See also:
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Globalization is the term to denote the situation of changes in all aspects of society under the influence of a global trend towards interdependence and openness. G. - This is the recognition of the growing interdependence of the modern world, the main consequence of which is a significant weakening (some researchers insist even on the destruction) of national state sovereignty under pressure actions of other subjects of the modern world process - primarily transnational corporations and other transnational formations, such as international companies, financial institutions, ethnic diasporas, religious movements, mafia groups, etc.
G. is a comprehensive trend in the development of modern world affecting its economic, political, cultural, but primarily information and communication aspects.
The globalization of sociocultural processes and phenomena of various focus forms a single world, a single informational and educational space, contributes to the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of cultures. Culture is the environment in which a person falls from the moment of its appearance to light surrounds it with its specific objects and methods of action with them (cultural facts), asks the basis of its "pro-images.
From the end of the 20th century, globalization increasingly manifests itself as a sociocultural phenomenon. This is caused by the emergence of a number of relatively new trends in the process of developing culture in the context of globalization:
1) an increase in the speed and scope of sociocultural changes in general;
2) the dominance of integrative trends in culture against the background of exacerbation of the tendencies of its differentiation and diversification in various social systems;
3) an increase in the intensity of cultural interactions in the information society;
4) the offensive of Western culture, often in very aggressive forms (cultural expansion, westernization);
5) the increase in the scale of the cultural industry in connection with the advent of TNC in the field of production of cultural goods and services;
6) strengthening the impact of globalization on the value-regulatory frameworks of national cultures in the process of modernizing societies;
7) globalization of symbols and versatile culture, especially mass;
8) exacerbation of the needs of cultural identification under these conditions;
9) expanding the influence of English in modern means of communication and communications.
In particular, in these conditions, the mass culture not only corrects its traditional antitropium function, but sometimes threatens the implementation of cultural identity in the context of the unification of values, language, standardization and universalization of lifestyle (clothing, life, information), music, movies, mods, and t . D. Dominant (globalizing) culture, using its technological and information superiority, imposes its values, norms and standards to other cultures. This leads to the leveling of national characteristics, cultural "recoding" of the lives of many countries and peoples. All this determines the acute practical relevance of the topic in question.
The awareness of global problems clearly manifested at the beginning of XX. This happened at a certain stage of the development of mankind - humanity realized the unity and indivisibility of earthly life. The essence of global problems: humanity will violate the equilibrium of the biosphere and the mechanisms of its self-regulation.
Globalide is an integrated scientific direction that studies manifestations, origin, as well as ways, ways to solve global problems.
Global problems - problems and situations that affect the living conditions and activities of people, comprise a threat to the present and the future. These problems cannot be solved by one country, require jointly developed actions.
Global problems:
1. Political character
Preventing a nuclear war;
Ensuring the sustainable development of the global community;
Preservation of peace and others.
2. Social character
Demographic problem;
Interethnic relationships;
Crisis of culture, morality;
Democracy deficit;
Health and others.
3. Natural and Economic Character
Ecological; - Raw and others.
Energy;
World ocean;
Food;
4. Mixed character
Regional conflicts;
Terrorism;
Technological accidents, etc.
Features of global problems:
- Universal character
- Have a planetary scale of manifestation
- They are characterized by a severity of manifestation
- Affect the future of humanity as a biological species
- They are characterized by emergency dynamism
- Are integrated
All global problems are closely related to each other (see Figure). Demographic and food problems are associated both among themselves and with environmental protection. Family Planning In some countries, Pos-opens faster freed from hunger and naughty-Denmark, and the progress of agriculture will weaken the surrounding environment. Food and resource problems are associated with the overlooking of the backwardness of developing countries. Improving nutrition and more reasonable use of resource potential lead to raising the standard of living, etc.
Globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world.
Some of the primitive globalization we can trace already in the era of antiquity. In particular, the Roman Empire was one of the first states that approved his domination over the Mediterranean and led to the deep weakening of various cultures and the emergence of a local division of labor in the Mediterranean regions.
Globalization - The process of global economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is the global division of labor, migration across the entire planet of capital, human and production resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the rapprochement and merger of cultures of different countries. This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is, covers all spheres of society.
Globalization - This is the historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional borders gradually erases and humanity turns gradually into a single political system.
Starting from the mid-20th century and especially in recent decades, the trend towards globalization has been qualitatively influenced by society. National and regional stories no longer make sense.
The trend towards uniformity becomes dominant in the culture. The media allow millions of people to witness the events taking place in different places, join the same cultural experience (Olympiad, Rock - concerts), which unifies their tastes. Everywhere the same consumer goods. Migration, temporary work abroad, tourism acquaint people with the lifestyle and the businesses of other countries. It is formed a single or, at least generally accepted spoken language - English. Computer technologies spread the same programs throughout the world. Western mass culture becomes universal, and local traditions are blurred.
positive and negative features affecting the development of the global community. To the positive can be attributed: The integration of the world economy contributes to the intensification and growth of production, the development of technical achievements of backward countries, improving the economic condition of developing countries. Political integration helps prevent military conflicts, ensure relative stability in the world, making much more in the interests of international security. Globalization in the social sphere Stimulates huge shifts in the consciousness of people, the dissemination of democratic principles of human rights and freedoms.
