products, in particular carbon dioxide. The respiratory system consists of a nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Each healthy is easily about 5 million alveoli (airbags), in which gas exchange occurs. From the alveolo, oxygen enters blood, and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and is thrown into the air.

The respiratory system has a number of protective mechanisms that protect against the effects of pollutants contained in the air. Hair in the nose filtering large particles. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, larynx and trachea is delayed and dissolves small particles and some harmful gases. If pollutants fall into the respiratory system, the person sneezes and coughs. Thus evacuated polluted air and mucus. In addition, the upper respiratory tracts are lined with hundreds of thin cilias of the fiscal epithelium, which are in constant motion and moving up the larynx mucus together with the mud in the respiratory system, which are either swallowed or removed.

Major pollutants. Sulfur dioxide, or sulfur arhydride (sulfur gas). The sulfur enters the atmosphere as a result of many natural processes, including evaporation of sea water splashing, sewers of sulfur-containing soils in arid areas, gases emissions in volcanic eruptions and biogenic hydrogen sulfide isolating (H2S). The most widespread sulfur compound is a sulfuric anhydride (SO2) - a colorless gas formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels (primarily coal and heavy oil fractions), as well as with different production processes, such as melting sulfide ores. Sulfurous gas is particularly harmful to trees, it leads to chlorose (yellowing or discoloration of leaves) and dwarf. A person has this gas annoys the upper respiratory tract, as it is easily dissolved in the mucus of the larynx and the trachea. The constant impact of the sulfur gas can cause a disease of the respiratory system, resembling bronchitis. By itself, this gas does not cause significant damage to the health of the population, but in the atmosphere reacts with water vapor to form a secondary pollutant - sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The acid drops are transferred to considerable distances and, falling into the lungs, they destroy them very much. The most dangerous form of air pollution is observed in the reaction of sulfuric anhydride with suspended particles, accompanied by the formation of sulfuric acid salts, which, when breathing, penetrate into the lungs and there are settled.

Carbon oxide, or carbon monoxide, is very poisonous gas without color, smell and taste. It is formed in case of incomplete combustion of wood, fossil fuel and tobacco, when burning solid waste and partial anaerobic decomposition of the organics. Approximately 50% of carbon monoxide is formed in connection with the human activity, mainly as a result of the operation of the internal combustion engines of cars. In a closed room (for example, in a garage) filled with carbon monoxites, the ability of hemoglobin of erythrocytes to carry oxygen is reduced, which is why the person slows down the reaction, perception is weakened, headache, drowsiness, nausea appear. Under the influence of a large amount of carbon monoxide, fainting can happen, a coma will happen and even death.

Weighted particles, including dust, soot, pollen and plants disputes, etc., differ greatly in size and composition. They can either be directly contained in the air, or be enclosed in droplets suspended in the air (so-called aerosols). In general, for the year, OK comes into the atmosphere. 100 million tons of aerosols of anthropogenic origin. It is approximately 100 times less than the number of aerosols of natural origin - volcanic ashes, flown dust and splashes of sea water. Approximately 50% of the particles of anthropogenic origin are thrown into the air due to incomplete combustion of fuel on transport, factories, factories and thermal power plants.

radiation

Radiation ... From this word blows cold and emptying, hospital sterility and fear of unknown. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant and the Chernobyl catastrophe is the most gloomy, but far from the only pages in the black book of radioactive pollution. I do not want to believe, but the problem of radiation to one degree or another concerns each. Air and water, food and children's toys, jewelry and antiques, medical examinations - all this can be a source of radiation. How bitterly noticed one of the researchers of the problem of radioactivity, we bathe in the sea of \u200b\u200bradiation, we carry it in yourself.

If you look into the textbook of physics, radioactivity is the instability of the nuclei of some atoms. Because of this instability, the core disintegration occurs, accompanied by the output of the so-called ionizing radiation, that is, radiation. The energy of radioactive radiation is large, it affects the cells of the body. There are several types of radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma radiation, neutrons and X-rays. The first three are most dangerous for a person.

But health is important not only the power of irradiation, but also the exposure time. And even a weak source of radiation, for example, weakly beactive objects, with a debt constant contact, have an impact on a person. The worst thing that until time would you even suspect about this influence - because the radiation is invisible with the naked eye, it does not have color or smell. The cunning invisible enemy can penetrate the intestines, lungs or skin. And if there is no household dosimeter at hand (a special apparatus for measuring the level of radiation), we can only guess what exactly is danger.

