During World War II, the main opponent of tanks on the battlefield was the enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation has changed dramatically and an enemy plane became more and more of the main enemies of tanks. Especially increased the threat from the air with the advent of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These cars became real "hunter for tanks." In October 1973, the eighteen helicopters of "Cobra" of Israel Air Force destroyed the ninety Egyptian tanks, without losing a single helicopter.
It became clear that the air defense forces should not only as before to cover settlements and fixed objects, but also to cover their troops on the march. Soviet military very quickly came to understand this fact. Works were activated on the creation of the CRCK, and in the late 50s, the development of the "Cube" self-propelled anti-aircraft missile complex began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground troops, including tank compounds, from airplanes and enemy helicopters operating on medium and small heights. The complex was adopted in 1967. But at the beginning of 1972, a resolution was adopted, prescribing to begin the development of a new self-propelled SPC, which was supposed to change the "cube anti-aircraft missile complex. So began the creation of "beech" - one of the most effective air defense systems in the world.
History of the creation of SPK "Beech"
The main enterprise-developer of the new SPC was the Research Institute of Tikhomirov's instrumentation (this organization was engaged in the creation of Cuba). At the same time, work began on the development of the zenith complex "Hurricane" for the needs of the Navy using a single rocket.
The developers had to invest in a very short time, therefore the adoption of a complex commissioned was divided into two stages. Initially, all the forces were thrown on the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile (zur) 9m38 and self-propelled fire installation (SO). They were part of the batteries of the "Cube" complex and significantly increased his battle power. It was in this form in 1978 in 1978 the USSR's land forces adopted SPK 2K12M4 "Cuba-M4".
The new modernized "cube" had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of the air target damage increased, now the complex could destroy more speed targets.
The second stage of creating a new SPC assumed the creation of a holistic complex consisting of self-propelled launcher 9A310, armed with new anti-aircraft missiles M938, the station detection of targets 9C18, the command item 9c470 and the charging unit 9A39. In 1977, the tests of the new SPC began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was adopted. He received the designation "Beech-1".
The new anti-aircraft missile complex was intended to combat air targets at low and medium heights (25-18000 meters) and on a range from 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of defeat target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are placed on uniform tracked vehicles, increased passability.
Almost immediately after the adoption of the complex of Sprink 9k37, in 1979, work began on its modernization. They were completed in 1982, in the same year successfully conducted tests and the modernized SPR "BUK-M1" was adopted. The new anti-aircraft missile complex has significantly improved a number of basic characteristics. The lesion zone was significantly increased, the likelihood of the defeat of the winged rockets, helicopters, has increased, the ability to recognize goals. In addition, the "Beech-M1" became much less vulnerable to anti-cancer rockets.
The next stage of modernization of the SPK "Beech" survived in the early 90s of the last century. A new anti-aircraft rocket 9m317 was established for the anti-aircraft complex, which had much more "advanced" characteristics, compared with its predecessor (although the complex may be armed and standard for the "beech" with a rocket 9m38m1). This rocket hit air targets at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers and on the range - to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile complex received the designation 9k37m1-2 "" Beech-M1-2 ". Work on the SPK took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, "Buk-M1-2" adopted the Army of Russia. Also, the "Buk-M1-2" complex provides the introduction of a new component - a special machine with radar, which serves to illuminate the goals and guidance of missiles. At the same time, the RLS antenna is located on a telescopic lift that raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the effectiveness of the operation of the SPC, especially against low-teeth, high-speed purposes (winged rockets).
Starting from the mid-80s, the work on another modification of the "beech" complex was complete, which was supposed to be able to play 24 air targets and have a much greater lesion radius (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was named 9k317 "Beech-M2". This modification was also planned to equip 9M317 rocket. In the 90s, tests were carried out by the new complex, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in the Russian economy, he never went into the series. Only after fifteen years of "Buk-M2" was improved and began to be delivered to the troops only in 2008.
Currently, work is underway on the following modification of the legendary SPR - 9k317m "Beech-M3". It will be able to accompany and affect up to 36 goals at the same time. The complex is planning to equip a new rocket with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to work successfully under conditions of strong radio electronic counteraction. The new anti-aircraft missile complex is planned to put in 2015.
Description of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech"
SPK "Buk-M1" is designed to destroy aircraft of army, tactical and strategic aviation, firing helicopters, winged rockets and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is able to effectively resist against massive raids by enemy aviation and securely cover troops or military industrial facilities. This complex can work successfully under radio-electronic suppression conditions and in all weather conditions. SPC "Buk-M1" has a circular radius of targeting targets.
One battery "Bukov" consists of six self-propelled fire installations, three charging machines, a goal detection stations and a command item. As a base for all complex machines, a tracked chassis GM-569 is used. It provides "beaks" high permeability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have autonomous power supply.
Command Point (KP) of the "Beech" complex is designed to manage the work of the complex. It can work under conditions of active applied by an opponent of radio-electronic interference. CP may process information about 46 air purposes, it provides acceptance and processing of data from six SEO and the goal detection station, as well as from other air defense units. KP makes the identification of air targets, determines the most dangerous of them and gives the task to each SO.
The location of the target detection (social) is the RLS 9C18 "Dome", operating in a centimeter range capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has a high level of noise immunity.
Self-propelled fire installation (SOU) "Beech-M1" is equipped with four rockets and a PLS centimeter range of 9c35. Sow is designed to search, accompaniment and defeat air targets. In the installation there is a digital computing complex, communication equipment and navigation, a television-optical vizir, an autonomous life support system. Sou can work autonomously, without binding to the command item and the goal detection station. True, in this case, the zone of the damage decreases to 6-7 degrees at the corner and 120 degrees in azimuth. SO can perform its functions in the conditions of radio-electronic interference.
The installation of the "Beech" complex can be stored, transportation and loading of eight missiles.
The complex is armed with an anti-aircraft solid fuel single-stage rocket 9m38. It has a radar guidance system with a semi-effective principle of work and a fragantive-fuzassa combat part. At the initial stage of the flight, the correction is carried out by radio signals, and on the final - due to homing.
To defeat air purposes, a combat part of a weighing of 70 kilograms is used, which is undermined using the contactless fuse 17 meters from the target. The striking elements of the rocket is a shock wave and fragments. The length of the rocket is 5.5 meters, its largest diameter is 860 mm, the total mass is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid fuel engine operating in two modes, with a total work time of 15 seconds.
Specifications
| Loosity zone, km: - Distance - Height - Parameter |
3,32..35
0,015..20-22 until 22. |
| The likelihood of defeat the goal - type of fighter - type helicopter - type winged rocket |
0,8..0,95
0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6 |
| Maximum target speed m / s | 800 |
| Reaction time, C: | 22 |
| Flight speed Zur, m / s | 850 |
| Mass rocket, kg | 685 |
| Mass combat part, kg | 70 |
| Salted channel | 2 |
| Channel in zour | 3 |
| Deployment time (coagulation), min | 5 |
| Number of zur on a combat | 4 |
To date, more than ten countries have a "beech" of different modifications in their armament. Negotiations are currently being underway with several countries. There are several export options for the complex. Further work is carried out on its modernization.