In the social sphere globalization it involves the creation of a society, which should be based on respect for the rights and fundamental freedoms of man, on the principle of social justice.
A very noticeable phenomenon over the past 100 years has become the globalization of culture based on the colossal growth of cultural exchange between countries, the development of the mass culture industry, the leveling of tastes and the PRESSITIES OF THE PUBLIC. This process is accompanied by erasing the national characteristics of literature and art, the integration of elements of national cultures into the formable universal cultural sphere.
The twentieth century was characterized by a significant acceleration of sociocultural changes. There was a giant shift in the Society-Society-Man system, where an important role is now played by culture, understood as an intellectual, ideal and artificially created material environment, which not only ensures the existence and comfort of a person in the world, but also creates a number of problems . Another important change in the specified system was the increasing pressure of people, society in nature. For the XX century The population of the earth has increased from 1.4 billion people. Up to 6 billion, while for the previous 19th centuries of our era, it increased by 1.2 billion people. There are major changes in the social structure of the population of our planet. Currently, only 1 billion people. (The so-called "Golden Billion") live in developed countries and fully use the achievements of modern culture, and 5 billion people from developing countries suffering from hunger, illness, poor education form "global pole poles" opposing the "prosperity pole" . Moreover, the tendencies of fertility and mortality allow predicting that by 20502100, when the population of the Earth will reach 10 billion people. (Table 18) (and this is in modern ideas the limit number of people who our planet will be able to feed), the population of Pole pole will reach 9 billion people, and the population of the "well-being Pole" will remain unchanged. At the same time, each person who lives in developed countries has a greater pressure on nature in 20 sighs than a person from developing countries.
Table 18.
The number of world population (million people)
Source: Yatsenko N. E. Explanatory dictionary of social science terms. St. Petersburg., 1999. P. 520.
The globalization of social and cultural processes and the emergence of world problems sociologists are associated with the presence of the development limits of the world community.
Sociologists-globalists believe that the limits of the world are due to the most limb and fragility of nature. These limits are called external (Table 19).
For the first time, the problem of the external growth limits was raised in the report of the Roman Club (a non-governmental international organization established in 1968) "Growth Limits", prepared under the leadership of D. Meduse.
The authors of the report, applying a computer model of global changes for the calculations, came to the conclusion that an unlimited growth of the economy and the pollution caused by the middle of the XXI century. will lead to an economic disaster. To avoid its avoidance, the concept of "global equilibrium" with nature with the consistent population and the "zero" industrial growth was proposed.
According to other sociologists-globalists (E. Laslo, J. Bierman), the limiters of the economy and socio-cultural development of humanity are not external, but the internal limits, the so-called sociopsychological limits, which manifest themselves in the subjective activities of people (see Table 19).
Table 19 Limits of human development
Proponents of the concept of internal growth limits believe that the solution of global problems lies on the ways of increasing the responsibility of political figures that make important decisions, and improving social forecasting. The most reliable tool for solving global problems, according to E. Toffler, should be considered knowledge and ability to withstand all the growing pace of social change, as well as delegation of resources and responsibility to those floors, levels where the relevant problems are solved. Of great importance is the formation and distribution of new universal values \u200b\u200band norms, such as the safety of people and societies, all mankind; freedom of activity of people both within the state and out of it; responsibility for the preservation of nature; availability of information; respect for the authorities of public opinion; Humanization of relations between people and others.
Global problems can be solved only by the general efforts of state and public, regional and world organizations. All world problems can be differentiated into three categories (Table 20).
The most dangerous challenge to humanity in the XX century. There were wars. Only two world wars, which lasted a total of more than 10 years, took about 80 million human lives and caused material damage to more than 4 trillion 360 billion dollars (Table 21).
Table 20.
Global problems
Table 21.
The most important indicators of the first and second world wars
After World War II, about 500 armed conflicts occurred. More than 36 million people died in local battles. Most of them were a civilian population.
And in just 55 centuries (5.5 thousand years), humanity survived 15 thousand wars (so in peace, people lived no more than 300 years). More than 3.6 billion people died in these wars. Moreover, with the development of weapons in combat clashes, an increasing number of people (including civilians) are suspended. The losses were especially increased with the beginning of the use of powder (Table 22).
Table 22.
Nevertheless, the arms race continues until now. Only after World War II military spending (for 1945-1990) amounted to more than 20 trillion dollars. Today, military spending amount to more than 800 billion dollars a year, i.e. $ 2 million per minute. In the armed forces of all states, more than 60 million people serve or work. 400 thousand scientists are engaged in improving and developing new weapons - these studies are absorbed by 40% of all R & D products, or 10% of all human costs.
Currently, an environmental problem comes to first place, which includes such unresolved questions as:
land desertification. Currently, the deserts occupy about 9 million square meters. km. Every year the desert "capture" more than 6 million hectares of land mastered. Threats are a total of 30 million square meters. km of cited territory, which is 20% of all sushi;
deforestation. Over the past 500 years, 2/3 of forest arrays have been displayed by a person, and in the entire history of mankind, 3/4 of forests were destroyed. Every year, 11 million hectares of forest land disappears from our planet;
pollution of water bodies, rivers, seas and oceans;
"Greenhouse effect;
ozone "holes".
