International Communist Party (France). International associations of parties Lecture issues • What kind of name is the international association of communist parties

Political parties in the system of international relations

AP Galkin

In the analysis of the actions of the subjects of international relations, the activities of political parties are mentioned very rarely, reducing it a peripheral role not only in relation to national governments and intergovernmental organizations, but also in relation to TNCs and broad public movements. Moreover, a number of theorists, stressing the decline in the role of national states in the structuring of international relations at the present stage and the increase in the role of non-state actors (media, non-governmental organizations, etc.), political parties are actually not considered :. Ignoring the activities of political parties as subjects of international relations in modern concepts can be explained only by the fact that this activity itself is ambiguous and multidimensional, that its various aspects are in a mutual contradiction and are also associated with the structural limitations of those subsystems of international life, where they are deployed. The emerging transition of Western societies to the post-industrial phase of development leads to the inevitable transformation of political parties, which greatly complicates the analysis of the activities of the latter due to changes in the generic signs of parties (allowing you to distinguish between the parties from other political associations), which in the international arena and so not always clearly manifested.

Political parties were formed in the West countries as self-organizing social systems, which are intended to promote the elected bodies and (through the latter) to government positions of persons who have claims to power powers. By definition of Maurice Duverge, it is a party of parliamentary origin, where the conquest of places in political assemblies is the essence of the party functioning: "The reason for its existence and the highest goal of it

life "2. Party were cooperations of independent candidates who, as of their own, genetic links - the community of social origin and its derivatives: similarity of living conditions and social interests. Only with the advent of workers and peasant parties (called in terms of ideological orientation: Social-democratic and socialist) batch acquires features characteristic of industrial society: a permanent organized structure (with a clearly pronounced role differentiation), as well as attribute properties: futuristic and mobilization. Based on the organizational structure of the parties, two principles dominated (from here M. Duverzha subdivided into personnel and mass 3), but in both cases the party ceased to be associations of persons applying for the possession of political authority, acquired an administrative apparatus (however, the device did not perform the device in the staff So much management as coordinating functions). In the presence of alternative ways of further social development, the party should have been submitted to a non-governmental project of the future: the achievement or preservation of such a model of a social device, which would provide a comfortable condition to certain social groups.

The implementation of the specified project includes the mobilization of material (excluded from social consumption and accumulation) and intangible (subordination and organization of disparate social forces, the development of doctrines and social and political technologies, etc.), requires the replacement of an associative association of individuals of hierarchical The system that limits the freedom of political activities of the party members. Alternative to the paths of further development predicts the competition not

it is two global projects of the future, providing for a fundamentally different organization of all social life. In the absence of a fundamentally different model of society, which is perceived as actually achieving, resource mobilization becomes very problematic. As VV rightly noted. Ilyin and A.S. Panarin, the functions of social representation and global design are absent when there are no policies as a group status change technology4. Party, of course, represent the interests of certain social groups and layers in the conditions when the existing organization of public life is the only possible, but then from their activities, social groups acquire little (or losing), and the investment of resources in the party looks low-attractive.

With the disappearance of the "second" world of alternative models of the social device, there is actually no (with the exception of traditional and religious, but they, due to the rigid impact of social norms on the behavior of an individual, where are popular). Not receiving the necessary resource support from the population, the party is looking for other sources of existence (functionaries are interested in the conservation of party life), and the material assistance of competing economic agents, including international ones, is increasingly important. At the time when the political organization of international relations is increasingly becoming a monocentric, economic subsystem, although it is structured from the center to the periphery, has several parallel hierarchies competing among themselves and make rates on certain political forces in various countries. In this field, the party began to provide serious competition to traditional lobbism, since, having its representatives in the power structures of various levels, can ensure consistent implementation of long-term projects. At the same time, there are still international associations of parties based on the similarity of ideological doctrines.

The generic teams of inter-party cooperation on the basis of the similarity of ideological doctrines were European Social Democratic Party (International), to which they subsequently joined

party of other continents. Despite the fact that the Social Democracy had in various countries a similar social base, the basis of cooperation in the international arena, there were no genetic links, but the links of computers (sympathies caused by the similarity of the end goals and estimates of current events) and solidarity (included mutual assistance) . Genetically social groups are more attached to their society and territory than to social groups that have a similar situation in other societies. Not by chance during the First World War, almost all social democratic parties supported the government of their countries. In peacetime, the party again began to establish links among themselves within the framework of international inter-party associations.

