Problems of the standard of living of the population. Why in Russia such a low standard of living

Moscow. April 2. FINMARKET.RU - The standard of living in the country is the most interested in citizens economic indicator. Currently, the level of welfare in Russia is 23% of the standard of living in rich countries of the organization economic cooperation and development (OECD). By 2050, this figure can grow up to 60%, provided that the country's economy is upgraded and will cease to be a resource-dependent. If the structural shifts in the economy does not occur and exports will maintain mainly the raw material orientation, after 40 years the comparable standard of living in the country rolls back to the values \u200b\u200bof the 1990s (18% of the level oECD countries).

Such assumptions are contained in the forecast. economic Development Russia until 2050, prepared by experts under the subprogramme of research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Complex system analysis and modeling of world dynamics. "

Currently russian economy Resource-dependent, and its structure is unbalanced, experts state. In other words, the economic stability of the state is ensured by mining. The proportion of hydrocarbons and metals from total exports is 70% in dollar equivalent.

At the same time, 2% of the able-bodied population has been employed in the oil-producing sector. IN long term The standard of living in the country will largely depend on the degree of resource dependence and the success of modernization.

Based on the current structural state of the economy by experts, three development scenarios were proposed: optimistic - "Russia on the road to OECD"; Resource - "Russia - Resource Power"; And pessimistic - "Russia - the periphery of the world."

"The scenarios are constructed in such a way as to maximally illustrate the potential importance of effective modernization, as well as the gap between the efficiency of the diversified economy and resource-dependent," the study says.

So, according to optimistic scenario ("Russia on the way to OECD") The country's economy is diversified. The share of energy-producing industries will decrease, at the same time, the share of other industries in exports will grow. In this case, the modernization will occur relatively uniformly by sectors. True, it is possible to overcome the resource dependence on only targeted actions on diversification and integration of the economy into the world, emphasized in the study.

According to an optimistic scenario, labor productivity in Russia will reach 85% of the performance in OECD countries, the maximum performance growth rates will be observed in the 2020s - 2030s.

Russia must use the existing demographic dividend - the numerous generation of those born in the mid-1980s. In late 2010 - early 2020s, this generation will take place for age 30-40 years, which is the most susceptible to innovation and integration processes. In fact, the state should now conduct, first, the most effective educational policy focused on training cohorts born in the late 80s, secondly, guarantee the possibility of integrating this generation to world processes, and, thirdly, to build a convenient support system Families with children preschool age. If Russia fails to make an economic rate on born in the 1980s, this will strongly affect the rates of integration and development. The next generation (born in the 1990s) is twice as small, and it will be more difficult for him to ensure high growth rates of the whole country.

As for the overall welfare of the population, by 2050 the standard of living will grow to 60% of the level of OECD countries. Rising standard of living could be higher if not a significant decrease in the share of the working-age population due to the "demographic pit" of the 1990s.

Current (for 2010) welfare level developed countries May be achieved by Russia for 2035. True, at this point the welfare of the OECD countries themselves will grow by 63%.

Second Development Named experts "Russia - Resource Power". With this scenario of structural shifts in the economy, there will be no, and, accordingly, exports will remain mainly resource. It is also assumed that oil (for exhaustion of stocks) will change any other resource (for example, gas).

With this scenario on international Level It will be "to have a way out" only the mining sector (and directly related industries). The rest of the sectors will "pull up" to the level of the resource sector, which will fully determine the upper plank of modernization development.

It is necessary to take into account that the population engaged in the field of resource mining is a small proportion of common population And it will not increase. When implementing such a scenario, Russia as a whole and in 40 years will not be able to achieve the current level of welfare of OECD countries. By 2050, "demographic rollback" will seriously affect the sufficient of citizens (retirement of the most numerous generation born in the 1980s). This phenomenon will reduce the level of welfare from 30% (achieved by 2035) to 25% of the level of rich OECD countries in 2050. The country will continue to supply resources developed countries, "in exchange" receiving high-tech products. However, this scenario requires a serious modernization of the extractive industry and investments in both intelligence of fossil and in resource synthesis studies - i.e. In the fundamental and engineering science.

To perform this scenario from the country's leadership and resource-producing companies, consistent well-coordinated actions to update equipment and maintain high labor productivity in the extractive industry are required.

In the event that labor productivity in mining will begin to decline, is implemented pessimistic scenario: "Russia is the periphery of the world."

The structure of the economy does not change. The resource-producing industry retains oil oriented and is not rebuilt. According to British Petrolium estimates, oil reserves in Russia remained for 27 years (at the current level of mining), experts noted.

After the exhaustion of the oil reserve, stagnation will begin in the country. "At the same time, all sectors of the economy except mining, finance and trade. As a result of weak integration into the international financial system and the market, the economy with the current structure will return the country to the relative level of living in the 1990s," the article says.

As in all previous scenarios, Russia after 2040 will seriously suffer from "demographic rollback". It can be assumed that the fall in the standard of living will lead to increased mortality and decrease in the population of older age, is noted in the study. According to this inertia scenario, Russia is highly likely to keep the development indicators achieved by 2010 and will roll to the level of 15-20% of developed countries, which in a percentage corresponds to the level of world peripherals.

In the proposed scenarios, it is believed that technogenic and social catastrophes will not happen, economists explain. However, these factors cannot be excluded. According to experts, according to Rosstat, about half of the equipment is worn, an average of 20% of the equipment beyond the reserved resource. Cities with the only city-forming enterprise, located behind the threshold of profitability, can become foci of social tension.

One of the authors of the forecast lead researcher Center for civilization and regional research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The RGGU's department, Professor Andrei Korotaev, explained Finmarket: "The mathematical modeling of the country's development scenarios revealed by us a special significance of the demographic factor. Effective well-funded family policy can prevent reduction in the number of Russian workforce. Effective anti-alcohol and anti-bacter policy in combination with improving the quality of work russian system Health will lead to a noticeable growth of the expected life expectancy, and therefore supports economic growth in our country. "

Mathematical modeling shows that the combination of effective economic and socio-demographic policies can bring Russian GDP by 2050 by the level of about 10 trillion dollars (i.e. at level of order modern USA), So introduce Russia to the club leading global economic powers.

