The purpose of educational and research work is to study the differences in the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation: the concept of social - economic development, factors determining socio-economic development, characteristics of socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation; conducting an analysis of differences in the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation, identifying problems in the socio-economic development of Russian regions and ways to solve them.
The object of study in educational and research work is the regions of the Russian Federation.
The subject of the study is indicators that determine the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation.
The first (theoretical) part provides a description of the term socio-economic development; factors influencing the socio-economic development of regions. In the second (practical) part, an analysis of indicators of socio-economic development is carried out. The third part identifies positive and negative aspects of the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation, leading to a number of problems, and selects directions for solving these problems.
The educational research work consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion.
Introduction
Theoretical foundations for the study of socio-economic development of regions
1 The concept of socio-economic development of the region. Main indicators of socio-economic development
2 Basic theories and trends in regional development
Analysis of differences in socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation
1 Analysis of the main indicators of the socio-economic development of the country as a whole
2 Analysis of the dynamics of key social indicators economic indicators by region of the Russian Federation
Promising directions of social and economic development of regions of the Russian Federation
Conclusion
List of sources and literature used
social economic indicator region
Introduction
Regions of the Russian Federation differ markedly in economic structure, natural resource potential, population dynamics and other factors. Accordingly, the pace of socio-economic development of Russian regions during the period of market transformations was different, although they experienced the same external influence. Federal policy has a significant impact on the level and dynamics of development of Russian regions. Increasing their differences depending on their features.
During the period of market reforms, there has been a constant change in the growth rates of Russian regions. Some subjects of the Russian Federation, which had minimal rates of decline in the early 90s, developed more slowly in subsequent years than those that experienced a deep crisis. Thus, the influence of economic factors changes during different periods of reforms.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors that had a positive or negative impact on regional development, as well as to identify the degree of significance of these factors on the growth rate of the regional economy in different periods of time, and economic connections with the characteristics of the territory, which makes this study relevant.
The purpose of this work is to study the pace of economic development of regions of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set and solved:
.Analyze the dynamics of the main indicators of social and economic development of regions of the Russian Federation; .Identify the factors that determine the direction of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; .Identify lagging regions and leading regions; .Reveal promising directions socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation. The objects of study in educational and research work are the subjects of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is indicators of socio-economic development. To fully study the differences in the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to first examine the theoretical aspects, which are presented in the first part, then analyze the indicators affecting the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation, consider trends, problems of socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The information base for writing educational and research work was the works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the issues of socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation, periodicals, materials of the State Statistics Committee, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, and the Internet. 1. Theoretical foundations of the study of socio-economic development of regions 1 The concept of socio-economic development of the region. Main indicators of socio-economic development In order to fully explore the differences in socio-economic development of regions, you need to have an idea of what socio-economic development is. Socio-economic development (ESD) - expanded reproduction and gradual qualitative and structural positive changes in the economy, productive forces, factors of growth and development, education, science, culture, level and quality of life of the population, human capital. It is characterized by self-reproduction of social systems and a progressive orientation. In accordance with the development goals of the regions, a system of criteria (development characteristics) and indicators that measure these criteria is built. Despite some differences between countries and regions in the hierarchy of values and development goals, international organizations assess the degree of development of countries and regions according to some universal integral indicators. One of these indicators is the Human Development Index, developed within the framework of the UN Development Program. This indicator ranks countries in ascending order from 0 to 1. Three indicators of economic development are used for calculation: 1.Life expectancy at birth 2.Intellectual potential (adult literacy and average duration training) .The amount of per capita income taking into account the purchasing power of the currency and the decreasing marginal utility of income. In interregional comparison, just as in international analysis, the human development index and other similar indicators can be used. Along with integral indicators, you can also use individual private indicators of regional development. Among them: 1.National income per capita 2.Level of consumption of individual material goods .Accrued level wages
.Lifespan .Level physical health
.The level of education .Population happiness Economic development criteria do not always play the role of goals or targets, and vice versa. Often, the tactical goals of regional development are intermediate tasks that play a role necessary conditions successful development. Among such tactical goals for the development of a region or city are: 1.Attracting new types of business 2.Expansion of existing business .Small business development .City center development .Industrial development .Development of the service sector .Increasing the level of employment of the region's population. Special meaning in determining the level of economic development of a region have traditional indicators that assess the level of production and consumption of goods and the growth of this level per capita (gross national income (GNP), gross domestic product(GDP), real GNP per capita, growth rates of these indicators). To assess the dynamics of development, it is advisable to use indicators that assess the rate of economic growth in the region: the rate of growth of per capita income, labor productivity, as well as the rate of structural transformation of production and society. Impact on economic growth is vital important question for the economic policy of both the country as a whole and a separate region. Purely economic indicators, such as GDP, per capita income, labor productivity and their growth rates, cannot fully assess the socio-economic development of the region. No less important are indicators of life expectancy, the level of health of the population, the degree of its education and qualifications, as well as indicators of structural changes in production and society. The economic development of many countries and regions is accompanied by a change in the structure of social production, in particular, the industrial society is gradually being replaced by a post-industrial one. All most of of the employed work in the non-material sector, an ever smaller part - directly in industry and agriculture. The so-called basic industries cease to be so and will never become basic again. Consumption is individualized, production volumes are falling, and the so-called demassification of production is occurring. Its intellectualization is deepening, and information resources are becoming the main factors of production. Added value is created mainly in the intangible sphere, while labor acquires new features: it begins to dominate creative functions, the prevailing type of worker becomes creative person, committed to her craft and eager to bring new elements to her work. The differences between low- and high-tech industries are disappearing: all industries are becoming knowledge-intensive, absorbing the flow of managerial, financial and commercial innovations. Worker skills and the availability of advanced technology become more important than low labor costs and other conventional competitive factors. The traditional advantages of countries and regions are beginning to lose their former significance. All these trends are manifested in almost all countries of the world to a greater or lesser extent. Intangible production is becoming a paradigm of economic development, which forces us to reassess the degree of wealth of countries and regions. Traditionally, countries and regions are assessed in terms of their wealth in forests, minerals, soils, climatic conditions, fixed assets, geographical location. New ideas about intangible production as the area where most value is created are changing the criteria for assessing the wealth of countries and regions. Factors such as wealth in people and their qualifications, management technologies, market infrastructure, business network, and organizational culture come first. New ideas about the sources and factors of economic development allow us to take a fresh look at education, science, medicine, telecommunications, management skills as those areas public life, which have a decisive influence on the pace and direction of economic development of the country as a whole. So, at the regional level, we can consider the following criteria and the corresponding indicators of socio-economic development: 1.GNP or GDP (absolute value and per capita) and growth rates of these indicators 2.Average level of income of the population and the degree of their differentiation .Level of real accrued wages .Life expectancy, level of physical and mental health of people .The level of education .Level of consumption of material goods and services (food, housing, telephone services), provision of households with durable goods .State of the environment Standard way assessing the economic development of a region is an assessment of the level of production (and, as a rule, material production). Such an assessment today is one-sided and insufficient. Developed international organizations approaches to assessing the economic development of countries force, when assessing the level of development of a region, to consider not only the volume of production, but also such aspects as education, health care, the state of the environment, equality of opportunities in economic sphere, personal freedom and culture of life. It is quite appropriate to use the human development index, developed and used by the United Nations Development Program to assess development, as an integral indicator of regional development individual countries. When managing the economic development of a particular region, it is advisable to identify all of the above relatively independent goals and monitor their achievement. In particular, along with monitoring the state of regional production and the dynamics of cash incomes of the population, it is necessary to monitor other important parameters of economic development. Availability and quality level of schools, kindergartens, etc. educational institutions and their availability, as well as the level of education and qualifications of people are the most important parameters of the level of development of any region. Supply of food products, control over their quality, respect for consumer rights in the retail market are also parameters for assessing the level of regional development. The level of physical and mental health of the population, life expectancy, the level of development of the healthcare system and its accessibility, the state of the environment are also important evaluation criteria for the socio-economic development of the region. The concept of socio-economic development of a region also includes such a difficult-to-measure substance as the culture of life of the population. Positive dynamics of economic development of the region is possible only if the life of the population of this region is enriched with culture. The socio-economic development of the region only has positive dynamics when, other things being equal, the personal freedom of everyone expands, including in the economic field, which is possible with effective support for small and medium-sized businesses, anti-monopoly measures, protection of consumer rights, and ensuring real freedom of movement , which is provided by a developed housing market. 1.2 Basic theories and trends in regional development Let's consider some basic theoretical concepts underlying the explanation of the main trends in regional economic development. The first of these is the theory of spatial advantages, or the theory of location. According to this theory, spatial advantages manifest themselves in any economic activity. They force certain types of production to be located in very specific regions. Thus, the aluminum industry gravitates towards sources of cheap electricity, metallurgical plants - towards mining sites iron ore and coke, any production that is highly dependent on raw materials is usually located close to the sources of raw materials. Some production facilities, oriented towards local markets and involving significant transport costs, are located close to sales markets. Each region, each city has its own territorial advantages, associated either with sources of raw materials, or with other factors of production (labor, land, energy), or with proximity to markets. This theory largely explains the current distribution of productive forces. Other traditional ideas, associated not only with the theory, but also with the practice of economic development, are based on the patterns of agglomeration, concentration and combination of production. IN major cities or urban agglomerations additional savings or additional economic effect is formed due to the fact that their surroundings are formed around successfully operating industries and due to the combined use shared resources(labor, energy, infrastructure) additional savings are achieved. High concentration industry in large cities makes it possible to obtain additional savings arising from the agglomeration effect (the total costs of all production in a large agglomeration are less than the sum of the costs of each production in the case of their single location outside the boundaries of a given agglomeration). IN major centers additional potential for their development arises due to the fact that some types of highly qualified activities are possible only in large centers (museums, large theaters, medical centers and so on.). A very fruitful concept that allows you to effectively analyze the problems of economic development of the region is the concept of primary and auxiliary production. In any region, the main industry can be identified, i.e. that, the products of which are mainly exported from the region, and auxiliary production, the products of which are consumed mainly within the region. As an example, we can consider a machine-building plant as the main production and all the infrastructure that serves it - post office, kindergartens, schools, clinics, banks, insurance institutions, forwarding and transport services, construction - as an auxiliary. Usually, when the main production expands, the entire infrastructure serving it increases; a so-called multiplier effect arises: primary production can be considered as a kind of accelerator of economic growth. Primary production can be not only an accelerator, but also a brake on development, in particular when the number of jobs in primary production is reduced during the process of structural adjustment. With fairly rapid structural changes caused by scientific and technological progress, the main factor in the successful development of the region becomes not the main, but auxiliary production. The long-term prosperity of a region depends on how developed its infrastructure is and how ready it is to take on the load of new major production. The more developed the infrastructure (auxiliary production), the more flexible the entire economy of the region is, the more solidly its economic development and prosperity are based on. Thus, in conditions of rapid change of main industries, the main factor in sustainable economic development is the degree of