Among the interparty associations were the greatest influence of the unification of the left forces - the Socialist International and Communist International. The associations of right-wing parties (for example, liberal international) had less members, the low intensity of inter-party connections and were more advocating. Based on ideological postulates and intra-essential practices, relations were structured and within inter-party associations. Thus, the Communist International had a tough centralized structure led by the CPSU, the resolution of which relative to the strategy and tactics of the communist movement was to be taken as unshakable. Otherwise, serious sanctions could follow (for example, the elimination of the Polish Commander from the Comintern on the eve of the Second World War). Communaries from developed capitalist countries (especially, Italian and French) were able to maintain their autonomy and act in domestic political affairs on the basis of the situation, but they could not have a significant impact on the solutions of the Comintern.

In the socialist intermenimal there was no single center of power. There were allocated socialist parties of a number of European countries (Germany, France, Sweden, British Laborists) who had a much greater influence than the social part of less developed countries, even when they were not in power in their societies. They could

serious resource support to its colleagues, strengthening the competitiveness of the latter on the internal political arena. The coming to the power of the socialists after the formal change of regimes in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1977) is largely due to the "humanitarian" help of the "fraternal" parties. The CPSU, using the resources of the Soviet Union and the states of Eastern Europe, also supported the Communist Party of Western countries and third world parties who chose the socialist path of development, but demanded that political loyalty instead. Socialists did not have a monotonous doctrine (the Swedish model was significantly different from the French), a single center of power and did not require political loyalty in international affairs.

The activities of the parties affected the interstate relations in the system of international relations. First, "the peripetics of interparty conflicts within the framework of individual states are able to entail the transition of a whole state from one camp to another or from involvement in any of the camp towards neutrality" 5. Secondly, in addition to material and information support, the party had a certain symbolic influence on the population, and not always associated with ideological dogmas. Thus, for socialists in Portugal and Spain, including because they were calculated for faster and simplified integration into the European ties system, since in most European countries at that time, socialist parties were in power 6. On the material and technical support of the USSR And his allies counted the parties, proclaiming the socialist path of development. In the aggregate, this had a significant impact on the configuration of the political, economic and cultural relations of the system of international relations.

The right-wing parties did not have such a significant direct impact on the system of international relations, and their interparty associations were rather associative. In the countries of the third world, westernized liberal-democratic parties are obliged by the liberal and democratic parties, and TNK and local comprador bourgeoisie. Later, part of them began to be supported by

the activities of economically developed capitalist countries as a way to combat the states of the socialist camp. However, in the interstate relations of the government, headed by the right-hand parties, did not differ in ideological election and were guided more than national and geostrategic interests. The liberal-democratic governments of the West more supported authoritarian cliques and their leaders (A. Pinochet in Chile, Said Nuri in Iraq, etc.), since their activities are easier to manage and in economic terms they cost cheaper.

The material expression of the institutionalization of inter-party associations was the European Passe (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). However, by the time the European Parliament was able to influence the state of affairs in Europe, the ideological determinant in the activities of political parties began to go. "It is believed that the members of the Assembly are not represented by the government, but the public of a particular country, and therefore, when voting, they must be guided by non-national, but party interests" 7, in reality, the deputies of various fractions of the European Parliament in their voting are focused more on the foreign policy line of their countries.

The existence of the USSR and its allies gave rise to the possibility of alternative development as internal political relations in individual countries and international relations. With the collapse of the socialist camp, as mentioned above, the actual alternativeness actually disappeared. Such mass movements, such as environmental and anti-globalist, have not yet put forward a project of an alternative social device. They are not fighting for, and against, and this does not make it possible to mobilize enough resources, nor develop a strategic and tactical line of behavior. History suggests that all movements that fight against change is not putting forward a project of an alternative way of development (Luddite, sowing, anti-war movement, etc.), sooner or later they went to no. It is impossible to stop development, you can send it to another way.

