Air defense- a set of measures to ensure the repulsion of aggression in the aerospace sphere and protection from strikes by the enemy's aerospace attack.
The Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense Forces) are a branch of the armed forces designed to protect troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack weapons in the conduct of combined arms formations and combat operations.
APPEARANCE
The tasks of combating air targets appeared at the end of the 19th century. The first experimental shooting at air targets ( balloons and balloons) took place in Krasnoe Selo in 1891. The need to create special anti-aircraft guns and rangefinders was identified. In the first world war air defense troops received the first impetus for development. On December 8, 1914, the "Aeronautics Instruction in the Area of the 6th Army" came into force, which regulates the air defense of the Russian capital. Around Petrograd, barely a belt at a distance of 30-40 and 6-15 km from the city, two artillery regiments were deployed. The regiments were armed with conventional 76mm field guns mounted on special machines, and long-barreled machine guns. This made it possible to fire at airplanes flying at altitudes up to 5 km. Aviation schools began to train specialists to combat airplanes - future fighter pilots. In 1916, barrage balloons were also used as air defense means to protect large settlements... During the First World War, the principles of air defense of objects of the country and troops were first formed. During the First World War, not a single enemy aircraft entered the airspace of Petrograd.
THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
By the beginning of World War II, the air defense of the USSR included 13 zones, three corps, two divisions, nine air defense brigades, 39 air defense brigade areas. The number of air defense personnel was 182 thousand people.
By the beginning of the war, the rearmament of the air defense forces had not been completed. Anti-aircraft artillery lacked new 37-mm automatic and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns. V fighter aircraft 46% of the aircraft fleet was made up of obsolete aircraft. The new high-speed fighters Yak-1 and MiG-3 were clearly not enough.
In July 1941 State Committee Defense is taking a number of measures to strengthen the coverage of large industrial and transport facilities. An example of the organization of air defense in a large industrial center was the air defense of Moscow. It was carried out by the First Air Defense Corps and the 6th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Corps. At the beginning of the massive German air raids, these formations consisted of over 600 fighters, more than 1,000 medium and small caliber guns, approx. 350 machine guns, 124 posts of air barrage balloons, 612 posts of airborne aerial vehicles, 600 anti-aircraft searchlights.
As a result of skillful management, only 2.6% of the total number of aircraft broke through to the city, 738 enemy aircraft were destroyed by the air defense forces defending Moscow.
In June 1943, the Office of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory was disbanded. After the reorganizations, by April 1944, the Western and Eastern Fronts, as well as the Transcaucasian Air Defense Zone, were created, which in the same year were reorganized into the Northern, Southern and Transcaucasian Fronts. The air defense troops have successfully coped with the assigned tasks. They provided defense industrial facilities and communications. Only individual enemy aircraft broke through, as a result of which the stops of enterprises and disruptions in the movement of trains on certain sections of the railways were short-lived. In carrying out their tasks, the air defense forces of the country's territory destroyed 7313 Luftwaffe aircraft, of which 4168 were fighter aircraft and 3145 were anti-aircraft artillery, machine-gun fire and barrage balloons.
In the course of the war, air defense antiaircraft artillery and fighter aircraft were organizationally formed as branches of the armed forces.
MODERN AIR DEFENSE TROOPS OF LAND FORCES
At present, the Air Defense Forces are entrusted with the fulfillment of the following main tasks: air defense alert duty; reconnaissance of the air enemy and notification of the covered troops; destruction of enemy air attack weapons in flight; participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of operations. Organizationally, the air defense forces of the ground forces consist of military command and control bodies, command posts Air defense, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio-technical connections, military units and divisions. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons in the entire range of flight speeds and altitudes: extremely small - up to 200 m, small - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, large - from 4000 to 12000 m, and in the stratosphere - more than 12,000 m
Air defense formations, military units and subunits are equipped with anti-aircraft missile (different in reach, channel and guidance methods), anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft cannon-missile systems and portable anti-aircraft missile systems.
Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are subdivided into short-range complexes - up to 10 km, short range- up to 30 km, medium range- up to 100 km and long-range - more than 100 km.
Further development of air defense forces implies increased mobility, survivability, secrecy of work, the degree of automation and fire productivity. It is necessary to increase the parameters of the affected area, reduce the reaction time and the mass-dimensional characteristics of anti-aircraft missile and missile-artillery systems.
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type of the Armed Forces of the USSR; are designed to repel enemy air strikes against the most important administrative and political centers, industrial and other important objects in the rear, groupings of the armed forces, as well as on objects that form the basis of the economic and military power the state. In terms of their combat capabilities, the country's Air Defense Forces are capable of striking all modern air attack weapons in any weather conditions and time of day. The main properties of the Air Defense Forces of the country, as a branch of the Armed Forces, are high maneuverability and the ability to intercept and destroy air attack weapons at great distances from defended objects. They perform their tasks in close cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces. The country's air defense troops consist of the arms of the troops: anti-aircraft missile troops, air defense aviation and radio-technical troops, as well as special troops for various purposes... Organizationally, they consist of formations, units and subunits, units of special forces and the rear. Antiaircraft rocket troops are armed with missile systems of various ranges and various purposes. The country's air defense aviation is armed with fighter-aircraft intercept systems, including supersonic fighter-interceptors with missile weapons, which are capable of intercepting and destroying enemy aircraft carrying air-to-ground missiles even before the launch line of missiles from aircraft. Radar stations are the main weapon of radio-technical troops; These troops monitor the airspace, identify detected targets and notify the Air Defense Forces of the country about them, other types of the Armed Forces and civil defense bodies, ensure the guidance of fighters to the target and the actions of anti-aircraft missile forces. In large capitalist states, protection administrative centers military-industrial and other important facilities of the state from air strikes are assigned to the air force, which also includes anti-aircraft missile and other troops intended for air defense (see Air Defense).