development of the entire urban infrastructure. This gives grounds to take a fresh look at the role of so-called auxiliary industries, to evaluate them as a primary factor in economic development and the key to its prosperity in the future. When analyzing the quality of regional development, it is useful to use the concept of D. Bell's theory of growth stages. In all countries and regions, economic development goes through three main stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. The dominant industries of pre-industrial development are extractive industries, Agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining industries. The industrial stage is dominated by processing industries- mechanical engineering, light and food industry. In the post-industrial stage, the main industries on which economic development is based are the branches of non-material production: science, education, trade, finance, insurance, healthcare. Characteristics post-industrial society become a relative decline in the production of goods and a relative increase in the production of services, the growth of knowledge-intensive production, an increase in the level of personnel qualifications, and the rapid internationalization of production. General patterns of global economic development make it possible to qualitatively assess the background and prospects for the economic development of a particular city or region. Based on the dominant industry, cities can be divided into pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. In cities and regions that are at different stages of development, processes that are different in nature occur, and the different recipes management of the economic development process. At the stage of industrial development in a city or region, there are patterns determined by the role of leading industries, “locomotives of industry,” which create the so-called multiplier effect and determine the entire course of development of the city or region as a whole. The leading industry creates additional jobs; the rest of the city’s infrastructure serves the main production. Under these conditions, cities with a mono-industry structure are often formed, when one or several enterprises of one industry determine the state of the economy and social sphere of the entire city (Table 1). At the post-industrial stage of development of a city or region, the main factor determining its well-being is the level of development of urban infrastructure. How developed are roads, communications, the housing sector, the service sector and the entertainment industry, how accessible are office spaces, how low is the crime rate and how well is the city provided with qualified personnel - all this determines the development potential of a post-industrial city. The extent to which the entire city infrastructure is capable of accepting new types of businesses and new people, how quickly and efficiently the entire city infrastructure can adapt to new conditions - all this determines the potential of post-industrial development. Table 1 Industrial and post-industrial stages of development Industrial development Post-industrial development industry that creates additional jobs infrastructure diversification growth multiplier development of single-industry cities Flexibility 2. Analysis of differences in socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation 1 Analysis of the main indicators of the socio-economic development of the country as a whole In order to identify the main trends, differences, problems and trace the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators in the socio-economic development of Russian regions, it is necessary to identify the criteria by which the analysis will be carried out. These indicators include: 1.Average per capita level income of the population 2.Provision of healthcare, cultural, sports and educational institutions .GRP For objectivity and ease of comparison, assessment, comparison and analysis will not be carried out for all 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or for federal districts of the Russian Federation. Namely: 1.Central Federal District (main center - Moscow) 2.Northwestern Federal District (main center - St. Petersburg) .North Caucasian Federal District (main center - Pyatigorsk) .Southern Federal District (main center - Rostov-on-Don) .Volga Federal District (main center - Nizhny Novgorod)
.Ural Federal District (main center - Ekaterinburg) .Siberian Federal District (main center - Novosibirsk) .Far Eastern Federal District (main center - Khabarovsk) But first, let’s evaluate these indicators for the country as a whole. 2.1.1 Average per capita cash income The dynamics of average per capita income in the Russian Federation can be traced in Table 2. If we take into account absolute indicators (average per capita income in rubles), we can see that from 2007 to 2011 it increased from 12,603 rubles in 2007 to 20,712 rubles in 2011. The increase amounted to 8109 rubles. The increase in the average per capita income of the population over the years amounted to 2345 rubles in 2008 compared to 2007, in 2009 - 2061 rubles (compared to 2008), in 2010 - 1872 rubles (compared to 2009), in 2011 - 1831 rubles (compared to 20110). Table 2 Average per capita income of the population for the period 2007-2011, rubles IndicatorYears20072008200920102011 rubles per month1260314948170091888120712% of previous. period123.6118.6113.8111109.7 However, if we trace the dynamics of changes in the average per capita income of the population in percentage terms in relation to the previous period, we can note a tendency towards a decrease in the level of average per capita income of the population (Figure 1). Figure 1 Dynamics of average per capita income of the population for the period 2007 - 2011, %, percent As can be seen from the presented diagram (Figure 1), the increase in the average per capita income of the population has been steadily becoming smaller throughout the entire period under review. Reasons this phenomenon may be the crisis of 2008-2009, which caused a decline in production, a reduction in wages, massive job cuts, and, as a consequence, a sharp increase in the number of unemployed. The largest decrease in the level of average per capita income of the population occurred during the crisis and post-crisis periods from 2008 to 2009. Starting from 2010, changes in this indicator begin to level off. 1.2 Provision of healthcare, educational, cultural and sports institutions Ensuring high life expectancy, high levels of education, and cultural life are important indicators, characterizing the socio-economic situation and development of the country as a whole and its subjects. To maintain a stable level of these indicators, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of healthcare, cultural, educational and sports institutions. To do this, let us trace the dynamics of changes in the number of cultural, sports, education and health care institutions (Table 3). Table 3 Number of educational, cultural, health and sports institutions for the period from 2008 to 2011, units IndicatorYears200820092010201112345Educational68Sports institutions106261132455756819CulturalHealthcare institutions8342748274406533I togo159624156008115100137610 According to Table 3, the following conclusions can be drawn: .For the period from 2008 to 2011 total number social sector institutions in the Russian Federation decreased by 22014, namely: The number of educational institutions decreased by 6644 The number of sports institutions decreased by 3,807; a particularly strong reduction in the number of these institutions occurred in 2010. The gap was 5659 or there was a reduction of more than 2 times. The number of cultural institutions decreased by 9,755. This is the highest figure among others. The number of health care institutions decreased by 1,809, which is the smallest available indicator. The dynamics of changes in social sector institutions can be clearly seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 Dynamics of changes in social sector institutions Based on the presented diagram (Figure 2), we can conclude that: the largest number of social and life support institutions existed in 2008; the smallest number of such institutions was observed in 2011; Over the period from 2008 to 2011, the number of institutions of this type has been steadily decreasing. The reasons for such a decrease may be a decrease in funding for these institutions, the reason for which is budget cuts: insolvency and bankruptcy of cultural institutions, sports, health care and education; reorganization and merger of many institutions from smaller to larger ones; lack of sponsorship and unfitness for many buildings; the unprofitability of maintaining such institutions. 2 Analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of socio-economic indicators by region of the Russian Federation 2.1 Analysis and assessment of GRP for federal districts of the Russian Federation In order to fully assess the level of socio-economic development of the regions, we will conduct an assessment and analysis of GRP (Table 4). Table 4 GRP by federal districts from 2010-2011 IndicatorYears20102011123Central Federal District12927399.311445214.5N.-Western Federal District3400346.83405653.5Southern Federal District2744849.71988637.6N.-Caucasian Federal District698745.8795453.2Volga Federal District534 9089.34919923.6 Ural Federal District 4859429.74396560.3 Siberian Federal District 3491449.33390224.3 Far Eastern Federal District 1547812.61730845.0 According to Table 4, we can say that GRP from 2010 to 2011. increases in three federal districts: The most complete change in GRP for 2010-2011. can be seen in the presented diagram (Figure 4). Figure 3 GRP by federal districts of the Russian Federation for 2010-2011. As can be seen from the diagram (Figure 4), the Central Federal District has the highest indicators, the Volga Federal District takes second place, and the Northwestern Federal District takes third place. The Far Eastern and North Caucasus federal districts have the lowest indicators. The reasons for such indicators may be: The Central Federal is the leading one, because a large population is concentrated here, big number large enterprises that generate large revenues and are also the main taxpayers. The Central Federal District is the most affluent in financially district, most of the country's financial resources are concentrated here; The Far Eastern District has low indicators due to the unfavorable climate; the main sources of income are the fishing industry, but since... V winter time Every year, shipping routes freeze, and navigation at this time is practically unacceptable. 2.3 Real average monthly wages of workers The real average monthly wage of workers reflects the socio-economic situation of the country’s population as a whole and its individual regions, in particular the population federal districts. Let us analyze and evaluate this indicator for the period from 2008 to 2011 (Table 5). Table 5 Real average monthly accrued wages of workers in 2010-2011 Indicator Years 2010 2011 Relative increase in % to the previous period Central Federal District 22404.625376.913 N.-Western Federal District 20892.723531.512.6 Southern Federal District 13274.615560.117.2 Volga Federal District 13987.415613.611.6 N.- Caucasian Federal District 11567, 312569, 28.7 Ural Federal District 22269, 025034.512.4 Siberian Federal District 26606.418657.6-29.8 Far Eastern Federal District 23157.825814.211.5 According to Table 5, it is clear that in almost all federal districts the real accrued average monthly wage is increasing. A decrease in this indicator is observed only in the Siberian Federal District. On average, the increase was 999.6 rubles for all federal districts of the Russian Federation (1): ∆У=∑∆Пр Wed (1),n where ∆У is the increase in real accrued average monthly wage; ∑∆R Wed - the amount of change (increase, decrease) in the real accrued average monthly wage; n is the number of federal districts. Growth in real accrued average monthly wages of workers for 2010-2011. by federal districts was: in the Central Federal District - 2971.4 rubles (or 13%); in the Northwestern Federal District this figure increased by 2,638.8 rubles (or 12.6%); in the Southern Federal District the increase was 2285.5 rubles (or 17.2%); The Volga Federal District increased this figure by 1626.2 rubles (or 11.6%); The North Caucasus Federal District showed an increase in real accrued average monthly wages by 1001.5 rubles (or 8.7%); the increase in this indicator in the Ural Federal District amounted to 2,765.5 rubles (or 12.4%); the decrease in real accrued average monthly wages in the Siberian Federal District amounted to 7948.8 rubles (or 29.8%); the increase in the Far Eastern Federal District amounted to 2,656.4 rubles (or 11.5%). The largest absolute increase is observed in the Central Federal District (2971.4 rubles), the smallest in the North Caucasus (1001.5 rubles). Other data are presented for relative growth: the largest relative growth is observed in the Southern Federal District - 17.2%, the smallest - in the North Caucasus (8.7%). To visualize the dynamics of GRP for 2010-2011, let us turn to the diagram (Figure 4). Figure 4 Relative growth of GRP in 2011,%. According to the presented graph (Figure 4) it is clear that the most highest value the Southern Federal District has a relative increase in 2011 compared to 2010, and the most smallest value has the Siberian Federal District. The reasons for the highest growth rate in the Southern Federal District may be: individual enterprises began to experience difficulties due to falling prices on the foreign and domestic markets, sales of products, and the growth accounts receivable consumers for shipped products, lack of working capital, credit resources, as a result of which they were forced to reduce production volumes, which led to a fall in GRP. 3 Promising directions of social and economic development of regions of the Russian Federation As a basis for a forecast at a qualitative level, one can take a standard set of scenarios - optimistic, inertial and pessimistic, in order to then superimpose on each trend the spatial specifics of Russia with various combinations of factors and development barriers. But with any combination, the main development trend will be a compression of habitable and economic space. It is most likely that an inertial development scenario will be implemented in Russia, continuing the already formed trends in spatial development. Its macroeconomic background is fading recovery growth after the crisis recession of 2008-2009 and relatively low growth rates of the country's economy in the new decade due to stabilization of oil prices and slower growth in global demand for resources. Against this background, spatial development will most likely have quite predictable trends, regardless of the regional policy pursued by the authorities. 1.The hypertrophied role of Moscow and the concentration of financial and human resources in it will remain. The Moscow agglomeration will rapidly develop and expand, covering adjacent areas of neighboring regions. However, artificial innovative projects(Skolkovo) will not change the economic profile of the territories adjacent to the capital; services, logistics, recreation and industry will continue to develop in them, focused on the huge capital market. The development of St. Petersburg will heavily depend on federal support with financial resources and institutional measures (transfer of headquarters large companies- taxpayers to the northern capital), but these measures are not enough for sustainable growth; the city is hampered by institutional barriers common to the country. 