At the same time, inertial demographic speakers (i.e., preservation modern levels fertility and mortality) gives for 2050 almost twice smaller GDP.

Finally, ineffective economic and demographic politics by 2050 will turn Russia into a third-paced country, and GDP will be an order of magnitude less than with an optimal scenario. It is as such a potential price of those solutions that are now to be taken.

"There is trend and cyclic components in economic dynamics," explains Artemy Malkov, the director of Flexis, whose software products were used by experts to calculate. - For example, China is currently undergoing modernization and an increase in the economy, similar to the rise of the Soviet economy of the 60-70s. This is a trend. Our country has already passed this stage and the means of the type of mass distribution of literacy, resettlement of labor from the village to the city and construction of the giant factories and us are not available. However, this does not mean that for Russia the chances are missed. Availability economic cycles, changing technological instructions, makes it possible to have dynamic countries to enter the leaders and rebuild the existing world order. The next five to seven years are the most critical for the modernization and diversification of the country's economy, it was in the coming years that the foundations for the innovative leadership of the countries of the next technological way are laid. "

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Introduction

1.1 Concept and components of living standards

1.2 Life level indicators

1.3 level and quality of life

2. Global problems Raising living standards

3. Life standard in the Republic of Belarus

3.1 Dynamics of living standards in the Republic of Belarus

3.2 Ways and problems of improving the standard of living of the population of the Republic of Belarus

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

On the modern stage Development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus The problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors determining its dynamics become very important. The focus and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political, and, consequently, economic stability in society depends on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central moment of which would be a person, his welfare, physical and social health. That is why all transformations that, one way or another, may entail a change in the standard of living, are of great interest in a wide variety of segments of the population.

The transition to market relations made significant changes in the regulation of income, which first of all determine the well-being of people. First of all, the role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the significance of market regulators has increased. That is why it becomes such important developing own politics enterprises in the field of income that would take into account the interests different groups workers and owners would provide for effective system employment and remuneration for labor, measures for social Protection employees, and therefore would provide a person worthy of life.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon, which depends on a variety of diverse reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The demographic situation, housing and domestic and living may affect the standard of living. production conditions, volume and quality of consumer goods and many other factors.

The purpose of this work is determined specifically what is the standard of living, and what needs to be done to be high. Therefore, you can select the following tasks:

· To study in detail the concept of living;

· Depare factors that determine and have an impact on the standard of living;

· Determine the components for which the standard of living is studied and explore the main indicators used in modern analysis of living standards;

· Examine the global problems of living standards;

· Trace the dynamics of living standards in the Republic of Belarus over the past decade;

· acquainted with government programs And give an assessment of the social policy of our country.

In the course of the creation of this work, many literary sources were investigated. Valuable for writing term paper turned out to be the UN report on the level human Development For 2010, "The Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2006-2010 and 2011-2015". The work used the statistical materials of the Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus, also materials taken from the site of the President of the Republic of Belarus and from the site of the Ministry of Labor.

It should be noted that a fairly wide range of textbooks is devoted to this topic. tutorials, articles I. scientific workwearing both theoretical and applied. However, the problem remains not sufficiently studied, systematized and generalized, and therefore very relevant.

1. standard of living and its characteristics

1.1 The concept of living standards

The concept of "standard of living" in his modern interpretation It is very capacious, covering all parties to human activity, whose aggregate gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe welfare of society as a whole and its individual members in particular. The standard of living of the population is determined, on the one hand, the composition and magnitude of the needs in various life benefits (food, clothing, dwelling, transport, various utility and household services, education, medical care, cultural and educational events, etc.). On the other hand, the possibility of their satisfaction, based on offers in the market of goods and services and real incomes of people, their wages, i.e. Under the level of life it is understood as the level of welfare of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators characterizing the measure of the satisfaction of basic vital needs.

The quality and standard of living is the characteristics of a single object - "life", but at different angles of view: Quality - in the aspect of its diversity and personality development; The level is in the aspect of the expression in monetary and conditionally monetary form of consumption of various consumer components.

The standard of living characterizes social politics By the economic definiteness, by the resources necessary to ensure that its quality. In this aspect, life is the unity of quality and level. Economic estimates The same is the characteristic of the standard of living. It can be said: the standard of living characterizes the degree of manifestation of its quality.

A number of researchers to designate the standard of living use the concepts of "welfare", "well-being". In foreign sources, the concepts of "social welfare", "Economic Welfare" (Economic Welfare) apply. The last definitely concept of "standard of living". In domestic sources, the term "welfare" usually denote the security of the population necessary for the life of material and spiritual benefits. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on economic security. IN modern interpretation The term "standard of living" does not characterize the incomes of people as such, and reflects the consumption of a variety of consumer complexes in monetary form. All components consumption flow out of economic well-being.

In other words, under the "standard of living" imply actually established conditions of life and the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population provided by the mass of goods and services.

This feature It has objective and subjective components. Thus, the human need in foodstuffs, vitamins, mineral salts is absolutely objective, while the set of products that make up this complex, subjective. We should not forget about the implementation of the universal law of elevation of needs: the growth of social production and the level of development of production forces changes preferences and queries of people, and therefore, the parameters of measuring the standard of living should change. The benefits that are even recently elitis are becoming the subject of everyday consumption. Recall that once the glass was of great value than gold, and only a very wealthy person could have been allowed from aluminum. These facts indicate that the standard of living is a comprehensive category that it is impossible to express with the help of a single criterion. With its study, a lot of indicators should be used, each of which should reflect only one of the parties to the human life.

The quality and standard of living are closely interrelated, and the first, being a wider concept, reflects a bigger spectrum of people's needs. This concept Objectively, i.e. The criteria for its assessment are scientifically based regulations of population consumption. On their basis, the rational consumer budget is calculated, which is the most important tool for socio-economic analysis of the level and quality of life. The ratio of actual satisfaction of the needs and developed standards indicates the degree of satisfaction of individuals, their groups, society as a whole.

Analysis of any phenomenon implies that this phenomenon will be compared with other phenomena similar to it, which will be wanted by factors affecting it, which will eventually be studied not only one phenomenon, but also many other interrelated with it.