Soil - we are not suspected of the existence of radioactive landfills in the urban art, while in the capital, more than a thousand radiation sources were discovered. Many years ago, these waste were taken out for Moscow, but with the expansion of the territory they found themselves in residential areas. Several years ago, on the site of the alleged construction of the house in Moscow, two dozen foci were discovered with radiation capacity exceeding the rate of 150 times. Holders of country houses and "phasend" risk no less - complaints about making after rest are often associated with contaminated soil.

Products - rosy apples, sweet pears, ripe strawberries, meat, bird, forest gifts - every year in city markets specialists discover and carry tons of infectious products. According to the research results, up to 70% of radiation, which accumulates in the body, falls on food and water.

Children's toys - hares, cars, bears and other toys - not always the best gift for children. One of the largest scandals occurred in the Moscow market, where the level of a batch of teddy "friends" exceeded the radiation rate 20 times. Similar to this is poor-quality paints and plastic with an increased radiation background or storage or production in contaminated territories.

Decorations - Favorite pendant or necklace can also be dangerous: some modern technologies for processing gemstones imply radioactive irradiation. But we carry them every day!

Antiques - another potential source of radiation. In 40 - 60 years, toys, souvenirs and decorations were often covered with a special composition of the phosphor, which included radioactive elements, and wine glasses and wine glasses "tinted" by passing gamma rays. It is they who give the transparent glass of old sets a dark tint.

How does radiation affect the health of the body? The process of exposure to the organism of radiation is called irradiation. During irradiation, the negative energy of radiation is transmitted by cells, changing and destroying them. Exposure can change DNA, lead to genetic damage and mutation, and for this one quantum (radiation particles) is sufficient.

And the higher the level of radiation, the longer the impact, the higher the risk. On the black exposure account, a number of terrible and heavy diseases: acute radiation disease, all sorts of mutations in the human body, infertility, disorders in the central nervous system, immune diseases, metabolic disorders, infectious complications, cancer tumors. According to the results of independent studies of Professor Hoffman (1994), diseases are able to cause even low doses of radiation. Beach of our time, oncological diseases, almost 8 million people worldwide live every year, and this terrible number is growing continuously. According to the forecasts of doctors, if the situation does not change, by 2030, 17 million inhabitants of our planet will die from cancer every year.

Fear for their health sometimes makes people make emergency and rather dangerous measures. So, in connection with accidents in Japan, the uncontrolled reception of drugs with the content of iodine increased dramatically. In pharmacies of areas approximate to the site of the catastrophe, a real excitement began, all stocks of iodine-containing drugs were devastated, and potassium iodide packaging from 14 tablets on the Internet auction was sold for several hundred dollars. Similar messages come from China, Australia, Malaysia, Philippines and other countries in the region.

Another means of combating radiation, household dosimeters, showing the degree of risk, however, do not protect against radiation. Yes, they are extremely useful in the store or on the market, when choosing a country area. But we cannot shut down four walls, do not go out and check the radioactivity of salads in a cafe during a lunch break. For a full fight against the enemy, it needs not only to find, but also to neutralize.

How can we protect yourself and our loved ones? To do this, it is necessary:

1. Physical exertion contributing to the enhancement of metabolism. For example, running is stimulated by blood circulation. Blood penetrates deeper into the tissue, causes them to move, as a result, harmful substances are derived from the body naturally.

2. Potion. For example, in the sauna. From then there are all harmful deposits. Salts are washed out of the tissues, harmful substances, toxins, radionuclides are distinguished. A sauna is especially useful immediately after exercise.
Attention! To preserve the water balance in the body, it is necessary immediately after the sweating to drink natural juices, red wine (they contain vitamins-antioxidants). A drink containing a complex of vitamins-antioxidants is especially useful - a mixture in equal proportions of carrot, beet and apple juice. Also purify the body tea, boiled on herbs. Ordinary food after the sauna, it is necessary to complement the large number of fresh vegetables.

3. Power. Food should be diverse and rich vegetables and fruits. The exact mode of receiving vitamins, minerals, oils should be observed.

Introduction

Each of us, each of those who consider themselves a particle of world humanity, is obliged to know which human activity on the world around us and feel the share of responsibility for certain actions. It is a person who is the cause of her own concerns about nature, like a house, giving food, heat and other conditions for his normal life. Human activity is very aggressive and actively destroying (transforming) by force on our planet. From the very beginning of his development, he felt the owner of all that surrounds him. But, as the proverb says: "Do not Rubi bitch, on which you sit." One incorrect decision and may need dozens, or even hundreds of years to correct the fatal error. Natural balance is very fragile. If you seriously think about your activity, then this activity will certainly begin to choke humanity itself. This suffocity has already begun to some extent and if it is not stopped, it will instantly begin to develop with incredibly fast speed.