The complexes of the "beech" family of the family in the seventies were recognized as one of the most effective means of anti-heart defense. Today, the army of the Russian army consists of several modifications of such military equipment. The article contains information on the tactical and technical characteristics and the device of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech-M2".
History of creation
On January 13, 1972, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the start of design work on the creation of new promising anti-aircraft systems "Beech". In front of the Soviet gunsmiths, a task was set - to create a new military complex for replacing the already used 2K12 "Cube". In 1979, after successful tests, this SPC (Grau -9K37 index) was adopted by the Soviet Army. Immediately began design work on its modernization. The result of such activities was the creation in 1982 a new military complex - "Buk-M1". In contrast to the baseline, it possessed an enlarged zone of lesion. In addition, the upgraded complex could recognize three classes of objectives: aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles. This military system has become the first SPC supplied for foreign customers. Several units of this technique received Finland. The Soviet Army entered the SPC in 1983. From 1993 to 1996, intensive refinement was conducted on the project 9k37. Designers created the transitional modification of "Buk-M1-2".
Work on raising and the height of defeat targets did not cease. It was planned to create a system that would have improved characteristics. As a result of the modernization, a new military complex was designed, known as "Buk-M2" (the photo of the installation is presented in the article). In the US, this SPC is classified as "Grizzly-17".
Acquaintance with the system
"Beech-M2" is a self-propelled high and multifunctional anti-aircraft missile complex, designed for an average lesion distance. APC was designed under the guidance of the famous designer of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering E. Pigina. Unlike the previous modification, a new universal rocket 9M317 was developed for the "Buk-M2" anti-aircraft missile complex.
Purpose of military installation
The task of the SPK-M2 is as follows:
- Protect ground objects and troops from enemy blows from the air, including the winged rockets.
- Apply the air targets on small and medium heights (from 30 to 18 thousand meters).
Design, characteristics
For the "Buk-M2", it was developed, according to military experts, the most terrible weapon of the SPK - Rocket 9M317. It is designed for a distance of defeat to 50 thousand meters. Length - 5.5m. The mass of the rocket is 715 kg. Motion speed - 1230 m / s. The scope of the wings is 86 cm. During an explosion of an anti-aircraft-controlled rocket, objects are defeated within a radius of 17 m. 9m317 is completed with an inertial-corrected control system for which a new semi-active Doppler radar GSN 9E420 was created. The equipment is equipped with a rod combat part, weighing 70 kg and a two-mode engine of RDTT.
Judging by the reviews of military experts, the rocket at the end of the complete assembly is ensured by a high level of reliability. Its operational period for at least ten years. During this time, checking missiles is not performed.
Storage and transportation of the installation to the place of its combat use is made in special fiberglass containers. 9M317 Effective at any time of the year. Rocket is not susceptible to atmospheric precipitation, humidity and temperature.
What goals are the 9M317 missiles?
Complexes "Beech-M2," Complete 9M317, hit the following aviation objects of the enemy:
- Modern and promising maneuvering aircraft. The likelihood of lesion: 95%.
- Helicopters that provide fire support. The probability of destroying hanging helicopters: up to 40%.
- Hanging, tactical ballistic, winged and aviation rockets. Optimal height: 20 km. The probability of destroying tactical missiles is 70%, and the winged: 80%.
- Aviation bombs An anti-aircraft controlled rocket destroys at an altitude of up to 20 km.
- Superwater and terrestrial radiocontrase enemy targets.
Expand the combat capabilities of 9M317 designers managed by creating a new mode of operation for it. If necessary, destroy any surface or terrestrial targets in missiles is shutdown by remote explosives.
About combat installations 9A317
In addition to anti-aircraft controlled missiles, "Buk-M2" is equipped with self-propelled and towed firing installations. For self-propelled (SOU) 9A317, crawler chassis GM-569 are provided. These settings are used to detect, identify, auto repair and target type recognition. In addition, the flight task is manifested using SEO, the radio-corrective commands are transmitted to the rocket and the result of firing is estimated. 9A317 may attack the object both as part of SPC and autonomously.
Sou is a phased antenna lattice with electronic scanning rays. The target detection range is 20 km. The fire installation is capable of detecting up to 10 objects and the shooting simultaneously 4 of them. For sow, an optical-electronic system and CCD-matrix television channels have been developed. The installation is reliably protected from radio frequency interference and works around the clock, which has positively affected the "survivability" of the SPC. Sow 35 tons. Completed with four rockets. The crew consists of 4 people.
About pumping installation 9A316
ROM "BUK-M2" is used as a transporting machine and a launcher. 9A316 provides pre-assessment and launch of anti-aircraft managed missiles.
This ROM is installed on the tracked chassis GM-577. For towed, wheel semi-trailers with tractors are provided. Starting supports are equipped with four rockets. In the same amount of Zur have transport supports. Charged ROM for 13 minutes. Weighs installation 38 tons. Combat calculation 4 people.
About management tools
The anti-aircraft missile complex is equipped:
- Command Paragraph 9C510. It is transported using a caterpillar chassis or a wheel semi-trailer using tractors. The reaction time takes no more than 2 s. Weigh up to 30 tons. The crew is 6 people.
- Radar station (RLS) 9C36, which detects the goals and guidance of missiles in a wooded area. The station is completed with an antenna that rises to a height of up to 22 meters. The antenna is a phased grid that provides electronic scanning. The station is installed on tracked chassis or on wheeled semi-trailers with tractors. RLS reveals a target to 120 km. The station is able to simultaneously detect up to 10 goals, highlighting four priority from them. On the tracked chassis, the station weighs up to 36 tons, on wheeled - 30 tons. In the crew four people.
- Radar station 9c18m1-3, which performs the detection of the target. It is a phased waveguide and slotted grille. There is a station in several stages. Initially, the airspace is scanned with a ray in the vertical plane. Then the data obtained with the help of telecode lines are transmitted to the command post. Detection range is 160 km. Review lasts for 6 seconds. Especially for automatic protection against an active interference for the station, instantaneous pulse restructuring and blocking range intervals are provided. Weighs station up to 30 tons. To translate it from a combat position in a hiking and on the contrary, five minutes are enough. The crew provides for the presence of three people.
Characteristics "Beech-M2"
- Weigh combat machine 35.5 tons.
- Engine power is 710 liters. from.
- The speed of the cross-country movement is 45 km / h.
- Time for the deployment of "Beech-M2" up to five minutes.
- Shooting is carried out at speed - 4 seconds.
- Time to the reaction - up to 10 seconds.
- The crew is three people.
- Fire from the complexes "Buk-M2" is conducted under the control of operators and autonomously.
- SPK is able to simultaneously fire 24 opponent aviation facility.
- Anti-aircraft missile setting Attaching targets amazes at a speed of 1100 m / s, removed - 400 m / s.
- The complex has an operational resource up to 20 years.