Evaluating the standard of living, it is necessary to take into account many factors. First, it is historical factors. It is illogical to compare modern statistical data with a hundred years ago and draw conclusions, focusing only on quantitative change. Life and progress do not stand still, the needs of people are constantly growing and changed, as the number of living on the planet increases. The benefits that have recently could have been luxury, today they may not be demanded either be harmful to humanity. Or for any period of products, there will be twice as much, but it cannot be said that the standard of living has increased by 100% if the population increases three times.

Secondly, it geographical factors. The conditions in which people live can differ significantly throughout the planet. Accordingly, these conditions will be different and needs. So, in the arid regions, people will need more clean water, food and in any simple housing that protects against the heat, while not to accumulate heat. At the same time, in another part of the planet, where more than eight months per year stands negative temperaturePeople will have some other needs. They will also need food and water, but they will need strong houses resistant to low temperatures, and a significant part of their income will go to heating, warm clothes and the like.

Thirdly, these are socio-cultural factors. Each culture has its own characteristics. If in one country is natural discrimination against women; most of population does not even have primary education and does not want to receive it; Early marriages and large families, then in another country that considers himself highly developed, all this will seem wildness.

No matter how difficult analysis of the standard of living was composed, but it is still ordered in a clear structure and has its own main components, which provides greater objectivity and complexity of analysis.

The structure of the standard of living is distinguished by the following components:

1. Human living conditions.

2. Working conditions.

3. Human development conditions.

4. Environmental safety.

Living conditions. It takes into account the most primary needs of a person, such as consumption (both food benefits and non-food and services), ensuring decent housing conditions and health status.

Working conditions. These are all the factors and conditions with which the person faces in the process of its labor activity. It means labor protection, the possibility of injuries and the acquisition of occupational diseases and sanitary and hygienic conditions in the workplace as a whole.

Development conditions. The biggest component. Includes many indicators that displays almost all moments of modern human life. The conditions of life include the level of income and the structure of its distribution on expenses; birth levels, mortality and life expectancy; development of the social sphere; Having human rights and their level of compliance.

Environmental Safety. The component arising relatively recently. Describes the state ambient and the degree of its mutual influence with man.

All of these components are essentially dependent and intersect with each other and therefore it is difficult to judge such strictly delimitation. And B. practical life For a more accurate assessment within each component, a number of statistical indicators are allocated, which appropriate to use.

1.2 Indicators and lifetime indicators

For analysis, as well as to assess the standard of living, various indicators are used, such as the value of gross domestic product, national income and real income per capita, the value of the turnover, the amount of services per capita, etc. But the full picture of the standard of living of the population cannot be disclosed only on the basis of generalized and averaged values \u200b\u200bcalculated for the entire population of the country as a whole. In addition to total values, there are also other indicators characterizing the degree of satisfaction of human needs. IN economic theory You can highlight three main groups of needs:

Physical needs;

Spiritual (intellectual) needs;

Social needs.

IN economic analysis Life levels operate with a totality of many indicators. All of them can be divided into two large groups:

1. Real indicators. Reflect the real situation of the situation. Most often have a comparative nature, as the same phenomenon is compared in different years of its manifestation or in different countries.

2. Scientific substantiated indicators. Perform the role of standards, i.e. Indicate the framework for which real indicators should not go. They are more subjective, as they take into account the difference in the needs in people of different ages, various kinds of activities living in various conditions.

For the convenience of international comparison, the UN classified the main indicators and allocated them in 12 groups:

1. Demographic situation (fertility, mortality).

2. Sanitary and hygienic conditions of life.

3. Consumption food products.

4. Housing conditions.

5. Education and culture.

6. Working conditions and employment.

7. Income and population expenses.

8. Cost of life and consumer prices.

9. The presence of vehicles.

10. Organization of recreation.

11. Social security.

12. Human rights.

When analyzing all these indicators in different countries, you should not forget that the number of them is very large and the level of socio-economic development can differ significantly. Therefore, the system of lifetime indicators always have country specificity and may differ as the composition of the indicators and their hierarchy. In highly developed countries, the unemployment rates, income levels, availability and number of social transfers will be in the first places. For countries with economies in transition, greater importance will be indicators of GDP, income and expenses, inflation, unemployment. IN developing countries The most important parameters will be shower consumption, demographic indicators, sanitary and hygienic conditions. The specificity of the last group of countries is due to the fact that a significant part of their population is beyond the poverty line and actually fights for survival.

It is advisable below to consider in more detail those indicators that will continue to be used to analyze the standard of living in the Republic of Belarus.

The very first indicator that is mentioned when comparing the economic development of countries is the volume of gross domestic product (GDP). Since the standard of living is directly dependent on economic state In the country, it is used to analyze such an indicator as the magnitude of the GDP per capita. This indicator, as well as ordinary GDP, has a nominal and real expression, as it is the attitude of the total internal product produced over the year of the country to the entire country's total population. But how relative value, has its own characteristics. First, it may not be changed due to an increase or decrease in production volumes and services, but due to demographic changes. In the country there may be an explosion of fertility, immigration flows will increase, but with constant real GDP, its per capita per capita can dramatically decrease. Secondly, this averaged indicator that does not displays exactly how these goods are distributed among the population. Such a situation may be possible when most of the GDP will be consumed by a slight part of the rich people, the overwhelming majority of the population will live in poverty, and at the same time the GDP indicator per capita will take high positions in the world ranking.

Perhaps the most important indicators of the standard of living are income and expenses. They are the most difficult indicators. Depending on the belonging to a specific layer of society, people can receive different kinds Revenues: wages, social transfers, revenues from property (interest on deposits, land rental) and business activities, revenues from utility farms and services provided on the basis of oral agreement. The costs of the population are consumer spending (food; clothing and shoes; health care; housing and utilities; transport and communications; education, culture and rest), obligatory payments, expenses for savings and loans. And when estimating the standard of living, not only levels of real income and their stable increase, but also their sources and their number, as well as the structure of all income by sources. In expenses, it is also estimated that their main part goes and how the remaining remains.