At one time, the domestic researcher A.B. The teeth noted that in the countries of the East, with the exception of "marginal parties with ideological color, all other parties are actually union of independent candidates" 8. Since a similar phenomenon was observed at one time and in Europe, it was interpreted as growth costs. However, apparently, the associative structure of the eastern parties was caused by the lack of real alternatives of ways of internal development. At the foreign policy arena, the party could choose between the first and second worlds or not to focus on any of them, but the internal development of the eastern states did not provide for the diversity of options (with the exception of Islamism): modernization in economic and technological dependence on more developed countries. The ideological labels in the name of the parties of the third world were more symbolic significance, indicating which of the two camps of the world system of the party is focused in foreign policy activities.

This hypothesis is partially confirmed by the direction of the reorganization of political parties in the West countries. Party, as noted by S.N. PSHIZOV, from cumbersome bureaucratic organizations again turn into flexible professionally-electoral structures 9. Of course, established institutional relations (traditional party orientation of the part of the West population, relations with economic agents providing resource support) and interests (primarily in the preservation of parties as organizations) The party bureaucracy has an impact on this process, but it is not able to stop it. In the parties, temporarily hired experts are beginning to play in the parties (supporters of signatures, experts in public relations, etc.), and the party bureaucracy is given the role of concentration and optimal resource allocation. Even in Sweden (a country where idident democracy is dominated for a long time), the Social Democrats began to invite electoral consultants from the USA10, which indicates significant shifts in party life.

The above example relative to the SDPRS highlights another line of exposure to parties to the international system.

relationship: The spatial broadcast of successful samples has become accompanied by the involvement of specialists from other sociocultural systems. Under conditions when the coming to power of other political forces does not promise special changes (and the coming to power of the left parties in a number of European countries did not lead to any significant change in the internal or foreign policy), political activity is becoming more personalized and voter It does not pay attention not so much on the party affiliation as personal qualities (more precisely, on their designed image) of persons applying for power. However, the Swedish Social Democrats reflected the interests of the largest social group (quantitatively exceeding the rest of all the rest taken) of society (which actually has formed their activities) and had a significantly greater cultural potential than other political forces. In fact, any, alternative doctrine SDPRS, the project of the social device did not meet the interests of the majority of the population, and in this respect the Swedish path of development looked unvavant. The traditional forms of work with the electorate at the concentration of resources in the hands of the party bureaucracy for a long time satisfied the Swedish political elite, but since the early 90s of the last century, political promotion through modern PR technologies seems more attractive to it. Borrowing of successful samples of activities in aggregate with the invitation of foreign specialists increasingly makes the parties and the political elites of various public systems culturally homogeneous, giving them from the dominant cultures of their societies (with the exception of Western countries), since the rapprochement of the latter is much slower.

Summing up the above, it should be noted that the activities of political parties in the international arena unfolds mainly in three dimensions, each of which is inherent in its identification within the framework of the cognitive scheme "We - they". First, it is a political education orientation, where parties are determined among subjects of international relations (other parties, movements, national governments, etc.) "

verses "based on the generality of the vision of the perfect social device and how to achieve it. Currently, this aspect is maintained in the form of traditionally accommodated relationships and relations in institutionalized interparty associations, but ideological orientation may well be revived if the ideological coloring of sociocultural and economic determinants (similarities of civilization and religious plants, places in the global division of labor) are completely reborn. With an increase in the cultural gap between the party elite and society, the emergence of reliability, culturally closest to its social medium, and their political associations, is not excluded. Secondly, the national-state orientation of party leaders, the search for states that could become allies in the international arena within the framework of interstate relations. In fact, we are talking about the situation of the country in a monocentric hierarchy of the political life of the international community, the degree of influence on the global policy. Each party has its ideas about potential allies and competitors, and the difference in ideological installations between the ideology of the party and the government of a potential ally can be ignored in favor of geopolitical and macroeconomic strategies. Thirdly, the rise in price of election campaigns encourages the parties to search for "sponsors" among the economic actors of international relations: TNK, interbank associations, and even just foreign companies (in most countries the latter is prohibited, but financial flows are difficult to control). Economic and financial orientation of parties on a global scale begins to form and the economic identity corresponding to it (the attachment of certain parties to certain economic agents), which may not coincide with the political (the government can provide material assistance to one party, and the business is completely different).

Thus, in the context of the global integration of the world community in a unionolar political hierarchy of the party

different countries, on the one hand, become more culturally homogeneous (similar to each other), and on the other, losing structure-forming signs (a certain social base, ideology), acquire more and more nominal differences. It is not by chance that the trend of movement towards the bipartisan system in a number of countries (Germany, Canada, etc.) has changed to the opposite direct.

