The modern army is saturated with technologies that give a tactical advantage in conflicts. An example of such is the means of communication and their suppression, through the formulation of interference or physical destruction. In Russia, specialists of this military destination have their own professional holiday.
When noted
The day of the radio electronic struggle is celebrated on April 15. The holiday is not a weekend. He was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 549 of May 31, 2006 "On the establishment of professional holidays and commemorative days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation". The document was signed by President V. Putin.
Who celebrates
All employees of the radio electronic struggle (RES) of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are related to the celebrations, regardless of the position, title, rapidness. The holiday is considered to be their auxiliary personnel, cadets, teachers of specialized higher educational institutions, soldiers and officers ever were in the ranks of these units. Engineers and developers of communications and its suppression, their relatives, friends, relatives and close people take part in the events.
History and traditions of the holiday
The day of the radio electronic struggle of the Russian Federation originates on May 3, 1999, with the publication of the Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 183. In it, on April 15, it was determined as the date of honor of the specialists of this kind of troops. Their importance in the protection of the country, the responsible role in achieving strategic tasks was emphasized by the Minister of Defense I. Sergeyev, who signed the document. After 7 years, the president introduced an event in the list of memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
According to the tradition, the officers colleagues are gathering at the festive table, toasts are pronounced, congratulations sound, wishes for health, peace and success in the responsible profession. Events continue in a circle of family, friends and loved ones. Here we are divided by plans for the future, innovations are discussed, stories from labor buddies are told.
Command awards employees with honorary certificates, medals, orders. Personal affairs are grateful records. The Day of the Radioelectronic Fight Specialist 2019 in Russia is accompanied by raising in the titles and positions for outstanding achievements. The so-called stars, which will soon appear on the shoulders will appear. The ether of radio stations and television for tradition is mentioned about the holiday, the stories about the profession, the history of the formation of the kind of troops are broadcast.
About profession
Specialists in electronic struggle are engaged in the development and application of measures to prevent the use of communications to the enemy, the definition of their coordinates, conduct intelligence actions through the information communication channels. They set the sources of interference, detect the location of the transmitters and lead the destruction of the enemy's technique with their own forces or attached units.
The path in the profession begins with an urgent or contract service, as well as education in the highest military educational institutions. Officers and soldiers study the material means in service, receive theoretical knowledge about them and practical handling skills.
The circle of the tasks performed is so wide that the units are always used as part of other generics of the army. Employees belong to the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation and may be among individual brigades, regiments, Rab battalions. Before being admitted to technology, officers need to be certified, and soldiers - training in a special center. It presents the training samples used in terrestrial, marine and aviation parts.
Tass dossier. Annually April 15 in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) there is a day of a specialist in the radio electronic struggle - a professional holiday established by Decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin dated May 31, 2006. It was originally originally noted in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeeva dated May 3, 1999 .
HISTORY OF TRAK.
The history of the formation of the radio electronic struggle (RES) in the Russian army is counted from April 15 (on April 2 to the old style) of 1904. On this day, during the Russian-Japanese war, the Squaded Battleship "Victory" and the fleet of the telegraph station on the Golden Mountain was managed by putting Radiopomers, disrupt the Radio-adjusted shelling by Japanese armored brongeous cruisers "Nissin" and "Kasuga" of the Russian squadron and the fortress of Port Arthur.
Since both parties used the same type of spark transmitters, the message of the enemy was able to "score large spark" - more powerful signals of the device. This case was the first in world military history a step from the organization of radio repaid on the maintenance of Rabs in hostilities. In the future, the RES funds were actively improved, and their practice expanded significantly.
On December 16, 1942 by the Resolution of the State Committee for Defense, signed by the Commander-in-Chief of Joseph Stalin, as part of the management of military exploration of the General Staff (GSH) of the Red Army, a department was formed to lead the work of the radio stations of the interfering effect and was tasked to form three radio-breeding with the means for the "Entry" radio stations - The first parts of the RES in the USSR army.
On November 4, 1953, the Office of Assistant Head of the GSH on radio intelligence and interference was created. In the future, he repeatedly reorganized and changed the names (9th Department of Gou GS, Electronic Countessing Service GS, 5th GS Office, Reb Management of the Main Directorate of ACS and Reb GS, etc.).
