Introduction
1 The concept and role of real income in the standard of living of the population, their indicators
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
Currently, the concept of "folk welfare", as well as the degree of satisfaction of the material and spiritual requests of the working people, "came out of use with the system that they served. In addition, these concepts that have a positive sense, it is impossible to use in the conditions of the impoverishment of the majority of the population.
Analysis of the level and dynamics of real income, wages, pensions, social benefits. The distribution of the population in terms of income, their connection with the subsistence minimum and the degree of satisfaction of the needs
Explain the relationship between population growth and rates of income per capita. Summarize the reasoning of Thomas Malthus, who led to the concept of Malthusian trap, and explain why his scary predictions did not occur in many countries in our time. Explain what is meant by the demographic transition, and describe how it develops in different ways in developed and developing countries. Easy to understand why some people became panickers when we are talking On the rate of population growth in developing countries.
In determining the standard of living in the literature are observed various approaches Depending on the initial positions of the authors. Such starters are: production, consumption, income, the cost of living, consumer standards and standards, as well as their combinations.
Real income is the main, "vital" and concept disclosure, performance of the dynamics last years (starting from the 90s), makes it possible to understand that general level The population is slightly lower than the average that a person needs to strive to raise the standard of living by its own, but neither without the participation of the state, without his support.
Considering Country C. low level Income in the world, they see that the population of more than 2 billion is growing at a speed, which involves doubling every 31 year. How can we handle so much people? The following statement reflects the essence of widespread problems.
But what can we do from such a statement? Of course, if the world's population will continue to grow the pace, which it grew over the past 50 years, economic growth is unlikely to be translated to improving the average standard of living. But the growth rate of the population is not constant; Other economic strength affects it. This section begins with a discussion of the relationship between population growth and income growth, then proceeds to an explanation of population growth sources in low-income countries and is completed by the discussion of Malthusian warning proposed in the above quotation.
This topic discusses an approach from the point of view of income, to be more accurate in terms of real income. The value of real incomes for the life of a person as an individual is given, the analysis of statisticals given for the period from 2000 to 2005, as well as the forecast for 2007 on possible values real income. In addition, a description of the main social layers is given. russian society, As well as the measures necessary to increase the income level of the Russian population necessary by the state of the Russian Federation.
Population growth and income growth
At the simplified level, the relationship between population growth and income per capita income is obvious. In the end, income per capita is equal to the total income divided into the population. The growth rate of income per capita is approximately equal to the difference between the growth rates of income and population growth rates.
Measures to increase the level of income of the population of the Russian Federation
Figure 8 Demographic go to work: actual and predicted population growth. 
Over the past few decades, the growth of the population slowed down significantly. The income income growth rates are approximately equal to the growth rates of income minus the growth rate of the population. High rates of population growth do not necessarily imply low growth rates of income per capita. Malthus foresight about the world, in which production would be barely sufficient to maintain the lives of people, turned out to be incorrect due to the success caused by an increase in physical and human capital, technologies' achievements and trends of higher income to slow down the population growth. The demographic transition is achieved when income growth begins to reduce the birth rate and increases the likelihood of population growth. The text provides two main reasons why Malthusian trap did not occur: an increase in the use of physical capital and human capital and technological improvements in agriculture and a higher income that leads to a smaller number of children.
To disclose this topic, literary sources from 1999 to 2004 were used.
The purpose of the work is to study real income as the main indicator of the standard of living.
To the main tasks of this test work You can attribute the following:
Reveal the essence of the basic concepts of real income, their role in human life;
Business at the point: China reduces population growth
How do these two reasons change? 
Low growth rate of China's population is a sharp shift. It is known that the restraining factors include fines, loss of work, confiscation of property, demolition of houses, forced abortions and sterilization. If a woman who already has one child becomes pregnant, she will most likely be forced to make an abortion. Given the strong cultural tradition, conducive to having a son, some pairs are resorted to decisiveness as a means of eliminating newborn daughters.
Determine and carry out a line between the layers of the population;
Determine the role of the state in raising the standard of living;
Explore measures to increase the level of income of the population of the Russian Federation.
1 The concept and role of real income in the standard of living of the population,
their indicators
The approach to consideration of the standard of living from the point of view of the consumer as "from incomes of the population" is widespread in domestic and foreign practice. According to statistics, the following socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population, characterizing the volume, composition, main directions of use and distribution between individual groups of monetary incomes of the population: disposable income of real farms; Expenditures on end consumption; Real disposable cash income; Monetary incomes and savings of the population, etc.