If earlier the batch in the international arena integrated various countries into blocks, differentiate the last on political grounds, then at the present stage of the development of international relations of the party, differentiates subjects of international life for a variety of grounds, contribute to the unity and integration of the monocentric political organization of the world community. The latter does not always proceed from the subjective desire for the parties themselves, and is due to the need to be competitive on the internal political arena, which implies the reproduction of certain types of activities that objectively contribute to the increase in the above trends.

Notes

1 See: Kosolapov N.A. The phenomenon of international relations: the current state of the object of study // World economy and international relations. M., 1998. No. 5. P. 107; International relations: sociological approaches. M., 1998. P. 39.

2 Duverger M. Les Partis Politiques. Paris, 1976.

4Ilinv.T., Panarin A.A. Philosophy of politics. M., 1994. P. 229.

5 Aron R. World and War between nations. M., 2000. P. 345.

6 Social reforms and workers. M., 1986. P. 296.

7 Rybkin I.P. We are doomed to consent: performances, articles, interviews. M., 1994. P. 349.

8 teeth AB Parliamentary democracy and political tradition of the East. M., 1990. P. 224.

9 PSHIZOM S.N. Financing of the political market: theoretical aspects of practical problems // Polis: Polit. Research M., 2002. No. 1. P. 23.

348. 348. Please provide the name of the economic policy of the Soviet state in the context of the Civil War (GG.) Military Communism

349. 349. Please name the name of the Chairman of the Council of Work and Peasant Defense of the Soviet state in the years. Lenin

350. 350. Please, please, the name of the main means of ensuring the army and the urban population of food in the conditions of military communism. Promverter

351. 351. What is the name in the history of the Peace Treaty of Soviet Russia with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, providing her from the First World War? Please give this name. Brest Mir

352. 352. Please name the year of adoption of the First Soviet Constitution (the Basic Law of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic). 1918.

353. 353. Please name the date (month and year) when the Brest peace treaty was signed. March 1918.

3) neutrality;

4) support to the Russian Orthodox Church and the ban on other denominations;

5) cooperation and use of the authority of churches in the interests of the state?

From the alternatives you suggested, please select the correct answer and specify its number.

406. 406. The Second World War began on September 1, 1939. A week before the start of the war in Moscow, an interstate treaty was signed, characterized by the newspaper "Pravda" (24.08.1939), the "tool of the world" and the "peaceful act", which will undoubtedly contribute to "relief of stress in the international situation ...".
Please name the country with which the Soviet leadership has entered into this agreement. GERMANY

407. 407. Please name the countries that have fallen in the "sphere of interests" of the Stalin's leadership of the USSR in August 1939. Latvia Poland Finland Estonia

438. 438. Please name the year when the term "Cold War" entered the source. 1946.

439. 439. Please name the year and month of transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to the Council of Ministers of the USSR. March 1946.

440. 440. Please name the name of one of the leaders of the WCP (b), in the years that was a number of large-scale ideological campaigns, which led to the elimination of several promising scientific directions, a ban on publishing literary works, carry out performances, remove movies, perform symphonic and opera Music, etc. Writers, composers, theatrical leaders and film director, artists who caused the displeasure "leader of all times and peoples" and his closest environment. Zhdanov

441. 441. Post-war years in the USSR are characterized by an administrative dictate in science. Applied and theoretical science in industries that are not seriously affected by the country.

Please name the two scientific directions that were announced by the Bourgeois Lzhenauka and are prohibited. Genetics, cybernetics

443. 443. Please name the year and a month when the Card system introduced during the war was canceled in the USSR, and monetary reform was carried out. Dec 1947.

444. 444. Soon after the end of World War II, the United States offered their assistance in reconstruction to European countries.
What is the name of this American plan? Name it. Marshala Plan

445. 445. Please name the country that has chosen the Socialist Orientation for himself, but since 1948 he conducted an independent domestic and foreign policy, ignoring the Soviet development model, throwing, thereby, an open challenge to Stalin. YUGOSLAVIA

446. 446. In December 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted a document proclaiming the rights of individuals, civil and political rights and freedoms (equality of all before the law, the right of everyone to freedom and personal integrity, freedom of conscience, etc.), as well as socio-economic rights (for labor, social security, rest, etc.).
Please give the full name of this document. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

447. 447. Please name the month and year of creating a military-political north-Atlantic bloc. April 1949.

