When placing food industry enterprises throughout the country, it is necessary to take into account a number of factorsThe most important of which are:
The nature of the processed raw materials and finished products;
Possible deadlines for storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products;
Natural and natural historical conditions;
Population and its concentration in the regions of the country;
Standard of living;
Local traditions, customs, tastes and habits of the population;
Social forms of production organization (concentration, specialization, combination and cooperation);
Development of the transport network;
Vehicles;
Methods for transporting raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, requiring special conditions and changing with the development of technical progress;
Other factors.
All food industry enterprises based on the principles of their placement are divided into three groups.
To the first group Enter enterprises processing transportable raw materials and producing non-transportable or perishable products. This is mostly enterprises engaged in recycling raw materials (bakery, confectionery factories, recycled wine products, beerobesalcoholic, pasta enterprises, tea-and-peer, tobacco factories, etc.). For example, transportation costs for transportation of confectionery products 1.5 - 3 times higher than on the transport of raw materials (sugar, molasses, flour). Products of the brewing industry, taking into account the bottle of container, by weight 10 times, and non-alcoholic - 15-17 times greater than the raw material. In the production of wine in bottles, the total mass of containers (bottles and boxes) is 1.5 times higher than the weight of the wine itself. Reverse transportation of Tara also causes a large load of transport and an increase in transportation costs. In addition, the timing of the sale of products of enterprises of this group (cakes and cakes, bakery, beerobesalcoholic products) range from several hours to several days.
Such enterprises are advisable to place in places consumption of products.
To the second group Enter enterprises processing non-transportable or perishable raw materials and producing transportable products. These are enterprises involved in primary processing of agricultural raw materials (sugar robes, alcohol, oil extraction factories, primary winemaking factories, enterprises for the fermentation of tobacco and tea sheet, etc.), as well as the salt industry, production of mineral waters and fish mining.
Raw materials processed at these enterprises is perishable, subject to active biological processes and non-transportable. For example, 9 tons of sugar beets are required to generate 1T sand sugar. On 1 ton of finished products (starch or patterns), more than 6 tons of potatoes are consumed; The production of 1t vegetable oil is more than 2nd sunflower seeds or more than 5t cotton seeds. At 100 gave (equivalent to 1t) the wines are consumed on average about 1.5 tons of grapes, and 100 gave brandy alcohol - 12 tons of grapes. Prolonged storage, transportation, raw material overload are associated with worsening quality and loss. So, grapes should be recycled for 2-4 hours after its collection, milk - for 2 days, some types of vegetables - 1.5 days. Many of these productions are large consumers of water, fuel and require accommodation near water bodies or railways.
Such enterprises are advisable to place in places of production of raw materials.
To the third group Enterprises processing transported raw materials and manufacturing transportable products (for example, milling, cereal enterprises) or enterprises processing the non-transported raw materials and producing non-transportable products (for example, canning plants, meat processing plants). Such enterprises can be placed both in the consumption locations, the greatest concentration of the population or, if the population is dispersed, its density is small - in the production of raw materials. For example, small-scale small towns are functioning in both large cities and grain production places.
Construction of meat processing plants in major cities is expedient because when slaughtering livestock is achieved by the integrated use of raw materials. The meat in the cheese and recycled form is used on the site of the construction of the enterprise, the skins are transmitted to the processing on the enterprises of the leather industry, bones - on the production of gelatin, waste - on the production of feed for animal or meat and meat flour, and enterprises are created by the shops and Rogging animals, etc. At the same time, such enterprises are built in the field of growing livestock.
The effectiveness of their operation depends on the correct solution of issues of accommodation of enterprises.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted by http://www.allbest.ru//
Posted by http://www.allbest.ru//
MBOU "Grachevskaya Sosh"
Creative work on the geography of Russia
Subject: Features of the Food Industry
Further student 9 "a" class:
Colousova Elena
Checked teacher geography:
Short Elena Ivanovna
from. Grachevka, 2017.