When the floor of an unborn child is defined as a woman, abortion is spread. However, there are signs that Chinese officials may have heard this message. In a number of Chinese districts, experimental programs are currently being conducted with slogans, such as "Conducting contraception and family planning measures." In a new approach to family planning, special attention is paid to health care, education and reduction of poverty, so that women have fewer children.
What is the nominal income
International pressure can only be part of the cause of the occurrence chinese shift Hearts. The first reason causes a curve, designated "food products", and assumes that it is rather exponential than linear. The second reason lowers the curve indicated by the "necessary food". The latter seemed to have experienced today's rich countries. These facts require actions and response from all of us. We invite you to ask questions about your own views surrounding you, your community and your leaders.
Incomes of the population, their level, structure, sources of obtaining are the most important indicators Economic and social well-being of society. Since revenues serve as the main source of meeting the personal needs of people, they are the central link, the core of a wider concept is the standard of living of the population. It is important to know what should be understood under the income, what are their varieties and basic sources of receipt.
What is "poverty" in the New Zealand context?
Ask what is being done in order to snatch hundreds of thousands of people living in our country who live in poverty? However, there exists general opinionthat the strongest indicator of poverty is your income level. There is also some consensus on the fact that the income level established in the amount of 60% of the average income of households after housing costs is a reasonable income level to protect people from the worst poverty consequences.
The concept and types of income of the population
This is a daily reality for hundreds of thousands of people in New Zealand. Most sole parents remain on benefits during short period time and usually only at a time when their baby is young. There is a profitless fraud, but most of the debt to work and income is the result of negotiations on the loans of "recoverable assistance" or the "unquented debt". International studies do not confirm the assumption that the beneficiaries are not enough working ethics and they are satisfied life style Beneficiary. Many jobs are "unstable" or unsafe and do not pay as well as permanent permanent job. There are good reasons why not all beneficiaries should work now: health problems, disability and care for children are all serious obstacles to work.
- Benefits are not enough to live with dignity - this is a real problem.
- Resources of organizations providing emergency, stretched.
- The system of benefits is complex, and people often do not realize their rights.
- Service assistance is inadequate.
- Life for good is not a good "way of life."
- Several women who receive benefits are unmarried adolescent mothers.
- Only employment does not solve poverty, and unemployment remains high.
- Most beneficiaries want to work.
- Own work itself does not guarantee that poverty will be mitigated.
Real income are incomes that actually remain at the disposal of the population that can be spent on finite consumption.
Real incomes of the population - revenues corresponding to individual purchasing power defined on the basis of real wages: The number of material and spiritual goods (goods and paid services) which citizens can acquire for their cash income in the form of wages and payments from public consumption funds (pensions, scholarships, benefits, vacation pay), cash revenues from the sale of part of products and services - the results of individual or cooperative labor activity, other cash receipts (winnings on bonds and lotteries, etc.). Unlike nominal revenues R.D.N. Considate the price level, tax size, etc. mandatory payments. Their volume also depends on the ratio of the effective demand of the population and the volume of goods and services offered to it, their structure and quality. Part of Real income of the population are free and preferential services received by citizens from public consumption funds (free use of transport, reduced amount of rent, partial payment of vouchers in the sanatorium, holiday homes, etc.).
Balloons perfectly look at the big picture, and this is what we want to do in macroeconomics. When we look down, we can see the opening clouds and everything under the clouds below. We flew over two different countriesAnd we can see both of them at the same time from this height. On the left side is the earth Macro, where everything is great. Buffet continues on 100 yards. Department stores are large - five floors. Straight next door - the country is mini - where everything is not enough. Small cars - mini-cooper small.
How we are from, we can start seeing something strange. On the slopes of both countries there are several numbers. The question we want to answer is as follows: how much are these two countries? Having only this information, you probably say that the earth is better, right?
The decline of production and the overall economic downturn, which continued throughout the period of reforming, considerable time was accompanied by high inflation, which led to an unprecedented price increase and the fall in real wages and real incomes of the population. In recent years, the main reason for maintaining a low level of real cash incomes of the population on a number with permanent lag of wage indexing (primarily in the public sector), pensions and social benefits The growth of prices is chronic non-payment of payments of wages due to the lack of money, as well as with numerous financial abuse and disorders in this area.