However, the first steps are already made to meet nature, nature begin to respect, care for her and maintain elementary order in it. Although all new and new pollution comes, a huge number is eliminated, but it is not enough. Pollution must not be eliminated, but to prevent.

It is necessary to the World Association, the long, coordinated and targeted activity of the driving and producing forces of the planet.

But, initially, in order to fight against the influence of a person on the environment, it is necessary to find out the influence of human activity into separate sections of nature. This knowledge allows mankind more deeper to study the problem, find out what reasons were the violation of the natural balance and the deterioration of the ecological state. Also, a deep study of the sections of nature makes it possible to develop optimal plans to correct the position on the globe for shorter times.

By solving the problem of the environment - if we take into account the costs of research, the creation of new technologies, the re-equipment of production and restoration, at least partial, destroyed natural systems - grow in hardly the largest, large-scale and expensive program.

purpose :

1. To explore the impact of a person on the environment.

2. To study the effects of human impact on the environment.

3. Remove the mistakes of mankind to take into account them in the future life.

Tasks :

1. Show a real threat to human impact on the environment.

2. Create bright examples of human influence on the environment.

Human impact

Impact - Direct influence of man's economic activity on the environment. All types of exposure can be combined in 4 type: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect (indirect).

The deliberate impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining minerals, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation channels, hydropower plants), cutting down forests for expanding agricultural areas and to obtain wood, etc.

An unintentional impact arises by side with the first type of impact, in particular, the extraction of minerals in the open way leads to a decrease in the level of groundwater, to the contamination of the air basin, to the formation of man-made relief shapes (careers, heat, tail-storage). The construction of hydropower plants is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect Wednesday: cause an increase in the level of groundwater, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. Upon receipt of energy from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), there is pollution of the atmosphere, surface watercourses, groundwater, etc.

Both deliberate and unintentional impacts can be straight and indirect.

Direct influences are in the event of the direct influence of man's economic activity on Wednesday, in particular irrigation (irrigation) directly affect the soil and changes all the processes associated with it.

Indirect impacts occur indirectly through the chains of interrelated influences. Thus, deliberate indirect effects are the use of fertilizers and directly influence the yield of cultures, and unintentional - the effect of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.

Impact of mining On Wednesday - diverse manifests itself in direct and indirect effects on natural landscapes. The greatest impairment of the earth's surface occur in the open method of developing minerals, which accounts for more than 75% of the volume of mining.

Currently, the total area of \u200b\u200bland disturbed by mining (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as employed mining production, exceeded 2 million hectares, of which 65% fall on the European part of the country . Only in Kuzbass coal careers are now employed by more than 30 thousand hectares of land, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kursk magnetic anomaly (CMA) - no more than 25 thousand hectares of fertile lands.

It is estimated that during the extraction of 1 million tons of iron ore is disturbed up to 640 hectares of land, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mountain production contributes to the destruction of vegetation cover, the emergence of man-made relief forms (career, dumps, tailings, etc.), deformation of the plots of the earth's crust (especially under the underground method of mining).

Indirect impacts are manifested in changing the groundwater regime, in the pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and wiping, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among the pollutants of the air media, primarily dustiness and gas supply. It is estimated that about 200 thousand tons of dust arrive from underground mountain buildings of mines and mines; Coal mining in the amount of 2 billion tons per year about 4,000 mines in different countries of the world is accompanied by the release of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m 3 carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In our country, with the development of coal deposits, the underground method is also fixed by significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air pool: every year in the Donbas (364 mines) and in Kuzbass (78 mines), respectively, methane 3870 and 680 million m 3 and carbon dioxide - 1200 and 970 million m 3.

Mountain production negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are strongly contaminated with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year about 2.5 billion m 3 of contaminated shaft waters is pumped out of coal mines on the surface. With open mining works, high-quality freshwater reserves are depleted. On the careers of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, the infiltration from the tailings prevents the reduction in the level of the upper waterline of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to an increase in the level of groundwater and the root of the adjacent territory.

Mountain production is negatively affected, as industrial production waste is buried in them, radioactive waste (in the USA - 246 polygons of underground burial), etc. In Sweden, Norway, England, Finland in mining workings are organized by storage facilities and gas, drinking Water, underground refrigerators, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere - The person began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic conversion of the continents has already reached global scales, disturbing the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers of the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation channels and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land, the flooding of arid territories, urbanization, freshwater pollution with industrial, municipal runoff. Currently, about 30 thousand reservoirs are built in the world, the volume of water has exceeded 6000 km 3. But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2442 large reservoirs in the world, while their largest number falls on North America - 887 and Asia - 647. 237 large reservoirs were built on the territory of the former USSR.