Introduction
Russian food industry is the industry of the Russian industry, which is engaged in the production of finished food or semi-finished products, non-alcoholic beverages and liquor-vodka products. The food and processing industry is considered as a system-forming sector of the country's economy, forming an agruffered market, food and economic security. Russia's food industry includes about 30 different industries and extensions. The main are: dsupupus, meat-dairy, flour and cereal and fisheries. The structure of the food industry also includes enterprises of the tobacco industry. In 2014, in general, 1.19 million people were employed at the food industry enterprises. The largest branch is a dude in which 63% of workers are employed (together with the flour and cereal industry). The second place occupies the production of dairy products and cheesecake - 17% of workers. In the meat and fishing industry there are 13 and 7% of workers, respectively. The development and placement of the food industry is determined by the placement of the population and agricultural production. The industry has received the largest development in areas of high concentration of population and large agricultural production (for example, Moscow, Krasnodar Territory). Depending on the degree of influence of the commodity and consumer factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries: raw materials dependent - sugar, oil and fat, fish, starch, milk-canning; consumer-oriented - bakery, dairy, etc.; Dependent, both raw material and consumer factors - meat, flourish, winemaking, tobacco and others. The share of food enterprises accounts for 14% of the total volume of industrial complex of the country. According to the results of 2014, the volume of shipped goods of its own production of the food industry of the Russian Federation amounted to 4.7 trillion rubles. The food and processing industry on a par with metallurgical production and fuel industry is among the Russian leaders in the production of industrial products. The Russian food industry is mainly focused on the domestic market. Its products according to quality characteristics are not inferior, and in some cases surpasses imported, is competitive in the domestic market for price characteristics. In 2014, the export of products of the Russian food industry amounted to 11.47 billion US dollars, imports - 36.25 billion US dollars. The most important in Russian food exports are the three product groups: fish and mollusks, fats and oils, as well as food industry waste and animal feed. The share of these three groups accounts for 55% of all Russian exports.
Food industry industries
In the food industry, Russia includes about 30 industries and more than 60 types of production. All this unites over 22 thousand enterprises dealing with different activities. They employ about 2 million people. At this time, there is no shortage of food products in Russia. In stores and hypermarkets, it is just a huge range of product selection. Here everyone can choose and buy any product to your liking and financial capabilities. This type of industry has just a huge potential due to the presence of large raw materials with abundance of food products that agriculture produces. All of them have high quality, which helped them conquer confidence and love not only Russians, but also of other world countries. Today, the food industry in Russia is leading. Thanks to the accepted experience from foreign colleagues, our entrepreneurs are not afraid to go to experiments in the production of high-quality product. The most important thing is to constantly monitor and improve the entire technical and technological component of such production. The very state itself ensures that all norms and standards are responsible for the quality of food products, as well as their safety. The food industry in Russia today is represented by thousands of enterprises that have a different form of property and production volumes.
The same food has already become a fairly specific product. It is determined by the fact that most of the products cannot be kept a long period of time. All this causes manufacturers to look for new innovative production technologies that allow you to increase food storage. As a result, very high sales competition is formed. All this is just driven by Russia's food industry forward, introducing various technical innovations.
The fact that there are almost all domestic products on the country shop shelves, it suggests that there is a progressive development of this industry. It is, and was always closely connected with agriculture - the main supplier of raw materials. She is closely connected with trade.
Which industries are Russia?
Dairy;
Bakery;
Macaroni;
Fully large;
Masproynaya;
Fruit and vegetable;
Food.
The main part of the food industry enterprises is currently referred to processing industries. The modern food industry in Russia applies a wide variety of ways to process food raw materials. All this is done with the goal to ensure the safe consumption of food and increase their taste. This includes special thermal processing, salting, canning, etc. Changing the processing of food processing allows to achieve significant growth as such goods. According to the state infection, in recent years, the quality of domestic products has increased significantly, and most Russian products have surpassed the quality of imported. All this helps to reduce demand for goods imported.
For the development of its own activities of producers of goods, the state provided them with the right to implement and approval of various technical conditions for their products. This allows you to significantly increase the range and diversify the design of the sold food products. On modern growth trends and promising areas in the Russian food industry, you can get acquainted in more detail at the Agropodmash exhibition. To do this, you need to come to the largest exhibition complex of the capital Expocentre Fair and visiting various seminars, lectures, exhibition halls and much more.
Features
The Food Industry of Russia is considered a high-precision activity, since the market has a huge number of very large companies and enterprises that are engaged in the production of food products. Additionally, there is a lot of land in the country, which leads to the fact that agriculture can develop constantly and is quite efficient. As a result, large and significant bases of raw materials are formed, which are constantly used by all food industry enterprises. It should also be noted that modern food industry enterprises of Russia are practically not at all in the process of producing goods of any dangerous or harmful additives, therefore Russians with trust relate to the production created, therefore it is preferred to it, and not products of foreign production. To date, this area of \u200b\u200bactivity refers to one of the leading industries, and it is explained by the fact that it is convenient to work in this area and beneficial for each enterprise. The high demand for high-quality and variety of food is leading to that enterprises can implement almost all the products being created, and at the same time the missing and overdue is not formed. An additional even the food industry of Russia begins to introduce innovative technologies and unique modern equipment into the production process of various goods, as a result of which the procedure for creating goods is simple, fast and automated. The state constantly monitors the development of this field of activity, as a result of which encourages the introduction of various unique installations and technologies. That is why modern food industry products are considered to be very high quality and tasty, as well as useful and safe. Additionally, the Russian food industry is constantly monitored by the state, so that all the conditions and requirements are constantly respected in the process of activity, as well as standards and regulations. Only in this case can be confident that all products will be truly high quality and reliable, as well as created from natural and safe components. It should be noted that in this field of activity function as the largest companies that specialize in the production of various types of food products, and you can also find small companies whose scope is strictly limited, so they are engaged in the production of only a certain product. At the same time, even small companies can produce high-quality and competitive products that can even compete with various products produced at large concerns and firms. Modern organizations whose activities are associated with the production of food products are trying to make all their forces so that their products are kept as much as possible as food products are such objects that have a limited service life, so it is often necessary to carry significant losses to companies. That is why the food industry is constantly being developed, since all firms are trying to find various unique and modern methods, with which it is possible to significantly increase the shelf life of various products, and at the same time it is extremely important not to apply in the process of producing preservatives or other hazardous substances. Due to this, the prospects for the development of the industry are quite good, and there is also confidence that in the near future the market will appear more and more unique, high-quality and safe products that will be like to buyers in the domestic market and in other countries, resulting in Pretty big and stable export. It is important to note that the food industry is closely related to other activities. That is why the food and processing industry of Russia is always developing and improving together. Also on the level of the food industry depends on the level of agriculture, which is the main supplier of raw materials for production companies, which are engaged in the processing and preparation of food products for the population, acting as a final consumer. Also, trading is considered closely related to the food industry, both internal trade and external, since some Russian products for consumption are in demand in many other countries. The food industry includes quite a lot of industries, as companies can specialize in working with meat, milk, grain, fish or other goods, which act as raw materials, and depending on which element it is necessary to deal, the direction of activity is determined specific company.