As a result of the total action of all these factors, the productivity of sushi biomass has already decreased by 20%, some types of animals have died out. Humanity is forced to take measures to protect nature. Other global problems are also acute.
Do they have solutions? The solution of these acute problems of the modern world can lie on the paths of scientific and technological progress, socio-political reforms and changes in the relationship between human environment (Table 23).
Table 23 Ways to solve global problems
The search for a conceptual solution of global problems is engaged in scientists under the auspices of the Roman Club. In the second report (1974) of this non-governmental organization ("Humanity at a crossroads", the authors of M. Mesarevich and E. Pestel) was referred to the "organic growth" of world economies and cultures as a single organism, where each part plays his role and enjoys the share of common GOOD, which corresponds to her role and ensure the further development of this part in the interests of the whole.
In 1977, a third report of the Roman Club called "Revision of International Order" was published. His author Ya. Tin Bergen saw a way out in creating world institutions that would control global sociocultural and economic processes. According to the scientist, the World Treasury, World Food Administration, World Technological Development Administration and other institutions, which would resemble the ministries in their functions; At the conceptual level, such a system involves the existence of the World Government.
In the subsequent works of the French globalists M. Gernier "Third World: Three Quarters of the World" (1980), B. Granier "For the World Government" (1984) and others. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Global Center, which managing the world was further developed.
A more radical position in terms of global governance is occupied by the International Public Condition of Mondialists (International Registration of Peace Citizens, IRWC), which was established in 1949 and advocated the creation of a world state.
In 1989, in the report of the UN International Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by G. X. Brundtland "Our Common Future" created the concept of "sustainable development", which "satisfies the needs of the present time, but does not threaten the ability of future generations to satisfy Your own needs. "
In the 1990s. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe World Government is inferior to the projects of global cooperation of states in the vital role of the UN. This concept is formulated in the report of the Commission on Global Management and Cooperation of the UN O. "Our Global Neighborhood" (1996).
Currently, the concept of "global civil society" is becoming increasingly important. Under it is meant all the people of the Earth, dividing universal values, actively decisive global problems, especially where they are not able to make national governments.
Questions for self-control
List the possible ways of development of society.
Name the main theories of progress.
Specify the main, essential features of the Marxist view on the development of society.
What is a formation approach?
How does the approach of W. Rosto differ from Marxist?
List the main stages of economic growth in the theory of W. Rosto.
Describe an industrial society.
What approaches exist in the theory of post-industrial society?
What are the signs of post-industrial society (according to D. Bella)?
How has his social structure changed (according to D. Bella)?
List the features of the technotron society Z. Bzizhinsky and compare them with the features of the post-industrial culture D. Bella.
What is the difference between the approach of O. Toffler to the study of the company "Third Wave" from the approaches of the predecessors?
What are the social life of supporters of cyclic theories?
What is a civilizational approach?
What is the essence of the theory of N. Ya. Danilevsky?
What is general and what is the difference between theories of N. Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler?
What is new to the theory of "cyclism" A. Toynby?
What are the main criteria for the development of society?
What criterion is used in their theories of N. Berdyaev and K. Yas-Pers?
What is the essence of the theory of "Long Waves" N. D. Kondratyev?
Compare the wave theories of N. Yakovleva and A. Yanov.
What are the criteria of oscillations of social life in theories of A. Schlesinger, N. McKloski and D. Balera?
What is the essence of the concept of changing sociocultural supersystems P. Sorokina? What did R. Inghelhart?
Literature
Berdyaev N. New Middle Ages. M., 1990.
Vasilkova V. V., Yakovlev I. P., Barygin I. N. Wave processes in public development. Novosibirsk, 1992.
Vico D. The basis of the new science of Nature of Nations. L., 1940.
Marx K. Eighteenth Brother Louis Bonaparte. M., 1983.
Materialists of ancient Greece. M., 1955.
Modern Western Sociology: Dictionary. M., 1990.
Sorokin P. Man, Civilization, Society. M., 1992.
Toynby A. Comprehension of history. M., 1995. Spengler O. Sunset Europe. M., 1993.
Jaspers K. Meaning and destination of history. M., 1994.
In the literature, it is possible to disperse the discontinuity of the popus of social science. Atiuke will count the most accurate date of the presentation in 1826, when CONT began to read public lectures at the rate of positive philosophy. Naturalators for 1830 as the beginning of the publication of the "Course ...", others believe (for example, A. Radugin and K. Radugin) The Year of Birth of Sociology of the 1839th, tanned by the 3rd volume of the "Course ...", the cordonkont "sociology".
CONT O. A course of positive philosophy // Man. Thinkers of the past of this life, death and immortality. XIXVEK. M., 1995. P. 221.
Marx K. to criticism of political economy (preface) // to. Marx, F. Engels. Op.: B3 t. M., 1979. T. 1. P. 536.