2.The leading regions of the fuel and energy complex will retain their positions in the group of leaders while maintaining production volumes (this problem is not acute until 2020). But their populations will be aging, natural growth will decline, and the migration outflow of young people will increase, since few new high-quality jobs are being created in the regions of the fuel and energy complex (an economy based on resource extraction is not labor-intensive). Those who left are already being replaced by a migration influx of low-skilled labor from the republics North Caucasus And Central Asia, which will inevitably increase social tension, drug addiction problems and increase the burden on the social protection system. .A considerable part of the regions from the group of second-tier leaders may slide down into the “middle” group. For the leading metallurgical regions, this is a consequence of a decrease in global competitiveness due to the aging of Soviet industrial assets and rising costs due to rising prices for fuel and raw materials. Some developed multifunctional industrial regions have already begun to move “downwards”, primarily Samara Region(declining competitiveness of the auto industry) and Perm region(exhaustion mineral resources and lack of new major investments). .Given relative political stability in the Caucasus, the large Russian regions of the south will continue to grow more rapidly due to sustainable advantages - more developed infrastructure, the presence of sea ports, resource advantages in the form of better soil and agroclimatic conditions. Hosting the Olympics is likely to hinder the sustainable growth of the south due to the excessive concentration of investment in one point and the inevitable problems of unprofitability of sports and other facilities after the completion of this Putin project. .Depopulation of the Non-Black Earth Region and other peripheral territories will increase European Russia due to high natural loss; The population concentration will continue in regional centers and other larger cities, but above all in the agglomerations of federal cities. The problem of a deteriorating periphery cannot be solved due to low population mobility and barriers to housing markets in cities. .A large group of “average” regions in terms of development will remain, with a slight rotation upward (several regions with an advantageous coastal location and southern industrial-agrarian regions) or downward (semi-depressive regions of mechanical engineering and textile specialization). .Despite ambitious federal programs, not only the compression of habitable space will continue (which is good for the economy), but also the degradation of the entire settlement system Far East and Transbaikalia (which is bad), with the exception of the largest regional centers - Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and, perhaps, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Ulan-Ude. Economy eastern regions will be even more polarized - along with the centers of growth (regional capitals, leading port cities and areas for the extraction of export raw materials), the rest of the territory will degrade infrastructurally and lose population. With income growth federal budget it is possible to resume expensive infrastructure projects in the east and north, but they will face an inglorious economic end. .The republics of the North Caucasus will remain a “black hole” of budget financing, but the labor migration of young people to other regions of Russia will increase in them, which, with the beginning of the process of reducing the birth rate (with the exception of the period of its stimulation in 2007-2009), will slightly alleviate the problems of unemployment. For the underdeveloped republics of Siberia (Tyva, Altai), this valve will never begin to work due to remoteness and stronger cultural barriers. Chechnya will still remain the favorite for funding from the federal budget, but, depending on the political situation, Ingushetia and Dagestan may be added to it. The worst scenario - stagnation and socio-economic degradation - not only intensifies the above-described trends in the degradation of the periphery, but also sharply reduces the number of promising growth areas due to deteriorating institutional conditions and declining investment. This is quite possible given the degradation of the political regime. We can briefly formulate the most dangerous trends in spatial development for the future. 1.Rapid deterioration in the quality of life in the Moscow metropolitan agglomeration due to infrastructure and environmental problems with continued population growth. Degradation social environment can stimulate the emigration of the most competitive population (youth, people with disabilities high level education and higher incomes). 2.In the next decade, one should not expect an accelerated compression of habitable space in peripheral territories; the prospect of their depopulation is longer-term - by 2030-2050. A different adaptation strategy for the population of peripheral territories is more likely different types(aged Non-Black Earth Region, eastern and northern regions), which has already formed and will intensify. This is a reduction in legal employment, which provides labor guarantees and protection, and an increase in self-employment of the population using traditional sources of income - land resources(LPH), forest gifts (collecting mushrooms and berries), forest resources(illegal logging in taiga zone), fish (illegal fishing in the Far East, on the rivers of Siberia and in the Astrakhan region). The archaic shift in the structure of employment not only contributes to the degradation of human capital, but leads to an increase in ineffective budget expenditures on maintaining social infrastructure in economically half-dead territories and in social protection their population (unemployment benefits, social payments, etc.) .Growing tension, ethnic contradictions and clanism in the republics of the North Caucasus, which will stimulate the migration outflow of educated and more modernized urban residents to other regions. The loss of “agents of modernization” will reproduce and strengthen traditionalism and conflicts. At the same time, the flow of low-skilled labor into federal cities will increase, pushed out of their regions by conflicts and lack of work. .Sharp slowdown in economic development major cities- regional centers due to a lack of investment and deteriorating institutional conditions. This will lead to an even greater concentration of quality human capital in federal cities. Even more important, this will limit the ability to transmit impulses of all forms and types of modernization - consumer, behavioral, value - to the regions. In Russia, large cities are the most important “translators” of innovations, ensuring their advancement down the hierarchical system of cities in their region and into the suburbs. This list of problems is quite enough to predict a significant decline in human capital in Russia, without which the country will not be able to develop normally. An optimistic scenario of sustainable investment growth is possible only with a significant improvement in institutions (protection of property rights, reduction of corruption, etc.) and increased openness of the country’s economy. Even poor infrastructure is a less severe barrier, since it can develop with economic growth, as shown by the example of the Sakhalin region. In the optimistic forecast of spatial development, one can highlight the main differences from the inertial scenario. 1.Expanding the geography of realized resource advantages. Since Russia’s resource advantages remain the most significant, the implementation of the optimistic scenario will accelerate the development of oil and gas production and transit regions of the European North ( Murmansk region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Komi Republic), Siberia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk region) and the Far East (Yakutia, Sakhalin region) thanks to joint fuel production projects using Western technologies. 2.Maximize the resource advantage of fertile and extensive land resources. Fast development agricultural sector and food processing regions of the European south (primarily), as well as regions of the Volga region and the south more distant from export routes Western Siberia. Stimulation and support of the state in order to strengthen positions Russian manufacturers on the world food market. .Rapid expansion of the economic zone of the Moscow metropolitan agglomeration. This process is quite active, but so far it only covers the border areas of neighboring regions along major highways and the centers of individual regions with a more favorable investment climate (Kaluga). With barriers lowered, all areas around Moscow will receive an additional influx of investment in order to create goods and services for the huge market of the metropolitan agglomeration. The second component of this process is road construction to reduce economic distance; it should be implemented by the state in partnership with business. .Accelerating the development of large regional city centers. Growing consumer demand will stimulate the growth of Russian and foreign investments in the service sector and food industry of large cities - regional centers and their suburban areas, since this demand has not yet been saturated. Cities with a population of over a million and similar in size will be the first to attract investment resources, competing for investors. This, firstly, will reduce the hypertrophy of the Moscow metropolitan agglomeration and, secondly, the competitive development of city centers will accelerate the process of modernization of municipal institutions. .Realization of the benefits of proximity to developed countries. In regions bordering the countries of the European Union (Karelia and other regions of the North-West), a decrease in the barrier function of the border and an improvement in the investment climate will contribute to the influx of investment in the processing of forest raw materials and industries supplying products to the market of the St. Petersburg agglomeration, as well as some labor-intensive manufacturing industries. This is a typical development trend for the border regions of CEE countries, which has not been implemented in Russia due to institutional barriers. .Expanding the geography of realized benefits of the coastal transit location. Growth zones will form. In contrast to the western and southern coastal regions, the coastal zones of the more populated regions of the Far East (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin) have not yet taken advantage of their advantages due to strong institutional barriers and less developed infrastructure. Reducing the institutional barriers of “gangster capitalism” will attract the necessary investments in infrastructure, which, when coordinated with rational infrastructure projects of the state, will create the necessary conditions for business development. The influx of Chinese investment and controlled recruitment of labor will also contribute to the growth of the economy of the Far East, especially its large cities. .Formation of centers innovative development outside the Moscow agglomeration. This function can be performed by several large cities of the country (Tomsk, Novosibirsk, etc.) with preserved scientific potential in various fields of science. If the investment climate improves, they will be able to receive venture funding, including foreign ones. Generating domestic demand for innovation remains a longer-term challenge. In such cities, educational and scientific complexes (quality university + modern research structures) will be developed with effective system stimulation scientific activity. Unfortunately, the advantage of higher quality human capital is not sufficiently expressed in most large Russian cities, so there will be few such innovation centers. .Increasing the effectiveness of regional policy in peripheral territories. And under an optimistic scenario, vast peripheral spaces will remain in Russia, but the state will stimulate population mobility, facilitating migration (primarily for young people). In addition, more effective - mobile and targeted - forms of social services and assistance will be developed. vulnerable groups population of peripheral territories. Having studied the theoretical foundations and examined the differences in the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation, with the help of statistical information the goal of educational and research work was achieved and the tasks were completed. Thus, we can draw conclusions: 1.In order to identify the main trends, differences, problems and trace the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators in the socio-economic development of Russian regions, it is necessary to identify the criteria by which the analysis will be carried out. These indicators include: Average per capita income level of the population Provision of healthcare, cultural, sports and educational institutions 2. GRP from 2010 to 2011. increases in three federal districts: in the Far Eastern Federal District amounted to 183,032.4 rubles; in the North Caucasus Federal District the increase amounted to 96,707.4 rubles; in the Northwestern Federal District the increase was 5306.7. A decrease in GRP can be observed in the remaining federal districts: the decrease in the indicator for the Ural Federal District amounted to 462,869.4 rubles; in the Siberian Federal District, the decrease in GRP amounted to 101,225 rubles; The Volga Federal District has a decrease in the indicator by 429,165.7 rubles; The Central Federal District lost 1,482,184.8 rubles in GRP; the decrease in the estimated indicator in the Southern Federal District amounted to 756,212.1 rubles. The largest decrease is in the Central Federal District (by 14%), the smallest is in the Siberian Federal District (by 2.9%). The largest increase in GRP is observed in the Far Eastern Federal District - 183,032.4 rubles (11.8%), the most small increase has a GRP in the North Caucasus Federal District - 5306.7 rubles (0.76%). The Central Federal is the leading one, because a large population is concentrated here, a large number of large enterprises are located here, which generate large incomes and are also the main taxpayers. The Central Federal District is the most financially secure district; most of the country's financial resources are concentrated here; The Volga Federal District ranks second, because is located in a convenient natural and climatic zone, here favorable conditions for agriculture, and also concentrated large industrial enterprises; The Northwestern Federal District ranks third, because it is also one of the most densely populated districts of the country; this federal district includes the Republic of Karelia, which also brings great profit to this federal district. The reason for the backwardness of the North Caucasus Federal District is its small territory, which is also the reason for the low GRP; The Far Eastern District has low indicators due to the unfavorable climate; the main sources of income are the fishing industry, but since... During the winter season, shipping routes freeze, and navigation at this time is practically unacceptable. The Southern Federal District has the highest relative increase in GRP in 2011 compared to 2010, and the Siberian Federal District has the lowest value. The reasons for the highest growth rate in the Southern Federal District may be: Available Natural resources create favorable conditions for the development of production building materials and mining; The Southern Federal District is one of the most important suppliers of agricultural products for Russia. Grain, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables, grapes, melons, fish, and livestock products are exported outside the district; The development of the tourist and recreational complex ensures the creation of new jobs, improves the standard of living of the population, and contributes to the development medical care population. In the republics that are part of the Southern Federal District, there are already attractive tourist areas that have significant potential for the development of the tourism industry. The reasons for the sharp decline in GRP of the Siberian Federal District may be: the recent tragedy at the Sayano-Shushenskaya State District Power Plant, which led to a drop in energy production and, accordingly, a drop in profits; individual enterprises began to experience difficulties due to lower prices on the foreign and domestic markets, sales of products, an increase in consumer receivables for shipped products, a lack of working capital and credit resources, as a result of which they were forced to reduce production volumes, which led to a drop in GRP . 5. Further development of the regions can take place according to three scenarios: pessimistic, optimistic and inertial. List of sources and literature used 1.Adamescu A., Kistov V. Regional programs: promising issues.// Economist. - 2011. - No. 6 - p.68-72. 2.Adamchuk V.V., Romanov O.V., Sorokina M.E. Economics and sociology of labor: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITY.2008. .Barygin, I.N. Fundamentals of regional studies: Tutorial/ I.N. Barygin. - M.: Garadariki, 2007. - 399 p. .Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. .Gavrilov A.I. Regional economics and management / textbook / A.I. Gavrilov. - M.: Infra-M, 2002. .Gavrilov A.I. Regional economics and management. -2002. .Galperin V.M. Microeconomics / Galperin V.M., Ignatiev S.M., .Granberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economics. State University « graduate School economy." - M., 2000. .Gutman, G.V. Management of regional economics / G.V. Gutman [and others]. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. - 288 p. .Ketova, N.P. Fundamentals of regional economics / N.P. Ketova [and others]. - M.: Rostov-nD, 2009. - 348 p. .Leksin, V.N. State and regions: theory and practice government regulation territorial development / V.N. Leksin, A.N. Shvetsov, - M.: URSS, 2007. - 368 p. .Marshalova, A.S. Fundamentals of the theory of regional reproduction / A.S. Marshalova, A.S. Novoselov A.S. - M.: Economics, 2006. - 426 p. .Morgunov V.I.; total ed. Galperina V.M. - In 2 volumes. T.2. - St. Petersburg: .Development of regions and enterprises in the conditions of Russia's accession to the WTO. - Ufa, Institute of Russian State Technical University, 2005. - 250 p. .Regional Economics / Ed. M.V. Stepanova., M., “Infra-M”, 2001. .Chernik D.G. National economics / textbook of the Russian Academy of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov / - M.: REA, 2002. .Economic School, 2009. - 503s .Yusupov K.N. Regional economics (theory and practice). - Ufa, Bashkir State University Publishing House, 2000. - 128 p. 19. . Social and cultural activities Types of social - cultural activities are revealed in the works of such authors as A.N. Ilyina, R. Osborne, Yu.A. Streltsova. etc. Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of types of socio-cultural activities.