Current state
The spectrum of modern tasks of RES troops includes radio electronic exploration and the defeat of radio-electronic means of control systems forces of the enemy, as well as control over the effectiveness of the activities of the radio electronic protection of their forces and funds.
In the course of the large-scale reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that started in 2008, the vertically-integrated system of the RES was formed, the general leadership of it is managing the head of the RES troops of the Russian Federation. Ground and aviation units and units of the RES are included in the special troops of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
In the ground forces, individual teams of the four-breasted composition were formed in all four military districts. The brigades are received by Leer-2 complexes and Leer-3 complexes with Eagle-10 drones, allowing to reconnaissance and suppress tactical radio communications and cellular communication. The Reb division includes a separate motorized rifle arctic brigade as part of the United Strategic Command "North".
Separate REC companies are available in each of the reformed motorized rifle tank brigades and divisions, as well as as part of most brigades and divisions of airborne troops (airborne). Until the beginning of 2017, Reb company received all airborne connections, and by 2020 they are planned to rearrange for a new technique.
In the Navy (Navy), the rab land forces are combined into separate RES centers on all four fleets. In the air-space forces (VKS), individual RES battalions are part of the Army Air Force and Air Defense.
Head of Troops Reb Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - Major General Yuri Lastochkin (from August 2014).
Technical equipment
The RES technique for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is developing the Radio Electronic Technologies Concern JSC (KRET JSC), which in 2009-2012 united Russian defense enterprises producing military electronics.
- In 2010-2013 Government tests of 18 new samples of RES technique were successfully completed.
- Since 2015, new technical means of telecommunication services, radar and navigation, protection against high-precision weapons, management and collateral protection: Krasuha-2O, "Murmansk-BN", "Borisogleb-2", "Borisogleb-2", "Krasuha -S4 "," Light-ku "," Infauna "," judoist "and others.
- The Mi-8MTPR-1 helicopters are supplied to the troops equipped with RECUG-AV complexes (such machines, in particular, can be protected by airplanes of military transport aircraft).
- Reb complexes "Vitebsk" are equipped with UNCS-25 cVM, and individual elements of the complex are installed on the Ka-52 helicopters, Mi-28, Mi-8MT, Mi-26 and Mi-26T2.
- At the front-line bomber, the Su-34 establishes a complex of radio-electronic counteraction "Hibin".
- Corvetts of the project 20380, which currently replenish the composition of the Navy of the Russian Federation, carry the Rab-25-2 Reb complexes and PC-10 "bold", on the projects under construction of the project 22350 are established complexes of TK-28 and "Missile-M".
- In 2016-2017 ACS Russia received three modernized aircraft of the Radioelectronic Wrestling IL-22PP ("Projector of interference and passing intelligence").
The current state program of arms provides for the provision of the level of security of the RES troops by the promising technique by 2020 to 70%. By 2018, it is planned to create a specialized polygon Rab troops.
Research and training
The organization and control of scientific work in the troops of the Sun of Russia is engaged in the Military Scientific Committee of the Rab Troops, established in October 2015
The training of officers for the troops of the RES is conducted by the training and scientific center "Professor N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin" in Voronezh (in its composition in 2016, a scientific research institute of radio-electronic combat is formed).
Rab junior specialists for all species and childbirth forces of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are trained in the interspecific training center for the preparation and combat use of RESA troops in Tambov. On the basis of this center in 2015, a scientific company was created, in which graduates of the country's leading universities, which combine it with research on the theme of Rabs undergo an urgent service. In 2016, a new integral training gym "The total" is equipped in the territory of the Inter-Width Center.
The date of the professional holiday of specialists in electronic struggle (RES) is associated with a real historical event. On April 15, 1904, Japanese ships attempted to be a shitting of fortifications and Raid Port Arthur. One of the enemy ships adjusted firewood on a wireless telegraph.
Telegraphists from the station on the Golden Mountain and Bremeno "Victory", suggesting such a development of events, began to interrupt the enemy message big spark. Such a signal has a high power and is able to suppress the opponent's frequency. The idea of \u200b\u200bRussian sailors was crowned with success - the shooting of Japanese ships was ineffective.