Marx K. Decree. op.
Blook G. History of civilization in England. St. Petersburg., 1985. P. 58.
Modern Western Sociology: Dictionary. M., 1990. P. 216-217.
Kareyev N. I. Basics of Russian sociology. St. Petersburg., 1996. P. 38.
Ambivalence means the duality of experience, the perception of the social structure, the duality in the sense that it, on the one hand, is conflict, is equilibrium, and on the other, it contains contradictions, tension and opportunities for conflicts.
Leboon G. Psychology of peoples and masses. St. Petersburg., 1995. P. 162.
See: Sorokin P. A. Man, Civilization, Society. M., 1992. See: Boronov A. O., Smirnov P. I. Russia and Russians. The nature of the period and the destinies of the country. St. Petersburg., 1992. S. 122-140.
See: Socio-political magazine. 1995. N 6. P. 80.
Lenin V. I. Great Main. M., 1969. P. 22.
Socis. 1994. N 11. C. 1-11.
1 See: Man and Society: Reader. M., 1991. P. 223-223 2 See: R. R. V. Sovetskiology and the Theory of Sociality. Education. M., 1989. P. 33
Weber M. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism // M. Weber. Selected works. M., 1990. P. 81.
See: Hesiod. Works and days. Theogony. M., 1990. P. 172-174.
Cyt. By the book: Materialists of ancient Greece. M., 1955. P. 44.
See: Viko D. The foundation of the new science of the General Nature of Nations. L., 1940. P. 323.
See: Gerder I. G. Ideas for the philosophy of human history. M., 1977.
Marx K. Eighteenth Brother Louis Bonaparte. M., 1988. P. 8.
ROSTUE U. W. Stage of economic growth. Noncommunist manifesto. New York, 1960. P. 13.
Spengler O. formations or civilization? // Questions of philosophy. 1989. N 10.S. 46-47.
Spengler O. Sunset Europe. M.; SPB., 1923. P. 31.
Ibid. P. 44.
Jaspers K. Meaning and destination of history. M., 1994. P. 32.
Vasilkova V. V., Yakovlev I. P., Barygin N. N. Wave processes in public development. Novosibirsk, 1992.
Sorokin P. Man, Civilization, Society. M., 1992. P. 468. Pod. See: Socis. 1994. N 11. P. 73.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
Higher professional education
Tula State University
Department of Sociology and Political Science
Examination on the topic:
"Globalization of social processes in the modern world"
Performed: studies G.631871
Golubnyova T.N.
Checked: Makhrin A.V.
Introduction
1. The emergence of globalization
2. Society and Globalization Processes
3. Manifestations of globalization
4. Challenges and threats due to globalization
5. Globalization: Challenges for Russia
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
At the present stage of the development of mankind, a unified civilization is formed on the entire planet. The rooting of this idea in science and public consciousness contributed to the awareness of the globalization of processes in the modern world.
What is globalization? Globalization is a process of global economic, political, social and cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is the global division of labor, migration across the entire planet of capital, human and production resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as rapprochement of cultures of different countries. This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is, covers all spheres of society.
However, the globalization of processes is not only their widespread, not only what they cover the whole globe. Globalization is associated primarily with the internationalization of all social activities on Earth. This internationalization means that in the modern era, all of humanity is included in a unified system of social, cultural, economic, political and other relations, interactions and relations.
Nevertheless, the globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes in the modern world, along with positive parties, gave rise to a number of serious problems that were called "global problems of modernity": environmental, demographic, political, etc. All these problems are very important for present and future humanity, opportunities and prospects for the survival of humanity.
1. The emergence of globalization
The process of globalization is not new. Some of the primitive globalization we can trace already in the era of antiquity. In particular, the Roman Empire was one of the first states that approved his domination over the Mediterranean and led to the deep weakening of various cultures and the emergence of a local division of labor in the Mediterranean regions.
The origins of globalization are located in the XVI and XVII centuries, when sustainable economic growth in Europe was combined with the success in seaming and geographic discoveries. As a result, Portuguese and Spanish traders have spread around the world and took up America's colonization. In the XVII century, the Dutch East India company traded with many Asian countries was the first genuine interethnic company. In the XIX century, fast industrialization led to an increase in trade and investment between European powers, their colonies and the United States. During this period, unfair trade with developing countries was the nature of imperialist exploitation. In the first half of the 20th century, globalization processes were interrupted by the two world wars and a period of economic downturn.
After 1945, two important processes were synchronously in the global economy. On the one hand, at the expense of mutual investment and mutual transfer technologies, the introduction of organizational innovations began the rapprochement of developed countries on technical and economic, as well as on socio-structural and political indicators. On the other hand, the collapse of the colonial empires, a conscious choice in favor of modernization, the spread of "flexible" methods for managing public processes was important prerequisites for a qualitatively new stage of globalization. This also contributed to the improvement of transport and means of communication: contacts between nations, regions and continents accelerated, compared and simplified.