Production
Thanks to its high indicators, this SPC was immediately approved by the expert commission and was adopted by the Soviet Army. However, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a severe economic situation in the country, the mass production of complexes was suspended. Press the air defense of the Russian Federation data from SPC was launched only in 2008. In service with the Russian army today there are 300 units "Building". Military polygons "Alkino" and "Kapustin Yar" became the place of their deployment. Production of anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk-M2" is carried out at the Ulyanovsky mechanical plant. The company conducted a number of comprehensive works, designed to reorganize technological processes and re-equip the equipment. The plant has been replenished with a workshop on which the antenna systems are manufactured. In addition, Russian and foreign specialists opened in the enterprise of training and retraining centers. A large amount of these SPC is performed for export. In 2011, 19 units "Buk-M2" were delivered for the needs of the Syrian army. Two Russian complexes own Venezuela. The exact number of SPK in Iraq and Azerbaijan is unknown.
Finally
Today, in the context of any military conflict, the opponent's aviation attacks first of all air defense facilities. It is successfully confirmed by this, having in service the most modern anti-aircraft missile systems.
"Beech-M2", despite all the indisputable advantages of the installation, continues to be intensively refined and improved. In the beech family, there are already upgraded models M2E, M3 and M4.
Self-propelled military SPK "BUK" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets on small and medium heights, in conditions of radiopectiveness, and in the future - and with ballet missiles of the Lance type.
The development, started in 1972, provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers previously involved in the creation of the Cube SPC. At the same time, the development of SPM M-22 ("Hurricane") was defined for the navy using a united with a complex "beech" Zur.
The developer of the SPK "Beech" (9k37) as a whole was determined by the Research Institute of Instrument Development of the Scientific and Design Association "Phazotron". A. A. Rostov was appointed the main designer of the complex.
The development of missiles was instructed by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator" headed by L. V. Luliem. The detection and targeting station (social) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Devices under the guidance of the main designer A. P. Vetoshko (then - Yu. P. Schechkovova).
Starting installations (ROM) were created in the engineering construction bureau "Start" under the direction of A. I. Yaskin.
A set of technical support and maintenance of automotive chassis was also developed for the complex.
The completion of the development of the complex of the complex was envisaged in 1975
However, in 1974 it was decided to carry out the creation of a "beech" VPC in two stages. It was proposed to initially develop Zur and self-propelled fire installation of the "beech" SPC, capable of carrying out a launch of 9m38 rockets and zur 3m9mz from the Cube-M3 complex. At this database using other funds of the Cuba-M3 complex, it was envisaged to create a "BUK-1" SPR (9k37-1), providing its exit to joint tests in September 1974, retaining previously prescribed volumes and timing of the work on the complex "In full specified composition.
For SPK "BUK-1", it was envisaged in each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries "Cuba-M3" regiment, in addition to one self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance and four self-propelled launchers, to have one self-propelled fire setting 9A38 from the composition of the "beech" . Thus, due to the use of self-propelled fire installation costs about 30% of the costs of all other batteries in the "Cuba-MH anti-aircraft missile shelf", the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combosions of Zur - from 60 to 75.
Placed on the tracked chassis GM-569 self-propelled fire installation 9A38, as it were, combined the functions of the self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance and self-propelled start-up setting, used as part of the Cube-M3 Sprink. It provided a search in the installed sector, detecting and capturing the goal of auto driving, the solution of predamal problems, start-up and self-deployment of three missiles on it (9m38 or 3m9mz), as well as three zur 3m9mz, located on a conjugate one of the self-propelled launchers 2p25mz SPC "Cube-M3Z". The combat operation of the self-propelled fire installation could be carried out both when managing and targeting the self-propelled plant of exploration and guidance and autonomously.
The composition of the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 includes a 9C35 radar station, a digital computing system, a power tracking device, a terrestrial radar requester operating in the "password" system, television-optical vizer, telecommunication equipment with self-propelled intelligence and guidance equipment, instrument Wired communication with self-propelled starting installation, autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, top acceptance and orientation equipment, life support system.
The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of four people is 34 tons.
Achievements in the field of creating microwave-appliances, quartz and electromechanical filters, digital computing machines (TSM) allowed us to combine the functions of detection stations, accompaniment and reference targets in the radar 9C35. The station operates in a centimeter wave range using a single antenna and two transmitters - impulse and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and auto operation of the target in the quasi-barrier radiation mode or, when there is difficulty with an unambiguous range determination, in pulsed mode with pulse compression (using linear frequency modulation), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to highlight the target and zur. The antenna station system leads the sector search to the electromechanical manner, the maintenance of the target along the angular coordinates and the range is made by the mono-pulse method, and the processing of signals - the CVM. The width of the antenna detection chart of the target accompaniment channel is 1.3 ° in azimuth and 2.5 ° at the corner of the place, the refovement channel is 1.4 ° in azimuth and 2.65 ° at the corner of the place. The search engine for the search sector (120 ° in azimuth and 6-7 ° at the corner of the place) offline is 4 C, in the CSU mode (10 ° in azimuth and 7 ° at the corner of the place) - 2 s.
The average power of the channel detection and maintenance channel transmitter when using quasi-transitive signals is at least 1 kW, when using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target reference transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise coefficient of survey and penetration receivers of the station did not exceed 10 dB. The transition time of the RLS from the duty regime in the battle is no more than 20 s. The station is able to uniquely determine the speed of the target with accuracy -20 ... + 10 m / s. Selection of moving purposes is ensured. Maximum range errors do not exceed 175 m, the standard errors of measuring the angular coordinates are not more than 0.5 d. RLS is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled fire unit provides blocking of the launch of Zur when accompanied by its aircraft or helicopter.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A38 has a starting device with replaceable guides either for three zur 3m9mz or for three zur 9m38.
An anti-air-stage rocket 9m38 has a two-time solid fuel engine (total working time - about 15 ° C). The refusal of the direct-flowing engine was explained as the instability of its work at large corners of the attack and the large resistance on the passive site of the trajectory, and the complexity of his work, to a large extent determined the disruption of the timing of the creation of the Cube complex. Metal is applied in the power of the engine chamber.
The overall rocket diagram is normal, X-shaped, with a wing of small elongation - externally resembled American ship's anti-aircraft missiles of the "Tartar" families and "Standard", which corresponded to rigid dimensional restrictions when applying Sur 9m38 in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.
In the front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a combat part are sequentially placed. To reduce the scatter of the flight time of the flight, the Cegration Camera RDTT is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which elements of the steering drive are located.
A smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and the tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the rocket 3m9. For a rocket, a new GES was developed with a combined control system. The complex realized the homing of Zur according to the proportional navigation method.
Zur 9M38 can ensure the defeat of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km on the range from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The rocket develops a flight speed of 1000 m / s and can maneuver with overloads up to 19g.
The mass of the rocket is 685 kg, including the combat part - 70 kg.
The 9M38 rocket design ensures its supply to troops in a transport container in a finally equipped form, as well as operation without checking and regulatory work for 10 years.
Tests of the "BOK-1" SPC took place from August 1975 to October 1976
As a result of the test, the detection range of radar aircraft by the self-propelled fire unit was obtained offline operations from 65 to 77 km at the heights of more than 3000 m, which at low heights (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were found at a distance of 21-35 km. In centralized operation, due to the limited features of the outstanding target designation of self-propelled installation and guidance 1C91m2, airplane detection range decreased to 44 km for the heights at 3000-7000 m and up to 21-28 km at small heights.