Now suppose you take out a pair of superbibokuls. When you look more carefully, you can see how many people really live in every country. How much are the people in the country of the macro compared to the mini ground? We can answer this question, using what is called standard. The standard of living is the indicator of our economic well-being. In other words, he describes the material welfare and quality of life of people in a certain country.
Advantages of a higher standard of living
In the country mini, the average person probably has a more pleasant house and more material values. Economists will say the following: living standard in the country mini. Why is it really important, who has more material? Because material things are key element Economic well-being. A country that can produce more material with a smaller number of resources, as a rule, can receive other important things, such as food, shelter, pure water and freedom.
Wages are a real income of man and in case of its delay or not a full payment, he gradually begins to infringe upon the acquisition of certain needs, it cannot afford some of the goods offered in the markets, thereby exacerbating his standard of living.
The 1998 financial and economic crisis caused a rapid rise in prices for consumer goods. Racing Index consumer prices (138.4% from August to September 1998 and 184% for the entire 1998 year relative to December 1997) led to the fact that the real wage in December 1998 fell below the corresponding level of 1997 by one third, reaching 65% from its level.
So let's talk about the lifestyle factors. In the long run, the standard of living in the country depends on three factors. Saving. . If you are trying to raise the standard of living of the nation, you look at these three things. When the savings rate in the country increases, this increase in savings ultimately helps to raise the standard of living. When people in the country of Macros save 5% of their income every year instead of 1%, additional savings go to the banking system and entrepreneurs take on this money to invest in machines and equipment, which increases economic returns.
The financial crisis of 1998 reduced the real incomes of the population to the lowest level for the entire reform period. According to the results of 1998, due to the financial crisis, there has been a significant reduction in income in general by 21% regarding December 1997. For the first nine months of 1999, the real wages regarding December 1998 fell by another 16%, and a real cash income by 22%.
Thus, the level of savings is important for the standard of living of the nation. The population is also a defining factor. If the growth of the population of the nation slows down, say, from 3% to 1%, then its standard of living will grow. Think about it for a minute. You can try to raise the level of savings in the country for a while, but ultimately people will save as much as possible. So, this is a short-term strategy. You can try to reduce the population growth, but it will not last forever.
What are real income
However, you can improve performance forever. Certainly, most an important factordetermining the standard of living, and one that may be resistant in the long run is performance. As a result, the price of cars fell, and the standard of living in America rose. Everything more people We decided to buy cars, because they could afford it. This means that for ten years three times more people traveled on cars after improving performance. Improving performance leads to increased standard of living.
If, according to the Ministry of Economy, it was planned to reduce real cash income in 1999 by no more than 15%, then according to reporting statistics, this figure was 22% in September 1999. Thus, after the 1998 crisis, the process of further decline in the standard of living of the population continues.
So, the real disposable money incomes of the Russian population - calculated minus mandatory payments and consumer price-adjusted on the index - in August 2002 increased by 1.7% compared with July and 6.7% compared with August 2004. This was reported by the State Statistics Committee. Fisher income Russians in August 2004, according to the State Statistics Committee, amounted to 3784 rubles, which exceeded the figure of July 2005 and by 24.3% - the indicator of August 2004. The average monthly accrued nominal wage in Russia in August 2005 increased by 46 rubles, or about 1% compared with July, and amounted to 4643 rubles, which is 37.7% higher than August 2004. Real average monthly salary In August, it increased by 0.9% compared with July, at the same time being 19.6% higher than this indicator in August 2004.
We are often interested in changes in terms of life due to changes in income and (or) prices.
Suppose that the expenses of the consumer are equal to its income and are in the initial (base) period
I 0 \u003d ΣQ 0 P 0
and in the current
I T \u003d ΣQ T P T
Here, the upper index 0 corresponds to the indicators of the basic, and the index t ≈ the current period; Q and P ≈ According to the number of goods purchased and their prices, the indices of goods are omitted, since the sign σ implies the amount of expenses for the purchase of the entire set of goods (consumer basket).
To assess the change in the cost of life in the current period, compared to the basic, the indices of nominal income and prices should be determined.
Nominal income index determine easily, it will be
Price index can be defined in two ways: as Laspeyres index
P L \u003d ΣQ 0 p T / ΣQ 0 P 0
and as a Paashe index
P p \u003d σq t p t / σq t p 0
named so named German statisticians E. Laspeyres (1834-1913) and Phaashe (1851-1925).