2. Society and Globalization Processes
In the 1990s. The concept of globalization has become a significant element of the international political process. Under it is understood as the gradual transformation of world space in a single zone, where capital, goods, services, new ideas are freely moved, the modern institutions and the mechanisms of their interaction are developing. It is possible to consider globalization as integration on the macro level, that is, as a convergence of countries in all areas: economic, political, social, cultural, technological, etc.
Globalization has both positive and negative features affecting the development of the global community. It is possible to refer to the disclaimer of obedient subordination of the economy to the political beginning, a decisive choice in favor of the competitive (market) model of the economy, recognition of the capitalist model as an "optimal" socio-economic system. All this, at least theoretically made the world more homogeneous and hoped that the relativeness of the public device will contribute to the elimination of poverty and poverty, smoothing economic inequality in the global space.
The collapse of the USSR to some extent confirmed the thesis on the unidirectionality of the historical process. It is in the early 1990s. In the West there were a lot of followers of the idea of \u200b\u200bglobal liberalization. Its authors believe that globalization is one of the forms of the neoliberal development model, directly or indirectly affecting the internal and foreign policy of all countries of the world community.
In their opinion, such a development model may be "a finite clause of the ideological evolution of mankind", "the final form of human rule, and as such represents the end of history." Preachers of such a development believes believe that "the ideal of liberal democracy cannot be improved," and humanity will develop in this only possible path.
Representatives of this direction in political science and sociology believe that modern technologies make it limitlessly to accumulate wealth and satisfy the constantly growing human needs. And this should lead to homogenization of all societies, regardless of their historical past and cultural heritage. All countries carrying out economic modernization on the basis of liberal values \u200b\u200bwill increasingly be like each other, closer with the help of the global market and the spread of universal consumer culture.
This theory has a certain practical confirmation. Development of computerization, fiber optics, improving the communication system, including satellite, allows humanity to move towards an open society with a liberal economy.
However, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world as a homogeneous socio-economic space, a movable single motivation and regulated "universal values", is largely simplified. Politicians and scientists developing countries have serious doubts about the Western development model. In their opinion, neoliberalism leads to the growing polarization of poverty and wealth, to environmental degradation, to the fact that rich countries are gaining more and more control over global resources.
Inequality in the development of various countries is traced in all areas, primarily in the economic. So, one of the first results of globalization was the integration of markets. However, the share of rich countries at the end of the 20th century accounted for 82% of export trade, and the stake of the poorest - 1%.
Global inequality is clearly manifested in the distribution of foreign direct investment: 58% of these investments were placed in industrialized countries, 37% in developing and 5% - in transition economies of Eastern Europe and the CIS.
The United States and Japan seek 90% of GDP growth through the introduction of modern NTR achievements, and for its per capita, they have no equal. In Russia, this indicator is only 15% of the United States level, 33% below the average and providing our country only 114th place in the world.
Thus, globalization in its current form meets the interests of the rich industrial countries, which lead in promoting the latest technologies to the world market, and shares countries to those that enjoy its opportunities for their development, and those that are deprived of it.
In the social sphere, globalization implies the creation of a society, which should be based on human rights and fundamental freedoms, on the principle of social justice. However, the number of living in poverty around the world was at the end of the 20th century more than 1 billion people, more than 800 million (30% of the active population) were unemployed, or were partially occupied. According to the World Bank and the UN, over the past 15 years, income per capita decreased in more than 100 countries of the world. Until now, half of the 6 billion people of the Earth lives less than 2 dollars a day; 1.3 billion - less than 1 dollar a day, including 150 million citizens of the former Soviet Union; 2 billion people are deprived of sources of electricity; Almost 1.5 billion are not able to use safe water; Each of the 7 children of school age does not go to school. More than 1.2 billion people in developing countries do not have elementary conditions that would allow them to live for more than 40 years.
In developing countries (India, China) and countries with economies in transition (Russia), there is no possibility to achieve the level of material well-being of rich countries. The neoliberal development model does not allow to satisfy even the basic needs of the vast masses of the population.
Despite the difference in theoretical positions of various schools, the idea of \u200b\u200bbecoming becoming wide recognition on our planet of a single sociocultural community. Its strengthening in science and public consciousness contributed to the awareness of the globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world. Under globility means the universal nature of vital problems of humanity, the survival depends on the solution. Signs of globality are:
The universal nature of the problems, their correlation with the interests of the world community;
World character, that is, the importance for all regions and countries of the world;
The need to unite the efforts of all mankind to solve them, the impossibility of solving a group of countries;
Urgency and relevance, since the refusal of the decision, the delay creates a real threat to social progress.
However, the globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes in the modern world, along with positive parties, spawned a number of problems (their list reaches 30 or more), which were called "global problems of modernity." The founder of the International Research Center "Roman Club", who studies the prospects for the development of mankind, A. Pecchi notes: "The true problem of the human type at this stage of its evolution is that it turned out to be fully incapable of culturally to keep up and fully adapt to the changes who made himself in this world. "
In the model M. Mesiarovich and E. Testomer "Humanity at a turning point" (1974), the world is described not as a homogeneous integer, but as a system of interrelated ten regions, the interaction between which is carried out through the export-import and migration of the population.