The work time of the self-propelled fire unit offline (from the purpose of detection to the start of Zur) was 24-27 seconds. Charged and discharge time with three zur 3m9mz or 9m38 amounted to about 9 minutes.
When shooting Zur 9m38, the defeat of airplanes flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was provided on the range from 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The lesion zone in height was from 30 m to 14 km, in the course parameter - 18 km. The probability of damage to the aircraft of one zur 9m38 was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978 due to the fact that the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 and ZUR 9M38 were funds only with the "Cube-MH" SPC, the complex was called "Cuba-M4" (2k12m4).
The "Cuba-M4" complexes that appeared in the air defense troops made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the air defense divisions of the Soviet army of the Soviet army.
Joint tests of the "Beech" complex in the full defined range of funds were conducted from November 1977 to March 1979
The fighting agents of the SPE "Beech" possessed the following characteristics.
Located on the GM-579 chassis, the command paragraph 9C470 provided: reception, display and processing information on the purposes received from the 9C18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled fire settings 9A310, as well as with higher KP; the choice of dangerous purposes and the distribution of them between self-propelled fire installations in manual and automatic modes, the task of their responsibility sectors, displaying information about the presence of zur on them and on commissioning installations; On the literal transmitters of the reference of self-propelled fire facilities, about their work on targets; On the modes of the location of the detection and target designation; Organization of the work of the complex under conditions of interference and applied by an opponent of anti-radication missiles; Documenting the work and training of the CP calculation. The command post processed reports of 46 targets at heights up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km per cycle of the discovery and target station and issued up to 6 target designations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and at the corner of the place, 400-700 m for the range . The mass of KP with a combat calculation of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command point has anti-high and anti-radiation protection and is able to develop speed on the road to 65 km / h, over rough terrain - up to 45 km / h. Power reserve - 500 km.
The 9C18 detection station ("dome") is a three-way coherent pulse - works in a centimeter wave range, has an electronic beam scanning at the corner of the place (in the sector 30 or 40 °) and the mechanical (circular or in the specified sector) is the rotation of an azimuth antenna (with using electrical or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight height of 30 m) and transmission of information about the air atmosphere on KP 9C470.
The pace of view of the space, depending on the installed sector at the corner of the location and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 seconds with a circular review and from 2.5 to 4.5 s when viewed in the 30 ° sector. Radar information is transmitted by a telephone line to KP 9C470 in the amount of 75 marks for the review period (4.5 s).
The range of mean-square errors (approximation) of the coordinates of the targets were: not more than 20 "in azimuth and at the corner of a place, not more than 130 m in terms of range. Resolving the ability of a distance is no worse than 300 m, in azimuth and at the corner of the place - 4 °. To protect against The targeted interference was used to restructure the carrier frequency from the pulse to the pulse, from the response - the same and blank range of the range over the channel of the auto counterpart, from incomprehensible pulse change of inclination of linear frequency modulation and blanking areas of the range. With noise barrier interference and external covering of the specified levels of detection and target designation. Provides a detection of a fighter aircraft for at least 50 km. The station provides wiring of goals with a probability of not lower than 0.5 against the background of local items and in passive interference with the selection scheme of moving targets with wind speed autoompensation. The station is protected from anti-radication missiles using software adjustment carrier frequency for 1.3 C, transition to circular polarization of probing signals or into intermittent radiation mode (flicker).
The station includes an antenna post consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide line that provides an electronic beam scanning in the angular plane, a rotary device, an antenna addition device in a marking position transmitting device (with an average up to 3.5 kW) , receiving device (with noise coefficient no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on the finalized self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 family. The difference between the tracked database of the detection and target designation station from the chassis of other combat facilities, the "beech" SPC was determined by the fact that the Dome radar was initially defined in the development outside the composition of SPC as a means of detecting a detectional air defense unit.
The time of translation of the station from a hiking position in combat is no more than 5 minutes, and from the duty regime to the working - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is not more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310 In its intended purpose and the device was different from the Self-propelled fire unit 9A38 Cuba-M4 Sprink ("BOK-1") by the fact that with the help of the telephone line, it was not conjured with self-propelled installation and guidance 1C91MZ and self-propelled installation P25MZ, And with KP 9C470 and a commissioning setting 9A39. In addition, on the starting device of the self-propelled fire unit 9A310, not three, and four zur 9m38 were located. The time of its transfer from the hiking position in combat does not exceed 5 minutes. The time of transferring the installation from the duty regime to the worker, in particular, after changing the position with the enabled equipment is no more than 20 s. Chargeing the self-propelled fire unit 9A310 Four zur from a commissioning unit was carried out for 12, and from the transport machine - in 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons.
The length of the self-propelled fire installation is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in the operating position), the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).
Putting on the GM-577 chassis 9A39 is designed for the transportation and storage of eight zur (4 on the starting device and on fixed lifes), the launch of four zur, the self-loading of its starting device four zur from the lifesters, self-equipping eight zur from the transport machine ( For 26 min), with soil lifes and from transport containers, charging and discharge of self-propelled fire installation Four zur. Thus, the commissioning installation of the SPE "Beech" combined the functions of the transport and charging machine and the self-propelled launcher of the Cube complex. In addition to the starting device with a power tracking, the tap and the lodges included a digital computing machine, a navigation, top acceptance and orientation, telecommunications, power supply, and power supply, and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat calculation of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.
The length of the commissioning unit is 9.96 m, the width is 3.316 m, the height is 3.8 m.
The Command Point of the Complex takes from the KP of the Zenit Rocket Brigade "Beech" (Polyana-D4 ACS) and from the station detection and target information about the air situation, processes it and gives the target designation for self-propelled fires, which according to the CSU data and capture on Auto repair goals. At the entrance of the goals in the zone of the defeat, zur is carried out. Rocket guidance is made according to the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting the target. When adjusting the goal of the GSN gives the command to the radio drive to the closest echo. When rapprochement, at a distance of 17 m on the team, a combat part is undermined. During the non-displacement of the radio transmission of Zur Samolvivs. If the goal is not amazed, it is started by the second zur.
Compared to the Cube-M3 and Cube-M4 SPC, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous shelling by a division up to six purposes, and if necessary, performing up to six independent combat missions with autonomous use of self-propelled fire installations; Great reliability of the detection of goals due to the organization of a joint view of the space of the station detection and target designation and six self-propelled fire installations; increased noiselessness due to the use of the on-board calculator of the GSN and the special type of reference signal; Great efficiency of targeting the target due to the increased power of the combat part of Zur.
According to the results of the shooting tests and modeling, it was determined that the "beech" SPR ensures the shelling of the unbreakable goals flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, on the range of 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at The speed of targets up to 300 m / s) under the course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of lesion of one zur, equal to 0.7-0.8. When shooting for targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8G, the likelihood of lesion decreased to 0.6.