An important role is played by labor indicators. The high level of unemployment may indicate the constant absence of income in a large part of the population, and as a result, the dissatisfaction of many paramount needs. The impossibility of the workable population to find work is reflected in socially unprotected members of society, whose main income amounts to social benefits. The latter in turn are reduced due to the reduction of tax revenues to the state treasury. Separately, it is possible to allocate such an indicator as the level of hidden unemployment. Often, he surpasses official unemployment, as people are in no hurry to register in employment bodies in the hope that they will find a new job in a short time.

The following indicators are demographic. The most important among them is - natural increase and migration. Assessing their changes, one can judge the stability of economic development and the level of real income. In a country where the incomes of the population are constantly growing and a system of social transfers, people wishing to have several children will not think about the impossibility of feeding, to bring up and educate another child. In such a country, immigration will prevail over emigration, as people seek to live in the conditions of certainty their future and not be afraid tomorrow to be on the street. In this group, it is also possible to distinguish the life expectancy. On it can be judged on the state of health of the nation, the level of development and availability of medicine and environmental condition in the country.

Another group - indicators of the level of education. The total literacy and education of the population indicate the development and availability of education, the level of culture and its consumption. A wide network of higher educational institutions and the opportunity to get high professional qualifications give an additional guarantee to have higher incomes in the future.

And the latest indicators are housing conditions. Population security shows the average number square meters Residential premises per resident, but does not take into account the states of this housing and its distribution in society. For more specific satisfaction with housing conditions, it is possible to judge only comparing the number of residential conditions that need to improve the improvement of housing conditions and the number of accommodated housing. The quality of housing displays the improvement of the housing stock, that is, the provision of residential premises separate species improvement (water supply, sewage, heating, electricity, communications, etc.).

Indicators of the standard of living of the population can also include concepts such as food and consumer baskets, subsistence minimum, consumer budget. Food basket is a set of one person's food per month, calculated on the basis of minimal food consumption standards that comply with the physical needs of human, calorie content, mainstream content and ensure compliance with traditional nutrition skills. Minimum products consumption rates typically include food products 11 groups: bread and baker, potatoes, vegetables, and fruits, fruits and berries, meat and meat products, fish and fish products, milk and milk products, eggs, sugar and confectionery, plant vegetable and margarine, other products (salt, pepper, etc.). Need to take into account that minimum set Foods are not included alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, delicacies. The cumulative minimum amount of human needs in kind forms a minimal consumer basket. Consumer basket - settlement set, assortment of goods and services characterizing the level and structure of a monthly (annual) consumption of a person or family. Consumer basket typically includes food and non-food and services. This indicator Depends on the level achieved and quality of life, therefore it differs greatly by country. For example, in the US, a consumer basket includes over 250 different items of goods and services. In countries with economies in transition, these indicators are lower. As for the Republic of Belarus, then in the consumer basket, the total share of goods included in the list of socially significant goods, the prices of which are regulated is insignificant and is about 9%. This is stated in the comments of the Ministry of Economy to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 676 of May 28, 2011, which approved this list . As previously reported, the main list includes the main consumer goodsdefining the life level of the population: fish is alive, fresh frozen fish (except delicate), salted herring, cheeses from cow Milk. solid and soft, pearl, bone, oatmeal, oatmeal without taste and other additives, fresh cucumbers, tomatoes, apples, bananas, lemons, oranges, coffee, tea, cooking food salt (except food sea salt), Sub-products from beef and pork first and second categories, from meat chickens and chickens, boiled sausages, sausages, blood and liven sausages, synthetic detergents.

When calculating consumer basket It is recommended to take a rational consumption (most favorable for humans), the minimum level of consumption (on the verge of providing normal existence conditions) and the physiological minimum of consumption (level of physical existence).

The Law of the Republic of Belarus "On the subsistence minimum in the Republic of Belarus" is established legal basis Definitions subsistence minimum and its use. The budget of the subsistence minimum is the cost value of the minimum set material benefits and services needed to ensure human life and its preservation, as well as compulsory payments and contributions. It is calculated on average per capita and mainly socio-demographic groups, and quarterly approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.

The subsistence minimum budget as a social standard is used to analyze and predict the standard of living of the population; providing state address social assistance low-income citizens (families); Justifications of minimum state social and labor guarantees.

Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of January 29, 2013 No. 65 approved the following dimensions of the subsistence minimum budget on average per capita and mainly socio-demographic groups in December 2012 per month for the period from February 1 to April 30 2013:

on average per capita - 924 150 rubles;

for the working-age population - 1 014 180 rubles;

for pensioners - 763,800 rubles;

for students' students - 937,770 rubles;

for children aged 6 to 18 years old - 1,041,240 rubles;

for children aged 3 to 6 years old - 973,410 rubles;

for children under the age of 3 years - 795,760 rubles.

The structure of the budget of the subsistence minimum on average per capita at the prices of December 2012 on expenses:

food - 56.8%;

housing and communal services - 7.8%;

wardrobe items - 21%;

household and transport services - 5.2%;

household goods I. economic purposes - 4,6 %;

contributions and payments - 2.2%;

the essentials of essentials, sanitation and drugs - 2.4%.

The dimensions of state benefits of families raising children in 2013, calculated in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Belarus of December 29, 2012 No. 7-s are presented in Table 1.2.1.

Table 1.2.1 Sizes of public benefits, families raising children

Type of benefit	Size allowance	Amount, rubles

in connection with the birth of a child (one-time): at the birth of the first child at the birth of the second and subsequent children
women incorporated in state organizations Health up to a 12-week of pregnancy (one-time)
for child care under the age of 3 years (monthly): on the first child on the second and subsequent children on a disabled child	from averages. s / n works in the quarter
for children over 3 years from individual categories of families defined by law (monthly): on a disabled child on other children in the family
for the care of a child disabled under the age of 18 (monthly)
for children under the age of 18, infected with human immunodeficiency virus (monthly)

The budget of the subsistence minimum on average per capita:

From 01.11.2012 to 01/31/2013 - 880 030 rubles.

From 01.02.2013 to 04/30/2013 - 924 150 rubles.

The average monthly salary of workers in the republic:

For 3 square meters. 2012 - 4,037,686 rubles.

For 4 square meters. 2012 - 4,406,118 rubles.