The development of the Air Defense Forces and means of fighting an air enemy is associated with the emergence and combat use of aviation in World War I of 1914-18. In 1913 in France, and then in 1914 in Russia and Germany, guns were developed for firing at air targets. In the Russian army, for this, they also began to adapt field guns and machine guns on special installations. In 1915, aviation, barrage balloons and anti-aircraft searchlights began to be used to cover the troops and air defense of some large centers of the country. The first battery in the Russian army 75 mm naval guns, adapted for firing at aircraft, was formed in October 1914, and in 1915 were manufactured anti-aircraft guns model 1914 and built the world's 1st fighter aircraft RBVZ-S-16. Anti-aircraft batteries of anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aviation squads are being created for the air defense of large centers of the country (Petrograd, Odessa, etc.), as well as troops and objects of the front-line rear. To detect enemy aviation, monitor its actions, alert air defense forces and means, as well as the population of cities about the air hazard, an air surveillance, alert and communication system (VNOS) is being created. In October 1917, several anti-aircraft batteries were formed on railway platforms, which were called the "steel anti-aircraft division", which became one of the first air defense units in the Red Army. By the spring of 1918, there were 12 aircraft fighter detachments and more than 200 anti-aircraft (anti-aircraft) batteries, which performed the mission of air defense in Petrograd, Moscow, Astrakhan, Baku, and Kronstadt. The training of command personnel of anti-aircraft gunners, observers and signalmen was carried out directly in air defense units, at special courses and in schools. The first school for the command staff of anti-aircraft artillery was created in 1918 in Nizhny Novgorod. In Moscow, Petrograd, Tula and other cities, training and instructor teams were organized to train artillerymen, observers and telephonists.
During the Civil War 1918-20, based on combat experience During the First World War, the tactics of the Air Defense Forces were further developed, the principles of building the air defense of large points of the country were developed, and elements of the operational art of the Air Defense Forces were born. Due to the rapid development of bomber aviation in the large imperialist countries Communist party, Soviet government took a number of measures to strengthen the country's air defense. In 1924-28 they were further developed organizational forms anti-aircraft artillery. In 1924 in Leningrad, the 1st anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the Red Army was formed from separate divisions, and in 1927 - the 1st anti-aircraft artillery brigade. The basis of the organizational structure of the air defense of the 20s. were air defense posts that were part of the air defense sectors on the territory of the border military districts, the command of which was responsible for air defense within the district. During the same period, a network of VNOS posts was created in the border zone and around the largest centers of the country. A department was created in the Headquarters of the Red Army in 1927, and in April 1930 - the Air Defense Directorate, which from 1932 was directly subordinate to the People's Commissar for military and naval affairs. It carried out the general leadership of the air defense throughout the country, and also united the activities of civilian departments, institutions and public organizations in this area. The local air defense leadership was carried out by the command of the military districts. The air defense sectors were abolished. The first head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army in July 1934 was appointed Army Commander of the 1st Rank S.S.Kamenev.
In the 30s. The air defense troops were equipped with new military equipment, their numbers increased, and highly qualified command and technical personnel began to be trained. New air defense units and formations are being deployed, their organizational structure and principles of combat use are being improved. The anti-aircraft artillery is armed with new domestic samples of anti-aircraft guns - 76.2- mm samples 1931 and 1938, 85 -mm and automatic 37 -mm model 1939, anti-aircraft artillery fire control devices PUAZO-2 in 1935 and PUAZO-3 in 1939. Fighter aircraft is equipped with domestic aircraft I-15, I-16, I-15 bis, and since 1940 more advanced types - Yak-1, MiG -3 and in 1941 LaGG-3. In 1939, the VNOS service received the first Russian radar detection stations RUS-1, and in 1940 - RUS-2. From 1934 to 1939, the anti-aircraft artillery fleet increased almost threefold, and the fighter aircraft - about 1.5 times. A unified organizational structure of air defense units and subunits was established, anti-aircraft artillery divisions were created in 1932. In 1937, corps, divisions, and separate air defense brigades were created to defend the country's largest centers. In 1940-41, the entire border area of the country was divided into air defense zones (according to the number of military districts), which were divided into air defense areas. Military anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft allocated for the air defense of important centers of the country were not part of the air defense zones. In 1940 the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army was reorganized into the Main Air Defense Directorate and was headed by Colonel General N. N. Voronov.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, formations and units of the country's Air Defense Forces were removed from the subordination of the commanders of the military districts and fleets (with the exception of Leningrad) and subordinated to the commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory, whose position was introduced in November 1941 (the first commander, Major General M . S. Gromadin). At the same time, air defense is divided into military air defense and air defense of the country's territory.
In 1941, on the basis of the existing air defense zones of the European part of the USSR, corps (Moscow, Leningrad) and divisional air defense regions were formed. In January 1942, the air defense command of the country's territory subordinated fighter aircraft allocated for the defense of air defense facilities. From April 1942, the general leadership of the Air Defense Forces began to be carried out by the commander of the Red Army artillery through the created Central Headquarters of the Air Defense Forces of the country and the Central Headquarters of Air Defense Fighter Aviation. The first operational formations of the Air Defense Forces were created - the Moscow Air Defense Front, the Baku and Leningrad Air Defense Armies. By the end of the war, the country's Air Defense Forces had 4 air defense fronts: Western, South-Western, Central and Transcaucasian, as well as 3 air defense armies - Primorskaya, Priamurskaya, Zabaikalskaya.