Organizationally SPK "BUK" was reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: KP (a brigade of the team of the ACS "Polyana-d4"); Four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their KP 9c470, an 9C18 detection and targeting station, a connection platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two self-propelled fire settings 9A310 and one commissioning unit 9A39 each; as well as technical support and maintenance units. The management of the anti-aircraft missile brigade "Beech" was to be carried out with the CP Air Defense of the Army.
The "Beech" complex was adopted by the military air defense cells in 1980. Serial production of combat facilities ARC "Beech" was mastered in cooperation involved for the Cuba-M4 complex.
Zones of the defeat of the SPK-M 1 -2
In 1979, a modernization of the SPK "BUK" was carried out in order to increase his combat capacity, the protection of its electronic means from interference and anticulate rockets. As a result of the tests conducted in 1982, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 complex compared to the "beech" SPC provides a large area of \u200b\u200baircraft damage, capable of chopping Alcm winged missiles with a probability of destruction of one zur not lower than 0.4, Hyu-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hanging helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a distance of from 3.5 to 6-10 km. In the self-propelled fire installation, 72 liter lighting frequencies are used (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection against mutual and deliberate interference. The recognition of three classes of goals is provided: airplanes, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The command paragraph 9c470m1 compared to KP 9C470 provides simultaneous reception of information from its own station of detection and target designation and about six purposes from the PVA air defense station (tank) air defense station or from the Army Air Defense CP, as well as a comprehensive training of all the calculations of the SPR combat. Self-propelled fire installation 9A310M1 compared to installation 9A310 provides detection and capture of the target to auto operation on large ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of airplanes, ballistic missiles and helicopters with probability not lower than 0.6.
The complex uses a more perfect station of detection and target designation 9C18M1 ("Dome-M1"), which has a flat carbon headlights and self-propelled tracked chassis GM567M, the same type from the KP chassis, self-propelled fire installation and a commissioning unit. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, the width is 3.25 m, the height is 3.25 m (8.02 m in the working position), the mass is 35 tons. In the "Buk-M1" complex, effective organizational and Technical measures to protect against anticulate rockets. The combat facilities of the "Buk-M1" complex are interchangeable with the same type of military vehicles of the SPK "Beech" without their improvements, the staffing organization of combat formations and technical units are similar to the "beech" complex. The complex equipment of the complex includes: 9B95M1E - automated control and test moving station on ZIL-131 and trailer; 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance machines at Ural-43203-1012; 9V881E - Maintenance Machine "Ural-43203-1012"; 9T229 - transport machine for 8 zur (or six containers with zur) to KRAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - Maintenance workshop on ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the military air defense of the air defense system in 1983. In the same year he entered the airflow and SPMI of the IMF M-22 "Hurricane", unified with the "beech" software in Zur 9m38. Complexes of the "Beech" family were offered to supply abroad under the name "Gang".
During the teachings of "Defense-92", the SPEK of the Beech family was held successful shootings on targets based on the BR R-17, "Star" and on the basis of the Rasset Raszo "Tornado".
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the further modernization of the "beech" complex - the creation of a SPC repeatedly imagined at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural". Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP them. V. V. Tikhonravova in 1994-97. Work was carried out on the creation of the SPK-M1-2 SPC.
Due to the application of the new rocket 9m317 and the modernization of other means of the complex, the possibility of defeating the tactical BR type "Lans" and aircraft missiles on the range of up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, surface ships to 25 km and land targets (aircraft on airfields, launchers installations, large command items) on the range up to 15 km. Increased efficiency of lesion of aircraft, helicopters and kilf
lAW rockets. The boundaries of the lesion zones are increased to 45 km in terms of range and up to 25 km in height. The new rocket provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar GSN with guidance by the proportional navigation method. The starting mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a mass of combat part 50-70 kg. The new rocket 9m317 externally differed from 9m38 significantly smaller the length of the chord of the wing. In addition to the use of an improved missile, an introduction is provided to the complex of a new RLC reflux of targets and guidance of missiles with an antenna accommodation at an altitude of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of the RLS of the reference of targets and guidance, the combat capabilities of the complex for the damage to low-fat goals, in particular, modern winged missiles are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for the presence of KP and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled fire unit carrier for four zours and capable of providing simultaneous shelling up to four targets, and one commissioning installation with eight zur; Two sections, each of which includes one of the highlighting and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous shelling to four goals, and two commissioning installations with eight zur on each.
The complex is developed in two versions: movable on the tracked machines of the GM569 family by type used in previous modifications of the "beech" complex, as well as transported on road trains with semi-trailers and vehicles. In the last embodiment, at some reduction of the cost deteriorates the indicators of the Penthood and the time of deployment of the SPC from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.
In particular, the ICD "Start" during work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" complex (the "Buk-M 1-2" and "BUK-M2") launcher 9P619 and a commissioning unit 9A316 on a tracked chassis, and Also launcher 9A318 on the wheel chassis. The process of development of families of the SPC "Cube" and "Beech" is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, which ensures a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of air defense forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this path of development creates both prerequisites for gradual technical lagging. In particular, even in the promising versions of the "Beech" complex, no secure and reliable scheme of continuous operation of the rocket in the transport and starting container nor the all-round vertical launch of Zur, embedded in all other SPC of the total second generation of the second generation. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of weapons development has to be considered as almost the only possible, and the choice made by the Customer and the developers of the Cube Cube and "BUK" as correct. SPC consists in service of Finland, India, Russia, Syria, Yugoslavia.
Tactico -Technical characteristics
The military anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" (9k37) is designed to be destroyed under the conditions of radiopectiveness of aerodynamic objectives flying at a speed of up to 830 meters per second, on small and medium heights, on the range of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units, and In the future - Ballistic missiles "Lans". The development began in accordance with the Decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972. It provided for the use of co-operating manufacturers and developers, according to the main composition of the corresponding previously involved in the creation of the cube "cube". At the same time, the development of the anti-aircraft missile complex M-22 ("Hurricane") was determined for the Navy using an anti-aircraft managed rocket, one with the "beech".
The developer of the "BUK" complex as a whole was determined by NIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NGO (Scientific-Design Association) Phazotron (General Director of Grishin V.K.) MPP (previously OKB-15 GKAT). The main designer of the complex 9k37 - Roughs A.A., KP (command post) 9c470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), Sou (self-propelled fire plants) 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler GSH 9E50 for anti-aircraft managed missiles - Akopyan I.G.
ROM (commissioning installation) 9A39 was created in the ICD (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (Earlier SKB-203 GKAT), Head Yaskin A.I.
Unified Tracked Chassis for the Complex Machines developed OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchinsky Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Mechanical Engineering under the direction of Astrov N.A.
The development of 9M38 missiles was instructed by the SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "NOVATOR" MAP (formerly OKB-8) headed by Lullev L.V., refusing to attract the Design Bureau of Plant No. 134, which previously developed a managed missile for the "Cube" complex.
Socialist 9C18 (Dome Station) ("Dome") was developed in NIIIP (Research Institute of Measuring Devices) of the Ministry of Radio Industries under the leadership of Vetosko A.P. (Later - delicate Yu.P.).