Advantages and disadvantages
food industry Russia
Strengths
High rates of expansion and significant scale markets. The growth rates are increasing, compared with consumption standards in developed countries, markets are 10-15% per year and more over the past five years. Another positive factor is the possibilities of import substitution, including due to the transfer of foreign companies in Russia. Fast and steady growth in markets and their big scales are essential factors of the investment attractiveness of the industry.
The presence of modern production facilities (for a significant part of production). On average, the industry over the past seven years has been updated over half of production facilities, which is a record level among all major industries. In separate subproduces (fruit and vegetable, brewing, non-alcoholic beverages, tobacco-mahorec), almost all operating capacity - new ones.
The presence of large strong companies, including foreign.
Developed auxiliary production (competitive clusters). In recent years, auxiliary and serving production (containers and packaging, logistics and marketing services) have been rapidly developed, which provides additional sustainability of competitive positions in Russia.
Weak sides
Imperfection of the mechanism of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex (customs duties, quotation, intervention). This issue is most relevant for the grain markets, meat, sugar. State regulation does not yet provide due sustainability of markets and the formation of effective incentives from producers and processors of raw materials, although progress is present in this matter.
The deficit of individual types of raw materials (especially relevant for meat-dairy industry).
Powerful protectionism in the markets of developed countries, impeding the implementation of export potential. Production markets AIC in developed countries are one of the most closed, the tool complex is actively used - subsidies, price regulation, trade barriers, tax breaks. According to the Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), the cost of production of mass agricultural products in developed countries by 25-40% above world prices (in Europe - up to 50%). Cancellation of subsidies and trade barriers would ensure the growth of agricultural production in developing countries by 30%.
On a number of markets - low incentives for modernization. Separate large markets, due to natural reasons, practically do not grow, and manufacturers do not compete with imports (nugous goods). The result - low incentives for modernization (especially at high concentration of production). This refers to a bakery and fiberglass industry, a number of raw food industries: starch, yeast, salt, etc.).
Conclusion
Food industry is one of the most important production of the agro-industrial complex of the country, including food. It accounted for its share (together with the primary treatment of agricultural raw materials for light industry) accounts for about 2/5 of the total production of the agro-industrial complex.
The food industry includes over two dozen industries. With such a manifold, unifying signs are: agricultural raw materials, processing processes, equipment for the edgepilling and purpose of products.
The placement of the food industry is carried out on the basis of accounting for the specific features of its industries. For example, industries such as flourish, bakery, butterproof and meat, pains to areas of consumption of finished products, especially large industrial centers.
Russia as a great power with a favorable geographic Eurasian location has always had powerful international economic ties. The revived Russia will not only restore, but also significantly increases them. Integration processes and neighboring countries will be recovered. All this will also become a powerful economic incentive and a prerequisite for the further development of the food industry. Food production is the basis of human life. The food industry will always be a priority in the field of material production.
Posted on Allbest.ru.