During the war, antiaircraft artillery and air defense fighter aircraft took shape organizationally as a kind of Air Defense Forces. VNOS troops, searchlight units and airborne balloons were greatly developed. The operational-tactical formations of the Air Defense Forces of the country, formations and units of the combat arms were created. The number of the country's Air Defense Forces has almost doubled during the war years. The high combat qualities of the country's Air Defense Forces were especially manifested when defending Moscow, Leningrad and other cities from enemy air strikes, as well as the most important industrial regions and communications. Dozens of air defense formations and units, hundreds of aircraft and thousands of anti-aircraft guns took part in repelling the enemy's massive air raids. The combat operations of the front-line formations of the Air Defense Forces of the country acquired the character of anti-aircraft operations, carried out, as a rule, in cooperation with neighboring air defense formations and formations, the forces and means of air defense of other branches of the Armed Forces (in the front-line zone - with front-line fighter aircraft and military anti-aircraft artillery, and on coastal areas - with the air defense forces of the Navy). Part of the forces of the Air Defense Forces was involved in the direct solution of combat missions in the interests of the advancing fronts. Per combat feats In the Great Patriotic War, over 80 thousand soldiers of the Air Defense Forces were awarded orders and medals, of which 93 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 29 formations and units - the title of guards, and 11 - honorary titles.
In 1948, the country's Air Defense Forces were removed from the subordination of the artillery commander Soviet army and transformed into an independent service of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the leadership of which was entrusted to the commander of the country's Air Defense Forces. In the late 40s - early 50s. the armament of the country's Air Defense Forces began to receive new anti-aircraft artillery complexes(57-, 100- and 130 -mm anti-aircraft guns), gun aiming radars and fire control devices. Air defense fighter aircraft are rearmed with MiG-15, MiG-17 jet fighters and MiG-19 supersonic fighters. VNOS troops received in a large number new technique and began to be called the radio-technical air defense troops.
In May 1954, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, was established, which was occupied by Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov. Later the commanders-in-chief were: Marshal of the Soviet Union S. S. Biryuzov (1955-62); Air Marshal V. A. Sudets (April 1962 - July 1966), Marshal of the Soviet Union P. F. Batitsky (from July 1966).
Since the mid-50s. in the development of the country's Air Defense Forces began new stage caused by the adoption of nuclear weapons and the rapid development of missiles for various purposes, carrier aircraft cruise missiles and electronic equipment. In this regard, the role and place of air defense in the armed struggle has changed dramatically and the requirements for the country's Air Defense Forces have increased, which were rearmed on a fundamentally new technical base. Forms and methods of conducting an insurmountable air defense were developed, capable of repelling the strikes of any enemy air attack. The possibilities of centralized command and control of troops and maneuvering by them have significantly expanded, the forms and methods of employment of the country's Air Defense Forces have been improved. The combat operations of the country's Air Defense Forces are characterized by a large spatial scope, participation significant amount troops, decisiveness of goals, high tension, transience, activity and abrupt changes in the situation.
In the air defense of the capitalist states (USA, Great Britain, France, Germany) in post-war period entered service with various new modern air defense systems. Particular attention is paid to the development of fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missile systems for various purposes.
Lit .: The CPSU on the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. Sat. documents 1917-1958, M., 1958; Air defense troops of the country, M., 1968; 50 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR, M., 1968; History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945, v. 1-6, M., 1963-65.
V. D. Sozinov.
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Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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In 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree “On establishing professional holidays and memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ". According to this Decree, Air Defense Day is annually celebrated on the second Sunday of April. This year it is April 9th.
This is some modification of the date that was set as a holiday in 1975. Then by the decision of the Presidium The Supreme Council The USSR was chosen as a holiday date on April 11. And after five years, the very modification that we are talking about was introduced - the holiday of the USSR Air Defense Forces began to be celebrated on the second Sunday of the second spring month.
Air defense forces were created to prevent the enemy from delivering air strikes, and are called upon to protect especially important objects, political centers, industrial areas from air attack. The air defense troops of the ground forces cover the territory of military installations with military equipment and personnel deployed on it.
The country's air defense forces consist of several segments, including anti-aircraft missile formations.
The appearance of air defense troops is directly related to the beginning of use in military affairs aircraft... As soon as aircraft began to be used for reconnaissance and attacking targets from the air, the need for effective countermeasures immediately arose. And the first is really massive combat use means of air defense took place during the First World War.
The development and improvement of their "functional" air defense troops received during the Great Patriotic War. At the beginning, there were 13 air defense districts on the territory of the USSR, but at that time the troops did not have their own aircraft. Soon, fighters began to enter the armament of the air defense: I-15, I-16, I-153, which made it possible to more effectively protect the cities of the Soviet Union from enemy air attacks. Then the air defense forces received interceptor fighters: MiG-3, Yak-1, Yak-3, Yak-9, as well as foreign-made fighters.
Antiaircraft artillery continued to develop during the war. By the beginning of 1945, on all fronts, there were already 61 anti-aircraft artillery divisions of the RVGK (Reserve of the Supreme High Command), 192 small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery regiments, 97 separate divisions of the RVGK.
The Great Patriotic War became a real test and a true baptism of fire for the Soviet air defense forces. The subunits showed their high combat qualities when defending Moscow and Leningrad from enemy air strikes. Dozens of formations and units took part in repelling massive enemy air raids on Soviet cities.