The Laspeyresian index implies weighing prices of two periods in terms of consumption of goods in the base, and the Paashean index ≈ in terms of their consumption in the current period.
However, neither the other index does not give a correct idea of \u200b\u200bprice change, since they do not take into account the influence of this change on the consumption structure. Obviously, if (in the usual two-product model) the price of goods X increases (P t x\u003e p 0 x), then the purchase is reduced (q t x< q 0 X) и, наоборот, при снижении цены (p t X < p 0 X) покупки увеличиваются (q t X > Q 0 x). Therefore, the value of the Laspeyres index, which uses the volumes of Q 0 as weights, gives an exaggerated idea of \u200b\u200bthe change in prices in the event of their growth, but the temperature is understood. On the contrary, the value of the PAISH index, where the volumes q t are used as weights, gives a modern idea of \u200b\u200bthe change in prices in the event of their growth, but exaggerated if they are reduced. And in any case, the Laspeyres index turns out to be higher than the Paashe index (P L\u003e P P).
It can be shown that the position of the consumer in the current period will be better than in the base, if the Laspeyres index will be below the nominal income index:
I T / i 0\u003e \u003d P L
It can also be shown that the position of the consumer in the current period will be worse than in the base, if the PAsaist index will be higher than the nominal income index:
I T / I 0< = P P
Consider first the Laspeyres index. If σq 0 p t ≤ i t, the initial set of goods (vector Q 0) is obviously accessible to the consumer and at current prices (vector P T) and income I t. So, in the changed conditions, the consumer could still buy the initial set Q 0. If in fact in the current period it buys a different set (vector Q t), then either
Σq 0 p t< ∑q t p t ,
this would mean that the set Q t belongs to a higher curve of indifference, i.e. promises to the consumer greater satisfaction than the set Q 0 or
Σq 0 p t \u003d σq t p t,
this would mean that the kits q 0 and q t have an equal value, i.e. belong to the same budget straight line, but the consumer clearly prefers the set Q T, which sulies it more satisfaction, i.e. owned by a higher curve indifference.
Sharing both parts on σq 0 p 0, we have
Σq 0 p t / σq 0 p 0 \u003d σq t p t / σq 0 p 0
The left part (3.25) represents the Laspeyres price index, the rightmost index of nominal income. Hence,
Thus, the approval is proved. It can be illustrated graphically.
2 Analysis of the level and dynamics of real income, wages, pensions, social benefits. Distribution of population in terms of income, their connection with subsistence minimum and the degree of satisfaction of needs
In addition to the fact that the value of wages does not satisfy the level of life, it is constant or periodic, depending on the organization, delay.
Total overdue wage arrears as of January 1, 2000 amounted to 43,741 million rubles.
Dynamics of real disposable cash income and real wages (in% incremental result from the beginning of 2004 to the relevant period of the previous year)
Fig. 1 Dynamics of real monetary incomes of the population for the period of reform is negative
At the turn of the new millennium, an extremely low standard of living of people was formed. On average, less than two products and services included in the subsistence minimum (PM) could be bought on personal money incomes in 2000. This is significantly lower than in the pre-reform 1991. Then the purchasing power of money income was 3.4 PM sets. Instead of the previously presented layers with average incomes currently prevail families with a low level of wealth.
In the first half of 2000 the average size Appointed monthly pensions were equal to 624.8 rubles, which was only 37% of the 1990 level of 1990, it should be noted that as a result of the increase in the average-based monthly pension in April 2000 - by 13% and in August 2000 - in an average of 18%, the average amount of the appointed pension in September 2000 will be 818.9 rubles, which will already be 45.0% (taking into account inflation from April to September 2000) from the level of 1990. The size of the nominal average monthly pension (with Compensation in April 2000 amounted to 153% of its magnitude in April 1998, i.e. The relative increase in the nominal average monthly pension was only a little more than half (51.9%) of the relative increase in the rated average monthly salary of one employee. The consequence of this was the extremely low real content of the average monthly pension in April 2000 compared with April 1998. Despite the fact that over the past 12 months of this period, the real size of the appointed average monthly pensions increased by 26.8% (the nominal average monthly pension increased by 52.1%), which exceeds the growth of the real average monthly wage (the real average monthly salary has increased by 23.6% for the same period), the real size of the appointed average monthly pensions in April 2000 was only 59.8% of their magnitude in April 1998 At the same time, the real accrued wages in April 2000 amounted to 79% of its level in April 1998.