...Similar documents
The overall characteristics of the food industry of Russia. Features and classification of them by industry. The final assessment of the work of the Russian food industry enterprises for 2010. The main problems and prospects for the development of enterprises of this industry.
abstract, added 08.12.2011
Food industry in the national economy of the country and the features of its development. The role and significance of food industry enterprises in meeting the needs of the population. Industry of the food industry of the North-West Economic Area.
coursework, added 05.05.2011
Consumption of food in Russia in the proper period. Livestock as one of the components of agriculture APK of Russia. The main groups of the food industry depending on the degree of merging of the commodity and consumer factors.
abstract, added 02.06.2010
Evaluation of natural and socio-economic conditions, resources resulting in the territorial differentiation of the food industry. Analysis of the comparative economic efficiency of the main industries, the determination of possible prospects and directions.
coursework, added 03/25/2009
Energy and automotive industry FRG. Place of chemical industry in the German economy. Basic centers of black and non-ferrous metallurgy. Characteristics of the light and food industry in Germany. Transport and aircraft industry.
abstract, added 08.06.2010
Historical features and current trends in the development of the industry of the Krasnodar Territory. Analysis of changes in the dynamics and structural and functional organization of the industry. Industry industry structure and production of basic types of products.
coursework, added 05/23/2013
Modern trends in the development of industries of the chemical industry. Models of accommodation enterprises of the industry. Material balance of atmospheric distillation of West Siberian oil. Methods of cellular engineering. Characteristics of the biotechnology industry.
laboratory work, added 01/12/2011
Light industry - main indicators. Textile, sewing, leather, fur, shoe industry. Factors of location of light industry enterprises. Problems of light industry and ways to solve them in Russia and the world.
examination, added 07.02.2007
The concept of geography industry. Geographical characteristics of the Samara region. Study of the peculiarities of the regional economy: energy, metallurgical, petrochemical and food industries, automotive and aerospace industry.
coursework, added 04/27/2014
Forms of the territorial organization of industry in the new economic conditions: Sciences, free economic zones. Characteristics of metallurgical bases of Russia. The nature of the placement of industries, animal husbandry and food industry.
\u003e\u003e Food and Light Industry
§ 30. Food and Light Industry
The third unit of the agro-industrial complex make up the food and light industry.
Food industry. The main purpose of the food industry is the production of food. Almost all food consumed by people undergoes industrial processing. Therefore, the role of food industry constantly increasing. Its development allows you to steadily providing people with food products throughout the year. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits are not spoiled during transportation and long storage. Without their production, the development of territories with complex natural conditions unfavorable for agricultureIt would be impossible. All this is especially important for Russia, where the production of many types of agricultural products is seasonally.
The food industry is closely related to agriculture. The industries included in its composition are divided into two groups in the nature of the used raw materials (Fig. 57).
The food industry is almost everywhere where people constantly live. This contributes to the diversity of the raw materials used and the widespread consumption of food. Nevertheless, there are certain patterns in the placement of the food industry.
The sectors of the first group are subject to areas of agricultural raw materials. Upon receipt of many types of products, the weight of the initial raw material is much reduced. This is due or with its dehydration (drying of fruit, tea), or with the occurrence of significant waste during processing. For example, 7 tons of sugar beets should be recycled to obtain 1 ta of sugar. In addition, many agricultural products are spoiled with long transportation (milk, fruit, etc.). Therefore, raw materials should be recycled as soon as possible and transport no more than 50-60 km away. But it is still necessary that the amount of raw materials obtained from the surrounding area corresponds to the power installed on the processing plants of the equipment. Excess of raw materials leads to his losses, disadvantage - to a snone of expensive technique. Thus, the geography of the considered industries depends not only on the presence of raw materials in certain areas, but also from the size of the raw material base.
A special place among the sectors of the first group is occupied by the fishing industry. It consists of mining fish, seafood, marine beast and their processing.
90% of fish catch falls on sea fishery (10% - on the river and lake). Over the past 25 years, fish catch declined from 5 to 3.5 million tons. The seaport is conducted by the fleet of special vessels (trawlers, seiners), the number of which is constantly decreasing. In addition, fishing areas are increasingly removed from the shores. Fish reserves in 200 mile economic zoneRussia is not able to satisfy her needs. About 70% of fish and seafood gives the Far East, 3/4 of them goes abroad. Therefore, Russia increases fish catch in the zones of foreign countries with which it has relevant contracts. At the same time, most of the fish-processing enterprises are located on land (Pacific Coast, Murmansk, Kaliningrad).
Branches of the second groupthe food industry is to consumers of finished products. The raw materials used by them has already passed primary processing. It is more profitable to carry it than the finished products (so, in a sixtiethitone car, only 40 tons of macaroni are fed, the flour, which goes on their manufacture, can be completely loaded). Enterprises of this group are created directly in cities and large rural settlements.
? Give examples of such enterprises existing in your settlement.
Some sectors of the food industry are equally oriented on raw materials, and the consumer. Meat processing plants located in Siberia, Volga region, in the European south, produce canned meat, are freezing meat. Meat products are manufactured in the areas of consumption. The same duality is characterized by the placement of the dairy and the flourish industry.
Although food products are manufactured in all parts of the country, there can be explicit leaders among them: Central District O / B) »Ural, Volga, North Caucasus (1/10).