Part of the air defense forces was involved in solving tasks in the interests of the advancing fronts. Together with the Air Force, they carried out an air blockade of enemy groupings (Stalingrad, Demyansk, Breslau), participated in breaking through the enemy's defenses (near Leningrad, on the Kola Peninsula, in the Berlin direction).
The results of the actions of the air defense forces can hardly be overestimated. Throughout the war, Soviet air defense forces were used not only to attack air targets, but also in ground confrontation.
The statistics speaks for itself: during the battles, more than 7.5 thousand enemy aircraft, more than 1 thousand tanks, and 1.5 thousand guns were destroyed.
For military exploits during the war, 80 thousand air defense troops were awarded orders and medals, of which 92 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In Stalingrad (Volgograd), the feat of servicemen representing the air defense forces is immortalized, including in the form of the name of the street Zenitchikov.
The number of air defense troops during the war years increased almost 2 times, which is at the same time a confirmation of their effectiveness and says a lot about their contribution to the Great Victory.
The experience of the Great Patriotic War has confirmed that air defense has become one of the main components of maintaining combined arms combat. Currently, the country's air defense forces are capable of striking all modern air attack weapons in any weather conditions and time of day.
Thanks to the talent of domestic designers, they acquired such properties as high maneuverability, the ability to intercept and destroy air attack weapons at long distances from defended objects. Today, the military-industrial enterprises of our country develop and produce effective military equipment, and ammunition for this kind of weapon - anti-missile and air defense systems.
Now these are the S-400 "Triumph", "Pantsir-S1" anti-aircraft missile systems, which have become widely known in the world, and not only.
Until the end of the current state rearmament program - 2020 - plans to receive the latest anti-aircraft missile systems S-500 "Prometheus". The characteristics of this complex will make it possible to combat hypersonic aerodynamic and ballistic targets, and it is not surprising that interest in them is already high, and not only in Russia itself.
Additional air defense systems, according to recent reports official representative Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Major General Konashenkov, will also be supplied for the needs Syrian army, which not only fights manifestations international terrorism, but also becomes a target for direct military aggression from the United States. First of all, we are talking about a missile attack on the SAR Air Force base in the province of Homs. It is not reported which air defense-missile defense systems will be supplied to Syria by the Russian Federation.
Returning to the date, it is worth noting that despite the holiday of the air defense forces of the ground forces, the military personnel are now on a combat watch.
Voennoye Obozreniye congratulates all air defense troops and service veterans on their professional holiday!
Major general BURMAN Georgy Vladimirovich
Chief of defense of Petrograd against air attack (1914-1915). Chief of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). Chief of defense against air attacks of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (1915-1917). Chief of the Air Defense of Petrograd (1917-1918).
Russian military leader.
In military service since September 1883. Graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps (1883), Nikolaev Engineering School (1886). He served in the following positions: teaching in the senior class of the sapper battalion school, commander of a company, head of the school of soldiers' children, head of the non-commissioned officer class, and served as a battalion adjutant. Since 1905 . - Adjutant of the Inspector General for Engineering of the War Department, since August 1908 - Head of the Officer Electrotechnical School (OES).
During the First World War, while remaining the head of the OESh, he headed the air defense in the following positions: head of the defense of Petrograd from an air attack (from 30.11.1914); chief of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (from 05/11/1915); chief of defense against air attacks of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (from 22.07.1915); chief of the air defense of Petrograd (from 08/31/1917). Simultaneously, from May 1916 - Chairman of the Committee under the Main Military-Technical Directorate for the arrangement of permanent radio stations. Under his leadership and with his personal participation, a system of air (air) defense of Petrograd and its environs was created.
During the Civil War in Russia: Head of the Military Electrotechnical School (VES, until 03.1918 - Petrograd, until 03.1919 -Sergiev Posad), assistant to the military leader of the Military Council of the Petrograd region (03-04.1918), from March 1919 to February 1922 - inspector engineering schools and courses, at the same time reorganized HES into the electrical department of the Soviet engineering school of the command staff of the Red Army, and. the head of this department (03-04.1919), then was on assignment to the department (04-071919). Unreasonably arrested and placed in prison where he died of typhus (1922).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislav 3rd Art. (1895), St. Anne 3rd Art. (1898), 2nd Art. (1904), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1909).
General of artillery KHOLODOVSKY Nikolay Ivanovich
Acting freelance chief of the air defense of the Odessa Military District (1916-1917).
Russian military leader.
In military service since September 1869. Graduated from the Poltava Cadet Corps (1869), the Mikhailovskoye Artillery School (1872, 1st grade).
He served in the following positions: company commander of the Kiev fortress artillery (09.1877 - 08.1886), battalion commander (05.1885 - 08.1886), head of practical training (08.1886 - 11.1893), commander of a fortress artillery battalion (11.1893 - 04.1898). From April 1898 - commander of the Kwantung fortress artillery, from August 1900 - head of the artillery unit of the Kwantung region, from February 1903 - assistant chief of artillery of the Amur military district. In January-February 1904 - at the disposal of the Main Artillery Directorate. Participant Russo-Japanese War(1904 - 1905): General for special assignments under His Vicar Imperial Majesty on the Far East(03.1904 - 08.1905). Chief of the siege artillery of the Manchu armies (08.1905 - 05.1907). From May 1907 - Chief of Artillery of the Odessa Military District, from January 1916 - Chief of the District Artillery Directorate of the Odessa Military District. In February 1916 . involved in solving the tasks of the air defense (VO) of the district, and. non-staff chief of the military district of the Odessa Military District (06.1916 - 01.1917). Chief of artillery supplies for the armies of the Romanian Front (1917). Later - in exile.