ESD includes development public relations, therefore, occurs differently in specific historical conditions of technological structures of the economy and society, distribution material goods.
The goals of socio-economic development of the region are: increasing income, improving education, nutrition and health care, reducing poverty, improving the environment, equality of opportunity, expanding personal freedom, enrichment cultural life. Some of these goals are identical, but under certain conditions they may have significant differences. Thus, limited funds can be directed either to the development of health care or to environmental protection. A conflict arises between development goals. At the same time, it is clear that the cleaner the environment is, the healthier the population will be and the more the final goal - human health - will be achieved. Therefore, in this case, the conflict between goals is not absolutely insoluble. However, in other cases, the conflict of development goals requires special consideration and special methods of resolution.
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Introduction
Russian strategic economic region
The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to search effective forms and methods strategic management socio-economic development large regions Russia. Contrary to expectations, the transformation of the system of property relations and market reforms did not lead to increased economic efficiency and production growth. The adopted model of market reforms was unable to ensure stable socio-economic development of the state and its large regions. Many tools market economy are still not fully used in economic practice. In this situation, the system-wide importance of the regional socio-economic development strategy, aimed at maintaining the integrity of regional economic complexes and their basic reproductive proportions, increases. Life dictates the need for a thoughtful set of measures and actions that allows society to form and implement a strategy for the sustainable development of our society, to ensure the reproduction of the socio-economic potential of the country and its regions.
Ignoring these issues as current problems modern economic and managerial thought ultimately leads to significant discrepancies between the declared goals of strategic management of the socio-economic development of Russian regions and their actual implementation. Currently, regional economic policy and the harmonization of relations between the Center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are in the center of attention of the Russian public. Simultaneously with the strengthening of the vertical and unity state power In connection with the creation of seven federal districts, many rights and powers are being redistributed in favor of territorial entities. The role of regions in ensuring stable and sustainable socio-economic development of the country is growing significantly. There is a qualitative change in the status and functions of regional and municipal government bodies. The transition to market relations requires, on their part, a targeted concentration of forces and a correctly chosen strategy. The process of establishing renewed federal relations largely occurs spontaneously and does not always correspond to the constitutional foundations. This situation is largely due to the lag of federal legislation in the field of federal relations and regional policy. The main provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation, adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation on March 23, 1996, did not become an impetus for the implementation of active local economic and financial policies, largely because they were not followed by legislative acts, normative, methodological and specific conceptual programs for integrated development productive forces of specific regions.
Applicable forms state support territories are not coordinated with each other and are aimed primarily at weakening the manifestations of the crisis state of the territories, and not at eliminating their causes. Federal programs and decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and specific territories are fragmentary and do not always take into account all-Russian socio-economic priorities and the objective conditionality of the complexity of the regional economy. For Russia, the largest state in the world by territory, formed from a complex conglomerate of regions with different natural conditions, social history and types of management, regional analysis is especially important. An effective model for reforming the country along the paths of sustainable development can only be developed taking into account the situation developing in the regions. Underestimation regional factor is fraught with serious consequences. In the “Concept” approved by the Decree of the President of Russia national security Russian Federation" one of the main directions for the protection of the constitutional system has formulated the task of "developing and implementing a regional policy that ensures an optimal balance of federal and regional interests." World experience shows that only regional administration economy is able to directly and effectively address issues that are most important to the population of a given territory. They are required to make most life-sustaining decisions on the ground themselves and bear full responsibility for their consequences. Regions (regions) should develop their own concept and tactics of economic and social transformations, find the best ways mobilization internal resources, determine its place in the general economic system of the country. In these conditions, one of the most pressing problems for them is the integrated and balanced development of productive forces in the territories under their jurisdiction.
Right now, at the regional level, new relationships are being formed between the Center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, federal and local authorities. All this determines the relevance of the topic of this course work. The object of study is the region, as component Federal District of the Russian Federation. Its production and economic complex has its own specific features, determined by geographical, natural, social and historical factors. The subject of the study is a set of economic, social, organizational, information relations that arise in the process of development of the production and economic complex of the region, as well as methods for assessing and forecasting its natural resource and economic potential and mechanisms for implementing the principles of integrated development into the practice of regional strategic management.
1. Cate and criteria for the socio-economic development of the region
1. 1 Criteriaregionalstratification
In society, important decisions are not always determined by the elected authorities, be it the president, parliament, government, courts, ruling or opposition parties, etc. An increasingly important role in modern Russian state regional structures play. Current Russian politics is the result of a complex compromise reached by the federal government with regional elites. The economic weight of each of these groups has not remained unchanged throughout recent years. As the subjects of the Russian Federation acquire new powers of economic and political spheres the regions' positions have strengthened, and they themselves have become a serious political force. Increasingly, regions are forming their own understanding economic efficiency and feasibility, we are implementing our own development programs. Issues related to the formation and functioning of regional interest groups in the Russian scientific literature practically unexplored. The interests of the regions are determined by their economic potential and development prospects, and the positions of their most influential elites. The specificity of a region is most often determined by the opposition between liberal and conservative models of regional policy. At the same time, the policies pursued by regional authorities should be more closely linked to an analysis of the resources at their disposal. According to researchers, currently in Russia five groups of regions can be distinguished with fairly pronounced their own interests.
The first group consists of regions with a developed mining industry and great export potential. Availability of natural resources, budgetary independence, active foreign trade relations influence the choice of model social development, to which the regions of this group gravitate. They are interested in liberalizing the economy, reducing and eliminating export taxes and quotas, and preserving Russia's international prestige and friendly relations with potential partners. Local elites would like to independently engage in foreign trade activities without state control. Due to this important element their strategy is to seek independence from the center. By independence they mean receiving lion's share export earnings and the ability to spend available funds uncontrollably. At the same time, the desire of mining regions for independence encounters certain restrictions. Oil and gas territories have enormous potential, but it can only work in a single economic space. This applies equally to Russian provinces and national republics. Because of this, the threat of separating these republics from the Russian Federation appears to be devoid of serious grounds and was used by national elites mainly as a means of political pressure on the Center.
The second group is formed by the commercial and industrial regions of Russia. Today, a significant portion of capital is accumulated here, and banking and financial-industrial structures have been formed. The growth of economic potential and sovereignty of these territories should be considered in the context global changes. New regional centers have emerged around the world with large resources and development prospects, the EEC is expanding in Europe. Cooperation with new international centers opens up new opportunities for border regions and their elites. Taking these changes into account, a number of regions are forming their own development concepts. In terms of their guidelines, the commercial and industrial regions are close to the regions of the first group. They have a clearly expressed pro-reform orientation. Their interest in deepening economic reforms due to the desire to realize the accumulated economic potential. Over time, these regions may become “hotbeds of economic growth.” Local elites, taking advantage of the strategic positions of their territories, strive to lower the level of government administration by the Federal Center and behave quite confidently and independently in relation to it. The third group includes industrialized regions. Their economic structure is dominated by the knowledge-intensive military-industrial complex or traditional heavy industry. There are two development models used in these regions. Some regions defend the option Russian modernization with the active participation of the state. The model of economic development they propose involves the redistribution of part of the income from exports in favor of domestic heavy industry. Its implementation requires a strong, possibly authoritarian state capable of implementing redistribution policies. A different strategy is followed by regions in which the high concentration of the knowledge-intensive military-industrial complex did not allow local authorities count on government support for all enterprises in the region. In these regions, the local elite chose radical market means and relied on attracting investment and active cooperation with the West. The fourth group consists of agricultural and agro-industrial regions.
These territories exist due to own resources, fully provide themselves with food and partially with consumer goods. Regional elites most consistently defend the interests of domestic producers and speak out in favor of limiting imports. Self-sufficiency determines the strategic interests of agro-industrial and agricultural regions: they tend to be closed. IN politically The regions of this group are distinguished by some opposition to the authorities. The fifth group includes depressed regions. They have low economic potential and their development prospects are problematic. In these regions, represented mainly by national republics, the ethnic factor is superimposed on the depressed economy. However, the regions of this group, despite constant financial support from the Center, verbally declare their own financial independence. Here, local elites have formed a rigid model of government and completely control the economy. The political preferences of the regions of this group are often determined directly by the top officials in the region. The considered criterion for the stratification of regional criteria is based on the unification of regions into groups of interests according to economic, social, historical and other principles. Other criteria for stratification of interests are also possible, for example, uniting regions into interest groups, based on the principle of preserving interregional financial flows and socio-political ties.