The region is a sociocultural object, allocated not only in economic and demographic criteria, but also, taking into account values \u200b\u200band cultural characteristics. It is possible to manage development. The authors of this model came to the conclusion that the world is threatened not a global catastrophe, but a number of regional catastrophe, which will begin much earlier than the founders of the Roman Club predicted.
In the 1980s, the figures of the Roman Club began to move to the nomination of various transformation programs of social systems, improving political institutions of power, changes in the "cultural ethos", i.e. Actively engaged in the problem of the theory of modernization.
Geopolitical and socio-economic aspects of globalization. After World War II, global interaction was built on the basis of the balanced geopolitical system of the "Three Worlds". This system did not allow any of them to dominate, ensured a certain harmony of interest and stability. The unifying idea of \u200b\u200bthe system that contributed to its democratization was the elimination of socio-economic retardation and poverty throughout the world as the main task of the world community. This task was put in the head of the corner by its Central Organization - UN. Thus, the prerequisites were created for the harmonic development of the world community, for the weakening and preventing the confrontation of the rich "north" the poor "south". The key role in creating this system was played by the Soviet Union.
Of course, developed capitalist countries were generally dominated in the global market. It was they who determined the nature and rules of international economic relations that weakly took into account the interests of other countries. Therefore, on the initiative of developing countries, the world community has become actively discussed to establish a new international economic order, which would eliminate the relationship of neocolonialism and contributed to overcoming socio-economic retardation and poverty. This strongly resulted developed capitalist countries and transnational corporations that felt the threat to their unreasonably high income.
The scale of the income of the "Golden Billion" (15% of the inhabitants of developed countries) only at the expense of the non-equivalent exchange of colossal. The protectionism of the labor market of industrialized countries costs the "third world", according to the UN, 500 billion dollars per year. As stated in Davos in the report of 1994, 350 million people with an average salary of $ 18 per hour are employed in industrialized countries. At the same time, China, the CIS countries, India and Mexico have the potential of the workforce of similar qualifications in the amount of 1200 million people at an average price below 2 dollars (in many industries below the 1st dollar per hour). Open the labor market for this workforce, in accordance with the Human Economic Rights proclaimed West, would mean saving almost 6 billion dollars per hour!
Raw materials and energy that averaged two thirds of the value of goods are bought mainly among the countries of the Third World in confinerally low prices. The huge external debts and the military political pressure of the West are forced to this. Only labor is taken into account in prices to extract irrepustible resources from storage houses, and not the real cost. As a result, not only the robbery of future generations occurs, but also a careless disbuilding of what should belong to everyone, but go a little. According to the UN Statistics, the Golden Billion consumes about 75% of the irrelevant resources of the planet and throws into the world ocean, the atmosphere, the soil of about 70% of all waste waste. At the same time, the abyss between the first and third world is constantly deepening.
In the late 1980s, the geopolitical system of the three worlds is destroyed, since the former countries of the Socialist Commonwealth and the USSR fell on the path of modernization with one-sided reorientation to the role of subordinate partners of developed capitalist countries. Under the Declaration on the Multipole World (new centers of strength), humanity begins to move towards the one-pole world. Even the US sociologists call the theory of the "multipolar world" comforting fairy tale, since such a world is beneficial to America, which is dealing with disobedient subjects of international relations.
The goal of the "new world order" is the establishment of Vsevolista "Big Seven" over the rest of the world. At the same time, Russia is considered by Western, especially American politicians, as part of this "the rest of the world", to be enslaved and control, and not as a "strong strategic partner."
Let's take a look at the facts. According to the World Bank, in the 90s, the global gross product (WFP) increased by 2.2% annually, and industrial production was 2.3%. At the same time, China (respectively, 11.6% and 16.3%) and India (6% and 7.2%) demonstrated the highest pace of development among major states. Among the developed countries, the US economy (3% and 4.3%) was most successfully developed. Russia's indicators were among the worst: annually GDP decreased by 7.7%, and industrial production is 9.3%. In terms of GNP, Russia is inferior not only by the countries of "big seven", China, India, but also South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia. According to forecasts, in the near decade Russia will overtake Australia, Turkey, Iran, Argentina. In the production of GDP per capita in the dollar terms of the Russian Federation, it takes the 96th place in the world. It accounts for less than 0.01% of the world market capitalization (investment in other countries). No government in the Hx century did not know such failures in the economic policy.
In transnational corporations and protecting their interests of states, there was a real opportunity to establish their full economic and political domination in the world, to subjugate his evolution to their interests.
New global trends were reflected in the writings of sociologists and geopolitics. Many scientists recognize the rightness of S. Gamenton, which in 1993 in the work "Collision of Civilizations" stated that the next century would become an era of the collision of two civilizations, conditionally named "West" and "not West". The line, distinguishing them, he spends like this: the border of Russia with Finland and further with the Baltic countries, then this line separates Belarus from Western civilization, most of Ukraine, then in the south, it cuts off from the West Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia. It is easy to see that the line that divides two civilizations accurately coincides with the western border of the former socialist camp. It is on this line that will pass, according to Huntington, the global confrontation of the XXI century. Only the leader "not the West" is now not Russia, but other countries.