In general, while the reservoir area in the world is only 0.3% of land, but at the same time they increase the river stock by 27%. However, large reservoirs have a negative environmental impact: changing groundwater regime, their water area occupy large areas of fertile lands, lead to secondary soil salinization.

In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in b. USSR), having a mirror area of \u200b\u200b15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but from this value of 60 -70% make up flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. In recent years, in our country, a scheme for improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large reservoirs and channels has been drawn up. This will reduce the degree of their adverse effects on the environment.

Exposure to the animal world - animals together with plants play an exceptional role in migration of chemical elements, which underlies existing relationships in nature; They are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. However, the economic activity of a person greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union of Nature Conservation, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals were extinct on Earth. Animals such as Tarpan, Tour, Summer Wolf, European Ibis, etc. disappeared. Especially suffered by the fauna of the ocean islands. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the mainland, the number of disappearing and rare animal species (Bizon, Vicunya, Condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals such as rhino, tiger, cheetah, etc. has declined threateningly.

In Russia, by the beginning of the current century, individual types of animals (bison, river beaver, sable, dying, idol) became rare, so reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population, increase the number of the Amur Tiger, the White Bear.

However, in recent years, an excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the oceans, and other anthropogenic factors adversely affect the animal world. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of first-all bird-predatory birds (sapsan, emptying, orlan-Belochvost, Filin, Eared Owl), the larks, rags, pheasants, partridges, etc. are killed in many Western European countries. A similar picture is died. Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many species of animals need further protection and reproduction.

Impact on Earth Craer - The person began to interfere with the life of the earth's crust, being a powerful relief factor. On the earth's surface there were technogenic form of relief: shafts, recesses, hillocks, careers, pitfalls, mounds, hotcocks, etc. There are cases of incubation of the earth's crust under major cities and reservoirs, the latter in the mountainous areas led to an increase in natural seismicity. Examples of such artificial earthquakes that were caused by filling with water of catlovin large reservoirs, are available in California, USA, on the Industan Peninsula. Such a type of earthquakes was well studied in Tajikistan on the example of the Nucker reservoir. Sometimes earthquakes can be called up or downloading wastewater with harmful impurities deep underground, as well as intensive oil and gas production at large deposits (USA, California, Mexico).

Mountain production has the greatest impact on the earth's surface and subsoil, especially with the open mining method. As noted above, while the method is withdrawn by significant land areas, environmental pollution by various toxicants (especially heavy metals) occurs. Local fuses of the earth's crust in the areas of coal mining are known in the Silesian district of Poland, in the UK, in the USA, Japan, and others. The man geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust, mining in a huge amount of lead, chrome, manganese, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, etc.

Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydrotechnical structures. By 1988, more than 360 dams were built all over the world (150 - 300 m height), of which in our country 37. The total impact of the weight of the dams, as well as the leaching processes lead to a significant sediment of their bases to form cracks (at the base of the Sayano Dam Shushenskaya HPP marked cracks up to 20 m long). Most of the Perm region is 7 mm annually, since the bowl of the Kama reservoir with a huge force presses on the earth's bark. The maximum values \u200b\u200band velocities of the surfactant drawdown caused by the filling of reservoirs are significantly less than in oil and gas production, large groundwater pumping.

For comparison, we indicate that the Japanese cities of Tokyo and Osaka due to the pumping of groundwater and sealing loose rocks in recent years dropped by 4 m (at the annual precipitation speed up to 50 cm). Thus, only detailed studies of the relationships of natural and anthropogenic relief processes will help eliminate the unwanted consequences of the impact of man's economic activity on the earth's surface.

Impact on climate - In some regions of the globe in recent years, these impacts have become critical and dangerous for the biosphere and for the existence of a person himself. Every year, as a result of the economic activity of a person around the world, the flow of pollutants into the atmosphere was: sulfur dioxide - 190 million tons, nitrogen oxides - 65 million tons, carbon oxides - 25.5 million tons, etc. Every year, more than 700 million tons of dust and gaseous compounds are eradiced during fuel combustion. All this leads to an increase in the concentration in the atmospheric air of anthropogenic pollutants: carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, freon, etc. They have a significant impact on the global climate, causing negative consequences: "Greenhouse effect", exhaustion " ozone layer ", acid rain, photochemical mods and others.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere led to global climate warming: the average air temperature rose by 0.5-0.6 0 s (compared to the pre-industrial period), and by the beginning of 2000 this increase will be 1.2 0 s and to 2025 can reach 2.2-2.5 0 C. For the Earth's biosphere, such a climate change may have both negative and positive environmental consequences.