Light industry. Geographical problems of the development of light industry are associated with some of its features. First, the products of light industry directly affect the standard of living of people, but it is also widely used in other industries: chemical, electrical, aerospace, etc. Secondly, this is a time-consuming industry, in which women are mostly occupied (75% of all working). Thirdly, the size of light industry enterprises is usually small and they do not require a lot of energy and water.
The correct placement of light industry enterprises allows to solve a number of important tasks: 1) satisfy the material needs of people taking into account the characteristics of demand in certain parts of the country; 2) expand the scope of female application, which is especially important in the areas of the heavy industry; 3) build industrial enterprises in areas that do not have large energy, water and other resources.
According to the features of accommodation, all industries can be combined into three groups (Fig. 58).
One of the main industries is the textile industry. It uses mainly agricultural raw materials. But all the wider use of synthetic dyes, chemical fibers should be cheaper and speeds up the production of tissues and weakens the dependence of the light industry from agriculture. With the addition of chemical fibers, most cotton, silk, woolen, linen fabrics are manufactured.
The process of manufacturing fabric consists of several stages. The enterprises of primary processing of raw materials are rational to place closer to its sources, since the recycling waste reaches 80% from flax, the wool is 50% of the initial weight. Wrestromatic factories are built in the North Caucasus, flax processing - in the north-west of Russia. Especially important ending, finishing stages. It is from them that the demand for tissue in the population depends. These stages are in high artistic culture centers with personnel of qualified artists (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
Products of the textile industry are used in the clothing industry, which is available in almost every major city.
Questions and tasks
1. Name the factors of placing the food and light industry.
2. What factors affect the territorial organization of the third APK?
3. On the Atlas map, determine the main areas of accommodation of enterprises in the primary processing of wool and flax. How does their geography relate to the geography of the respective industries of agriculture?
4. Think how the geography of the food industry will change when expanding the production of new generation foods: frozen bread, second and dessert dishes, etc.
Attention! Problem!
1. Consumption of some foods in Russia has declined sharply (Table 30) for many reasons. Russia has moved from a partial food dependence on the practical loss of food independence.
2. For a long time, the domestic light industry has developed in a closed economy, which has adversely affected both its equipment, and on the quality of products. The products of the Russian light industry are usually uncompetitive due to low quality and high cost. In this regard, as well as due to a decrease in the standard of living and solvent supply of the population, the production of the main types of light industry products has decreased dramatically.
3. In the light industry of Russia there are serious problems with the provision of raw materials. At the expense of its own resources, 90-95% can be satisfied with the need for wool and flaxoloche, artificial fibers, leather and fur raw materials. However, the quality of a significant part of domestic raw materials is low. Russia imports all cotton consumed, 50% synthetic fibers and 25% chemical threads.
Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9 CL: student. For general education. institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. - 17th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2010. - 285 p.: Il., Maps.
Calendar and thematic planning for geography, video in geography online, geography at school download
Design of lesson Abstract lesson reference frame presentation lesson accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice Tasks and exercises self-test Workshop, trainings, cases, quests Home tasks Discussion issues Rhetorical questions from students Illustrations Audio, video clips and multimedia Photos, pictures, tables, Schemes of humor, jokes, jokes, Comics Proverbs, sayings, crosswords, quotes Supplements Abstracts Articles Chips for Curious Cheat Sheets Textbooks Basic and Additional Globes Other Terms Improving textbooks and lessons Fixing errors in the textbook Updating fragment in the textbook. Innovation elements in the lesson replacing outdated knowledge new Only for teachers Perfect lessons Calendar Plan for the year Methodical recommendations of the discussion program Integrated lessonsThe features of the food industry can be attributed to the fact that it is part of the agro-industrial complex. It is focused on the production of products to meet the basic population needs in food. Food industry enterprises are engaged in collecting raw materials, its processing and bringing to the species in which it is best to organize delivery to the end user.
Given the report of researchers of the leading research institutes of the country and their table, the development of agriculture has a great influence on this sphere. It determines the characteristics of the sectoral composition of the food industry of the region, its power and other important qualities.
What industries refer to the food industry?
There are the following industries:
- production of non-alcoholic beverages;
- winemaking;
- confectionery industry;
- canned;
- macaroni;
- oil and fat and cheerful;
- flour-cereal;
- fruit and vegetable;
- poultry
- bakery;
- brewing;
- salt;
- alcohol;
- tobacco and others.
Classification
The sectoral structure of the food industry implies its division into the following categories:
- include enterprises that work with import raw materials. Their placement is focused on large transport hubs - rail, ports and others. Products that they produce usually have high transportability;
- believe plants and factories that are placed closer to raw materials or to the final consumer.
How is the production process?
Most enterprises of this type belong to the processing industries. Only some of them have a mining direction (salts, fish and others). For high-quality processing of primary raw materials, each plant uses its technological schemes, but they all reduce to ensure high end product safety.
The methods used should improve the taste of the manufactured products, make them more attractive for buyers. Also, all processing schemes are also able to ensure long-term storage period of products, which is very relevant during their long-term transportation over long distances.