448. 448. Please name the term that determined the nature of the relationship between the Western powers and the USSR at the end of World War II. Cold War

449. 449. On October 1, 1949, the formation of the People's People's Republic of People's Republic was solemnly proclaimed in Beijing.
Please name the name of the leader of the Chinese Communists, who proclaimed the creation of the PRC and became the Chairman of the Central People's Government of the PRC. Mao Tsedong

450. 450. Please name the year when the United States has lost its monopoly on nuclear weapons. 1949.

451. 451. Please name the name of the scientist who carried out the technical leadership of the Soviet project to create an atomic bomb. Kurchatov

452. 452. From the following European states, please select, please, countries entered into the orbit of the political influence of the Soviet Union and chose a socialist orientation by the end of the 40s:
01. Austria 02. Albania 03. Belgium
04. Bulgaria 05. Vatican 06. United Kingdom
07. Hungary 08. German Democratic Republic
09. Greece 10. Denmark 11. Ireland
12. Iceland 13. Spain 14. Italy
15. Luxembourg 16. Netherlands 17. Norway
18. Poland 19. Portugal 20. Romania
21. Federative Republic of Germany 22. Finland
23. France 24. Czechoslovakia 25. Switzerland
26. Sweden 27. Yugoslavia
Please define the rooms right, in your opinion, answers.

453. 453. Please, please, the name of the most important permanent United Nations body, which, according to the UN Charter, is entrusted with "the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security". Security Council

454. 454. Please name the name of the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, appointed to this position after death in 1953. Malenkov

455. 455. Among the radical measures taken by the post-shovelial leadership of the Soviet Union in order to resolve the grain problem and put the country's economy to a more real basis, of course, it should be noted that the decision to master the virgin and visitor land.
Answer, please, in which year this ruling was taken. 1954.

456. 456. Please name the name of an outstanding commander, who occupied during the Great Patriotic War, the post of Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Soviet state during the Great Patriotic War. ZHUKOV

457. 457. Of the state posts listed below, select, please, which occupied in the postwar period:

1) 1) Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR;

2) 2) USSR Defense Minister;

3) 3) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR;

4) 4) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Specify the correct indication number.

458. 458. Recall and name, please, the year of creating a military-political defensive Union of European Socialist States - the organization of the Warsaw Treaty. 1955.

459. 459. Please name the year in which the decision was made to dissociate the Cominform Bureau. 1956.

460. 460. In February 1956, at the closed meeting of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the first secretary of the Central Committee Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev made a report, which became one of the most significant political events in the history of our country.
What problem was the report of Eva? Please name it, in the formulation of official party documents. CULT OF PERSONALITY

461. 461. In adopted a few months after the Eva report at the XX Congress of the Party of the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee "On Overcoming the Cult of the Personality and His Consequences", from the standpoint of the time there was an analysis of both specific historical conditions and subjective factors related to personal qualities One of the leaders of the Soviet state, which contributed to the creation of the cult of his personality.
Please name the name of the political figure, which was discussed in the report of Yol and the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Stalin

462. 462. The process of detonation conducted by Yves after the XX CPSU Congress, caused the serious resistance of the politicians of the Stalinist generation - members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.
Please name the names of these political figures. Malenkov, Molotov, Beria

463. 463. In 1957, administrative and managerial reform began in the USSR, during which sectoral ministries were abolished.
Please give the names of the management authorities that have come to replace the ministries. Sovnarchoz

464. 464. The genuine triumph of domestic science was the launch of the artificial satellites of the Earth, who opened the era of the development of outer space.
Please name the year and a month of launch to the near-earth orbit of the first PRES. Oct 1957.

465. 465. Please name the name and surname of the first cosmonaut in the history of mankind. YURI GAGARIN

466. 466. The high level of theoretical works and the successes of aviation equipment allowed the Soviet scientists and designers to begin the creation of high-altitude superdult ballistic missiles and managed shells.
Please name the name of the scientist, head of work on the creation of rocket technology and various spacecraft in the Soviet Union. Queen

467. 467. Remember and name the year and month of historical flight to space. April 1961.