The actions of military telegraphists confirmed the development of Alexander Popov, which in 1903 proposed ways of conducting radio visor and guidance. This forced the military command to look different about the possibility of a wireless telegraph.
Tasks for the interception of callsigns with subsequent use for their own purposes and the jurisdiction of the enemy's gear was simplified due to the technical imperfection of the equipment of that time. The same principle of operation and the construction of transmitters (sometimes components of one firm) allowed to act a large spark.
Modern means of radio electronic struggle have changed dramatically, new functions and opportunities appeared. Despite the technical superiority of today's technology, it solves practically the same tasks as a hundred years ago. In the context of the continuous technical development of all means of protection and attack, before Rab has strategically important tasks for the country. Our specialists on their hardware are capable of:
collect and store military information, including targeting;
transmit information on space objects;
use self-equipping objects with increased guidance accuracy;
accurately hit in advance the chosen goals;
Create active and passive interference and much more.
Effective maintenance of radio electronic anti-enemy is impossible without modern technical means and high-class specialists. Reb servicemen constantly improve their skills in the use of regular means of radio-electronic counteraction.
The number of training and exercises exceeds a hundred per year. The teachings of units directly aimed at performing the main tasks are held. Specialists of radio electronic intelligence participate in all major exercises of the army and fleet, providing the task command.
Krasuha-4C complexes, Murmansk, Moscow showed their high efficiency not only in the cover of friendly units, but also in the rapid suppression of the prevention opponent. The development of our specialists allow you to violate the work of management systems at a distance of up to 5,000 km. "Murmansk-BN" suppresses at such a distance to 20 goals at the same time.
The modern history of the holiday began in 2006 with the signing of the President of the Russian Federation appropriate. The leadership of our country in the radio electronic struggle recognize foreign military specialists.
The exploits and merits of RES specialists are not noticeable, but this does not become less significant. Congratulations on the holiday of all servicemen and veterans!
April 15 in Russia annually marked the day of a specialist in the RES (radio electronic struggle). Like many other military holidays of the Russian Federation in the calendar appeared on the basis of the presidential decree No. 549 of May 31, 2006 "On the establishment of professional holidays and commemorative days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation".
The date of celebration of the day of the radio electronic combat specialist was chosen on April 15 due to the events that took place 112 years ago. On this day, in 1904, the Japanese Cassuga and Nissin armored residents took an attempt to make a shelling of forts and the inner raid of the Port Arthur fortress. At the same time, there was a continuous telegraph exchange between Japanese ships.
Japanese armor cruiser "Nissin"
Russian forces at the station of the Golden Mountain and Battleship "Victory" carried out effective opposition to the Japanese telegraph exchange.
Telegraph violated the so-called "big spark". This is the name of the signal, which in its capacity exceeds and at the same time suppresses the feed rate of the enemy. Subsequently, the Japanese themselves recognized that the guidance of interference by the Russians did not allow them to exchange information on the used radio channel with the desired efficacy.
It is noteworthy that about a year before this event an outstanding Russian engineer, the inventor of Radio, Alexander Popov described the theses for the high probability of radio-visiting and to guide the interference to disrupt the opponent's radio exchange. According to his version, which subsequently found its confirmation, a more powerful signal at the opponent frequency (or very close to it) is able to minimize the efficiency of radio exchange. And if it is initially not all in the military commanded understood the productivity of this kind of countering the enemy, then the events mentioned in Port Arthur in April 1904 demonstrated the real significance of the "frequency battles" and the rightness of A.S. Popova.
One of the activities of military specialists in "frequency fights" was the direction associated with the interception of enemy telegrams. The tasks of the commanders of groups working on interception of information, it was a definition, as it were to say, call signs of the enemy with the possibility of using these calls signs for their own purposes, including targets for disorienting the enemy in the radio.
Since then, many years have passed, and the radio electronic struggle system has been substantially transformed, by several orders of magnitude in the functionality, but many of those tasks that were raised before the specialists of the pre-edge of RES, remain quite relevant today.