Awards: Order of St. Vladimir 3rd Art. with swords (1903), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1904), St. Anne 1st Art. with swords (1906), St. Vladimir 2nd Art. (1911), White Eagle (1915); foreign awards.
Major general I. A. Fedorov
Chief of Air Defense of the Odessa Military District (1917)
Russian military leader.
In 1916, in the reserve ranks of the district artillery administration of the Odessa military district. From January to April 1917 and. e. non-staff chief of the air defense of the district, since April - the full-time head of the air defense of the Odessa military district.
In December 1917, due to disagreement with the tasks assigned to the bodies of military leadership of the air defense, he was removed from his post.
Air Defense Forces (until March 1998)
Division commander BLAZHEVICH Iosif Frantsevich
Air defense inspector and head of the air defense service of the Red Army (1930).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since September 1910. Graduated from the Vilna infantry military school(1913), Military-academic courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1922). During the First World War: in command positions from the head of the reconnaissance team, platoon commander to battalion commander, lieutenant colonel. In October 1917 he was sent to enter the Academy of the General Staff, in February 1918 he was transferred to the reserve. In July 1918 he joined the Red Army.
During the Civil War: assistant regiment commander of the Moscow division, head of the operations department of the 5th army group of forces (1918), commander of the 1st Simbirsk separate rifle brigade, 3rd brigade of the 27th rifle division, 26th and 27th rifle divisions (1919), commander of the 59th rifle division (up to 12.1920), commander of the 1st army of the Turkestan front (12.1920-01.1921). From September 1922 . commander of a rifle corps in the Volga, then in the Belarusian military district. Since 1926 . in the Main Directorate of the Red Army - an inspector of the rifle-tactical department. Air defense inspector (from 12.1929). He directly participated in the formation of one of the first air defense units for the defense of Moscow. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army, at the same time an air defense inspector and head of the Air Defense Service of the Red Army (05 - 10.1930). With his direct participation, the first general plan of the country's air defense for 1930-1933 was developed. and fundamental documents on the organization of air defense, including the regulation on the country's air defense. December 1930 . - inspector, then head of the air defense inspection, from October 1933 - deputy head of the air defense department of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1939). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards Russian Empire, republics before 1918 not identified (in track record from 22.07-1920 it is indicated that I.F. Blazhevich had "all the insignia of military distinctions in the old army" and was introduced in 1915 G. to the ranks "lieutenant" and "staff captain" ahead of schedule "for military distinctions").
Awards of the RSFSR, USSR: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1924).
Division commander Dmitry KUCHINSKY
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (for Air Defense, 1930-1931).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since 1916. Graduated from the accelerated course of the Alekseevsk Military Engineering School (1917), Military academy Red Army (1922), advanced training courses for higher command personnel (1926).
During the First World War: commander of a sapper company, then company commander, warrant officer. Chairman of the regimental committee (from 11.1917), later headed the demobilization commission of the rifle corps. From May 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: senior instructor of the 1st Moscow Cavalry Regiment (05-12.1918), commander of a separate combined cavalry division (01-03.1919).
After the war - in responsible staff positions: senior assistant to the chief of staff of the division for the operational part, chief of staff of the 3rd combat area of the Tambov province, head of the social and economic sciences of the Military Academy of the Red Army (1921 - 1922). In 1922 - 1923. - Service in the troops of the OGPU of the Republic as the head of schools and educational institutions, head of the troop service department, inspector. From April 1924 in the Headquarters of the Red Army: head of the 1st department organizational management(04 - 11.1924), head of the department of organizational and mobilization management (11.1924 - 04.1925). From April 1925 he was an assistant, from November of the same year he was deputy head of the same department. In September 1926 - Head of the 1st Department of the 2nd Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Since August 1928 - Chief of Staff of the 14th Rifle Corps. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army (for Air Defense, 01.10.1930 - 31.01.1931).
He took an active part in the preparation of the general program for the deployment of active air defense units for 1930-1932. for the defense of the main points and facilities of the country in the border military districts. From February 1931 - Chief of Staff of the Ukrainian (from May 1935 - Kiev) Military District, at the same time from November 1934 - a member of the Military Council of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. In April 1936 - Chief and Commissioner of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: (not installed).
The brigade commander MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army (from April 1932 - Directorate of the Air Defense of the Red Army) (1931-1934).
In military service since October 1915. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Vladimir Infantry Military School (1916), Officer machine gun courses (1916), an incomplete accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff (1919), the Military-academic courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1922), the accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff at the Higher Military School of Observer Pilots (1924).
In the First World War - the head of the machine-gun team, staff captain. Since January 1917 - in the ranks of the Red Guard, then - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: chief of staff of the brigade, commander of the Gomel fortress brigade, 1st Kazan and 32nd (08.1919 - 09.1920) rifle divisions. After the war - chief of a rifle division (1922). From July 1924 - Assistant for the operational combat unit of the Chief of the Air Force of the Leningrad Military District, then Chief of Staff of the Air Force of the District (until 09.1926). Since September 1926, he was the head of the 3rd department (Air Force and Air Defense) of the Operations Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. In 1928 he was transferred to the reserve of the Red Army with a secondment to the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR for appointment as the head of the faculty of the defense industry at the air defense courses. Here he headed the courses for the training of senior air defense instructors. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (when it was reorganized in April 1932) - Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (04.1931 - 07.1934).