468. 468. Please name the Latin American Country, which, in the early 60s, the Soviet leadership began to assist, including the military. CUBA

469. 469. Please give the name of the international crisis caused by the placement of Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. CARIBBEAN

470. 470. Please name the year in which there was a dramatic conflict between the USSR and the United States, who put the world on the edge of the nuclear war. 1962.

471. 471. In early June 1962, elemental rallies began in one of the cities of Russia and demonstrates workers that protested against the increase in food prices. During the operation on the "order to" with the participation of the troops of the North Caucasus Military District, 23 people were killed, about 40 people were injured. Mass arrests produced. During the trial, the participants of these events 14 of them were recognized by the organizers of the riots; 7 people were sentenced to shooting, the rest to the conclusion for a period of 10 to 15 years.

Please name the city in which these tragic events occurred. NOVOCHERKASSK

472. 472. Try to remember and call the story published in November 1962 in the magazine "New World". This publication meant the end of the "thaw" as a system of views, or rather myths, about socialism and communism as a real value. From this point on, the collapse of the Soviet paradigm in ideology (and primarily in the literature) went with increasing speed and with an increasing depth. ONE

473. 473. What, in your opinion, from the following events occurred during the period, which in our consciousness is associated with the identity of Eva, years:
1) input of the Soviet troops in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia and the establishment of a progress regime there;
2) input of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan and establishing a progress regime there;
3) input of the Soviet troops in Hungary and establishing a progress regime there;
4) Entering Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia and establishing there is a progress regime?
Please determine the correct answer number.

Many people know that the Communist International is referred to as an international organization, which united the Communist Party of different countries in 1919-1943. Some are called the same organization, or the Comintern.

This formation was founded in 1919, at the request of the RCP (b) and its leader V. I. Lenin to disseminate and develop ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which in comparison with the reformist socialism of the second internationally was a completely opposite phenomenon. The gap between these two coalitions occurred due to discrepancies in positions regarding World War I and the October Revolution.

Congresses Comintern

The Comintern Congresses were not so often. Consider them in order:

First (constituent). Organized in 1919 (in March) in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries in the world.
Second Congress. Held on July 19, August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of solutions on tactics and a strategy of communist activity were adopted, such as models of participation in the national liberation movement of the Communities, about the rules of the party entry into 3 international, the Charter of the Comintern and so on. At that moment, the Department of International Cooperation Comintern was created.
Third Congress. He was held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures arrived at this event.
Fourth Congress. The event took place from November to December 1922. 408 delegates who were sent to 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries of the world were participated in it. The decision of the congress is organized an international enterprise assistance to the fighters of the revolution.
The fifth meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. Participants decided to turn national compatures to Bolshevik: change their tactics in the light of defeating revolutionary speeches in Europe.
The sixth congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, participants appreciated the political world situation as transitional to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis that spread across the entire planet, and the strengthening of the class struggle. Congress members managed to develop the thesis of social fascism. They made a statement that the political cooperation of the Communists both with the right and the left Social democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference, the Charter and the Communist International program were adopted.
The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The base theme of the Assembly was the idea of \u200b\u200bconsolidating forces and the fight against the increasing fascist threat. In this period, a working unified front was created, which was a body coordination authority of a variety of political interests.

History

In general, communist international training is very interesting. So, it is known that the Trotskyists approved the first four Congress, supporters of the left communism - only the first two. As a result of the campaigns of 1937-1938, most of the Comintern sections were eliminated. The Polish section of the Comintern is eventually dissolved.

Of course, the political parties of the 20th century underwent a lot of changes. Repressions against the leaders of the Communist International Movement, which was found in the USSR for particular reasons, appeared before Germany and the USSR concluded an aggression agreement in 1939.

Marxism-Leninism was very popular with the people. And at the beginning of 1937, members of the Directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlain, F. Shulte, Noyman, Kippenberger, leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Phillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopic commanded in Spain with the fifteenth interbricade named after Lincoln, but when he returned, he was also arrested.

As you can see, the communist internationals created a large number of people. A prominent leader of the Communist International Movement of Hungarian Kun, many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - Ya. Pashin, E. Pruchnyak, M. Kosutskaya, Yu Lensky and many others were also repressed. Former Greek Communist Party A. Kaitsa was arrested and shot. The same fate was also awarded one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Iran A. Sultan Zade: he was a member of the Comintern Executive Committee, a delegate II, III, IV and VI Congresses.