Thus, today we can no longer speak simply about groups of regional interests united according to formal characteristics, but about the emerging common regional interest, which is becoming an increasingly significant factor in political life modern Russia. At the regional level, there are various interest groups, but their political weight is not equal. The most influential are the regional authorities themselves, represented by the president/governor, administration, and regional structures federal bodies, and groups of economic interests represented by local entrepreneurs, business managers and other economic entities operating in the region. Parties and public organizations great influence on political life they do not provide services in the region. Regional interests are formed on two planes: economic and political. The representatives of economic interests are representatives of the economic elite, political interests, taking into account Russian specifics, are representatives of the power elite. The regional elites’ understanding of the interests of their territory and how they are formulated depend on what line of behavior each side chooses and how they interact with each other. In modern Russia, several models of interaction between economic and political factors have emerged. The following models can be distinguished: patronage, partnership, suppression or struggle of all against all, privatization of power. The mechanisms for defending regional interests are different. They depend on the economic potential of the territory, its political weight and representation, the authority of the local leadership, its connections in government structures and personal contacts with leading Moscow politicians. The methods for protecting regional interests also vary; they can be individual or collective. The most common mechanisms for lobbying regional interests include defending private decisions through key figures Russian politics and regional interests - through the legislative and executive powers. The most effective channel of lobbying in Russia is “carrying out” the necessary decisions through prominent Moscow politicians.
The leaders of subsidized territories dependent on the Center establish personal contacts with the authorities in Moscow in order to then push for government orders, grants, subsidies, and transfers for their region. Leaders of regions seeking to find an independent way out of the crisis also resort to this same method. But their goal is different - to enlist the support of the Center to carry out their version of reforms. Another mechanism for defending the interests of the territory was the community. Among prominent Moscow politicians there are many people from the provinces. They tend to continue to maintain relations with local elites, providing assistance small homeland. Regional interests, like sectoral ones, create vertical elite groups, which include segments of the federal and regional elite: prominent Moscow politicians representing a group of interests in the structures of the executive and/or legislative branch, as well as representatives of the power and economic elites of the region. Today, the interests of the regions take into account the internal economic, social, political conditions, as well as the international opportunities of the territories. The mechanism for forming interests has also changed. In the past, the interests of regions were developed by the power elite. Today, in a number of regions, they are formalized through a process of approval and active interaction between the most influential interest groups - the power and economic elite. The relationship between these two elite groups has a decisive impact on achieving political and economic stability in the region and developing effective anti-crisis solutions. At the same time, the mechanism for representing regional interests at federal level. New principle the formation of the Federation Council makes it possible to organize effective representation of the interests of the regions, since all issues of defending and promoting regional interests are now entrusted directly not to the heads of the legislative and executive powers of the region, but to their representatives. Undoubtedly, such a principle contributes to the formation of the Federation Council as a professional lobbying body and professional lobbying activities in general.
1. 2 TaskscomprehensivedevelopmenteconomicdistrictsRF
The objectives of the socio-economic development of the region include increasing incomes, improving education, nutrition and health care, reducing poverty, improving the environment, equal opportunities, expanding personal freedom, and enriching cultural life. Some of these goals are identical, but under certain conditions they may differ significantly. Thus, limited funds can be directed either to the development of health care or to environmental protection. A conflict arises between development goals. At the same time, it is clear that the cleaner the environment is, the healthier the population will be and the more the final goal - human health - will be achieved. Therefore, in this case, the conflict between goals is not absolutely insoluble. However, in other cases, the conflict of development goals requires special consideration and special methods of resolution. In accordance with the development goals of the regions, a system of criteria (development characteristics) and indicators that measure these criteria is built. Despite some differences between countries and regions in the hierarchy of values and development goals, international organizations assess the degree of development of countries and regions according to some universal integral indicators. One of these indicators is the Human Development Index, developed within the framework of the UN Development Program. This indicator ranks countries in ascending order from 0 to 1. Three indicators of economic development are used for calculation:
· life expectancy at birth;
· intellectual potential (literacy of the adult population and average length of education);
· the amount of per capita income, taking into account the purchasing power of the currency and the decrease in the marginal utility of income.
The Human Development Index is defined as the arithmetic average of the three indicated indicators. The index of each indicator is calculated using the formula:
where Xi is the actual value of the i indicator; Ximax and Ximin - respectively the minimum and maximum value i-th indicator. In interregional comparison, just as in international analysis, the human development index and other similar indicators can be used. Along with integral indicators, you can also use individual private indicators of regional development. Among them:
· national income per capita;
· level of consumption of individual material goods;
· degree of income differentiation;
· life expectancy;
· level of physical health;
· the level of education;
· degree of happiness of the population.
It is advisable to distinguish long-term and short-term goals and the corresponding criteria for the country's economic development. Long-term goals include the formation and development of a post-industrial society, the creation of highly qualified jobs for future generations, and improving the standard of living of all citizens of the country, including the level of health care, education and culture. Short-term goals can be considered to be overcoming the crisis and achieving specific increases in the gross national product in the next year, quarter, month, etc. Long-term and short-term goals are quite different in content, and measures to achieve them are also different. Economic development criteria do not always play the role of goals or targets, and vice versa. Often, intermediate tasks that play the role of necessary conditions for successful development act as tactical goals of regional development. Among such tactical goals for the development of a region or city are:
· attracting new types of business;
· expansion of existing business;
· small business development;
· development of the city center;
· industrial development;
· development of the service sector;
· increasing the level of employment in the region.
Of particular importance in determining the level of economic development of a region are traditional indicators that assess the level of production and consumption of goods and the growth of this level per capita (gross national income (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), real GNP per capita, growth rate these indicators). To assess the dynamics of development, it is advisable to use indicators that assess the rate of economic growth in the region: the rate of growth of per capita income, labor productivity, as well as the rate of structural transformation of production and society. The impact on the rate of economic growth is a vital issue for the economic policy of both the country as a whole and a particular region. Purely economic indicators, such as GDP, per capita income, labor productivity and their growth rates, cannot fully assess the socio-economic development of the region. No less important are indicators of life expectancy, the level of health of the population, the degree of its education and qualifications, as well as indicators of structural changes in production and society. The economic development of many countries and regions is accompanied by a change in the structure of social production, in particular, the industrial society is gradually being replaced by a post-industrial one. An increasingly large part of the employed works in the non-material sector, and a smaller and smaller part works directly in industry and agriculture.
The so-called basic industries cease to be so and will never become basic again. Consumption is individualized, production volumes are falling, and the so-called demassification of production is occurring. Its intellectualization is deepening, and information resources are becoming the main factors of production. Added value is created mainly in the intangible sphere, while labor acquires new features: creative functions begin to predominate in it, the predominant type of worker becomes a creative person, committed to his work and striving to bring new elements to his work. The differences between low- and high-tech industries are disappearing: all industries are becoming knowledge-intensive, absorbing the flow of managerial, financial and commercial innovations. Worker skills and the availability of advanced technology become more important than low labor costs and other conventional competitive factors. The traditional advantages of countries and regions are beginning to lose their former significance.
All these trends are manifested in almost all countries of the world to a greater or lesser extent. Intangible production is becoming a paradigm of economic development, which forces us to reassess the degree of wealth of countries and regions. Traditionally, countries and regions are assessed in terms of their wealth in forests, minerals, soils, climatic conditions, fixed assets, and geographic location. New ideas about intangible production as the area where most value is created are changing the criteria for assessing the wealth of countries and regions. Factors such as wealth in people and their qualifications, management technologies, market infrastructure, business network, and organizational culture come first. New ideas about the sources and factors of economic development allow us to take a fresh look at education, science, medicine, telecommunications, and management skills as those areas of public life that have a decisive influence on the pace and direction of economic development of the country as a whole. So, at the regional level, we can consider the following criteria and the corresponding indicators of socio-economic development:
· GNP or GDP (absolute value and per capita) and growth rates of these indicators;
· average level income of the population and the degree of their differentiation;
· life expectancy, level of physical and mental health of people;
· the level of education;
· level of consumption of material goods and services (food, housing, telephone services), provision of households with durable goods;
· level of healthcare (availability of clinics, pharmacies, hospitals, diagnostic centers and ambulance services, quality of medical services provided);
· state of the environment;
· equality of opportunity for people, development of small businesses;
· enriching the cultural life of people.
The standard way to assess the economic development of a region is to assess the level of production (and, as a rule, material production). Such an assessment today is one-sided and insufficient. The approaches to assessing the economic development of countries developed by international organizations force us to consider not only the volume of production, but also such aspects as education, healthcare, the state of the environment, equality of opportunity in the economic sphere, personal freedom and culture of life when assessing the level of development of a region. It is quite appropriate to use the human development index, developed and used by the United Nations Development Program to assess the development of individual countries, as an integral indicator of regional development. When managing the economic development of a particular region, it is advisable to identify all of the above relatively independent goals and monitor their achievement. In particular, along with monitoring the state of regional production and the dynamics of cash incomes of the population, it is necessary to monitor other important parameters of economic development. The presence and level of quality of schools, kindergartens, other educational institutions and their accessibility, as well as the level of education and qualifications of people are the most important parameters of the level of development of any region.
Supply of food products, control over their quality, respect for consumer rights in the retail market are also parameters for assessing the level of regional development. The level of physical and mental health of the population, life expectancy, the level of development of the healthcare system and its accessibility, the state of the environment are also important evaluation criteria for the socio-economic development of the region. Even if we assume that most of the Russian regions will emerge from the economic crisis in the narrow sense of the word, i.e. If the positive dynamics of the growth of manufactured products prevails, then it is unlikely that it will be possible to talk about positive changes in the dynamics of socio-economic development in the modern sense, since the environmental component will slow down the regions’ progress. Currently, the immediate suburbs of many Russian cities are one large, growing landfill. Many so-called holiday villages are located where their own waste is stored.
A significant part of the land is irretrievably lost under the pressure of advancing ignorance in the environmental sphere, reinforced by a general lack of financial resources. This is just one minor aspect of the complex problem of environmental human well-being. Many cities are characterized by multiple excess acceptable standards water and air pollution. Significant areas of fertile land are irretrievably lost every year and are taken out of agricultural use forever. All negative environmental trends influence the general trend of the socio-economic state of Russian regions. The concept of socio-economic development of a region also includes such a difficult-to-measure substance as the culture of life of the population. Positive dynamics of economic development of the region is possible only if the life of the population of this region is enriched with culture. The socio-economic development of the region only has positive dynamics when, other things being equal, the personal freedom of everyone expands, including in the economic field, which is possible with effective support for small and medium-sized businesses, anti-monopoly measures, protection of consumer rights, and ensuring real freedom of movement , which is provided by a developed housing market.
Let us consider some basic theoretical concepts underlying the explanation of the main development trends economic regions. The first of these is the theory of spatial advantages, or the theory of location. According to this theory, spatial advantages manifest themselves in any economic activity. They force certain types of production to be located in very specific regions. Thus, the aluminum industry gravitates towards sources of cheap electricity, metallurgical plants - towards places where iron ore and coke are mined, any production that is highly dependent on raw materials is, as a rule, located close to sources of raw materials. Some production facilities, oriented towards local markets and involving significant transport costs, are located close to sales markets. Each region, each city has its own territorial advantages, associated either with sources of raw materials, or with other factors of production (labor, land, energy), or with proximity to markets. This theory largely explains the current distribution of productive forces. Other traditional ideas, associated not only with the theory, but also with the practice of economic development, are based on the patterns of agglomeration, concentration and combination of production. In large cities or urban agglomerations, additional savings or additional economic effect are generated due to the fact that their environment is formed around successfully operating industries and additional savings are achieved through the combined use of common resources (labor, energy, infrastructure). The high concentration of industry in large cities makes it possible to obtain additional savings arising from the agglomeration effect (the total costs of all production in a large agglomeration are less than the sum of the costs of each production in the case of their single location outside a given agglomeration). In large centers, additional potential for their development arises due to the fact that some types of highly qualified activities are possible only in large centers (museums, large theaters, medical centers, etc.).