Permanent training of radio-electronic struggle specialists make it possible to improve the skills to use radio-electronic counteraction tools to the conditional enemy. The servicemen in the course of recent teachings worked out the skills of using RES complex multiple models. This is "Krasuha-4C", "Leer-3", "Murmansk", "Moscow". With the help of these complexes, not only the radio electronic cover is carried out, for example, from shocks corrected by airbabs and rockets, but also suppressing the control systems of the enemy.
Murmansk-BN complexes are used to intercept the signals of the enemy, their suppression in the shortwave range. In this range, for example, scout aircraft. Last year, these complexes were successfully applied for the first time on the Northern Fleet of the Russian Federation. During the training maneuvers, Murmansk-BN was involved in the disorganization of the management of the conditional opponent's troops at a distance of over 2 thousand km. The maximum radius of this complex is 5 thousand km with the possibility of simultaneous suppression of more than 20 goals.
The use of the Krasuha-4C complex allows to cover the command items, troops, air defense agents, important industrial and administrative objects. The complex is capable of answering its radar station with interference radiation based on the analysis of the enemy signal.
The number of annual training troops of the RES troops in the "field" conditions goes for hundreds, which is 10-15 years ago it seemed impossible.
"Military Review" congratulates specialists in the radio electronic struggle of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with the holiday!
Our Russian fleet has global priority in such a specific area of \u200b\u200belectronics, as a radio electronic struggle (RES). The first steps of the introduction of the radio showed both the undoubted advantages and the main disadvantage - the susceptibility of intentional external influence. Therefore, the ideas of confrontation in the Office began to form practically in parallel with the development of the radio and formed in the Russian fleet by the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war.
In the classical understanding of the essence of the radio electronic struggle as a bilateral process of suppressing radio-electronic means on the one hand and the protection against interference on the other hand, the dialectic of the development of all radio electronics was concluded. The desire to achieve a positive result in this confrontation engine and will always be, on the one hand, to move the technical process, on the other, to improve the methods of combat use.
April 15, 1904 Two Japanese battleships cruiser, "Nissin" and "Kasuga", I came out to exercise the "third erase shooting" on the forts and the inner raid of the fortress of Port Arthur. "Fleems" was called shooting with steep trajectory trajectors for purposes located somewhere behind mountainous terrain, in the absence of direct visibility.
japanese Bronnal Cruiser "Nissin" (in the foreground) and "Kasuga"
Team Admiral P. P. Ukhtomsky reported temporarily interpreting the position of commander of the Pacific Ocean Commander, reported: "At 9 h 11 min of the morning, the enemy armored cruisers" Nissin "and" Kasuga ", maneuvering on Syud-South West from Liaoteshan Lighthouse, began a firing shooting Forts and inner raids. From the very beginning of the shooting two enemy cruisers, choosing a position against the passage of Liaoteshansky Cape, beyond the shooters of the fortress, began to telegraphs, why immediately battleship "Victory" And the Golden Mountain station began to interrupt a large spark enemy telegrams, believing that these cruisers inform the shooting battleships about their getting of shells. The enemy has produced more than 60 shells of large caliber. There were no hits in the court. "
missionary "Siberian arrows"
The effectiveness of organized interference was confirmed by the Japanese themselves: "Since the interruption on a wireless telegraph with our observation vessels was interrupted by the enemy of the observation station located on a zyud-oste, it was difficult to adjust the shooting and shells not enough. A total of a year has passed, and the first rewarded for success in this industry have already been emerging: radio telegraphist mission "Siberian arrows" The title tit was awarded by the St. George Cross for the fact that with the help of Radoshuma "scored the conference of the opponent's police officer about the detection of the forces of the Russian Fleet." The tasks of the radio electronic struggle at that time were solved quite simply because the radio stations used in Russian and in the Japanese fleet were approximately the same type - both on the principle of operation and by construction: with spark transmitters, sometimes even some manufacturers' firms. So it was the opportunity to "score" the messages "Big Spark" - a more powerful signal of its transmitter.
In 1911, the professor of radio engineering of the Naval Academy, Petrovsky, for the first time, theoretically substantiated ways to create radio domain and protection from them radio communications were theoretically substantiated. They passed a practical test on the Black Sea Fleet. At the same time, measures were developed that allow "... to leave during the telecommunication sessions from the enemy interference". Training began training on the creation of radio domain and teaching radioists to work in conditions of interference on the ships of the Baltic Fleet.