Also, a set of tools was developed for the complex. Security and maintenance on the car chassis.
The completion of the development of means of the anti-aircraft missile complex was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.
But for an early strengthening of the anti-heart defense of the main shock forces of St. Tank Division - with the increase in the fighting capabilities of anti-aircraft missile regiments "Cube" included in the data of the division by increasing the channel for two times (and, if possible, ensure the full autonomy of the channels during Works from the detection of the target to its defeat), by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of July 22, 1974, was prescribed to establish the creation of an anti-aircraft missile complex "beech" in 2 stages. Initially, it was proposed to develop an accelerated pace to develop an anti-aircraft controlled missile and self-propelled fire installation of the "beech" anti-aircraft missile complex, capable of running 9m38 rockets and 3m9m3 rockets of the Cube-M3 complex. At this database using other means of the Cuba-M3 complex, the Zenit Rocket Complex "BUK-1" (9k37-1) was to be created, and to ensure its exit to joint tests in September 1974. At the same time, previously prescribed time and scope of work on the "beech" of the Completely specified composition remained.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to be part of each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pcs.) The "Cube-M3" regiment, in addition to one SURN and 4 by self-propelled starting settings, introduce a self-propelled fire unit 9A38, from the composition of the Bech Rocket Complex. Thus, due to the use of self-propelled fire installation, the cost of which was about 30% of the costs of other batteries, the "Cuba-M3" regiment, the number of warning anti-aircraft controlled missiles increased from 60 to 75, and target channels from 5 to 10.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A38, mounted on the chassis GM-569, as if combined the functions of SURN and self-propelled PU used as part of the Cuba-M3 complex. Self-propelled fire setting 9A38 was provided in the installed sector, detection and capture of targets for automatic support were detected, predicted tasks, start and self-identification of 3 missiles (3m9m3 or 9m38) located on it, as well as 3 controlled missiles 3m9m3, located on self-propelled PU 2P25M3, Conjugate with her. The combat work of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and in control and targeting from SURN.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A38 consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- RLS 9C35;
- starting device equipped with a power tracking drive;
- television optical vizary;
- ground radar requester operating in the system identification system "Password";
- Telephone communication equipment with SURN;
- wired communication equipment with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- navigation, topographic binding and orientation equipment;
- Life support systems.
The weight of the self-propelled fire installation, including a mass of combat calculation of consisting of four people, was equal to 34 thousand kg.
The progress, which was reached in terms of the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, digital computing machines, allowed us to combine the functions of detection stations, reference and maintaining the target in the radar station 9C35. The station functioned in a centimeter wave range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and impulse radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically accompanying the target in the quasi-barrier radiation mode or, in case of difficulties with a unique range definition, in pulsed mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). Continuous radiation transmitter was used to highlight the target and anti-aircraft controlled missiles. The antenna station system carried out the sector search to the electromechanical method, the maintenance of the target for the range and the angular coordinates was carried out by a monoimpulse method, and the signal processing produced the TSM. The width of the equidist channel antenna antenna diagram was 1.3 degrees and at the corner of the place - 2.5 degrees, the refovement channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and at the corner of the place - 2.65 degrees. The search engine for the search sector (at the corner of the place is 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) offline - 4 seconds, in the CSU mode (at the corner of the place - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average power of the transmitter of the detection and maintenance channel of the target is: in the case of the use of quasi-barrier signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the reference transmitter is a minimum of 2 kW. The noise coefficient of the direction finding and overview receivers of the station is not more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between the duty and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could definitely determine the speed of goals with accuracy from -20 to +10 m / s; Ensure the selection of moving goals. The maximum range of range - 175 meters, the rms error of measuring the angular coordinates - 0.5 D.U. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled fire installation was provided with a blocking of the start of an anti-aircraft controlled rocket when accompanied by its helicopter or aircraft.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A38 was equipped with a starting device with interchangeable guides intended for 3 controlled missiles 3m9m3 or for 3 controlled 9M38 missiles.
In an anti-aircraft rocket 9m38, a two-mode solid fuel engine was applied (the total time of operation was about 15 seconds.). From using the direct-flowing engine, it was refused not only due to the long resistance on passive areas of the trajectory and instability of work at the large corner of the attack, but also due to the complexity of its development, which largely determined the disruption of the timing of the creation of the SPC "Cube". The power design of the engine chamber was made of metal.
The overall scheme of the anti-aircraft missile - x-shaped, normal, with a small elongation wing. The appearance of the rocket resembled the ship's anti-aircraft missiles of the "Standard" family and "Tartar" of American production. This corresponded to rigid dimensional limitations when using anti-aircraft controlled 9M38 missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the Navy of the USSR.
The rocket was performed according to the normal scheme and had a small extension wing. In front of the front, sequentially placed semi-active GMH, autopilot equipment, food and combat part. To reduce the scatter of the flight time, the combustion chamber of RDTT placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle unit was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the elements of the steering drive are placed. The rocket has no parts separated in flight. The diameter of the rocket was 400 mm, the length is 5.5 m, the rubbing of the steering wheel - 860 mm.
The front compartment diameter (330 mm) of the rocket was less in relation to the tail compartment and the engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3m9 family. The rocket was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented the homing of an anti-aircraft managed rocket using the proportional navigation method.
An anti-aircraft controlled rocket 9m38 ensured the defeat of the objectives at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand m for the range - from 3.5 to 32 km. The flight rate of the rocket was 1000 m / s and maneuver with overloads up to 19 poen.
Weight rocket - 685 kg, including 70-kg combat part.
The design of the rocket ensured its delivery to the troops in a finally equipped form in a transport container 9I266, as well as operation without regulatory work and checks for 10 years.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Zenit Rocket Complex "Beech-1" consisting of SURN 1C91M3, a self-propelled fire unit 9A38, self-propelled PU 2P25M3, anti-aircraft controlled missiles 9m38 and 3m9m3, and MTO (maintenance machines) 9V881 passed state. Tests on the Embune Polygon (head of the Polygon Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of the Commission headed by Bimbash P.S.
As a result of the tests, the aircraft detection range was obtained by a radar station of the self-propelled fire installation that operating offline at heights of more than 3 thousand m is from 65 to 77 km, at low heights (from 30 to 100 meters), the detection range decreased to 32-41 kilometers. The detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a distance of 21-35 km. When working in centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the outstanding target designation of SURN 1C91M2, the range of detection of aircraft at altitudes 3-7 km decreased to 44 kilometers and targets at small altitudes - up to 21-28 km. In the offline mode, the work time of the self-propelled fire installation (from the moment of detecting the target to the start of the controlled rocket) was 24-27 seconds. Charge / discharge time with three anti-aircraft controlled 9m38 or 3m9m3 missiles was 9 minutes.
When shooting an anti-aircraft controlled rocket 9m38, the defeat of an airplane flying at heights of more than 3 thousand meters was provided for a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The lesion zone is height - from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in the course parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of damage to the aircraft of one controlled rocket 9m38 - 0.70-0.93.
The complex adopted in 1978. Since the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 and the anti-aircraft controlled rocket 9m38 were means complementing the means of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Cuba-M3", the complex was given the name "Cuba-M4" (2k12m4).