A very fruitful concept that allows you to effectively analyze the problems of economic development of the region is the concept of primary and auxiliary production. In any region, the main industry can be identified, i.e. that, the products of which are mainly exported from the region, and auxiliary production, the products of which are consumed mainly within the region. As an example, we can consider a machine-building plant as the main production and all the infrastructure serving it - post office, kindergartens, schools, clinics, banks, insurance institutions, forwarding and transport services, construction - as an auxiliary one. Usually, when the main production expands, the entire infrastructure serving it increases; a so-called multiplier effect arises: primary production can be considered as a kind of accelerator of economic growth. Primary production can be not only an accelerator, but also a brake on development, in particular when the number of jobs in primary production is reduced during the process of structural adjustment. With fairly rapid structural changes caused by scientific and technological progress, the main factor in the successful development of the region becomes not the main, but auxiliary production. The long-term prosperity of a region depends on how developed its infrastructure is and how ready it is to take on the load of new major production.
The more developed the infrastructure (auxiliary production), the more flexible the entire economy of the region is, the more solidly its economic development and prosperity are based on. Thus, in conditions of rapid change of main industries, the main factor in sustainable economic development is the degree of development of the entire urban infrastructure. This gives grounds to take a fresh look at the role of so-called auxiliary industries, to evaluate them as a primary factor in economic development and the key to its prosperity in the future. When analyzing the quality of regional development, it is useful to use the concept of D. Bell's theory of growth stages. In all countries and regions, economic development goes through three main stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. The dominant industries of pre-industrial development are extractive industries, agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. The industrial stage is dominated by processing industries - mechanical engineering, light and food industries. In the post-industrial stage, the main industries on which economic development is based are the branches of non-material production: science, education, trade, finance, insurance, healthcare.
Characteristic features of a post-industrial society are a relative decline in the production of goods and a relative increase in the production of services, the growth of knowledge-intensive production, an increase in the level of personnel qualifications, and the rapid internationalization of production. General patterns of global economic development make it possible to qualitatively assess the background and prospects for the economic development of a particular city or region. Based on the dominant industry, cities can be divided into pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. In cities and regions that are at different stages of development, processes that are different in nature take place, and different recipes for managing the process of economic development are applicable to them. At the stage of industrial development in a city or region, there are patterns determined by the role of leading industries, “locomotives of industry,” which create the so-called multiplier effect and determine the entire course of development of the city or region as a whole. The leading industry creates additional jobs; the rest of the city’s infrastructure serves the main production. Under these conditions, cities with a mono-industry structure are often formed, when one or several enterprises of one industry determine the state of the economy and social sphere of the entire city (Fig. 1.1).
At the post-industrial stage of development of a city or region, the main factor determining its well-being is the level of development of urban infrastructure. How developed are roads, communications, the housing sector, the service sector and the entertainment industry, how accessible are office spaces, how low is the crime rate and how well is the city provided with qualified personnel - all this determines the development potential of a post-industrial city.
The extent to which the entire city infrastructure is capable of accepting new types of businesses and new people, how quickly and efficiently the entire city infrastructure can adapt to new conditions - all this determines the potential of post-industrial development.
Factors in the development of cities of different types
The main objectives of the strategy for the territorial development of economic regions of the country, in my opinion, should be:
* strengthening the integrity of the economic space based on the intensification of interregional cooperation and effective cooperation with neighboring countries and their regional groupings;
* ensuring sustainable economic growth in the regions based on the use of their human, natural resource, production and technical potentials, competitive advantages and opportunities for interregional and international cooperation;
* rapprochement of regions in terms of economic and social development, mainly by stimulating the economic potential of lagging regions. To implement a territorial development strategy, in principle, a time horizon is required that is sufficient for the modernization and development of transport and energy, the creation of new settlement systems, the development of natural resources of new regions, and the preparation of the transition of all regions to a sustainable development model. This will require at least 15-20 years, which exceeds the announced period of the Development Strategy of the Russian Federation adopted by the Government (10 years) 1 . Therefore, a longer-term study of territorial development problems can become the basis for the subsequent prolongation of the overall strategy. The strategy must include a national level, an interregional level (solving major interregional problems, for example, interaction between northern and southern parts Siberia and the Far East, development of the region " Big Volga", etc.) and the regional level (compact economic regions, subregions of large economic regions, for example, the south of the Far East, as well as constituent entities of the Russian Federation). The main directions of the strategy at the national level are:
* development of main transport and energy networks (including the creation of intercontinental transport corridors);
* more uniform distribution of fuel and raw materials bases;
* adaptation production structures macroregions to the requirements of sustainable development;
* formation of all-Russian settlement systems and regulation of migration flows;
* development of cross-border economic cooperation. Of particular importance for the integration of the economic space of Russia and its integration into global economy have transcontinental communications projects. In the sphere of legal relations, it is necessary to complete the distribution of powers between the federal center, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government; implement harmonization of federal and regional economic legislation (especially on ownership of natural resources); adopt basic laws on state regulation of territorial development. In the process of reforming the fiscal system, it is necessary to achieve a reduction in the number of regions that are beneficiaries of the federal budget (this should also be served by the consolidation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and the reorientation of interbudgetary transfers to stimulate regional development. It is advisable to accelerate the transition to taxation of transregional corporations at the place of main production, to increase the share of payments for natural resources in the income of federal and regional budgets. Along with the fiscal system, to implement the territorial strategy, economic mechanisms such as interregional regulation of pricing of natural monopolies (especially tariffs for transport, electricity, natural gas), investment preferences, and the placement of government orders should be used. The entire system of state regulation must be tested in terms of its compliance with the goals and objectives of the territorial development strategy and state regional policy.
2. Mmethodsmanagementregionaldevelopment
Local authorities of any level - region, city or district - perform two main functions: providing services to residents and businesses (maintenance of roads, water, heat, energy supply, waste collection, maintenance of parks, recreational facilities, etc.) and management socio-economic development of the subordinate territory. Development management can be carried out through a diverse range of strategies, programs, specific actions and one-time management decisions, through which the local administration seeks to stimulate the development of the regional economy, create new jobs, increase the tax base, and expand opportunities for certain types of economic activity in which the local community is interested.
Table. Operation and development management
The function of socio-economic development becomes especially significant in transition period, when traditional issues of economic development are joined by issues of the formation and development of market infrastructure and overcoming crisis phenomena that accompany the transition of the economy from one state to another. Getting out of a crisis can be painful if economic processes left to chance, and at the same time it can be smoother if the regional administration actively influences the processes of economic development, using existing local advantages and creating new ones. Overcoming the crisis in any area of life in the region is directly related to the level of economic activity. Social development, although relatively independent, is largely determined by resource capabilities, which, in turn, depend on the degree of economic development. Therefore, only by developing economic activity can one make certain breakthroughs in the life of the local community and raise the level of well-being of the population, which ultimately always determines the success of one or another socio-economic policy. All possible methods The impact of the regional administration on the course of economic development can be formulated as follows:
· creation of favorable conditions in the region general conditions for the development of business activity;
· regulation of business activity;
· direct cooperation between the regional administration and business.
Let's consider these methods of managing regional development.
2.1 CreationfavorablegeneralconditionsFordevelopmentbusinessactivity
These conditions include market infrastructure, the availability of land and corresponding rights to it for the development of new types of economic activity, well-developed transport, communications, office facilities, etc. In Western countries, the administration is increasingly investing in regional infrastructure and taking certain actions to reorganize land plots, and also carries out work within the framework of regional marketing to attract new types of business to the region. Administrations of Russian regions, in the context of the emergence of market relations, in addition to these types of indirect influence, directly support new institutions that form the basis of market infrastructure. Traditional are active actions to create and strengthen infrastructure, which is basic for all types of business: roads, telephones, city stations, airport, etc. In relation to land, you can also take targeted actions - combine and split land, buy and sell them, rent them out and even transfer them for free use. Specific actions in relation to land depend on how general direction, and the intensity of new business activity in the region. A relatively independent factor in the economic development of any region in Lately The international factor has become: the more intense international relations, the greater the impetus, as a rule, for the economic development of the region. Assistance international relations and international trade, attracting foreign investment to the region become relatively independent and very effective tool economic development in general.
2.2 Regulationbusinessactivity
The administration creates incentives for entrepreneurs to make decisions necessary for the development of this region. This is achieved, in particular, by reducing local taxes or providing cheap capital through instruments of debt, subsidies, guarantees and even direct borrowing. These methods of influencing entrepreneurs are often subject to justified criticism. In particular, it is proven that such measures lead to direct losses of resources of regions and cities and do not ultimately affect the location of new types of business. The fact is that the difference in local tax conditions, as a rule, is disproportionately smaller than the difference in other business conditions (location, presence of close suppliers, proximity of sales markets, etc.) Moreover, competition between regions and cities often leads to equalization of local tax benefits. At the same time, none of the regions entering into such competition receives noticeable advantages, on the one hand, and on the other hand, they all reduce their budget revenues in advance. In general, the strategy of tax and other influence is effective only when the authorities have detailed information, including analytical, about the state of a particular business and about the factors influencing the adoption of strategic decisions. Usually the administration does not have such information. Moreover, information of this kind is usually withheld in order to obtain tax and other benefits. All this leads to the fact that tax benefits become an unjustified and one-sided gain for business. At the same time, a special tax regime for new investment projects in modern Russian conditions allows you to achieve very significant results. Thus, the administration of the Novgorod region established tax incentives for investments in the region, received a significant influx of foreign investment, guaranteeing today the high potential for economic development of the region in the future. The regulatory influences of the administration include the establishment of rules for land use. For example, in the 90s in the domestic practice of organizing housing construction construction “with load” became the rule, when a private investor received the right to build (or major renovation building) only if he agreed to transfer a certain share of finished housing to the city authorities, as well as subject to the restoration or expansion of citywide networks and communications.
The allocation of appropriate zones for the use of land for housing construction, for trade and business centers, for industrial use has an impact on private investors planning the development of their business activity. When planning and implementing a particular construction project, normal development rules can be changed, thereby providing specific benefits or freeing up funds for certain programs. Regulating the construction order can have a very noticeable effect in the long term. However, obtaining the corresponding effect is only possible if the strategic plans development of the city, with a clear identification of long-term and short-term goals for its development.
2.3 StraightcooperationadministrationAndbusiness
If implemented major projects In urban development, direct cooperation between the administration and private organizations is sometimes advisable. Examples of this kind are the City and Manezhnaya Square projects in Moscow. Being large-scale long-term projects that contribute to the development of the city as a whole, they are carried out with common effort private organizations and city administration.
In some cases, a mixed company is created to coordinate activities within the framework of one project. However, in mixed companies there is always a conflict of interests between the private and public sectors; it is always difficult to fully reconcile the interests of city development with specific interests related to making a profit. To avoid unnecessary bias towards private interests, direct cooperation must be accompanied by a detailed and reasonable planning process, sufficiently effective control, and be under authoritative and influential leadership from the local administration.