Took an active part in the preparation of guidance documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on local air defense units, on air defense missile defense units of the country's territory. In July 1934 he was dismissed from his post, in August he was enrolled in the reserve, later transferred to the reserve (1935). Head of the construction of the Western Railway Hospital in Pokrovsky-Glebov.
Unreasonably repressed (1937). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Russian awardsuntil 1918 were not identified.
RSFSR awards: Order of the Red Banner (1922).
1st rank commander KAMENEV, Sergei Sergeevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1934-1936).
Soviet statesman and military leader. Graduated from the Vladimirsky Kiev cadet corps (1898), the Alexander military school (1900, 1 category). Nikolaev Military Academy of the General Staff (1907, 1 category each).
Served in the following positions: battalion adjutant of the 165th infantry regiment (1900 - 1904), company commander (11.1907 - 11.1909), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Irkutsk military district (11.1909 - 02.1910), senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd cavalry division (02 11.1911), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Vilna military district (11.1911 - 09.1914).
During the First World War: Senior Adjutant of the Quartermaster General of the 1st Army Staff (09.1914 - 04.1917), the elected commander of the 30th Pavlovsk Infantry Regiment (04-11.1917), the elected Chief of Staff of the 15th Army Corps, then the 3rd army (11.1917 - 04.1918), colonel (1915).
From April 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: the military leader of the Nevelsky district of the Western section of the veil detachments (04-06.1918), the commander of the 1st Vitebsk infantry division(06-08.1918), the military leader of the Western section of the veil and at the same time the military leader of the Smolensk region (08.1918). From September 1918 to July 1919 (with a break in May 1919) - commander of the Eastern Front. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic and a member of the RVSR (08.071919 - 04.1924). From April 1924 . - Inspector of the Red Army, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, since March 1925 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army, leaving in the post of inspector - the chief head of all military academies in tactics. Chief Inspector (11.1925 - 08.1926), from August 1926 - Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, from May 1927 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (05.1927 - 06.1934). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (07/01/1934 - 08/25/1936), since November 1934 - a member of the Military Council under the USSR People's Commissar of Defense.
He actively took measures to improve the material and technical support of air defense formations and units, to improve general structure air defense of the country's territory.
Died August 25, 1936 from heart attack... Later, he was unjustifiably accused of anti-Soviet activities. Fully rehabilitated (1956).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. (1912), Red Banner (1920); Honorary revolutionary weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1921); Golden weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1922); Order of the Red Banner of Khorezm, Red Crescent 1st Art. Bukhara People's Soviet Republics (1922).
Rank 2 Commander SEDYAKIN Alexander Ignatievich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1937).
Soviet military leader, military theorist.
In military service since 1914. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Irkutsk military school (1915), the Military-academic courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1923).
During the First World War: commander of an infantry platoon, company, battalion, head of the regiment's machine-gun command, staff captain. Chairman of the regimental soldiers' committee (from 03.1917), the military revolutionary committee (VRK) of the 5th Army of the Northern Front (from 11.1917).
At the beginning of 1918 he took part in the formation of the first regiments and divisions of the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military commissar of the Pskov rifle division (05-08.1918), commander of an infantry regiment and brigade on the Eastern Front (08-12.1918). From January 1919 - assistant commander of the Group of Forces of the Kursk (from February - Don) direction and the 13th Army, in August - military commander of the headquarters of the Southern Front. From September 1919 - Chief of the 31st Infantry Division, from February 1920 . - 15th Infantry Division. Since October 1920 . headed the 1st, then 10th reserve brigades. In March 1921 he headed Southern group troops of the 7th Army in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Military commandant of the Kronstadt fortress (1921), commander of the troops of the Karelian region of the Petrograd military district (1921 - 1922). From November 1923 - commander of the 5th Red Banner Army in the Far East, from March 1924 - the troops of the Volga Military District. Since 1926, deputy chief of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, then inspector of the infantry and armored forces of the Red Army, a member of the permanent military meeting at the Main Military Council of the Red Army. Since March 1931 he was the head and commissar of the Military-Technical Academy of the Red Army in Leningrad, and in 1932 he was the head of the combat training department of the ground forces of the Red Army.
During this period, he paid special attention to the development of the theory and practice of military affairs, took part in the development of the theory of deep combat and operations. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army and inspector of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army (1934 - 1936). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (25.01 - 01.12.1937). With his direct participation, proposals were developed on the formation of air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, and for Kiev - an air defense division. Appointed commander of the air defense of the Baku region, in the leadership of which he did not have time to join.
On December 2, 1937, he was arrested, unjustifiably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1921, 1922).
Major general KOBLENTS Grigory Mikhailovich
Acting Chief of Air Defense of the Red Army (1938).
Soviet military leader. He graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), advanced training courses for the highest command staff (1929).
Member of the First World War, second lieutenant. During the Civil War in Russia - commander of the 1st Lenin Machine-Gun Regiment.
After the war: Chief of Staff of the 26th Infantry Division (1922). Head of the Department of the Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army (1930-1932), Head and Military Commissar of the United Belarusian Military School named after the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1932-1933). Since April 1933, in the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, he headed the 1st department (air defense services). I. d. Chief of the Air Defense of the Red Army (04-11.1938). Later - full-time deputy head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. From February 1939 - at the teaching position at the Military Academy. MV Frunze, Head of the 2nd Faculty (Air Defense).
During the Great Patriotic War: head of the Air Defense Higher School and at the same time deputy commander of the Gorky Air Defense Corps District (1942 - 1943). From May 1944 - Deputy Commander of the Southern Front of the Air Defense Forces, from March 1945 - Deputy Commander of the 3rd Air Defense Corps.