Most people have basic expenses aimed at current consumption of food and non-food essentials. He does not have enough money to pay for services and savings, without which it is currently difficult to count on decent housing conditions, education and health care, replenishment of goods and privacy of long-term use. In general, the low investment opportunities of Russians make it difficult for the state the development of the economy and social sphere.
The incomes of the population rose in all social layers. The share of the poor in the fourth quarter of 2005 decreased by approximately 5 percentage points in 2004 compared to the same period of 2004. This part of the population has passed into low-level and medium layers. Specific gravity The latter was approximately 29 and 22% with the growth of the middle layer about 3 percentage points. The share of respectively secured Russians amounted to approximately 7% and increased by 0.4 percentage points compared to the same period last year.
The growth in income of the population was accompanied by a significant reduction in wage arrears. Thus, in the fourth quarter of 2004, the ratio of the price of the total average monthly wage debt with the average monthly accrued wage foundation was 60.5%, that is, the debt actually accounted for about two thirds of the monthly wage foundation. In the fourth quarter of last year, this ratio has decreased almost twice and amounted to approximately 35.2%. Thus, the debt barely exceeded one third of the monthly wage foundation. At the end of 2005, the debt was lower than the level of the II and III of the quarters, which characterizes a steady tendency to its complete overcoming.
The analysis of the dynamics and the structure of monetary incomes of the population showed that the average per capita cash income in 2004 increased by 42.5%, and the expenditures of the population increased by 54.5%.
In the structure of money incomes in 2004, the share of revenues from property and income from the previous year has increased compared to the previous year. business activities When decreasing the share of wages and social benefits.
The greatest value of wages is observed in the gas, fuel, refineries, as well as in the non-ferrous metallurgy industry, the smallest - in health care, education, culture.
The standard of living of the population in 2004 improved in comparison with previous years, but at the same time the differentiation of income of the population increased (in 2004 the coefficient was 15.95 against 6, 23 in 2003), which is definitely a negative trend.
Today in Russia the efficiency of the state policy of income should be increased. It should be aimed at a radical increase in incomes of the bulk of the population (primarily due to the growth of the minimum and average amount of wages), a decrease in the differentiation of income, an effective and socially equitable distribution of the newly created value and dynamic formation on this basis of the middle class.
3 Measures to increase the income level of the population of the Russian Federation
RESEARCH RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES is the most important program of social policy Russian state. Among the priorities of the government is the restoration of income and the maximum stimulation of solvent supply of the population. For this, the main directions of the socio-economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation on long-term perspective.
The solution of these and other problems will allow you to stabilize the standard of living of Russians, as well as deploy the vector in the direction of its increase. In the main directions of the socio-economic policy of the government Russian Federation for the long-term perspective given quantitative assessment total growth Welfare is an increase in private consumption (referring to the final consumption of households) at least 80%.
State revenue stabilization programs take place in different countries. But the order of their formation is different.
One part of the means of such programs is formed through the state budget and is used centrally. Another part of the funds is formed by profits on the enterprises and foundations themselves, (in former countries "State Socialism" about 70% of the funds of such programs was formed due to state budget And only 25-30% of funds - through the profits of enterprises).
Through the canals state programs Aid is satisfied
needs to educate young members of society, the maintenance of elderly and disabled, providing (partly) of education, and maintain health. The degree of satisfaction of these needs is determined by the level of economic development in these conditions and the value attitudes that have developed in society.
The distribution of funds through the help of assistance programs is carried out in three directions.
The first direction is characterized by the fact that part of the proceeds obtained by the population is depending on labor, but the size of satisfied needs is taken into account.
The second direction is characterized by the fact that the paid payments are not
there are difficulties with the work of this employee, and the amount of needs takes into account, the satisfaction of which these payments are sent. These payments cover children's benefits with large employees, lonely mothers, specialized treatment, dotations of the state for the maintenance of children in children's institutions, in boarding schools. The size of such subsidies depends on the number of children and the income level of parents.
The peculiarity of the third direction is determined by the fact that their main part that advocates in the form of benefits and services entering the population directly in kind through the relevant institutions of the workshop. This part of the distributed means forms a kind of "additional" income: they do not pass through the budget of the family and they cannot be disposed of at its discretion. Such revenues are distributed without regard to the measure of individual labor and are entirely determined by the interests and possibilities of society at this particular historical moment.