To the first one can be: an increase in the level of the world's ocean (the current rate of water lifting is approximately 25 cm in 100 years) and its negative consequences; violations of the stability of "permafrost" (increase in soil flushing, intensification of thermal traffic), etc.

The positive factors include: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many crops, and in some regions - to the maintenance of forestry. In addition, such climate change may affect the river flow of large rivers, and therefore on water management in the regions. Paleogeographic approach (taking into account climates of the past) to this problem will help predict changes not only climates, but also other components of the biosphere in the future.

Impact on marine ecosystems - It is manifested in the annual admission to the water area of \u200b\u200bwater bodies of a huge amount of pollutants (oil and petroleum products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.). All this is ultimately the degradation of marine ecosystems: Eutrophimation, a decrease in species diversity, replacing entire classes of bottom fauna for contamination-resistant, mutagenity of bottom sediments, etc. The results of the ecological monitor of the seas of Russia allowed us to rank the latter to the degree of degradation of ecosystems (in the order of decrease in changes ): Azov - Black - Caspian - Baltic - Japanese - Barents - Okhotsk - White - Laptev - Kara - East Siberian - Bering - Chukotka Sea. Obviously, the most vividly negative consequences of anthropogenic effects on marine ecosystems are manifested in the southern seas of Russia.

To solve the environmental problems of the seas, within the framework of the special program of comprehensive environmental monitoring of the ocean, extensive studies are already carried out in order to predict the state of the natural environment in the southern seas basins.

Conclusion

In conclusion, from the above material, it can be concluded that the unidirectional human activity may entail colossal destruction in a natural ecosystem, which will entail in the future high costs for recovery.

I wanted to call for your work to be kept and protected by the opportunity of the beauty of the environment.

Impact of man on the environment

The more we take from the world, the less we leave in it, and ultimately we will have to pay our debts at the very moment that may be very unsuitable in order to ensure the continuation of our lives.

Norbert Wiener

The person began to change the natural complexes at the primitive stage of development of civilization, during the hunting and gathering when he began to use fire. Domestication of wild animals and the development of agriculture expanded the territory of manifestation of human activities. As the industry develops and replacing the muscular force of the fuel energy, the intensity of the anthropogenic influence continued to increase. In the XX century Due to particularly rapid growth rates of the population and its needs, it has reached an unprecedented level and has spread to the whole world.

Considering the impact of a person on the environment, one must always remember the most important ecological postulates formulated in the wonderful book of Tyler Miller "Life in the Environment".

1. Whatever we do in nature, everything causes these or other consequences in it, often unpredictable.
2. Everything is interconnected in nature, and we live in it all together.
3. Life support systems of the Earth can withstand significant pressure and rude interventions, but everything has a limit.
4. Nature is not only more difficult than we think about it, it is much more complicated than we can imagine it.

All complexes created by man (landscapes) can be divided into two groups depending on the purpose of their occurrence:

- direct - created by targeted human activity: cultivated fields, garden-park complexes, reservoirs, etc., often called cultural;
- Related - not envisaged and usually undesirable, which have been activated or caused by human activity: swamps on the shores of reservoirs, ravines in the fields, career and dust landscapes, etc.

Each anthropogenic landscape has its own history, sometimes very complex and, most importantly, extremely dynamic. For several years or decades, anthropogenic landscapes can undergo such deep changes, which natural landscapes will not be experienced for many thousands of years. The reason for this is the continuous intervention of a person in the structure of these landscapes, and this intervention necessarily affects the person itself. Here is just one example. In 1955, when nine of every ten inhabitants of Northern Borneo became ill with malaria, on the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the island for combating mosquitoes - Malaria's carriers began to spray the Yadochimikat dieldrin. The disease was practically expelled, but the unforeseen consequences of such a struggle were terrible: not only mosquitoes were killed from Dieldrin, but also other insects, in particular flies and cockroaches; Then the lizards were killed, living in homes and fastening dead insects; After that, the cats, eating dead lizards, began to die; Without cats, the rats began to multiply - and people began to threaten the epidemic of plague. From this position came out, dropping healthy cats on the parachutes. But ... It turned out that Dieldrin did not affect the caterpillars, but destroyed those insects that they had eaten, and then the numerous caterpillars began to eat not only the leaves of trees, but also the leaves that served roofs for roofs, as a result began to crush the roof.