Self-propelled fire units 9A38 were made by the Ulyanovsky Mechanical MPP plant, and the anti-aircraft controlled missiles 9m38 - the Dolgoprudnensky machine-building plant MAP, previously produced 3m9 rockets.
Complexes "Cube-M4", which appeared in the air defense troops of the land forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the Tank Division of SVA.
Joint tests of the "beech" SPR in the full predetermined composition of the funds occurred from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embune Polygon (Head Zubarev V.V.) under the leadership of the commission headed by firstbovy Yu.N.
The fighting means of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" had the following characteristics.
The 9C470 command paragraph installed on the GM-579 chassis ensured the reception, display and processing of data on the purposes coming from the 9C18 station (detection station and target) and 6 self-propelled fire settings 9A310, as well as from higher command items; The choice of dangerous goals and their distribution between self-propelled fire installations in automatic and manual modes, setting their responsibility sectors, display information about the presence of anti-aircraft controlled missiles on fire and commissioning installations, on the lines of reference transmitters of fire installations, about working on targets, mode the work of the station detection and target designation; organization of the work of the complex under the interference and the use of anticulate missiles; Documenting the training and work of the CP. Command points were treated with reports of 46 goals in the heights of up to 20 thousand m in the zone with a radius of 100 thousand m for the station review cycle and issued up to 6 targets for self-propelled fire installations (1 degree accuracy and azimuth accuracy - 1 degree 400-700 meters). The mass of the command item, including the combat calculation of 6 people, not more than 28 tons.
Cherent-pulsed three-coordinate station of detection and targeting "Dome" (9C18) of a centimeter range Having an electronic beam scanning at the corner of the place in the sector (30 or 40 degrees are installed) with a mechanical (in a given sector or a circular) rotation of an azimuth antenna (using a hydraulic line or electric drive). The 9C18 station was intended to detect and identify air targets to 110-120 kilometers (with an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmission to the command paragraph 9C470 information about the air situation.
Depending on the presence of interference and the installed sector at the corner of the site, the speed of view of space with a circular review was 4.5 - 18 seconds and during a review in the 30 degrees sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transferred to the command paragraph 9C470 via a telephone line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (was 4.5 seconds). The standard errors for measuring the coordinates of the targets: at the corner of the place and in azimuth - no more than 20 ", by range - no more than 130 meters, resolving the corner of the corner and in azimuth - 4 degrees, by range - no more than 300 meters.
To ensure protection against targeted interference, the carrier frequency be used between pulses, from the response noise, the same plus the blanking range of the range through the channel of automatic removal, from incomplete pulse interference - blanking areas of the range and shift the linear frequency modulation slope. The detection and targeting station with noise barrier interference and the external cover of the specified levels ensured the detection of the fighter on the ranges of at least 50 thousand m. The station was provided with a guide with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local items using the selection scheme of moving purposes With the autocomptation of wind speeds. The detection and target design station was protected from the rover of the carrier frequency rockets of the carrier frequency of 1.3 seconds, transition to the circular polarization of the probing signal or to the flicker (intermittent radiation) mode.
Station 9C18 consisted of an antenna post consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile and an irradiator having a form of a waveguide line (provided in the angular plane electronic scanning of the beam), a rotary device, an antenna addition devices; transmitting device (average power of 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise coefficient up to 8) and other systems.
All station equipment was placed on the modified self-propelled chassis "about. 124" of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target design station was different from the chassis of other means of the anti-aircraft missile complex "beech" differed, since the Dome radar station was initially asked to develop outside the zenith complex - as a means of detecting a detection link of the air defense of the Ground Forces.
The time of transfer of the station between the hiking and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from the duty officer to the operating mode - about 20 seconds. Mass station (including calculation of 3 people) - up to 28.5 tons.
On your device and destination Self-propelled fire installation 9A310 from the self-propelled fire unit 9A38 of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Cuba-M4" ("" BOK-1 ") was distinguished by the fact that it was not binding to the telecode line with SURN 1C91M3 and self-propelled PU 2P25M3, but with command Paragraph 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the starting device of installation 9A310 not three, but four anti-aircraft controlled rockets 9m38. The installation time of the installation from the hiking in combat position was less than 5 minutes. Translation time from duty to the operating mode, in particular, after changing positions, with the instrument turned on, it was up to 20 seconds. The charge of the fire installation 9A310 with four anti-aircraft controlled missiles with a commissioning installation was made in 12 minutes, and from the transport machine - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled fire installation, including the combat calculation of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.
The length of the self-propelled fire installation is 9.3 meters, the width is 3.25 meters (in the operating position - 9.03 meters), the height is 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).
9A39 Starting Installation Installed on the chassis GM-577 was intended for transportation and storage of eight anti-aircraft controlled rockets (on the starting device - 4, on fixed lifes - 4), start 4 controlled missiles, self-loading of its PU fetter missiles with lifesters, self-operation 8- Yur from the transport vehicle (charge time is 26 minutes), from ground lifes and transport containers, discharge and on the starting device of self-propelled fire installation with 4 anti-aircraft controlled rockets. Thus, the commissioning installation of the Zenit Rocket Complex "beech" combined the functions of the TZM and self-propelled PU complex "Cube". A commissioning unit consisted of a starting device with a tracking force, crane, lodents, a digital computing machine, topographic binding equipment, navigation, telecommunication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. Installation mass including combat calculation of 3 people - 35.5 tons.
Dimensions of commissioning installation: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.
The KP complex received from the command item of the zenit rocket brigade "beech" (automated control system "Polyana-D4") and from the detection station and target designation data on the air situation, processed them and issued instructions on self-propelled fire settings that carried out the search and capture on automatic support Objectives. At the entrance of the target in the defeat zone, there was a launch of anti-aircraft controlled missiles. To guide the missile, a proportional navigation method was used, which provided a high accuracy of the guidance. When the homeworker, the head of the homing head issued a team to the radio visitor to the closest echoing. Under rapprochement, 17 meters at the command Undermining the combat part. With the non-displacement of the radio visitor, the anti-aircraft controlled rocket is self-destruction. In the event of not the defeat of the goal, the second rocket was carried out.
Compared to the anti-aircraft missile complexes "Cuba-M3" and "Cuba-M4", the "beech" SPC had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling up to six division objectives, and if necessary, up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled fire installations;
- greater reliability of detection thanks to the organization of a joint view of space 6 with self-propelled fire installations and a station of detection and target designation;
- increased interference due to the use of a special view of the reference signal and onboard computor of the homing head;
- greater efficiency of targeting targets due to the increased power of the combat part of the anti-aircraft managed rocket.
Based on the results of testing and modeling, it was determined that the "beech" anti-nominal missile complex was provided by the shelling of non-lawing purposes, which fly at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at a speed of up to 800 m / s, on the range from 3-25 km (at a speed of up to 300 m / C - up to 30 km) under the course parameter up to 18 kilometers with a probability of damage to one controlled rocket - 0.7-0.8. When shooting maneuvering purposes (overload up to 8 units), the likelihood of lesion was 0.6.