In Belarus, there is another standard - the minimum consumer budget that should not be confused with BPM. Experts explain the difference between MPB and BPM so: if the MPB should provide a person to the standard of living required for reproduction, then the BPM is only gives a person the opportunity to die.

The difference between the budget of the subsistence minimum of the minimum consumer budget is that the first does not include cultural and educational events and recreation. In addition, the BPM includes a slightly different product range characterizing the typical level and the structure of the monthly consumption of a person. Thus, the budget of the subsistence minimum does not include candy, cakes, jams, honey, mushrooms, lamb and some other products, the consumption of which is provided for by the minimum consumer budget.

More complex is the quality of life. According to the famous american specialist According to Marketing F. Kotler, the quality of life consists of:

Quality, quantities, range, availability and cost of goods,

Quality of the physical environment

Qualities of the cultural environment.

The quality of life includes the level of consumption of material goods and services, the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, lifespan, environmental conditions, the safety of citizens, the freedom of personality. In world practice, the basic principles of development are defined human potential, the implementation of which allows us to tell us about improving the quality of life. For example, life expectancy, personal security, empowerment of education, favorable conditions ambient economic security citizens social groups, equal rights For social support and access to social benefits, reducing incidence, along with adequate and affordable medical care. The meaning of these principles is to create decent living conditions for each person.

The system of performance indicators has its own distinctive features In different countries of the world. If in stable economic systems special meaning They give such indicators as the level of wages, the dynamics of unemployment, income, then in transformational systems, special attention is paid to the consumption of food products per capita, familiarity of families of families of durable goods, etc. Their analysis helps measure the depth of existing problems, which is important for the development of social policy.

1.3 standard of living, poverty, welfare

the need is the subsistence minimum population

In economic theory, 4 standard of living of the population are distinguished:

wealth - use of benefits providing comprehensive development man;

normal level - rational consumption for scientifically based norms, providing favorable conditions for the full restoration of the physical and intellectual forces of a person;

poverty - consumption of benefits at the level of maintenance of working capacity as the lowest border of reproduction of resources for labor;

poverty - the minimum allowable biological criteria A set of products and services whose consumption only allows you to maintain the viability of a person.

Scheme 1.1 provides classification of living levels.

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Scheme 1.1 Lifetime of the population

Poverty is a state of constant absence of necessary resources to ensure a satisfactory lifestyle acceptable in this particular case. In the world practice, the nation is considered poor if they spend about half of their budget for food. Poverty is characterized by the following indicators:

Number of poor;

Poverty depth coefficient;

Poverty sharpness coefficient.

Usually, poverty assessment suggests that there is some specific, a clearly established standard of living, called a poverty line, the achievement of which is necessary so that a person is not considered poor. And therefore, it can be said that the feature of poverty is the minimum standard of living that the poverty boundary is installed. If the population does not have this minimum, then it relates to the poor layers. It should also be distinguished by an absolute and relative line of poverty. The absolute feature of poverty is the minimum standard of living, which is determined on the basis of the physiological needs of a person in food, clothing, dwelling. The relative feature of poverty is characterized by the level below which people are below the poverty line. The number of poor fluctuates depending on how the poverty line is determined. The coefficient of depth of poverty expresses the average rejection of the revenues of the families of families from the size of the subsistence minimum. The coefficient of poverty is the weighted average deviation of the income of the surveyed families from the subsistence minimum. You can highlight 3. different approaches To the definition of poverty: poverty on income, in the impossibility of realizing the abilities laid in person, poverty, determined by a significant difference in the standard of living compared to the existing environment. In the first approach, it is usually distinguished by relative and absolute poverty. In the generally accepted understanding in the CIS countries, the determination of absolute poverty implies what it is possible to determine the minimum standard of living based on the physiological needs of a person in food, water, clothing and housing. It is important here to note that the main emphasis is on physiological, and not on wider socio-cultural needs. Absolute poverty occurs when people fall below this level, that is, they remain homeless, clothes, food. To determine the absolute feature of poverty, a shopping cart is made up and its cost is determined. Relative poverty is determined by a relatively recognized standard of living in a particular society in a specific period of time, and not only relative to minimal physiological needs.

The second approach in determining poverty is the impossibility of realizing the abilities laid in the man itself. Here revenues become only a means of allowing people to develop their abilities. The ultimate goal with this approach is not income, but life expectancy, good health etc. Here people refer to the category of poor, if for some reason their possibilities in the development of the potential laid down in them are limited. Based on this concept, usually allocate so-called vulnerable groups The population, which, due to the circumstances, are most susceptible to poverty in connection with the restriction of potential opportunities: disabled, single mother, orphan children, etc.

The third approach refers to poor people who, in terms of their income, potential development capabilities, other characteristics of the standard of living are noticeably different from the people around them and the rules that are adopted in this society. Being poor, according to this concept, means to be below the standards adopted in this society. A person is poor not because he lacks income or it does not have the ability to realize his abilities, but because it is limited in this compared to other people from the nearest environment. The poor, or low-income, belongs to those groups of the population whose reasons for reasons independent of them are lower than the established borders of the subsistence minimum. According to global standards, the share of the population at the level of the subsistence minimum should not exceed 10%. . According to the UN, poverty is determined by the income of 2 dollars. On a day, poverty - in 1 dollars. in a day .

Poverty, first of all, is associated with uneven distribution of income and property. It is different between urban and rural population, in various territorial regions, between different ethnic groups of the population. What is considered poverty in one country is regarded by well-being in another.

The standard of living and well-being is inextricably linked. Some economists put a sign of equality between them, while others indicate that welfare is more connected with a qualitative characteristic, although they consider them close concepts. At all times, the issue of the well-being of people stood in the center of the main problems of any economic System. It should be noted that the concept of public welfare has become the subject of economic theory, starting with the works of A. Smith. He connected welfare with equity in income distribution. Then, about the 20th century, welfare was considered as the amount of utility or benefits for all members of society, which can be calculated. It means that the optimal distribution of resources is such a distribution that ultimately gave a greater arithmetic value.

A significant contribution to the theory of social well-being made V. Pareto. He argued that the level of welfare can be considered optimal if it is impossible to improve whose well-being in the process of producing goods and services, their distribution, exchange without damaging the well-being of some other person. Also Pareto believed that it was impossible to be considered a normal phenomenon in society, when one person is enriched due to the impoverishment of other people.