A global trend in recent years has been an increase in the number of non-governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in solving problems of urban economic development. As a rule, these are non-profit organizations that can provide assistance to private businesses and promote their development. Such organizations include local chambers of commerce and industry, specialized agencies for the development or marketing of the region. The administration's cooperation with such organizations benefits the region as a whole.
Ensuring the process of economic development of the region, local administration leaders sometimes act as intermediaries, as “coalition creators”, assistants to real characters, using a variety of approaches to promote economic development.
Therefore, work on economic development can and should be built with the involvement of leaders largest enterprises and employers in the region. In such cooperation with enterprise managers, the regional administration can more effectively resolve issues of personnel training, infrastructure development, and stimulation of small and medium-sized businesses. The tools for managing economic development at the regional level are the creation of general business conditions (roads, communications, offices, market infrastructure), regulation of business activity (local taxes, zoning, special conditions), direct cooperation between administration and business (joint projects).
To overcome the crisis, target plans are needed that provide a combination of all methods of influencing the economic development of the region, and a very important aspect of drawing up such programs can be an analysis of the balance of results and costs associated with the implementation of the program. Regardless of what specific methods of managing the development of the region the administration uses, the function of influencing the development of the region itself has a number of features.
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Strategic alternatives for the Russian economy. The concept of socio-economic development of Russia. The essence and role of regional strategic planning, its main stages. Characteristics and development prospects of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Analysis of socio-economic development is Starting point work on managing regional development. Based on the analysis of indicators, the goals of the socio-economic development of the region are determined, program activities and priorities in the development of the regional economic complex are clarified. The socio-economic development of the region is the central function of the regional authorities, which becomes especially relevant during times of crisis and constant structural changes. Trends and rates of socio-economic development of both the Russian Federation and its constituent entities depend on large quantity factors (indicators). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 11, 2001 No. 717 “On the Federal Target Program “Reducing differences in the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation (2002-2010 and until 2015)” approved the methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the level of social and economic development developed by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Principles: comprehensiveness of assessment; systematic assessment; reliability of source data; compliance of the system of indicators with the tasks of annual analysis and forecasting of economic and social development of regions; maximum information content of the level assessment results; a combination of general economic indicators with indicators reflecting the performance of government bodies of the constituent entities.
Sources of information: annual statistical reporting State. Statistics Committee; materials received from subjects during monitoring and development of forecasts for socio-economic development of regions.
1) gross regional product per capita (thousand rubles), defined as the ratio of gross regional product (GRP) to population divided by the purchasing power level coefficient.
2) the volume of investments in fixed capital per capita (thousand rubles), defined as the ratio of the volume of investments from all sources of financing to the population, divided by the coefficient of increase in the cost of capital costs.
3) an indicator of financial security per capita based on financial balance indicators (thousand rubles), defined as the ratio of the indicator of financial security of a subject to the population size.
4) the ratio of average per capita monetary income and the amount living wage.
5) the share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in the total population, according to Federal service state statistics;
6) the average area of housing per inhabitant (sq. meters), according to the Federal State Statistics Service;
7) provision of places for children in preschool institutions (places per 1 thousand preschool children);
8) provision of schools - the share of students studying in the 2nd and 3rd shifts (in percentage), according to the Federal State Statistics Service;
9) graduation of specialists from higher education and government. secondary educational institutions (specialists per 10 thousand people);
10) provision of the population with doctors and paramedical personnel (per 10 thousand people);
11) provision of the population with outpatient clinics (visits per shift per 10 thousand people), according to the Federal State Statistics Service.
and based on these indicators, an integral indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the subject and the efficiency of government activities is calculated.
The increase in GRP production in the region at the end of 2012 is estimated at 10.5% compared to the previous year, which is higher than the average for the Northwestern Federal District (3.8%). GRP volume per capita in Arkhangelsk region from 2010 to 2012 increased from 176.9 to 248.5 thousand rubles. At the same time, the value of the region’s per capita GRP remained lower than the same indicator for the district - eighth place among the regions of the Northwestern Federal District and 36th in Russia.
At the end of 2012, according to the industrial production index, the Arkhangelsk region took first place among the subjects of the Northwestern Federal District, while the growth compared to the pre-crisis level of 2008 was 109.6%.
The volume of investments in fixed capital from all sources of financing in the region increased from 57.1 billion rubles in 2010 to 112.1 billion rubles in 2012. During 2010-2012, 61 investment projects were implemented in the Arkhangelsk region total amount 15.1 billion rubles, which made it possible to create 890 new jobs. By 2012, the amount of average per capita investment in the region exceeded this figure for the Russian Federation and almost reached the average level for the Northwestern Federal District.
In January - December 2012, there was an increase in real cash income of the population by 2.9% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year (in Russia - by 4.8%, in the Northwestern Federal District - by 3.1%). The share of the population with monetary incomes below the regional subsistence level was 14.1%.
The state of the economy of the Arkhangelsk region in 2012 is characterized by the following main indicators: Industrial production index 2012. by 2011 (in%) -95.8%, Commissioning of residential buildings at the expense of all sources of financing, thousand m2 of total area - 298.5. Agricultural products, million rubles - 11867.3. Retail trade turnover, million rubles - 162353.2. Volume of paid services to the population, million rubles - 54687.2. Average monthly accrued wages per employee, rub. - 27953.0. Index consumer prices(December 2012 as a percentage of December 2011) - 105.9. Cash income (average per capita), rub. - 23185.0. Number of officially registered unemployed at the end of the period, thousand people 11.0.
Cash income According to preliminary data, in 2012 cash income per person per month amounted to 23,185.0 rubles, which is 8.1% more than in 2011, cash expenses, respectively, were 21,589.8 rubles and 9.4% . Real disposable cash income per capita (income minus mandatory payments, adjusted for the consumer price index) increased by 2.8% during this period.
Salary. The average monthly accrued wages of employees of organizations, including small businesses, for January-November 2012 amounted to 27,953.0 rubles and increased by 14.6% compared to the corresponding period in 2011. At the same time, in real terms (taking into account the consumer price index) it increased by 9.7%.
Employment. As of January 1, 2013, 11.0 thousand people, or 1.6% of the economically active population, were officially registered as unemployed with state employment services. Compared to January 1, 2012, the number of unemployed citizens decreased by 1.2 thousand people or by 9.9%.
The workload of the unemployed population registered with the state employment service per one declared vacancy amounted to 1.4 people by the end of December 2012.
According to preliminary estimates, the population of the Arkhangelsk region by the beginning of 2013 will not exceed 1202.5 thousand people, which is 11 thousand people (0.9%) less than on January 1, 2012. The decline in numbers was most influenced by the ongoing migration outflow of northerners, whose share in the total decline is 92.9% (10.2 thousand people).
The number of registered marriages and divorces last year in the region, compared to 2011, decreased by 17.8% and 6.4%, respectively. For every thousand newly created married couples in the region, there were 603 divorced couples (529 in 2011).
28.State regional policy: goals, objects, methods and directions.
Regional policy is an integral part of state regulation; a set of legislative, administrative and economic measures that contribute to the most rational distribution of productive forces and equalization of the standard of living of the population. Is integral part state policy aimed at organizing the national space in accordance with the chosen development strategy. The main objects are: administrative-territorial divisions (regions, territories); units of political-territorial division (autonomies formed on a mono- or polyethnic basis); subjects of the federation. In emergency situations, areas of natural and environmental disasters and conflicts become targets. Regional policy covers all the most important sectors of material production, employment, placement of the service sector, stimulation of tourism, etc. The main goal of regional policy is to smooth out the most acute social and economic imbalances between individual regions of the country.
Regional policy is a legislatively formalized system of legal, organizational, institutional and financial and economic measures that determine the activities of federal government bodies. authorities, their territorial bodies, state bodies. authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, business associations and other civil society institutions, aimed at achieving goals and solving problems of political, economic and social development of regions in accordance with the main directions of internal and foreign policy states. The basic goal is to ensure balanced socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This presupposes, on the one hand, a reduction in differences in the level of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. On the other hand, ensuring a balance between increasing the economic potential of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and providing a comfortable living environment for the population, creating equal opportunities for citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of their place of residence, in realizing their social and economic rights and meeting their needs. TASKS: rational placement of federal production and social infrastructure, taking into account the competitive advantages of the regions; transition to new principles for the use of financial and budgetary instruments of regional policy; introduction of mechanisms that provide additional incentives to improve the efficiency of government bodies. authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies for the development of territories.
Elements: 1) Tax policy - determination of tax payments and benefits that determine the tax system of the region and the taxation regime for business activities. 2) Budgetary - the mechanism for the formation and use of government. financial resources and their redistribution between regions. 3) Price - state. regulation of prices and tariffs, methods and forms of this regulation. 4) Investment - a measure to support the investment activity of business entities, the distribution of budgetary investments. 5) Structural - a system of measures to support and restructure sectors of the economy. 6) Social policy.
Main directions: - coordinating the interaction of levels of economic management both at the regional and national levels; - determining the effective direction of specialization of the region, taking into account the characteristics of the region; - economic recovery in depressed areas; - development of new areas, taking into account their resource potential; - carrying out a unified social policy etc. Currently, the role of regional policy in the Russian Federation is constantly increasing. Each subject of the federation has its own level of socio-economic development, natural resource potential, and production specialization. Therefore, the direction of regional policy cannot be standard for all regions; it must be coordinated based on specific data.
Methods of conducting regional policy - direct and indirect.
With direct methods of implementing regional policy, the state actively participates in capital investments aimed at improving the territorial structure of the economy (creating growth centers, industrial parks, infrastructure in areas of preference, etc.). In indirect cases, the state, through the financial (tax, customs) system, seeks to create an appropriate economic “climate” in certain areas to stimulate their accelerated development and manage migration flows.
Methods of direct participation are closely related to administrative ones - this is the implementation of state regional programs financed from the state budget, individual structure-forming investment projects; placing orders for the supply of products for national needs (including to support problem regions) through the contract system.
Methods of indirect regulation: the creation of special funds for regional development, which should accumulate financial resources to solve various regional problems: implementing a subvention policy for enterprises located in difficult socio-economic and environmental conditions; attracting private investors to solve regional policy problems; compensation for additional costs incurred by business entities when locating their enterprises in areas with difficult conditions; providing a tax discount “for subsoil depletion”; establishment of preferential rates rent when withdrawing space for the construction of enterprises that are important for improving the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy; application of increased prices for environmentally friendly products; introducing sanctions for enterprises that pollute the environment, especially in the most disadvantaged regions.
Concept of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of regions (2005-2020). PRIORITIES: Formation of a new supporting framework of the country from regions - “locomotives of growth”, Formation of regional modules of the National Innovation System, Creation of conditions for industrial modernization, support and development of competitive economic (territorial production) clusters, Creation of a human resource management system. Increasing population mobility, ensuring an effective migration balance in the country. Development of regional employment of the population, Improving the quality of state (municipal) management in the regions, primarily increasing the efficiency of the use of public finances.
In April 2014 By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 2014 N307 "was approved new edition state program “Regional Policy and Federal Relations”. Subprograms of the Program, federal target programs - subprogram 1 "Improving federal relations and mechanisms for managing regional development"; subprogram 2 "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia"; subprogram 3 "Providing assistance to the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad to the Russian Federation" ; Federal target program "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia (2014 - 2020)"; Federal target program "Preservation and restoration of the complex of spiritual, cultural, natural heritage and infrastructure development of the Solovetsky archipelago for 2014 - 2019."