It should be noted that the political parties of the 20th century were characterized by a large number of intrigues. Stalin accused the leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in Antibolshevism, Trotskyism, in anti-Soviet positions. His performances were the reason for the physical disagreement of the Jeshesky-Sakhatsky and other leaders of the Polish Communists (1933). Some repressions were overtaking in 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was a good teaching. But in 1938, the Presidium of the Comintern's executive committee decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. Under the wave of repressions, the creators of the Communist Party of Hungary and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic were founded - F. Bayaki, D. Bokenia, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovich, J. Kelen, L. Gavro, Sh. Sabadosh, F. Karikash. Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR repressed: H. Rakovsky, R. Avramova, B. Stomonakova.

Communists Romania also began to destroy. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party Rovio and A. Shotman, the Secretary-General, C. Manner and many of their associates, were repressed in Finland.

It is known that the Communist International appeared not from scratch. For their sake of them, more than a hundred Italians who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s suffered. They were all arrested and steady in the camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and an asset of the Communist Parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belarus (before joining them to the USSR).

The structure of the Comintern

So, we reviewed the Congresses of the Comintern, and now consider the structure of this organization. Her charter was adopted in August 1920. It was written in it: "In fact, the International Communist International is obliged to actually be a world-wide unified Communist Party, whose individual branches operate in each state."

It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (Icca). Until 1922, he consisted of representatives delegated by compatures. And since 1922 he was elected by Congress Comintern. Small Bureau Icca appeared in July 1919. In September 1921 he was renamed Icca Presidium. The Icca Secretariat was established in 1919, he was engaged in personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the organizational bureau (Orgbü) of Icca was established in 1921 and existed until 1926.

Interestingly, from 1919 to 1926, Gregory Zinoviev was the chairman of Ikki. In 1926, the position of the chairman of Icca was abolished. Instead of it, there was a political secretariat of Icca from nine people. In August 1929, the Political Commission of Icqui Polytestariat was allocated from this new formation. She had to prepare various issues, which later considered a polisecretariat. D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, a representative of German Communist Party (agreed with the CPG Central Committee) and O. Pyatnitsky (Candidate).

In 1935, a new post appeared - the Secretary General of Icca. She was taken by G. Dimitrov. Political commitassies and political secretariat were abolished. The Icca Secretariat was again organized.

The control international commission was created in 1921. She checked the work of the equipment of the Icca, individual sections (parties) and was engaged in revision of finance.

What organizations consisted of the Comintern?

Profintern.
Interview.
Sport sector.
Communist International Youth (Kim).
Christening.
Female International Secretariat.
Association of rebellious theaters (international).
Association of rebellious writers (international).
Intermenimal proletarians of freedomsides.
World Committee of the Commander of the USSR.
International apartment consignors.
The International Organization for Revolutionaries was called MOPR or "Red Help".
Anti-imperialist league.

Disbanding the Comintern

When was the dissolution of the Communist International? The official liquidation date of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. Stalin said about the dissolution of the Comintern: he wanted to make an impression on the Western allies, convincing them that plans to establish communist and protector regimes on the lands of European states collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the 3rd International by the beginning of the 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, almost all cells were destroyed by the Nazis.

From the mid-1920s, Stalin and WCP (b) were sought to dominate the third internet. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. The elimination of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the International Youth and Executive Committee) during the years (mid-1930s) was influenced. However, 3 internationale was able to preserve the Board: he was only renamed to the World Division of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

In June 1947, the Paris Conference on Marshall Assistance was held. And in September 1947, Stalin from Socialist Parties created the Cominform - the Communist Bureau of Information. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the Communist Parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to the differences of Tito and Stalin, it was drawn out of the lists in 1948).

Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the completion of the XX CPSU Congress. This organization has no formal successor, but those of the Department of Internal Affairs and the CEV, as well as regularly held meetings of friendly USSR workers and communist parties.

Archive of the third international

The archive of the Comintern is located on storing in the state archive of political social history in Moscow. There are documents in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. In stock There are reports of more than 80 parties.