Public welfare level is the degree of people's security by material benefits, services and relevant living conditions necessary for their comfortable and safe existence. The level of social welfare is influenced by all indicators that determine the standard of living. The main indicators are the production volumes of gross domestic product and national income calculated per capita. An equally important indicator of social welfare can be considered the relationship between the production of material goods and services and services, i.e., the higher the share of services in the total amount of GDP, the higher public well-being. To determine the level of welfare of the population, there are various indicators: consumption of basic products per capita, consumption structure, minimum consumption level, etc. The state provides a certain level of welfare of the population by an increase in the income of the poor in the population, in the creation of a system of learning and retraining the unemployed. Also, the state obliges entrepreneurs to pay wages not lower than a certain minimum, provides free education and health services.

So, the standard of living is the most important indicatorwhich is characterized by the degree of satisfaction of the various needs of a person. This indicator reflects the material, social, cultural well-being of the population. To assess the degree of satisfaction of the basic human needs, groups of indicators and indicators are used. The main factor ensuring the most complete satisfaction of the needs of people, and, consequently, raising their standard of living, is the development of manufacturing material goods and services, the growth of labor productivity. In economic theory, 4 standard of living of the population are distinguished: wealth, normal level, poverty, poverty. Poverty is primarily associated with uneven distribution of income and property. The level of social welfare is influenced by all indicators that determine the standard of living.

Traditionally, life is divided into spheres, and spheres on elements. This separation also contributes to a better quality assessment of life. It makes sense to call these areas and stay in more detail on some of them:

· Work. This is not only the opportunity to receive income. Third of their lives, people are spent in the workplace. This is also interaction with other people. And here should be estimated whether the interests of man meet this work, relationships within the collective, prestige profession, nature and intensity of labor, its legality.

· Personal development. The assessment of this sphere is partly echoing with an assessment of the labor sphere, as a person is important to deal with the work that he likes it is important to have the possibility of professional growth. Also to the development of the personality as well as general level Cultures in the country and the availability of opportunities for self-realization of creatively gifted people, the interest of society in their activities.

· Social security. Perhaps the most complex and non-calculus sphere. Here you can select such characteristics as physical and property safety (crime), political security (the presence of a developed state apparatus, confidence in respecting the rights and freedoms, the absence of corruption and bureaucracy, the degree of media freedom). This sphere has a greater subjective assessment, as it is fully created by individuals and consists of relationships between them.

· Family life and life. The feeling of personal happiness and satisfaction with life at all. Fully subjectively estimated the sphere, since only a person himself can say whether he reached what he wanted, or his life is in general meaningless.

· Leisure. Something this area comes into contact with the sphere of personal development and depends on the life. It should also be assessed by the diversity of leisure, its qualitative character, the duration of rest and its effectiveness.

· Environment. These are mainly non-living living conditions. This is the opinion of a person about those places where he lives and happens, an assessment of how comfortable him is comfortable, is there anything necessary there.

· Conference economic conditions. Assessment of the country's economic development and forecasts for further development to determine the possibilities of activity.

Of all the above, it can be concluded that economic development affects both the standard of living and its quality. These two categories are the results of the actions of the people they commit to achieve their goals. Naturally, people should be satisfied with the results and in society should not be any social conflicts. Therefore, along with economic growth and development, social Progress should not stand behind him, and in addition to improving the person himself, must be accompanied by improving the quality of the system public relations. Such conditions should be created in society so that each person can satisfy his vital needs, independently solve his problems, seek personal success and individual happiness.

2. World practice of living standing

2.1 Human Development Index, value, calculation method

In the early 1990s, a new definition appeared in the international vocabulary and terminology of specialists - the human development index (IRPCH), or abbreviated - the human development index (ICR), whose importance allows us to talk about or another level of living in the country. He ranks the states of the world in several dozen basic indicators related to exports and imports, crime and child mortality, opportunities for education.

The IRCHP is an indicator developed by the UN Development Program of the United Nations to assess the degree of optimal development of society. It shows how much the living conditions in the given country are close to such generally accepted criteria for the well-being of a separate person and the whole nation, as an opportunity to live long, get an education and have a decent level of material well-being. The HRCP is measured using a system of indicators, including:

The expected lifespan (characterizes the longevity of the newborn, which will live life in the conditions of the currently existing level of mortality);

The level of education, measured as an aggregate adult literacy index (over 15 years old) and the total share of students at all levels of training (initial, moderate, higher) in the total population aged 6 to 24 years;

The standard of living of the population, which characterizes access to material resources necessary for a decent existence; varies on the basis of a real gross domestic product per capita.

All these indicators reflect various sides of human life. So, the life expectancy of a person is influenced by the quality of nutrition, health and level medical Services, environmental state, etc. For each indicator, special standards have been developed.

The human development index (IRCHP) was a strategic element new concept. It symbolizes the shift in thinking, even if it does not fully cover the whole wealth of human development. As a consolidated meter of health, education and income, the IRCP evaluates their levels and progress, using the wider concept of development than that is based only on income. And, as happens with any aggregate meter and international comparisons, it simplifies and covers only a part of what includes human development.

In order to calculate the individual components of the index, the actual indicators on a particular country are compared with fixed standards of minimum and maximum values. When determining the duration of the upcoming life, age 25 years is adopted as the minimum standard, the maximum - 85 years; For the index of the level of education of the population, the standards are 0 and 100%, respectively; For the average per capita real GDP index - 100 and 40 thousand dollars. (PPS).

Indices characterizing the level of education and literacy are calculated by the formula:

where the IRRCH is the human development index; - the actual value of the i-th indicator; - the minimum value of the i-th indicator; maximum value The first indicator.

Since 1999, when calculating the real average GDP index, this formula is substituted not the values \u200b\u200bthemselves, but their logarithms:

where y - real GDP per capita of a particular country in PPS, in US dollars.

The indicator of the achieved level of education is calculated through the total literacy index of the adult population and the cumulative share of students who entered in educational establishments All levels by the formula:

where - the index of the achieved level of education is the literacy index of adult population, the share of students enrolled in all educational institutions.