In the report at the Central Executive Committee on November 23, 1917 V. I. Lenin He said: "We have information that our radiograms reach Europe. So, our radiotelegram on victory over Kerensky was intercepted by the Austrian radio telegraph and transferred. The Germans sent counter-making waves to detain it. " - So understood the essence of the radio electronic struggle of the classic of Marxism-Leninism. Such a situation remained before the civil war. When the rebellious Kronstadt Forts "Red Gorka" and "Gray Horse" began to establish a link with abroad, their transmissions were "clogged" by the radiation of ship radio transmitters from the ships of the Baltic Fleet, faithful to the Bolsheviks.
In the period between world wars, along with a significant development of radio communications, radio benefits, radio and radar, radiolocation appear. As a result, the methods of combat use of the forces and means of armies, the Air Force and the Navy have radically changed, the effectiveness of combat operations has increased dramatically. This, naturally, caused a response, led to a wider development of methods and techniques to counter electronic enemy radio electronic means.
Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of creating interference with radiolocators for the first time expressed in 1937 when discussing works on radio devices and radio frequenses (as before 1943, RLS was called in the USSR). One of the first applications for the invention in the field of opposition to the radar was filed in May 1939 by the engineer Kabanov (it was called "the method and device for carrying out the interference type" Liabeck "to the work of radio engineers).
In the pre-war years, in the Soviet Union, experienced samples of the storms of the "Storm" radio domain in ultrakorekovoy-wave, "Storm-2" in the middle-wave and "thunder" are in short-wavebands to suppress radio lines. Active participation in their development took, Professor Klyatkin and others. In the process of testing, these stations showed high efficiency, however, before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the mass production was not launched.
An experimental sample of the "Thunder" interference station was used from September 6 to 12, 1941. When applying to the troops of Construdar under Yellow. In addition, in the first year of the war, opposition to the opponent's radio communications was widely and actively by creating interference with the help of standard radio stations. And in 1942, in the period of the Stalingrad battle, a special group of suppression of the RKKA communication radio stations is successfully operating. Their attachment on the opponent frequencies and determination of the effectiveness of the radio disorder was carried out by parts of the radio operating management.
During the 6th field army of Powllus, a special group of radio visor and radios is formed in order to its radioblocade in the Don Front. She had several powerful radio stations, which were guided by the enemy radio network using the 394th separate intelligence radiovion. For disinformation, the headquarters of the 6th Army was allocated a special radio station with the call sign of Manstein's troops, trying to dress surrounded by a group.
After a detailed analysis and generalization of the results of the first experience of the creation of radio interference, making sure his high efficiency, in early December 1942, the People's Internal Affairs of the USSR Beria sent to the State Defense Committee a memorandum of the following content:
From the experience of the war, it is known that the bulk of German radio stations used to control the parts on the battlefield operates on the waves of ultrashold and long-wavelength ranges.
The Red Army in the long-wave and ultravironmental range occupies a relatively small amount of waves and is completely not engaged in the enemy radio station driven by the battlefield, despite the presence of favorable conditions.
In particular, we know that the radio stations of the German army, surrounded in the Stalingrad area, hold links with their leadership outside the environment, on the waves from 438 to 732 meters.
The NKVD of the USSR considers it appropriate to organize a special service in the Red Army on the clogging of German radio stations operating on the battlefield.
To implement these activities, it is necessary as part of the management of military exploration of the General Staff of the Red Army to form three special radiovizion with the means of interfering effect, calculated to drive the main radio stations of the most important enemy groupings ...
December 16, 1942 Resolution of GKO # Goko-2633ss "On the organization in the Red Army of Special Service for the Bailing of German Radio Stations operating on the battlefield", and on December 17, 1942, the head of the General Staff, Deputy Commissar of the Defense of the USSR Vasilevsky signed directive # 4869948 "On the formation of a special group and special radio interval divisions." In accordance with this document, two separate radioivisions (ORD) of a special purpose are being created - the 131st (commander of Major Petrov) and the 132nd (Commander Major Bushyev), which became part of the Stalingrad and Don Fronts. Later, in 1943 and 1944, the 130th (Commander Captain Lukcher) and the 226th (Commander Major Konstantinov) were formed, separate radioivisions of special substation in the West and Leningrad fronts, respectively. To coordinate the combat use of these parts in the General Staff, the service of the radio was created, which was headed by Lieutenant Colonel-engineer Rogatkin.