Consumer parts state aid Not all workers are acting at all, but only those who have the need for this and only in the measure of this need. For example, for free medical help More than those who more often and seriously sick and cannot pay medical services, the services of school institutions - the one who has more children at school age.
In other words, payments on the line of assistance programs are designed to mitigate the differences in the income level caused by non-distinction in labor, but by the reasons that stand out of the labor process itself, as well as to facilitate the satisfaction of a number of needs most important in terms of the tasks of the formation of labor abilities, personality development , achieve a higher general education and cultural levels, affordable health, pension provision. But since this form of distribution affects the interests of society as a whole and each of its member separately, public policy In this area, it should be particularly active.
As is known from the means mass media, President of Russia V.V. Putin instructed the Government of the Russian Federation on early and higher in size to increase the basic part of the labor pension than it was provided for by the Federal Law "On Budget Pension Fund Russian Federation for 2005 ".
State Duma on February 9, 2005 accepted the corresponding the federal law The increase in the basic part of the labor pension from March 1, 2005 from 660 to 900 rubles, and the Federation Council is promptly (February 9, 2005) approved this federal law.
At the same time, other components in the existing payout system will be increased. For example, surcharge on dependents, which is calculated depending on the base pension and is 30% of its size, up to 300 rubles will be increased, for the disabled people of the first group who have reached 80 years, the gain will be a little more - 480 rubles.
For disabled people military Injury The increase will be 240 rubles. For veterans Great Patriotic WarWe have disabled people and those who have reached 80 years, the increase will be quite a significant amount - 1,200 rubles. Taking into account the lump sum cash payments and pensions total amount For military disabled people who received disability due to military injury and over 80 years will be from 6.8 to 7.2 thousand rubles.
In addition, it should be reduced public spendingDirectly related to the efficiency of economic management and the areas of activity, the source of the financing of which should be only a budget.
Conclusion
An analysis of changes in the standard of living of the population of Russia in recent years has shown that the preservation of a low life level of most of the population blocks it economic development, exacerbates its socio-political instability. Social politics In Russia, there remains passive and not adequately established intense situation. Everything more Citizens, socio-political forces advocate a change in the course of socio-economic transformations in the country.
The welfare of citizens of Russia must be achieved mainly in their own expense and their own efforts. Only it is possible to ensure the growth of personal income and get the opportunity to go to a higher rank of the social layer of Russian society.
The implementation of the state of the Russian Federation will be successful in the event of interaction public associations, Entrepreneurs of the state. This will allow you to restore the confidence of the people to the authorities, sending resources to national revival. After all, people engaged in active search possible forms of social support, believe that if you do not pay a salary and pension, it makes no sense to hope for social helpSince "all money from one pocket."
Only by the growth of real income can also be provided with their children worthy existence, good education and medical care.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Burman I. "The level of Russian life (as well as American): questions - materials - comparisons - some answers." - M.: Scientific world, 2004.-512 p.
2. Bobkov V. Magazine "A sufficient payment of labor is a goal and a means of improving the standard of living" // Man and Labor, No. 8.
3. Bobkov V.N. Ways of stabilization and raising the standard of living of the population of Russia. - M.: Publishing House Wtzo, 2001. - 448 p.
4. Vullovertts M.M. Life standard in Russia as a factor in the development of human capital. M.: Dialogue of Moscow State University, 1999. - 228 p.
5. Zherelin V.M., Romanov A.N. Standards of living. - M.: Uniti - Dana, 2002. - 592 p.
6. Moscow A.A. Dynamics of real incomes of the population of Russia // Problems of forecasting, 2005, No. 4.
7. Population and income: Collection of articles / Ed. Aa. Sagradova. - M.: Max Press, 2001. - 96 p.
In the first quarter of 2017, the real disposable cash incomes of the population were slightly decreased compared with their level in the first quarter of 2016, and the number of poor fell by 1.4 million people. How could the poverty be reduced while reducing real income?