The IRCHP is an average arithmetic index of the expected lifespan, the index of the population and the real average GDP index. The magnitude of the HRCH may vary from 0 to 1, while the closer it is to 1, the higher the development of human potential and in short, the path that should be passed to the country to achieve the desired landmarks. To Countries S. high levels human development belongs to those in which the IRCHP\u003e 0.8; to countries with an average level of human development - those in which the IRCHP< 0,8, но >0.5; To countries with a low level of human development - those in which the IRCHP< 0,5 . Таким образом, низший ИРЧП будет иметь страна, в которой medium duration Life is 25 years old, with per capita GDP (at purchasing power parity) 100 US dollars. 100% of the adult population is illiterate there, and no one gets any education. And, on the contrary, to climb the upper line of the IRRC, the average life expectancy of 85 years, the GDP per capita is $ 40,000, the guarantee that 100% of the adult population is competent, visits the initial or high School, I study in the highest or secondary educational institution.

It should be noted that although there is a relationship between the level of income of any society and the development of its human potential, it is not automatic. So, in 2000, for most countries under study (98 out of 173), the IRChp rating was higher than the GDP rating. This shows that an increase in the cost of human development becomes priority direction Development of the global economy. At the same time, not so much the magnitude of the income that society has, how much is the nature of the distribution of economic growth in the interests of the nation's development. Exists whole line Factors not related to income but a serious contribution to human development. These include crime levels, environmental state, healthy image life, opportunity to enjoy the respect of society and others.

It should be noted that the IRCH has the advantages over other indicators of intercountry comparisons (GDP, the level of income, etc.), since it allows to provide a generalized assessment of the welfare of society and its spiritual development. At the same time, the limited number of indicators does not allow deep and accurately explore social and economic processes occurring in society.

Over the past 20 years, Irrchp has criticized. Some are dissatisfied with its construction and composition. Others offer to expand it so that it includes more measurements from the gender equality to biological diversity. Many critical comments are legitimate. But the goal is not to create an indisputable indicator of well-being, but to redirect attention to the development-oriented development, and promote discussions about how we contribute public progress. The more we discuss what it should be and what should not be included in the IRCH - it is reasonable to mix various categories in one way, what value should each of them, how to get more data and improve their quality, - the more discussion goes from straight orientation on Growth, which was permeated thinking about development.

According to the latest data, the Republic of Belarus on the Index of Human Development takes 65th place from 187 countries of the world, higher than other CIS countries. In numerical terms, the human development index from 2005-2011 increased from 0.723 to 0.756 or 0.8% in average annual calculus.

2.2 Global problems raising living standards

Now has such a stage historical DevelopmentWhen all countries depend on one another. The beginning of this dependence lies in economic relations, and then applies to political, cultural, social and other spheres. Also, this dependence is complicated by straight and inverse bonds Between these spheres of human life. In other words, the emergence between countries of the problem in any field will result in serious shifts or even the destruction of relations on other areas between these countries.

There is such a thing as global interests that imply interests, problems and goals that are worried by most people in the world. Field of the end of World War II The whole world worried the problem of ensuring security: countries united into unions for future joint protection, numerous asylum was built in the cities, a racing of arms was built between the United States and Russia, which almost led to the Third World War. Currently, aware of the global global interdependence, world interests are aimed at the fact that he has always been considered a higher value for a person. Now global interests are the early eradication of poverty, universal equality and human dignity of everyone, the achievement of democracy and the world.

Officially, these goals are decorated in the Millennium Declaration, adopted by 189 countries at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000. This is 8 global goals, more specific tasks of which should be implemented by 2015. In a particular context, the problem of improving the standard of living can be distinguished the following goals and objectives:

Purpose 1: Elimination of extreme poverty and hunger.

Goal 2: Ensuring universal primary education.

Goal 3: Reducing baby mortality.

Task 10: Reduce by twice by 2015 globenot having sustainable access to safe drinking water, including due to lack of funds.

Task 11: By 2020, it is to ensure a significant improvement in life for at least 100 million inhabitants of the slums.

The Summit and the Millennium Declaration can not be called regular empty conversations and additional waste paper, since the scale of poverty and its consequences reached critical points:

· More than 1.2 billion people (the fifth part of the population of the Earth) have an income less than 1 US dollar a day.

· Every year dies 10 million children (30 thousand every day) from diseases that can not only be treated, but also to warn.

· In the world of 991 million illiterate, 115 million of them are children.

· More than 1 billion people do not have access to clean water, 2.4 billion do not have access to sanitation.

· 799 million people do not get required minimum Food, children make up the third part of them.

· 122.4 million people (the population of such a country, like Russia) do not hope to live even up to 40 years. (9, p. 1-8, 87)

...

History from life

Instead of a tonic theory, let's consider a specific practical example. So, an integral part of my business is to write articles and video tutorials. The scheme is quite standard: I wrote down the lesson - fed the accompanying text - I post it on the site. However, before placing text on the site, it must be thrown, i.e. Translate from ordinary Word to competent and accurate HTML code. This layout, until recently, was engaged in a specially trained person, who I paid pretty good money (100 rubles per hour for unqualified work, with whom even a child will cope with). And so continued for more than a year ...

And last week I launched a program for automatic layout. This program performs the same job - translates text from Word to HTML, but does it not per day, but for a fraction of a second. And unlike a person, it does not allow mistakes, having robbing me in this way from the need to recheck the finished work. And the most interesting thing is that the program does it absolutely free.

Imagine: quickly, without a single error and free! It is not surprising that on the same day I fired the vestist. In the new conditions, his work was simply not in demand. Starting from November 10, 2013, all texts on my site makes up automatics. Including an article you read now. :)

What is your instructive story? Just know: sooner or later something like this will happen in all sectors where unskilled labor is used. Therefore, in no case cannot be developed on low levels of qualifications (or without any) - it is equivalent to economic suicide. Do not wait for a miracle: the demand for low qualification workers every year will only be reduced.

How much do you stand?

Most people inadequate evaluate their value as an employee. They believe that there is a lot of work, but they get very little - much less than "actually worthy." Particularly heavy "patients" are convinced that they do almost a feat, coming down his pants "on this drank work."