In the production of food products, the latter role is given to the organization of processes of bacterial and non-bacterial fermentation. In the first case, it means fermentation, which occurs with beer, wine, cheese, etc. The second group includes products that reach the desired characteristics using their own enzymes (for example, when aging meat).
Other, no less popular, methods of processing of raw materials are isolated - canning, stabilizing filtering (subjected to fruit juices, beer), tenderization (using electrical voltage) and many others.
Characteristics of the Food Industry of Russia
In Russia, livestock development is most developed. This industries occupies a leading place, as it gives about 65% of raw materials to implement the further production process. Livestock enterprises are predominantly posted in the European part of Russia, where the climate is softer and there is enough feed.
Most of the products of this industry of industry (about 70%) comes due to animal husbandry.
You can also note other directions that are developed in Russia:
- enterprises for production, sugar, starch, canned food placed relative to sources of raw materials. For example, a large Aston plant is in the south of the country. It specializes in the production of oil and similar products. In the Caucasus there are companies for the production of sugar;
- plants producing bakery products are placed evenly in all territories of the country. They have a binding only to the consumer;
- any factory related to the fleet, meat or fisher is placed on the place of raw materials.
Production of bread and bakery products
Production facilities of the food industry in Russia
The production capacity of various industries of Russia is as follows:
- . Sugar's own production reaches 3.3 million tons. The main raw materials in this case are sugar beet. Also used reed sugar-raw, which is delivered from abroad;
- confectionery. In recent years, the production capacity of this industry is more than 3,500 thousand tons of products per year. Bole of all enterprise of this type is placed in the Central Federal District (about 40%). Mars, Rigley, Mondelys Rus are considered leading companies;
- oil fat. Mainly produces such products like oil, margarine, vegetable fats, mayonnaise. Enterprises of this type mainly use raw materials obtained from the country. The leading direction of the industry is. South Russia companies own about 30% of the country's total market;
- dairy. There are more than 1,500 different businesses in this industry. On average, about 16.5 million tons of milk, 0.5 million tons of cheese, 0.6 million tons of oil are produced in the country. Leading enterprises - Wimm-Bill-Dann, Ochakovsky and Voronezh Combines, Permmoloko;
- meat. There are about 3,600 different types of plants. Basically, they work with obsolete equipment, so the volume of imported meat in Russia is significant;
- fish recycling. The main region where the main enterprises of this industry are located, is the Far Eastern fisheries pool. It provides 2.4 million tons of products per year;
- liquor-vodka and winemaking. Enterprises related to this industry are mainly evenly distributed throughout Russia. For the year, the country produces up to 66.6 million vodka decaliters, 6.9 million decaliters of brandy, 15.6 million decaliters of champagne wines, 32.1 million wine decaliters;
- brewing. Baltic is considered the leading enterprise of this industry. It occupies 37% of the entire beer market in Russia and is actively exported to other countries of the world. Also in this industry, Sharypovsky, Angarsk, Barnaul, Zhigulevsky plant work.
Development of the food industry in different countries of the world
All over the world there are many industries that offer products suitable for further processing - flock, meat, fish, dairy and others. Basically, they are certain agricultural formations, specially equipped places for slaughtering cattle or fishing. As a result, products are manufactured that can immediately be supplied to the market to the final consumer or go further recycling.
Based on these features in the world, powerful corporations appeared, which have incredible popularity among consumers. For example, this is a factory concern Nestle, Coca-Cola, Yunilever and many others. Each corporations are represented by a variety of enterprises that are placed around the globe.
Australia, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China and many others are considered the most successful countries with a developed food industry. There are also plants that specialize in the extraction and production of exotic products - tea, tobacco, some fruits and vegetables, seasonings, etc. They are mainly in countries such as Uganda, Thailand, China, India and others.
Enterprises that are placed on their territory most often work with primitive equipment. They use the simplest technological schemes, which does not prevent them from getting large volumes of products. Basically, each plant, which is located in these countries, sells its products in the territories where there is a huge demand for them.
The most important sector of the food industry of our region is flourishing production. Its enterprises are placed both in the areas of growing grain crops and near the consumer. The largest of them work in the cities of Elenska and Yasinovaya. The products of the industry are used in the bakery, pasta and confectionery industry. Bakeries are placed in cities and towns of urban type. The largest enterprises of Artemovsk, Gorlovka, Mariupol, Kramatorsk, Donetsk.
Pasta industry, focused on the consumer and is represented by Donetsk Pasta Factory, which has been working on our region for 70 years. The factory has a full technological cycle, including the production of various types of pasta and their packaging. The range includes about 30 types of pasta manufactured under the trademarks "Extra" and "Cossacks".
Confectionery prepared by Conny and AVC brands received widespread. Connya on modern and advanced equipment produces a wide range of candies, cookies and other products in Donetsk, Konstantinovka, Gorlovka.