Organizationally anti-aircraft missile systems "Beech" were reduced to missile brigades, consisting of: command clause (a martial control point of the automated control system "Polyana-D4"), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their command clauses 9c470, the station detection and target designation 9C18, platoon Communication and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (in each two self-propelled fire units 9A310 and one commissioning unit 9A39), maintenance and provisional divisions.
The management of the anti-aircraft missile brigade "Beech" was carried out from the command office of the air defense of the army.
The complex "Beech" for the armament of the air defense forces of the air defense forces was accepted in 1980. Serial production of combat vehicles of the "Beech" complex was mastered in cooperation involved for the Cube-M4 SPC. New Tools - KP 9C470, Self-propelled fire units 9A310 and 9C18 detection and target designation stations - MPP's Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant, 9A39 start-up installations - in the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant. Kalinina MAP.
In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the CM of the USSR, from 30.11.1979, a modernization of the Zenit Rocket Complex "Beech" was modernized to increase its combat capacity, the protection of radio-electronic means of the complex from anticulate missiles and interference.
As a result of the tests, which were held in February-December 1982 at the Embensky Polygon (Head - Zubarev V.V.) under the leadership of the commission headed by Gusev BM, it was found that the modernized "beech-M1" compared to the anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" provides a large area of \u200b\u200bairflow damage, can knock down the AlcM width rocket with a probability of lesion of one controlled rocket more than 0.4, Hyu-Cobra helicopters - 0,6-0.7, hanging helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 on the range from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.
In self-propelled fire installation, instead 36 uses 72 liter lighting frequencies, which contributes to an increase in protectedness from deliberate and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of goals - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.
Compared with the command clause 9c470 KP 9c470m1, it provides simultaneous data from its own detection and target designation station and on 6 goals from the air defense point of the tank (motorized rifle) division or from the Army Air Defense Command Point, as well as a comprehensive training session of the combat facilities of the anti-aircraft missile complex.
Compared to self-propelled fire setting 9A310, setting 9A310M1 provides detection and capture of the target for automatic support on large ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and airplanes with probability more than 0.6.
The complex uses a more perfect station of detection and target designation "Dome-M1" (9C18M1), having a flat angry phased antenna grid and self-propelled tracked chassis GM-567M. The probacarial chassis is used on the command paragraph, self-propelled fire installation and commissioning installation.
The detection and target design station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in operating position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.
The complex "Buk-M1" provides effective technical and organizational measures to protect against anti-radication missiles.
The fighting agents of the "Buk-M1" SPR are interchangeable with the same type of the "beech" complex without their refinement. The staffing organization of technical divisions and combat formations are similar to the "beech" anti-aircraft missile complex.
The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - automated control and test moving machines based on ZIL-131 and trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance machines based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance machine based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9T229 - a transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft controlled missiles (or six containers with controlled missiles) based on KRAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - Maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the forces of the air defense of the land forces in 1983 and its mass production was established in the cooperation of enterprises of the industry, producing funds for the "beech's anti-aircraft missile complex.
In the same year, the anti-aircraft missile complex of the navy M-22 "Hurricane" was also admitted, unified with the "beech" complex on controlled 9M38 missiles.
Complexes of the "beech" family called "Gang" were proposed to supply abroad.
During the teachings, "Defense 92" Zenit Rocket Complexes of the Beech family conducted successful shootings on targets based on the Ballistic Rocket Rocket, "Star" and Rasset Raszo "Tornado".
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the further modernization of the "beech" SPC - creating a zenith missile complex, which was repeatedly represented at different international exhibitions called "Ural".
Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after Tikhonravov in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the anti-aircraft missile complex "Buk-M1-2". Thanks to the use of a new rocket 9m317 and the modernization of other funds, the SPC was the possibility of destruction of tactical ballistic missiles "Lans" and aircraft missiles for a range of up to 20 thousand m, elements of high-precision and surface ships for a range of up to 25 thousand m and terrestrial purposes (major teams Points, launchers, aircraft on airfields) for the range up to 15 thousand m. The effectiveness of the defeat of the winged rockets, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the range zones increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new rocket provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-acuitive head of induction with a guidance method according to the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a starting mass of 710-720 kilograms with a mass of the BC 50-70 kilograms.
Externally, the new 9m317 rocket was different from 9m38 less than the length of the chord of the wing.
In addition to the use of an improved missile, the introduction of a new means is a new means - a radar stand of the reference and guidance of missiles with an antenna installation at an altitude of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the SPC on the destruction of low-fat goals, such as modern winged rockets, are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for the presence of a command paragraph and two types of fire sections:
- four sections that include on one modernized self-propelled fire unit carrying four controlled rockets and capable of providing the shelling of four goals at the same time, and a commissioning installation with 8 controlled missiles;
- Two sections including one radar highlighting and guidance radar station capable of providing simultaneous shelling of four goals, and two commissioning installations (on each eight controlled missiles).
Two options of the complex were developed - mobile on the tracked machines of GM-569 (used in previous modifications of the "beech"), as well as driven KRAZ and in road trains with semi-trailers. In the last option, the cost decreased, but the permeability and time of the deployment of the anti-aircraft missile complex with the march increases from 5 minutes to 10-15.
In particular, the ICD "Start" during the work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" SPC ("Buk-M1-2" complexes, "Buk-M2") were developed a commissioning unit 9A316 and a launcher 9p619 on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on the wheel chassis.
The process of the development of families of anti-aircraft missile systems "Cube" and "Beech" as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, which ensures a continuous increase in the possibilities of air defense of the SV at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates prerequisites for gradual those. Standing. For example, even in promising options, the "beech", a more reliable and safe scheme of continuous operation of zur in the transport and starting container, the all-round vertical launch of controlled missiles, embedded other anti-aircraft missile systems of the second generation. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible, and the choice made by the developers of complexes of the "beech" families and "cube" - as correct.
For the creation of an anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" Roughs A.A., Grishin V.K., Akopyan I.G., Zlatomrezhev, I.I., Vetosko A.P., Chukalovsky N.V. And others were awarded the statehood of the USSR. The development of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Buk-M 1" was noted by the state of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this award became Kozlov Yu.I., Even V.P., Shchekotov Yu.P., Chernov V.D., Solntsev S.V., Unupko V.R. and etc.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft missile systems such as "beech":
Name - "Beech" / "Buk-M1";
Zone of lesion by range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Zone of lesion in height - from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
The zone of the damage by parameter - up to 18 / to 22;
The likelihood of the fighter lesion by one controlled rocket is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of lesion of the helicopter with one controlled rocket is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
The probability of damage to the winged rocket is 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of affected goals is 800 m / s;
Reaction time - 22 sec.;
The speed of the flight of the anti-aircraft controlled rocket is 850 m / s;
Mass of the rocket - 685 kg;
Mass of the combat part - 70 kg;
Cal not for the purpose - 2;
Channel for zur (on target) - up to 3;
Deploying / coagulation time - 5 min.;
The number of anti-aircraft controlled missiles on a combat machine - 4;
Year of adoption - 1980/1983.
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