If you learned in these lines yourself or someone from friends, do not worry: it thinks the majority of employees think, and not only in Russia. But let's take a look in the eyes: Right now take a sheet of paper, write your salary in rubles and divide it for 200 - exactly so many hours you spend a monthly work on the work "Let's go by Bunchy after changing the entire department."

How much did you get? Here is an estimated scale for Moscow (for the other cities of Russia, all numbers decrease by 2-3 times):

0-80 rubles per hour: the salary of the janitor. This is a social bottom. If your hour is placed in this range, urgently change the job!
80-150 rubles per hour: Unqualified work. Sellers, cashiers, cleaners, promoters, adclosers - that's who your "Colleagues in the range".
150-250 rubles per hour: low-skilled labor. Most mass category. Cute girls in banking offices and harsh workers on Moscow construction sites - they are all sold for 150-250 rubles per hour, no more.
250-400 rubles per hour: the work of secondary qualifications. Programmers with experience less than 2 years, B2B consultants and junior management. This also includes novice businessmen.
400-800 rubles per hour: highly qualified work. Middle managers, experienced engineers and master masts, many businessmen. The number of this category is 3 times less than the previous one.
800-1500 rubles per hour: Professionals. Doctors in private clinics, engineers and managers with extensive experience. These people are insensitive to economic crises and recession - work for them will always be found.
1500-3000 rubles per hour or more: the top of the market. The most small category that acts in the face of tough competition. There are no random people here, and if there is, they quickly fly down the stairs.

If you honestly calculate and look at the range, then, most likely, the results will not be prevented.

Sad statistics

Suppose you work to the turret at the production of engines for cars of the future brand VAZ. Every day you come to a huge shop, sit down for the machine and turn steel blanks in pistons, gears and much more. Then all this goes to the assembly shop, where from individual parts, first collect nodes, and then - and integer engines.

How much is your work? Exactly as much as the parts made by you are. Minus the cost of purchasing dummies, delivery and maintenance of the workplace. I will also consider taxes, advertising, loans and defective products, which sometimes happen entire parties due to the alcoholic colleague in the assembly shop.

Finally, I will read the costs of "corporate Ponte" type of ISO-9000 certification (this is when a couple of months ago came to you weird people In the costumes and asked something about quality, and you answered smart phrases From a piece of paper that, during the next booze, you slipped the head of the workshop). And yes, the new "Bentley" for the head of the workshop will also have to subtract.

What happens in a dry residue? You are standing 8000 rubles. The masters cost 12,000, maximum - 15,000. If you get more, it is no longer your cost. These are state subsidies within the framework of the "support of the domestic auto industry" (after all, the "Bentley" of the head of the workshop should sometimes be serviced, and it is desirable to do this in the "right" car service that flies in a penny).

Once again: You are standing 8000 rubles! And this is good result. Because, say, the seller in the city stall next to the bus stop will cost 4000-5000 rubles. And if the stall is not in the city, but in the village, then the cost of the seller and falls at all to the miserable 2000.

How to increase your cost?

Even a quick look at an example with tokarem immediately gives us a few ways to increase the cost (read - productivity). You can buy a new machine (with numeric software controlFor example), in order for our turning hour, our Turner managed to make 10 times more details, and the quality will also be higher. You can reduce non-manufacturing costs: to force the head of the workshop to sell "Bentley", and it is better to quit and put a normal boss. And you can also drive out of all alcoholics from the factory - the amount of marriage will immediately decrease.

But let's go down from heaven to a sinful land and see: what specific steps can you take in order to increase your productivity? In fact, options are quite a lot:

Learn to print on the keyboard blindly. 9 out of 10 Russians do not know how. Students reprinted materials from newspapers that could not be enjoyed on the Internet - and worry, jumping through the paper on the keyboard and back. Girls operators in Sberbank convulsively look for letters on the keyboard, when making your payment order. Examples can be brought thousands - and everywhere people spend twice as much time, if they do not own the blind printing on the keyboard.
Learn to say no. Wherever you are, whatever do, you will try to use. There is always a person who wants to ride on someone else's neck. Drink such people as far as possible, do not let them approach you with their "harmless" requests. For example, do not let other people have their lectures, do not help on credits / exams, do not let me in debt. Will offended? Well, let! Do not let other people manage your life, especially through such emotions, as a resentment, disapproval and envy.
As you often ask yourself: "Do I do now? How do these actions promote me to fulfill the task? " And if you find that instead of dealing with dimension (watch TV, sit in social networks, thump, play on the computer), immediately stop this business! And if there is no strength to stop, immediately close this article - it will not help you. And generally forget about the existence of this site. Better go to watch "Dom-2".
This item logically follows from the previous one: find a goal in life. Not necessarily long-term, you can put a goal for the next month. For example: to master the blind printing on the keyboard (for the month it is quite real), learn to pull up 10 times (for a month more than real) or just do something serious. For example, you have long wanted to replace all outlets in the apartment. Well, what are you waiting for? Go to the store, buy sockets, peasants, crowns - and go ahead! Cut, drill, change - everything is in your hands!
Make so that you have always been a timer and voice recorder. By timer you will learn how much time spend on everyday operations (for example: a hike to the store - 20 minutes). The recorder is indispensable when you suddenly squeeze a good idea, but to write down and nowhere. For example, in the subway. Or, sorry, in the toilet. Yes, and you do not need to buy two separate devices - modern phones Have a built-in timer, and voice recorder.

Of course, this is not full list. You can add an electronic planner here (for example, I use MS Outlook), a daily "quiet hour" (this is not when you sleep, and when you cut off all means of communication and remain one with you) and much more. But believe me: Introducing the 5 points listed above, you will already be headed above 90% of the population of our wonderful country. With appropriate consequences in the form of good salary, healthy nerves and heaps of free time. :)

In conclusion, I would like to note that in the process of working on yourself you will meet with such a problem as misunderstanding around. What are only the faces of the people who I watch around yourself in the subway, when I have a hurry to write another idea to the recorder, suddenly come to my mind. Just imagine: the guy sits in the car, does not interfere with anyone. And suddenly pulls out the voice recorder and starts writing something there! Is it normal at all? Maybe he needs to be in a mental hospital?

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