Significant development reached the oil-fat borough industry, including oil production enterprises, margarine. Oil production is usually placed near raw materials, because on the
production of one ton of products is required from 3 to 8 tons of raw materials. The industrial centers of the industry are Slavic and Donetsk oil-fat combine.
Sunflower oil is part of many products: margarine, mayonnaise, etc. This products are produced in Donetsk, Mariupol, Krasnoarmeysk.
Dairy production is represented by enterprises of Donetsk, Konstantinovka, Artemovsk, Maryanka and Volodarsky.
The region is a significant producer of meat, the processing of which is carried out by enterprises of the meat industry. The main products are fresh meat, meat semi-finished products, sausages, etc. The geography of the region is represented by enterprises of Donetsk, Makeevka
"Colbitiko", Enakievo, Gorlovka and Mariupol.
Problems and prospects for the development of the food industry.
Problem!The food industry enterprises of our region do not provide the population with the necessary products. Do you need to develop industry light industry in our region or more efficiently bring ready-made products from other countries, regions?
For the further development of the food industry, modernization is needed. There is an acute issue of improving the level of labor productivity, which is almost twice as lower than at similar enterprises of developed countries. The priority objectives of the industry are:
Expanding the range of food products;
Improving their nutrient and taste properties;
Production of therapeutic and preventive products and fastest products;
- 
Reducing the use of preservatives and harmful to health additives.
Agriculture
Agriculture is an oldest economy, which gives people food, and industry - raw materials.
Agriculture consists of two interrelated and interdependent industries - crop production and animal husbandry. The main task of crop production is the cultivation of agricultural plants to provide food by food, animal husbandry - feeds, and the industries of the light and food industry - raw materials.
|
Grocery animals - production from one unit, for example, the number of eggs derived from one non-drying chicken during a certain time.
Agriculture is the most important branch of the production sector, where
the main means of production is soil. The area has favorable natural conditions for the development of the industry: a unique combination of flat relief, fertile soils, a long growing season. Insufficient moisture, droughts and Sukhov, characterizing climatic conditions, predetermined the sectoral specialization of our region.
The area prevails crop production. The land fund of the region is characterized by extremely high self-intelligence, more than 95% of the territory, the main part of which are agricultural land (77%). Agricultural lands are experiencing an increased load and therefore require constant maintenance of fertility, and in connection with which a complex of reclamation work is carried out in the region.
Melioration is a combination of measures aimed at a significant increase in lands quality, in order to increase their fertility. The dependence of the industry from natural conditions and economic factors affected the dynamics of agricultural development, where there is a permanent, although slow growth in production volumes. Thus, the production of agricultural products per person since 1995 increased by 1.5 times, the production of grain - 2 times, sunflower - 3 times, and the production of eggs - 4 times. But the level of profitability of production fell significantly: so, in 1990, it was 110%, in 2011 - 39.9% and in 2013 - 4.4%.
 |
|||
 |
|||
Fig. 2.
In recent years, enterprises of the new form of organization have emerged in the field of agriculture, farms, agrofirms, collective rural and utility farms, they are created on the basis of private property, land rental and means of production. Farm farms received the greatest distribution among them, which is 73.3%.
Problem!Despite the transformation in this area, the new type enterprises are not yet able to fully meet the needs of the population in the agricultural products. What do you think to do to improve the efficiency of their work?
Inter-sectoile connections of agricultural enterprises.
Agriculture is closely related to many industries. Production of any food, such as bread, is impossible without
the use of a variety of machines and equipment.
As a result of the interaction of agriculture with many industries and infrastructure, an intersectoral agrarian-industrial complex is formed. It covers agriculture and industry industry, providing its technique and means of production. Also, the AIC includes industry that helps to develop agriculture, for example, the chemical industry - selection. An important component of the agro-industrial complex are industries, processing agricultural products (light and food industry) and production infrastructure (transport, communications, storage, sales of agricultural products, etc.)
| Questions and tasks 1. On the example of its field, explain the relationship between agriculture and other industries. 2. Give the characteristic of agriculture. 3. Evaluate the economic value of the process of creating new type enterprises. | |
 | From the diary of Lyeld: The company "Hercules", producing frozen semi-finished products, dairy products and ice cream, works in Donetsk since 1997. This products are not only supported by folk love, but also an authoritative opinion of experts - products have repeatedly been celebrated by high awards: "Choice of the Year", "One hundred and best products of Ukraine" as well as gold medals and diplomas of professional tasting industries. |
Crop production
Crop production is the leading industry of agriculture, where grain, technical, feed, vegetable, fruits, fruits and berries are grown.
The yield of farm crops affects the number
Heat, light, moisture and soil fertility. For plant growing, Donbass is characterized by seasonal production (due to the location in a moderately continental climate), all works
fully subordinate to seasonal rhythms of nature.