During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945): Chief of Staff of the Amur Air Defense Army, then Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army (07.1947), Deputy Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. Dismissed from active military service to the reserve (1947).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class, Order of the Red Star, medals.
Major General of Artillery POLYAKOV Yakov Korneevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1938-1940).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since May 1915. Graduated from the Artillery School of the command personnel of the South-Western Front (1920), Artillery advanced training courses for command personnel (1926), advanced training courses for the command personnel of anti-aircraft artillery (1932), advanced courses for the command personnel of anti-aircraft artillery air defense (1936).
In the First World War - fireworks in artillery units. Demobilized (after 11.1917). In the Red Army for mobilization (from 11.1918). During the Russian Civil War: platoon and battery commander.
After the war: commander of an artillery battalion, assistant commander artillery regiment... From December 1932 - commander of an air defense regiment in the Belarusian Military District, from August 1937 - commander of a separate air defense brigade. Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (10/31/1938 - 06.1940). Under his leadership, measures were taken to deploy an air defense system in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic republics and Moldova, which became part of the USSR in 1939-1940.
From June 1940 he was assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front Air Defense Group, from August - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front for Air Defense, from May 1941 he was also the commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Zone.
During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945) - Commander of the Amur Air Defense Army of the 2nd Far Eastern Front. From October 1945 - Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army, from June 1946 - Deputy Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. In July 1947 he was dismissed from active military service to the reserve (due to illness).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Star; medals of the Russian Empire and the USSR.
Lieutenant general KOROLEV Mikhail Filippovich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1940).
Soviet military leader. In military service since 1915. He graduated from the Artillery advanced training courses for the command staff of the Red Army (1926), the Artillery command and technical advanced training courses (1934).
During the First World War, he was a junior non-commissioned officer in the artillery units of the Southwestern Front. In June 1919 he was mobilized into the Red Army.
During the Russian Civil War: platoon and battery commander. After the war: commander of a cavalry artillery division (from 1924), then chief of artillery of a cavalry corps. From June 1938 he was the head of the air defense department of the headquarters of the Kiev military district, from December - the head of the Leningrad artillery courses for improving the command staff.
Lieutenant general Alexander Golovko- Appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Commander of the Air Defense and Missile Defense Forces in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 394 of 08/01/2015
ANTI-AIR DEFENSE TROOM (V. Air Defense), type The armed forces(VS), designed to protect administrative, industrial centers and regions of the country, groupings of the Armed Forces, important military and other objects from enemy strikes from the air and from space (in the USSR and the Russian Federation since 1932 - branch of the armed forces, in 1954-98 - type of the Armed Forces ). V. air defense included: rocket and space defense troops, air defense aviation; anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV); radio technical troops (RTV); special troops(engineering, communications, electronic warfare, radiation, chemical and biological protection, as well as compounds and parts of radio reconnaissance, technical, topogeodetic, engineering and aerodrome support and rear). The air defense missions carried out their tasks independently and in cooperation with other types of the Armed Forces and combat arms.
The emergence of air defense systems was associated with the combat use of aircraft and other aircraft in World War I. In Germany, France and Russia, cannons for firing at aircraft were created, which contributed to the birth of anti-aircraft artillery (ZA). In 1915, fighter aviation (IA) units were formed in a number of countries to provide air cover for large cities and troops. In 1915-16, barrage balloons began to be used as means of air defense, and anti-aircraft searchlights were used to ensure the firing of FOR and actions of the IA at night. To detect an air enemy and alert troops about it, an air surveillance, alert and communication service (VNOS) was organized in Russia.
V Civil war 1917-22 in 1918, the first states of an anti-aircraft battery and an anti-aircraft artillery battalion were approved. The main work to improve the means and air defense system unfolded in the years military reform 1924-25. In 1924, the 1st regiment FOR THE RKKA was formed in Leningrad, in 1925 fighter aviation brigades were created for the air defense of Moscow, in 1927 - an anti-aircraft artillery brigade. In 1926, the ZA was divided into military and positional, a special department was formed at the Headquarters of the Red Army, which was responsible for developing air defense issues of the USSR and organizing the air defense service in the troops. In 1928, the Regulation on the Air Defense of the USSR was approved. V Peaceful time the leadership of the country's air defense was entrusted to the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs through the Headquarters of the Red Army. On the territory of military districts, these functions were performed by the commanders of the VO troops. In wartime, the direct command of the air defense in the front and army areas of the theater of operations was carried out by the commanders of the armies. For the general leadership of the air defense of the entire country, by May 1930, a special department was created at the Headquarters of the Red Army, which in May 1932 was transformed into the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, directly subordinate to the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In 1932, the local air defense was approved as an integral part of the country's air defense. For the defense of Moscow and Leningrad, air defense divisions were deployed, for the defense of other large objects - air defense brigades and regiments, as well as aviation brigades and squadrons of IA. In May 1932, the Air Defense Forces were formalized as an independent branch of the armed forces. In 1932, the first anti-aircraft artillery divisions were created, and in 1937-38 - air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad and Baku. In 1939-40, the VNOS service received the first detection radars RUS-1 and RUS-2. In December 1940, the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army was transformed into the Main Directorate of the Red Army Air Defense. Since February 1941, air defense zones have been created in the border and some internal military units.