The goal of the Program is to ensure balanced development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Program implementation period: 2013 - 2020
The volume of budgetary allocations of the Program - the total volume of budgetary allocations of the federal budget is 149161604 thousand rubles
29. Industrial and social infrastructure of the region .
The regional economy is a complex set of interconnected industries located on a separate territory and forms a separate system of socio-economic relations. The economy of the region is a complex and complex multi-sectoral economy, for which, to one degree or another, it is necessary to solve almost all problems of the development of the country's economy as a whole. Infrastructure is a complex of industries and economic units that serve production and people's livelihoods. There are industrial and social infrastructure.
The production infrastructure includes all sectors or economically independent units that are not part of production units, which are organizationally separate from them and serve production itself. The production infrastructure includes all types of freight transport and transport facilities in general (railway stations, sea and river ports, docks, depots, facilities that ensure the uninterrupted functioning of oil and gas pipelines, industrial transport, etc.); power lines forming power systems of various sizes; a set of interacting means of transmitting and processing information; objects that ensure the rational use of natural resources and other systems and structures that are not directly used in the production of material goods, but without which normal production cannot be ensured.
Social infrastructure serving people's life includes industries, services such as trade, healthcare, education and culture, all types of passenger transport and communications (engaged in serving the population), urban communication facilities, hotels, catering, a system of recreation and tourism institutions and other non-production divisions. Social infrastructure, which determines the environment for living and personal development, is the basis for ensuring the quality of life of the population in the regions.
The economy of a region, regardless of its type, is characterized by internal economic integrity.
The region's economy has a complex sectoral and territorial structure. Industry structure is a set of sectors of the economic complex, characterized by certain proportions and relationships. In sectoral terms, the structure of a single economic complex is represented by two spheres: material production (production sphere) and non-material production (non-production sphere). The basis of a single economic complex is the sphere of material production. The production sphere includes: industries that create material benefits for the consumer - industry, agriculture, construction; industries that deliver material goods to the consumer - transport, communications; industries related to the production process in the sphere of circulation - trade, public catering, logistics, sales, procurement. Non-production sphere - the name of sectors of the economy, the results of which take primarily the form of services: housing and communal services and consumer services for the population; healthcare, physical education; education; culture; science and scientific services, etc.
The regional economy has specific features:
1. This is, first of all, its somewhat truncated nature, insufficient complexity of the economy, and a more clearly expressed monoculture. This feature is especially evident for small-scale regions equated to subjects of the Federation (regions, etc.). Thus, the Arkhangelsk region is characterized by the lack of development of a number of sectors of the economy (light, food).
2. The intermediate position of the regional economy between the federal and local levels of government (the so-called meso level). This imposes very specific requirements on the organizational and economic management mechanism: the need to fit into the all-Russian reform strategy and at the same time take into account regional characteristics, to delimit powers not only with the center, but also with local authorities, including the division of property, sources of budget income different levels and so on.
3. Close connection with the natural-geographical factor. Indeed, the availability of resources, their volume, land quality, natural and climatic conditions, location all play a key role in the regional economy. This should also include the degree of development of production potential and the level of economic development of the given territory as a whole. It is known that some regions are highly developed, others, on the contrary, have low level development. Consequently, regional policy cannot fail to take into account the real state of affairs.
4. Connection of the regional economy directly with the population. Regional authorities and management bear significant responsibility for the livelihoods of the population. They are subject to pressure from below if life support is interrupted. That's why social factor plays a primary role in choosing an economic development strategy and in managing the regional economy.
5. The fundamental property of the regional economy is that the region cannot be doomed to liquidation (“bankruptcy”), to the mechanical cessation of its functions of providing life support to the population. A feature of its functioning in the event of unfavorable circumstances is the disruption of the reproduction process, economic, demographic and natural processes, which is expressed in the depression of the region. Accordingly, economic policy in the regions should include, as a strategic course, the development of antidepressive measures at all levels of government.
The structure of the economy of the Arkhangelsk region and the social diversification of the region's population have undergone significant changes in recent years. An increase in the share of raw materials and energy industries in the structure of the regional economy increases the raw materials dependence of the Arkhangelsk region on foreign economic market conditions (timber, oil, gas, etc.). The structure of the economy, inherited from the administrative-command system, in comparison with most regions, was the least sensitive to market transformations, and had a raw materials and military industry. The center viewed the region as raw material base national economic complex of the country, without placing here processing facilities for deep processing of raw materials. Geographically, industrial production is concentrated mainly in three centers: Arkhangelsk (Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk, Novodvinsk), Kotlas (Kotlas, Koryazhma), Onega (Onega with the Onega region). At the same time, more than half of the regional industrial production and the same number of industrial personnel are concentrated in the Arkhangelsk industrial hub. Such territorial concentration of industry constrains the socio-economic development of other areas and exerts strong anthropogenic pressure on environment, causing intense pollution. The vast expanses of the region with different levels of economic conditions and natural and climatic conditions, low population density and poorly developed transport infrastructure create additional difficulties in the development of both mini-regions (districts) and the macro-region as a whole - the Arkhangelsk region. Underdevelopment of social infrastructure. The set of life benefits aimed at facilitating the adaptation and residence of people in the North, with few exceptions, is inferior to the average Russian criteria and often does not correspond to the minimum level of social standards. This applies primarily to roads with hard surfaces, a lack of housing and especially comfortable ones. Arkhangelsk region, having a powerful resource potential, does not occupy a position appropriate to it either in terms of economic development or in terms of the living standards of the population.
30. Socio-economic problems of strategic development of the region.
The regional organization of the Russian Federation was largely formed in the era of planned industrialization. The processes led to the emergence of a whole complex of new economic, social and political-legal problems that directly affected the stability of the socio-economic situation in certain Russian territories and in general the entire regional organization of the country.
Economic structural problems
1. Gradual market optimization of economic activity and population in the regions, faced with the ineffective spatial organization of the country, led to an increase in costs for maintaining infrastructure, which was excessive in areas losing population and production assets and insufficient in growing regions (limited capabilities of port facilities, export pipelines in the oil and gas complex, life support systems in housing and communal services). 2. The settlement system inherited from the USSR and the territorial economic organization predetermined the consolidation, first of all, of the country's raw materials specialization. The most competitive part of the country on the world market is the raw material zones of Russia. The absence of zones of a highly organized urban living environment (lack of modern urban infrastructures, information channels, environmentally favorable living conditions in populated areas, limited transport accessibility of major world centers) becomes an obstacle to the concentration of future resources on the territory of the Russian Federation: highly qualified mobile labor, innovative technologies, sources information, brands, cultural values and so on.
3. The emerging new hierarchy of regions does not always ensure increased connectivity in the country. The existing old regional borders, maintained administratively, block the processes of socio-economic development; the leading regions still have little influence on the development of other territories.
4. The internal production and territorial organization of most regions that dominates the country does not ensure their competitiveness in the global market. As a result of the Soviet policy of location of productive forces in Russia, there is practically no competitive territorial cluster as a dynamic and internally competitive network of closely localized enterprises producing the same or related products and jointly providing good market positions for the country, the industry and the enterprises themselves. Approximately one quarter of all subjects of the Russian Federation have a single-industry economy and the main donor of their budgets is not production networks, but large vertically integrated corporations.
Social (demographic, qualification and ethnocultural) problems
The existing regional organization of the Russian Federation does not yet fully ensure the reproduction and capitalization of the country's key asset - human resources. Because of this, regional development faces a whole complex of social (demographic, qualification, ethnocultural) problems.
1. The Russian settlement system that emerged as a result of primary industrialization does not ensure the reproduction of human resources in most regions.
2. Maintaining the current birth rate (with unchanged mortality and no migration growth) may by 2050 lead to an annual population loss of 1.8% and an increase in the proportion of the population of retirement age. A reduction in the number of children and adolescents will lead to the emergence of problems of labor resources capable of reproducing and developing the material and intellectual potential of the Russian Federation. The decline in the working-age population poses a threat to the country's economic potential. Given the expected economic growth, the reduction in the economically active population will cause a labor shortage.
3. There are extremely few regions in the country that are attractive for the migration influx of population.
4. Low mobility of the population within the country is also gradually turning into an extremely acute problem in the regional development of Russia. For a number of regions, one of the main barriers to economic growth is the shortage of labor resources.
5. Low spatial mobility is superimposed on the low qualification mobility of the population.
6. The existing regional organization of the country does not yet fully ensure the reproduction and capitalization of the key asset - human resources. This is expressed in the destabilization of the quality of life of the population of some Russian regions, their strong stratification according to this indicator, both between the subjects of the Russian Federation and within them. Such social stratification Russian society does not allow, firstly, to include the population in co-financing of social reforms in the field of healthcare, education and housing and communal services, without which the future of reforms remains very problematic. Secondly, count on a certain growth of the consumption market, with the current volumes of which rapid economic growth is impossible, and accordingly, the task of doubling GDP within a given time frame is problematic. Thirdly, social stratification does not allow us to count on a change in the structure of the formation of the revenue side of budgets at various levels (in the sense of increasing the share of participation of the population). Fourthly, it blocks the emergence in the near future of sustainable civil society institutions in the territories.
7. In Russia, there is insufficient productivity of interethnic, interreligious, cross-cultural interactions, which ensure the cultural diversity necessary for development.
Almost all negative development trends characteristic of Russia also have an impact on the development of the Arkhangelsk region. The situation in the region is also influenced by regional specifics and unfavorable natural and climatic conditions. The main problems of socio-economic development of the region: the existing level of transport infrastructure does not allow the efficient use of all types of transport; rising production costs of enterprises real sector economies and the deterioration of their financial condition caused by the rapid increase in prices and tariffs for energy resources, products and services of natural monopolies and extractive industries; low pace of modernization to production upgrades; housing construction has not received proper development (there has been a significant increase in the housing stock of the region, the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing); demographic problems - natural and migration decline, high mortality in working age lead to an increase in the demographic burden; low standard of living of the population with significant social and economic differentiation (in the Arkhangelsk region one-fifth of the population lives below the poverty line); the problem of employment and qualified personnel (there is a discrepancy between the needs for personnel in the real sector of the economy and supply in the labor market); environmental problems.
The Arctic is a multidimensional physical-geographical, water-territorial, socio-economic, ethnic, cultural, geopolitical space adjacent to
North Pole and including the edges of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands, as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, five Arctic states. In the Arctic zone, products are produced that provide more than ten percent of Russia’s national income (with a share of the population equal to one percent) and account for more than twenty percent of the volume of all-Russian exports. The production of natural gas, apatite concentrate, and many strategically important non-ferrous and precious metals (nickel, copper, cobalt and others) is concentrated here. The Arctic macroregion of Russia unites the regions of the Arctic and the Far North of Russia, the main areas of specialization of which will be the extraction of raw materials (including in the polar latitudes and on the shelf of the Arctic seas), intensification of the development of the timber industry complex and the performance of the functions of a global transport and transit zone. The Arctic macroregion should be one of the supporting regions of international cooperation of Russia through projects to improve the management scheme of the unified transport system of the North of Russia, including the Northern Sea Route, communication with the BAM, river arteries of Siberia and air transport, the formation of a supporting network of highways, as well as the creation of new and development of existing main pipelines, specialized sea terminals to ensure the transportation of raw materials to processing and marketing areas. Wherein vital role projects for the development of transport and logistics infrastructure will play a role.
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