In the first quarter of 2017, nominal pensions increased by 17.1% y / y (due to, above all, a one-time payment of 5 thousand rubles. Pensioners in January for compensation for low indexation of pensions in 2016) ( also, from February 1, 2017, insurance pensions of non-working retirees were increased by 5.4% and monthly cash paymentbased on the growth of consumer prices for 2016), And wages are 6.6% (primarily in the non-budget sector of the economy (Fig. 1). However, due to the fact that other income ( the share of remuneration, including hidden wages, in cash in the first quarter of 2017 amounted to 63.3%, the share of all social benefits, including pensions - 21.2%, income from entrepreneurial activity 7.5%, property revenues - 6%, Other revenues 2%) Either did not increase, or decreased compared to the first quarter of 2016, the growth rate of total nominal average foreign monetary incomes of the population was not so high (4.4%) and was blocked by inflation (CPI rose by 4.6%). As a result, the real disposable cash incomes of the population decreased by 0.2% y / y.
At the same time, the number of poor, according to Rosstat estimates, also decreased in the first quarter of 2017: Compared to the first quarter of 2016, there were less than 1.4 million people. (Reduction from 16 to 15% of the total population), although the level of socio-economic differentiation practically did not change (Table).
1. Dynamics of secondary salary for groups of workers (100 \u003d 2014, seasonality is eliminated)
Source: CEIC DATA (Rosstat), calculations of the Institute "Development Center" HSE
Distribution of the total amount of monetary incomes of the population on 20% income groups (%) and coefficients of socio-economic differentiation
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Q quarter 2016 |
I quarter 2017. |
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Money income |
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including 20 percent groups of the population: |
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first (with the lowest income) |
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fourth |
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fifth (with the highest income) |
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Gini coefficient (income concentration index) |
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Fund coefficients, times |
Source: Rosstat.
How can this be? In order to determine whether a person is poor, its income is compared with the subsistence minimum, and the other is not taken in real, but in nominal terms. In the first quarter of 2017, the subsistence minimum as a whole for the population of the Russian Federation amounted to 9909 rubles. per person per month. Compared to the first quarter of 2016, it increased by only 1.4%. It is this "freezing" of the subsistence minimum at a faster (albeit inflation to inflation) growth of nominal income gave a decrease in poverty in the first quarter of 2017
But why was such a low deflator value for a subsistence minimum? Of course, people belonging to the category of the poor buy not very expensive food and not foodstuffs; They, as statistics show, less cars and some other long-term goods; They consume less services, and these services are cheaper. But all this still does not explain how such a low rate of growth of the subsistence minimum per year could be caused. To answer this question, you will have to immerse yourself in details approved in 2013. Methods for calculating the subsistence minimum. According to this technique, its purchase basket A fixed food kit for special standards in physical terms, which are multiplied by prices obtained on the basis of a survey of Rosstat for food prices - representatives used in the calculation of the subsistence minimum ( Order of March 11, 2013 of the Ministry of Labor and social protection Russian Federation №93n and Federal Service State Statistics №91 "On Approval of the List of Food - Representatives to determine the level of consumer prices for food with the calculation of the subsistence minimum").
The cost of non-food and services is estimated indirectly. The cost of non-food products is considered to be 50% of the cost of food adjusted on correction factorequal to the ratio of indexes of consumer prices for non-food products and food. The cost of services is considered to be equal to 50% of the cost of food adjusted for a correction coefficient equal to the ratio of consumer price indices for services and food. These three components add up to the cost estimate of the subsistence minimum ( Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 29, 2013 N 56 "On the approval of the rules for calculating the subsistence minimum per capita and on the main socio-demographic groups of the population as a whole in the Russian Federation"). This technique has a number of shortcomings: for example, it poorly links the change in the cost of the subsistence minimum with a change in the cost of services and, above all, tariffs for housing and communal services. As can be seen in fig. 2, when prices for such services occurs, the cost of the subsistence minimum does not always respond to changes to their changes (for example, in the third quarter of 2013-2015).
In early 2013, the introduction of a new methodology for calculating the subsistence minimum caused a sharp increase in its magnitude (noticeable in Fig. 2), but then the situation began to stabilize. The devaluation of the ruble and the introduction of counter-jackets for food products would noticeably affected valuation Food basket and the total subsistence minimum in the first quarter of 2015. Figure 2 shows a rapid growth of both the cost of the subsistence minimum, and all consumer price indices, especially those who take prices for food products. Starting from the II quarter of 2015, the growth rate of the subsistence minimum varies in the range from -3.7 to + 3.4% in relation to the previous quarter.
2. Dynamics of indexes of the subsistence minimum and consumer price indices, quarter to the previous quarter,%
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