Anthropogenic changes in the environment are very diverse. Immediately affecting only one of the components of the medium, a person can change the rest. And in the first, and in the second case there is a circulation of substances in the natural complex, and from this point of view, the results of the impact on the environment can be attributed to several groups.

To the first group These are exposeds, leading only to the change in the concentration of chemical elements and their compounds without changing the form of the substance itself. For example, as a result of emissions from road transport, lead and zinc concentration increases in air, soil, water and plants, many times exceeding their usual content. In this case, the quantitative assessment of the impact is expressed in the mass of pollutants.

Second group - Impacts lead not only to quantitative, but also qualitative changes to the forms of finding elements (within individual anthropogenic landscapes). Such transformations are often observed in the development of deposits, when many elements of ores, including toxic heavy metals, are moving from mineral mold to aqueous solutions. At the same time, their total content within the complex does not change, but they become more affordable for plant and animal organisms. Another example is the changes associated with the transition of elements from a biogenic form to abiogenic. So, a person when cutting forests, cutting down the hectare of a pine forest, and then burning it, translates from a biogenic form to the mineral of about 100 kg of potassium, 300 kg of nitrogen and calcium, 30 kg of aluminum, magnesium, sodium, etc.

Third Group- the formation of technogenic compounds and elements that do not have analogues in nature or not characteristic of this locality. There are more and more such changes every year. This appearance of freon in the atmosphere, plastics in soils and waters, weapon plutonium, cesium in the seas, the widespread accumulation of poorly decaying pesticides, etc. In total, about 70,000 different synthetic chemicals are used in the world. Every year about 1,500 new are added to them. It should be noted that a little is known about the impact on the environment of the majority of them, but at least half of them are harmful or potentially harmful to human health.

Fourth group- Mechanical movement of significant masses of elements without a significant conversion of forms of their findings. An example is the movement of the masses of the rock in the development of deposits of both open and underground method. Footprints of quarries, underground emptiness and hotkeeples (hills with steep slopes formed by exhausted empty rocks) will exist on Earth many thousands of years. The same group also includes the movement of significant soil masses during dust storms of anthropogenic origin (one dust storm can transfer about 25 km 3 of the soil).

Analyzing the results of human activity, the condition of the natural complex itself should be taken into account, its resistance to influences. The concept of sustainability is one of the most complex and controversial concepts in geography. Any natural complex is characterized by certain parameters, properties (one of them, for example, is the amount of biomass). Each parameter has a threshold value - such a quantity, upon reaching which changes in the qualitative state of components occur. These thresholds have practically not studied and often, predicting future changes in natural complexes under the influence of a particular activity, you cannot specify specific scales and the exact time framework of these changes.
What are the real scale of modern anthropogenic influence? Here are a few numbers. Annually from the subsoil of the earth is extracted over 100 billion tons of minerals; 800 million tons of different metals are smelted; produce more than 60 million tons of synthetic materials in nature; Agricultural land contributes to the soils of more than 500 million tons of mineral fertilizers and about 3 million tons of various pesticides, 1/3 of which comes with surface drains in the reservoirs or is delayed in the atmosphere (when dissipating aircraft). For its needs, a person uses more than 13% of the river flow and drops in reservoirs annually more than 500 billion m3 industrial and utility drain. The listing can be continued, but also sufficient enough to realize the globality of human influence on Wednesday, and therefore the globality of problems arising in connection with this.

Consider the consequences of the three main types of human economic activities, although, of course, they do not exhaust the entire complex of anthropogenic effect on the habitat.

1. Industrial exposure

Industry - the largest industry of material production - plays a central role in the economy of modern society and is the main driving force of its growth. Over the past century, global industrial production has increased more than 50 (!) Once, and 4/5 of this growth falls for the period from 1950, i.e. The period of active introduction into the production of achievements of scientific and technological progress. Naturally, such a rapid growth of the industry, providing our well-being with you, first of all affected the environment, the burden on which has increased repeatedly.

The industry and produced by it products affects the environment at all stages of the industrial cycle: starting from the exploration and production of raw materials, its processing into finished products, waste and ending with the use of finished products by the consumer, and then its liquidation due to further unsuitability. At the same time, there is an alienation of land for the construction of industrial facilities and entrances to them; constant use of water (in all industries) 1; emissions of substances from raw material processing into water and air; seizures of substances from the soil, rocks, biospheres, etc. Loading for landscapes and their components in the leading industries are carried out as follows.