In total, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the air defense system included 3329 medium-caliber anti-aircraft guns, 330 small-caliber guns, 650 machine guns, over 1.5 thousand searchlights, 850 barrage balloons, and about 70 detection radars. To solve air defense missions, 40 IA regiments were also allocated, numbering about 1.5 thousand aircraft. However, the beginning of the war showed the inconsistency of the organization and technical equipment air defense forces of the country's territory (TS) to the level of development of enemy air attack weapons. In November 1941, the troops intended for the air defense of the country's facilities were removed from the subordination of the commanders of the military units, fronts and fleets (with the exception of formations and units covering Leningrad). The GKO decree of 11/9/1941 introduced the position of commander of the V. Air Defense of the TS, the headquarters of the V. of the Air Defense of the TS, the administration of the IA, the ZA and other control bodies were created. The air defense of the TS is divided into the air defense of the country and the air defense of the troops. On the basis of the air defense zones of the European part of the USSR, corps (Moscow, Leningrad) and divisional air defense regions were formed. In January 1942, air defense aviation was formed as part of the country's air defense system as a branch of the armed forces, to which 40 fighter aviation regiments were transferred from the air force. The Moscow corps region was reorganized into the Moscow Air Defense Front, the Leningrad and Baku regions - into the Leningrad and Baku Air Defense Armies. The country's air defense was entrusted with the task of combating enemy air attack weapons over the entire territory of the country within their reach. For the first time, the operational construction of air defense zones was not tied to the borders of land fronts and military units. In June 1943, the country's air defense was divided into the Western and Eastern Air Defense Fronts, which in December 1944 were reorganized into the Northern, Southern, and Transcaucasian Air Defense Fronts. In July 1943, the post of commander of the country's air defense system was abolished in connection with the subordination of the country's air defense system directly to the artillery commander of the USSR Armed Forces. By the end of the war, the country's air defense system included 4 fronts (Western, Southwestern, Central, and Transcaucasian) and 6 air defense armies. In total, these associations included: Air Defense Air Fighter Army, 15 Air Defense Corps, 4 Air Defense Fighter Air Corps, 18 Air Defense Divisions, 24 Air Defense Fighter Air Divisions, 5 separate Air Defense brigades. They were armed with about 3.2 thousand fighter aircraft, about 9.8 thousand medium anti-aircraft guns and more than 8.9 thousand - small caliber, 5.4 thousand searchlights, 1.4 thousand barrage balloons, about 300 detection radars. While repelling enemy air raids, the country's air defense destroyed over 7,300 enemy aircraft. For military exploits in the Great Patriotic War, over 80 thousand soldiers of the country's air defense system were awarded orders and medals, 95 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 29 formations and units received the title of guards, and 11 - honorary titles.
V post-war years in the USSR, the reorganization of the air defense fronts and armies was carried out. On their basis, 3 air defense districts and 2 separate air defense corps were created. In February 1946, the post of commander of the country's air defense was restored. In 1948-49, the districts, armies and separate air defense corps were disbanded, on their basis air defense areas of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories were created: in the border zone with subordination to the commander of military units of the military, in the interior regions of the country - to the commander of the air defense of the country, air defense naval bases were carried out by the air defense of the respective fleets. In 1954, the country's air defense system was reorganized from a branch of the armed forces into an armed service. They included practically all the air defense forces of the USSR. The border of responsibility of the country's air defense (along the state border of the USSR) has been established. Air defense formations (districts, armies) and formations (corps, divisions) have been created. The air defense command of the country was promptly subordinated to the Air Force IA of the VO. Only units were left in the military districts military air defense land formations, in the fleets - naval air defense systems. In the 1950s and 1960s, the air defense system became multi-echelon and more maneuverable. In the East, the air defense of the country stood out as a branch of the RTV and ZRV troops. The following have entered service with the country's air defense system: fighter aircraft Mig-15, Mig-17, Mig-19, Yak-25, Su-9, Su-11, and others; anti-aircraft artillery systems (with 57-mm, 100-mm and 130-mm guns) and air defense systems; new radars. In March 1967, the country's air defense system included forces and means of warning about a missile attack, anti-missile, anti-space defense and control. outer space... In 1980, the country's air defense system was reorganized into the country's air defense system. The commander-in-chief of the Air Defense Forces is subordinate to the leadership apparatus of the military air defense (air defense of the Ground Forces). The air defense system was divided into the air defense of the border area and the air defense of the inner regions of the country. On the territory of the border VO, responsibility for air defense was assigned to the commanders of the VO troops, in the interior regions it remained centralized system leadership V. Air Defense. In 1986, in the border areas on the main strategic aerospace directions, separate air defense armies were re-created, directly subordinate to the commander-in-chief V. of the air defense and the operational commander-in-chief of the forces of the directions. In 1992, the Air Defense Forces on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as on the territories of the republics of the former USSR, which did not fall under their jurisdiction, became part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a type of Armed Forces. In 1997, the missile and space defense troops were transferred from the Air Defense Forces to the Strategic Missile Forces. In 1998, the Air Defense Forces were combined with the Air Force into one type of Armed Forces — the Air Force.
In the United States, the air defense tasks of the country's territory are assigned to the special command of aerospace defense, in other states - to the Air Force, which includes all the forces and means of air defense.
Lit .: A.A. Agrenich Flak... M., 1960; Air defense troops of the country. M., 1968; Gatsolaev V.A. Anti-aircraft units in battle. M., 1974; The development of air defense. M., 1976; Batitsky P.F. M., 1977; Andersen Yu.A., Drozhzhin A.I., Lozik P.M. M., 1979; Air defense troops of the country in the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945. M., 1981; Air defense of the country (1914-1995). M., 1998.
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