Educational establishments

The third intermenimal owned:

The Communist University of China's workers (Kutk) - until September 17, 1928 was called the University of China's workers named after Sun Yatsen (Utka).
Communist University of Workers of the East (kw).
Communist University of National Minorities of the West (Kunmz).
International Lenin School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

Institutions

The third international manual was ordered:

Statistical information institute Icca (Bureau of Varga) (1921-1928).
Agricultural Institute (1925-1940).

Historical facts

The creation of a communist international accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928, Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent hymn in German. I. L. Frenkel was translated into Russian in 1929. In the chorus, the works have repeatedly sounded the words: "Our slogan is the World Soviet Union!"

In general, when the Communist International was created, we already know - it was not easy. It is known that the command of the Red Army together with the bureau of propaganda and agitation of the Third International prepared and issued a book "Armed uprising". In 1928, this work was published in German, and in 1931 - in French. Labor was written in the form of educational and reference manual on the theory of the organization of armed uprisings.

The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were popular figures of the revolutionary world traffic.

Marxism-Leninism

What is Marxism-Leninism? This is the philosophical and socio-political teaching on the laws of the struggle for the elimination of capitalist orders and the construction of communism. He was developed by V. I. Lenin, who developed the Marks's doctrine and applied him to practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of the Leninist contribution to Marxism.

V. I. Lenin created such a magnificent teaching that in socialist countries it turned into an official "ideology of the working class". The ideology was not static, it changed, adjusted to the elite needs. In her, by the way, the teachings of regional communist leaders who are important for the socialist powers led by them were included.

In the Soviet paradigm, the teaching V. I. Lenin is the only faithful scientific system of economic, philosophical and political social views. Marxist-Leninist doctrine can integrate conceptual views on research and revolutionary changes in the earth. It discloses the laws of development of society, human thinking and nature, explains the class struggle and forms of transition to socialism (including the elimination of capitalism), talks about the creative activities of workers engaged in construction and communist, and socialist society.

The world's largest party is considered to be the Communist Party of China. She follows in their undertakings to the teachings V. I. Lenin. Its charter has the following words: "Marxism-Leninism found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. Its basic positions are always true and possess a powerful life force. "

First International

It is known that the Communist International played the most popular role in the struggle of workers for the best life. The International Workers Association was officially called the first international. This is the first international formation of the working class, which was established on September 28, 1864 in London.

This organization was eliminated after the split that occurred in 1872.

2nd International

The 2nd International (Worker Either Socialist) was an international association of workers of socialist parties established in 1889. He inherited the tradition of his predecessor, but since 1893 there was no anarchist in its composition. For a continuous connection between members-party members in 1900, a socialist international bureau posted in Brussels was registered. Internationale made decisions that were not obligatory for parties for parties.

Fourth intermenimal

The fourth intermenimal is called the International Communist Organization, alternative Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical heritage of Lion Trotsky. The tasks of this formation were the implementation of the global revolution, the victory of the working class and the creation of socialism.

This intermenimal was established in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern fully controls the Stalinists that he was not able to bring the working class of the entire planet to the full conquest of political power. That is why in contrasts they created their own "fourth international", whose members were pursued by the NKVD agents. In addition, they were accused of supporters of the USSR and late Maosa in illegitimacy, Davils Bourgeoisie (France and the USA).

This organization first suffered from split in 1940, as well as from a more powerful split in 1953. In 1963, a partial reunification occurred, but many groups argue that they are the political continuations of the "fourth international".

Fifth international

What is the "fifth international"? This is the term that is denoted by Levoradicals, who want to create a new working international organization based on the ideology of the Marxist-Leninist teaching and Trotskyism. Members of this group consider themselves the devotees of the first international, the communist third, Trotskyist fourth and second.

Communism

And in conclusion, we will understand what the Russian Communist Party is? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system, which is based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.

One of the most famous internationalistic communist slogans is a saying: "The proletaries of all countries, connect!". Who said for the first time these famous words - a little known. But we will open the mystery: for the first time this slogan was expressed by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the "Manifesto Communist Party".

After the XIX century, the term "communism" was often used to designate the socio-economic formation, which Marxists predicted in their theoretical work. It was based on public property created on the means of production. In general, Marxism's classics believe that the Communist Public is implementing the principle "Each - by skills, to everyone - for the need!".

We hope that our readers will be able to deal with the Communist International in Communist International with the help of this article.

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