Energy. Energy is the basis for the development of all industries, agriculture, transport, communal communal economy. This is a branch with a very high development rates and a huge scale of production. Accordingly, the share of the participation of energy enterprises in the area of \u200b\u200bnatural environment is very significant. The annual consumption of energy in the world is more than 10 billion tons of conditional fuel, and this figure is continuously increasing 2. To obtain energy, either fuel - oil, gas, coal, wood, peat, shale, nuclear materials, or other primary energy sources - water, wind, sun energy, etc. Almost all fuel resources are non-renewable - and this is the first stage of impact on the nature of the energy industry - irrevocable seizure of mass substances.

Each of the sources when it is used is characterized by specific parameters. pollution of natural complexes.

Coal - The most common fossil fuel on our planet. When combining it into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is received, flying, sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides, fluoride compounds, as well as gaseous products of incomplete combustion of fuel. Sometimes in volatile ashes, extremely harmful impurities are contained, such as arsenic, free silicon dioxide, free calcium oxide.

Oil. When burning liquid fuel into the air, in addition to carbon dioxide, sulfur and sulfuric anhydrides, nitrogen oxides, vanadium compounds, sodium, gaseous and solid part-burning solid products are coming. Liquid fuel gives a smaller amount of harmful substances than solid, but the use of oil in energy is reduced (due to exhaustion of natural reserves and the exceptional use of its transport, in the chemical industry).

Natural gas -the most harmless of fossil fuels. When combining it, the only substantial atmosphere polluter besides CO 2 are nitrogen oxides.

Wood Most of all used in developing countries (70% of the population of these countries is incinerated by an average of about 700 kg per person per year). The burning of wood is harmless - carbon dioxide and water pairs fall into the air, but the structure of biocenoses is disturbed - the destruction of the forest cover causes changes in all components of the landscape.

Nuclear fuel. The use of nuclear fuel is one of the most controversial issues of the modern world. Of course, nuclear power plants to a much lesser extent than thermal (using coal, oil, gas), pollute the atmospheric air, but the amount of water used at nuclear power plants is twice the consumption at thermal stations - 2.5-3 km 3 per year. At a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1 million kW, and the thermal discharge at the NPP per unit of energy produced is much larger than the TPP in similar conditions. But especially hot spores cause problems of radioactive waste and the safety of nuclear power plants. The colossal consequences for the natural environment and the person of possible accidents on nuclear reactors do not allow to relate to nuclear energy as optimistic as it was in the initial period of the use of a "peaceful atom".

If we consider the effect of recycling fossil fuels on other components of natural complexes, then it is necessary to allocate impact on natural water. For the needs of cooling generators on power plants, huge water intake is performed: for the production of 1 kW of electricity, it is necessary from 200 to 400 liters of water; Modern TPP with a capacity of 1 million kW requires 1.2-1.6 km 3 of water during the year. As a rule, water fence for cooling systems of energy plants is 50-60% of the total industrial seizure of water. The return of wastewater heated in cooling systems causes thermal pollution of water, as a result of which, in particular, solubility in oxygen water drops and the vital activity of aqueous organisms that begin to consume more oxygen is activated.

The following aspect of the negative impact on the landscape during the extraction of fuels - alienation of large areas, which are destroyed by vegetation, the soil structure changes, water regime. This applies primarily for open fuel production methods (in the world about 85% of minerals and building materials is obtained in an open way).

Among other primary energy sources - wind, river water, sun, tides and sings, underground heat - water occupies a special place. Geothermal power plants, solar panels, wind turbines, tidal-taming power plants have the advantage of minor environmental impact, but their distribution in the modern world is quite limited.

River watersUsed by hydroelectric power plants (hydropower plants) transforming water stream energy into electrical, practically do not have a pollutant environmental impact (with the exception of thermal pollution). Their negative impact on the environment is another. Hydraulic structures, primarily dams, violate the regimes of rivers and water bodies, prevent the migration of fish, affect the level of groundwater. Digitly affect the ecology and reservoirs created to level the river flow and the uninterrupted supply of hydropower plants. The total area of \u200b\u200bonly major reservoirs of the world is 180 thousand km 2 (land has been flooded), and the volume of water in them is about 5 thousand km 3. In addition to the flooding of land, the creation of reservoirs strongly changes the mode of river flow, affects local climatic conditions, which, in turn, affects vegetable cover on the shores of the reservoir.