Huntington predicts the relative weaker weakening. Signs of this - economic takeoff of China, a demographic explosion in the Islamic world, the effectiveness of sociocultural models of behavior and organizational culture of Japanese firms, etc.
Comparing the economic possibilities of two civilizations, we see that over the past 50 years, the gross product of the West has decreased from 64% in 1950 to 50% in the late 1990s. According to economists and sociologists, in 20 years, China moves to the 1st place in the world, the United States is shifted to the 2nd, and the subsequent places are occupied by Japan, India and Indonesia. Today in the top ten leading banks of the world there is not a single American, only three American transnational corporations: "General Motors", "Ford", "Exxon" - refer to the global industrial elite, occupying 4th, 7th and 9th, respectively In the world table of ranks, and the Japanese transnational corporations lead this list.
It is these outlined symptoms of economic weakening and pushing the United States and their strategic allies into force. The main step in this direction is the expansion of NATO to the East, exit from an indefinite agreement on pro, demonstration of force in Iraq, Libya, Yugoslavia.
The main focus of the UN activities is changing. Instead of an organization that guides the efforts of the global community to overcome backwardness and poverty, the UN is trying to turn into a kind of world police officer. In increasingly, NATO is put forward to the fore, replacing the UN as the main body that determines the world order.
As a justification for the UN reflectance from its proclaimed purposes, the argument is provided that the limitations of the natural and environmental potential of the Earth will not allow developing countries to achieve the level of development and consumption of the Golden Billion.
The growth of the world's population remains a serious global problem. In the fall of 1999, a 6 billionth frontier was overcome and the annual population growth remains at the level of 3%. Such exponential indicators mean an increase in the population in the new century by 922%. Obviously, the resources of the planet for such a number of people just do not have enough. Moreover, the growth rate of the population is higher in the poorest countries and regions where such social processes as marginalization, growth of drug addiction, emigration to other countries and regions are not only activated, but also the centers of international terrorism are formed, weapons are developed.
Thus, the globalization of socio-economic and political processes is extremely multifaceted and puts its way through contradictions, the aggravation of which can destroy humanity.
Globalization of cultural processes.The aggravation of global problems reflects the crisis of culture associated with the gap of cognitive and value reference points of human activity. Mass consciousness is significantly lagging behind the awareness of the global scales of the consequences of human activity. Especially low mass environmental culture in third world countries. Humanity approached this line, when new values \u200b\u200band principles of relationships were found, designed to become regulators of the economic, social, political activities of the peoples of the Earth.
Globalization of culture is a controversial process of struggle of two trends: the development of national, regional crops, religious denominations and their integration, internationalization.
The formation of a single world market, standardization of lifestyle in various countries create prerequisites for the unification of culture, and given the political and economic dominance of a certain group of countries - the dominance of mentality and the value of the West. However, attempts to impose their sociocultural values \u200b\u200boften lead to confrontation, strengthen the closeness of society. Laws are accepted, protecting against the devastating influence of someone else's culture. These protective reactions are not always progressive, but they have a good basis.
Here, for example, the influential Journal of the United States "Foreign Polishi" publishes the program article of Professor D. Ortakopf, the Foundation Employee of Kissyndger. It is called: "Why not to reclaim cultural imperialism?" The Rotkopf sets the following task: "The central task of the US foreign policy in the age of information should be a victory in the struggle for world information flows ... We are not only the only military superpower, but also information superpower. In the economic and political interests of the United States, ensure that the world goes to a single language and it has become English to be created by a single network of telecommunications, security, legal norms and standards and that they were all American; To cause common vital values \u200b\u200band that they be American. We need a single global culture on the type of American, and then there will be no unnecessary religious and ethnic conflicts ... Americans should not deny the fact that from all nations in world history our society is the most faithful, the most faithful, the most progressive and therefore is the best model for the future "
That is why the governments of many countries resist the cultural expansion of the West. Singapore and Thailand do not allow demonstrations on television pornographic movies even at night. All Islamic countries are forbidden to have satellite antennas. Hard control over the television shows is carried out in China and Vietnam. The active legislation of the American expansion in the field of electronic media resists France, where the standing rate of foreign films cannot be higher than 40%. Sociologists of Western European countries celebrate the growth of anti-American sentiment primarily due to the lack of Americans in the knowledge of European culture, neglecting relations to it.
As a form of distribution of Western values, the Internet, world computer network was created in the last stages of the Cold War. Since the source of production and distribution of network technologies was the West himself, then the control in this process is also preserved. The basic language of the network is English. It is known that the language to a great extent predetermines what will be expressed on it, an image of thought, lifestyle is passed through it. In addition to the Anglofony, the World Wire Powder imposes and other important features of the western model. The one who defines the norms and establishes the rules of network exchange information, receives huge advantages over those who passively participate in the network. Unprecedented base information accumulate in analytical centers without much effort.
Of particular danger in the conditions of information globalization represents the change in the value orientations of the youth. Computer fans live virtual reality. We are talking not only about cyberpanks - people for whom the meaning of life was the immersion in the worlds of computer simulations and "vagrancy" on the Internet. Pornography, advertising, video clips, Virtual Church, Cybercafe and others create a special spiritual world, taking away from the sad realities of life. Computer and other technologies actively change the meaning of consumption of material goods and services. Advertising creates a product image. The status of goods is not determined by its real properties and labor costs, but promotionalwise.