Each radioivision had from 8 to 10 car radio stations RAF-KV.intended for the Radiopomech, 18-20 reconnaissance of the type "Virage" and "Seagull", four Radiofer type 55 PC-3A and Corkscrew.
Radiopomech stations are usually located 20-30 km from the front edge and 3-5 km from the Division Radine Center. For the main radio networks of the enemy, round-the-clock observation was conducted, during which the main and spare frequencies of enemy radio stations were revealed, their location, military affiliation and operating modes. In the 131st HRD of the Special Forces, in addition, there was a powerful radio domain "Bee", which was located on the railway platform and was intended to counter the airless radio compasses of the enemy.
Separate radioivisions of the special forces took part in all front-line and army operations of 1943-1945, creating interference, conducting radio shows, as well as radio production, radio demonstration on false sections of focusing troops and a breakthrough of the enemy defense. For example, in the course of the Belarusian operation in the summer of 1944, the 131st RED, when suppressing the radio communications of the enemy in the Vitebsk area and southeastern Minsk, threw the transmission of 522 urgent and 1665 simple radio programs. Particular attention was paid to the violation of the fire management of artillery and aviation actions. Simultaneously with the formulation of the interference, strikes were applied on command posts and radar posts of enemy troops.
The German compounds and associations in January-April 1945 were violated very successfully to radio intervals in January-April, in which the 131st and 226th radio lives were actively involved in the East-Prussian operation. They managed to prevent the enemy to maintain a steady radio communication, although it had 175 radio stations in 30 radio networks and 300 radio frequencies. In total, in the Koenigsberg grouping of the enemy, the reception was tedied about 1200, and in the Zemlyan - 1000 radiograms.
When storming by the Soviet troops of the Koenigsberg fortress, the main radio station surrounded by the garrison tried to consistently transfer to 43 frequencies during the day, but they were all clogged. After that, on April 9, the order of the commander of the group of troops defended Koenigsberg was transmitted to the Commander colonel Lyas about surrender. In captivity, at the interrogation, Lyash showed: "As a result of horrific artillery preparation, a wired connection in the fortress was disabled. I was hoping for radio communication with Kurlydia, with the landing group of troops and Central Germany. But the effective actions of the Radio Radiosities of the Russians did not give the opportunity to use radio-media to transmit radiograms, and my actions could not be coordinated by the Supreme Commanding rate. This served as one of the reasons for my surrender. "
The effectiveness of the actions of the radioivisions of the special suggestion also testify to the testimony of the Soviet troops of the Garrison Communications Berelau Lieutenant Colonel Wittenberg: "... Russians continuously disappeared radio communication. Because of the radio interference, we were forced to go to different waves, but we were discovered and subjected to a clog. Radiofomers detained the transmission of radiograms for three or more hours, so some of them had to be canceled. "
In the Berlin operation, the radio electronic struggle has achieved perfection. It included radio exploration, radio production, disinformation, damage to the radio communications of the opponent control points. The RES was conducted in the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts (respectively) of the 130th and 132nd RVD. In addition, the bomber aircraft has created interference of the radar PVA in Germany. Thus, the 132nd Radiovizion from April 25 to May 2, 1945 was violated by the Radiocommunication headquarters surrounded by the Berlin group of the enemy, as well as the headquarters of the 9th Army and the 5th Army Corps, which were in the south of Berlin's ring. Because of Radiopomech, German Radines were forced to repeat the texts of the transmitted radiograms. In the days of fierce fighting, the 132nd RED TRADING the transfer on radio 170 urgent combat orders and orders that did not receive compounds and parts of the enemy.
It is also necessary to mention the special devices of SOL-3 and SOL-3A, which came to the troops from 1942. With their help, the hitting of our aircraft in the radiation zone of the enemy was determined. From about the mid-1943, the Soviet aviation prevented the work of radars dispersed with veneer aircraft with paper metallized ribbons.
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