Metallurgy . The impact of metallurgy begins with mining of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, a number of which, such as copper and lead, are used for a long time, and others - titanium, beryllium, zirconium, Germany - are actively used only in recent decades (for the needs of radio engineering, electronics , nuclear technology). But from the middle of the XX century, due to the scientific and technological revolution, mining and new, and traditional metals increased dramatically and therefore the number of natural disorders associated with the movement of significant mass rocks increased.
In addition to the main raw materials - metal ore - metallurgy quite actively consumes water. Exemplary digits of water consumption for needs, for example, ferrous metallurgy such: about 100 m 3 of water is spent on the production of 1 tons; For the production of 1 tons - 300 m 3; For the manufacture of 1 tons of rental - 30 m 3 of water.
But the most dangerous side of the impact of metallurgy on the environment - technogenic scattering of metals. With all the difference in the properties of metals, they all with respect to the landscape are impurities. Their concentration can increase in tens and hundreds of times without external environmental change (water remains water, and the soil is soil, but the mercury content increases in tens of times). The main danger of scattered metals lies in their ability to gradually accumulate in the organisms of plants and animals, which disrupts the food chains.
Metals fall into the environment almost at all stages of metallurgical production. The part is lost during transportation, enrichment, sorting ores. So, in one decade at this stage, about 600 thousand tons of copper, 500 thousand tons of zinc, 300 thousand tons of lead, 50 thousand tons of molybdenum were scattered around the world. Further emissions occurs directly at the production stage (not only metals, but also other harmful substances are ejected). The air around metallurgical enterprises smoked, it increased the content of dust. Nickel production is characterized by emissions of arsenic and large quantities of sulfur dioxide (SO 2); Aluminum production is accompanied by fluorine emissions, etc. The pollution of the medium is carried out by the wastewater of metallurgical plants.
The most dangerous pollutants include lead, cadmium and mercury, then copper, tin, vanadium, chrome, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, nickel, antimony, arsenic and selenium.
In the changing landscape around metallurgical enterprises, two zones can be distinguished. The first, with a radius of 3-5 km, directly adjacent to the enterprise, is characterized by almost complete destruction of the original natural complex. It often lacks vegetation, soil cover is largely disturbed, the population of animals and microorganisms disappeared. The second zone is more extensive, up to 20 km, looks like a less oppressed - the disappearance of biocenosis rarely occurs here, but its separate parts are broken and in all components of the complex there is an increased content of pollutant elements.

Chemical industry - one of the most dynamic industries in most countries; It often appears new productions, new technologies are being introduced. But it is connected with the emergence of many modern environmental pollution issues caused by both its products and production processes.
This industry, like metallurgy and energy, refers to the number of extremely water bodies. Water participates in the production of most of the most important chemical products - alkalis, alcohols, nitric acid, hydrogen, etc. Up to 2800 m 3 of water is required to produce 1 tons of synthetic rubber, 1 tons of rubber - 4000 m 3, 1 tons of synthetic fiber - 5000 m 3. After use, the water is partially returned to the water bodies in the form of severely contaminated wastewater, which leads to weakening or suppressing the vital activity of water organisms, which makes it difficult for the processes of self-purification of water bodies.
The composition of air emissions of chemical enterprises is also extremely diverse. Petrochemical production pollute the atmosphere with hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons; production of synthetic rubber - styrene, divinyl, toluene, acetone; Production of alkalis - hydrogen chloride, etc. In large quantities, substances such as carbon and nitrogen oxides, ammonia, inorganic dust, fluorine-containing substances and many others are emitted.
One of the most problematic parties to the impact of chemical production is to spread in nature there were no previously existing compounds. Among them are especially harmful to synthetic surfactants - SVAV (sometimes they are called detergents). They enter the environment in the production and use of various detergents in everyday life. By entering the industrial and domestic runoff in the reservoirs, the SVEV is poorly delayed by treatment facilities, contribute to the appearance of abundant foam in water, give it toxic properties and smell, causes the death and rebirth of aquatic organisms and, which is very significant, reinforce the toxic effect of other pollutants.
These are the main negative impact on natural systems of the world's leading industries. Naturally, the influence of the industry is not exhausted: there is mechanical engineering using metallurgy products and the chemical industry and contributing to the scattering of many substances in the environment; There are water-branches such as cellulose and food and food, which ensure a large proportion of organic pollution, etc. Based on the analysis of the impact on the ecology of three main industries, it is possible to determine the nature and path of industrial pollution for any industry, for which it is necessary to know Production specifics.

To be continued

Photo M. Kabanova

1 General industrial seizure of water is about 800 km 3 per year with the magnitude of irrevocable losses of 30-40 km 3.

2 main consumers of energy are developed countries. For example, in 1989, 249 million Americans only used energy than 1.1 billion Chinese for all needs for air conditioning.