The virtualization of the economy has captured money. It is impossible to simultaneously demand all deposits in banks and all payments for insurance, because banks are platform simulators. They do not have money - real substitutes for goods. Attempts to purchase for 225 billion cash dollars walking on the planet (60mld. Dollars in Russia), real goods, inevitably led to collapse of the US economy. It turns out that the rest of the world provided the United States a long-term and interest-free loan for a gigantic amount.
Income from trade transactions in the network amounted to $ 240 million in 1994, in 1995 - 350 million, in 1998 - 1 billion dollars. Indeed, information networks, including the Internet, allow vast arrays of information in a matter of seconds to anywhere in the world, hundreds of billions of dollars, etc. However, the cream from this to achieve civilization is removed by international financial structures.
World Wire, as the cultural and ideological weapon of the West, implies imposing its values. On the other hand, the principle of interactivity involves a certain proportion of equality and information transfer issues, so the West may receive not quite an adequate response in other languages.
Sociologists believe that the importance of such important plants of global confrontation for the twentieth century, as a type of socio-political system, class ideology will decline, and the role of ethnic, religious, civilizational is increasing. Undoubtedly one - the cultural unification of humanity in the foreseeable future is not expected.
Strategy for sustainable development of modern civilization.The term "sustainable development" was distributed at the turn of the 90s of the XXth century. They are sociologists, economists, environmentalists denoted the type of development aimed at preserving peace on the planet, preventing regional conflicts, the preservation of the natural environment and improving the quality of life, the elimination of screaming disproportions in the standard of living, education and culture.
The concept of sustainable development received international recognition at the UN International Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro at the level of heads of state and governments (1992). Scientists and politicians concluded that overcoming the current and continuing increase to social inequality globally is a necessary prerequisite for changing the nature of the relationship between society and nature, for the transition of humanity to sustainable development as a special type of development of world civilization, which should ensure the conservation of conditions Habitat human society and their further improvement. The ideas of sustainable global development are not new. According to the Russian sociologist V.K.Levashov, they can be found in the writings of the classics of Marxism.
The concept involves the following areas of activity of the world community.
In the economic sphere: a reasonable combination of state, public and private ownership, contributing to economic efficiency and social development; demonopolization and free market competition; food production and industrial products in sufficient quantities to meet the basic needs of all residents of the planet; Sustainable economic growth based on the integration of the demographic factor in economic strategies; Eradication of poverty, fair and non-discriminatory distribution of benefits due to economic growth.
In the social sphere: expanding access to knowledge, technology, education, medical care of all layers of the population; strengthening solidarity, social partnership and cooperation at all levels; strengthening the role of the family, community and civil society in achieving social peace and stability; Caring for seniors, sick and children; Development of a publicly available network of educational institutions.
In the development of information and culture:prevention of isolation, respect for religious and cultural pluralism; stimulating the development of science and technology; wide distribution of best practices through media channels; Nomination on the priority place of information resources before real-energy.
In the political sphere: wide participation of civil society in the development and implementation of decisions that determine the functioning and prospects of development; state policy aimed at overcoming social and ethnic antagonism; ensuring freedom and equality of all people before the law; Favorable and rational political and legal framework, guaranteeing the development of democracy.
In the field of international relations: struggle for peace, preventing regional conflicts, solving problems of political means; Active assistance to the UN in peacekeeping activities; ensuring the partnership of all countries based on bilateral and multilateral cooperation; Providing comprehensive assistance to underdeveloped countries.
In solving environmental problems: Ensuring the coevolution of society and nature; Scientific and theoretical development and practical implementation of the methods of effective use of natural resources; ensuring environmental safety of production and consumption; development of alternative types of energy and waste-free technologies; Improving administrative and international legal methods of protection of nature; constant concern for the preservation of the species diversity of the biosphere; The development of the ecological culture of the population.
Unfortunately, many principles and sustainable development plans remain declarations due to social inertia, lack of funds, boycott from developed capitalist countries. Industrial civilization in the person of transnational corporations and political institutions of developed countries created a social order, which is characterized by a high degree of social security and socio-political stability within countries of the West, and at the same time, the resource exploitation of poor countries. The transition to sustainable development assumes, for example, the forgiveness of most of the debt of developing countries, which is today the astronomical amount of several trillion dollars.
The Gallpa Institute conducted a public opinion poll in different countries of the world to find out what methods industrial countries are willing to help developing to get on the path of sustainable development. The most acceptable proposal for environmental education was. The second is to provide technological assistance. Writing off debts - in last place. Only Ireland and Norway strongly supported this measure.
Thus, globalization and awareness of the inevitability of the sustainable development of modern civilization are developing extremely contradictory. But there is no alternative to sustainable development. Either - awareness of the need to combine efforts to save the planet, and the transition to resource-saving technologies, fertility regulation, equalizing the social conditions of development, or - the destruction of humanity.
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