The total area of \u200b\u200bland engaged in agricultural activities is 2045 thousand hectares. Of these, arable land make up about 80%, perennial plantings - 3%, hayfields and pastures - about 17%.
Fig. 1 Structure of agricultural land
The plant sectors differ in labor intensiveness, they include: technical crops (weighed), vegetable (wept and harvest), gardening (harvest).
The basis of crop production is grain farming. Grain crops -
one of the main foods of man, as well as raw materials for the food industry, and its most important culture is wheat. In our area, winter and spring cultures are grown. Winter - these are such cultures, the life cycle of which requires overrevming, in conditions of reduced
temperatures are seeded in autumn, and spring - spring. They take, as a rule, more winter crops, as they are more yields. However, often unfavorable weather conditions lead to damage to the crops of winter crops, and have to rip them.
Under wheat occupied area of \u200b\u200b437.4 thousand hectares. (ozimo - 434.7 of them; yarova - 2.4 thousand hectares.). The main varieties of winter wheat cultivated in the region are: Mironovskaya 808, Tarasovskaya 78, DRIADA 1, Donetsk 48; Yarova - Kharkov 23, Kharkov 27.
Barley and Oats are predominantly fodder, that is, with feed crops, they are also used to produce croup. Barley is the most imperative and frost-resistant grain culture. For a long time, the Slavic peoples appreciated the barley - Groat,
Fig. 2 Winter wheat collection
received from barley and coloring like a river pearl. And pearl
in Starin, called Pearl, to the French manner. Beer is boiled from barley, and also used as a coffee substitute.
Corn is an important link in the grain farming of the region. This is a yield drought-resistant culture with high feed qualities, it is also used both cereal and fodder culture. Corn crops occupy 97.6 thousand hectares.
Sowing such cultures like buckwheat, millet - are not significant, but the cereals of them (buckwheat, millet) are of great importance in the food diet. Cereals: peas, lupine, soybean - very valuable feed and food crops, in addition, they are useful in that increase the content of nitrogen in the soil.
The main areas of growing grain crops are: Velikonovoselkovsky, Volnova, Artemovsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Marynsky, Starobeshevsky districts.
An important place in crop production of the region is occupied by technical crops, mainly used in the form of raw materials for individual industries. The main culture is sunflower, 444.2 thousand hectares are employed under it, RAPS - 6.5 thousand hectares. From sunflower seeds, not less than 9/10 of all vegetable oil, which is used in the margarine, paint, soap industry. Seeds are used in the confectionery industry. Sunflower is an important honey. Green mass goes to the production of silo. It is demanding of heat and soil, but drought-resistant. The main areas of sunflower growing: Velikonovoselkovsky, Volnovaki, Starobeshevky, Telmanovsky. Raps is also an oilseed plant, its economic significance by the end of the twentieth century has increased significantly due to the fact that it began to be used to obtain biofuels.
Fig. 3.4 Sunflower and Raps - the main technical cultures of our region
Vegetable growing provides residents with fresh vegetables, so they are grown mainly near major cities, and during the off-season, an important role in the supply of fresh vegetables belongs to greenhouse-greenhouse farms.
In the region grown cabbage, dining room beets, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants. Bakhchy cultures (pumpkin, watermelon, zucchini) are grown in southern areas. With every
the year of vegetables grown in our region is growing, for example, if in 1993, 93 kg of vegetables were produced per resident of the region, then in 2013 - 115 kg.
Feeding cultures include: corn on silo, annual and perennial herbs, feed root roots and fodder bug,
under them is employed 100.9 thousand gg.
Fig. 5 Bakhcha in the Amvrosievsky district
Problem!Square of fruit and berry crops are not significant, occupy 10.5 thousand hectares, and therefore, this industry does not provide the population with such fruit as apples, pears, cherries, plums, grapes. What do you think it is possible to solve this problem? Justify the answer.
Part of the lands stand out under pure steam - 168.6 thousand. Couple - Pashnya, which throughout the growing season or part of it remains without sowing. Such land "resting." After that, the steam fields are discharged, as a rule, under the crops of winter wheat, sunflower.
| | From the diary of Lyeld: Praise the hands that smells of vegetables! On the Donetsk experienced station of the Institute of Vegetable Growing and Bakhchivodstvo, 18 grades and hybrids were created, 9 more varieties are tested. Green, sniff and crisp The ORDA conventional cucumber may well be folded for us, the author of three "registered" varieties - Gladkovsky, the waterwork and Lesha, created by her in the Commonwealth with Russian breeders. They are high-yielding, tasty and suitable for both salads and canning. White "Centensky" Eggplazhan Diamond, created now the late Donetsk breeder Sergey Anatolyevich Andrievsky, know all over the world. According to yield (up to 80 tons with hectares, with an average yield of 35 tons. From hectare), it has not yet been able to surpass none of the varieties. It has a cylindrical shape, it fits well in the container and is perfectly stored in a bed. On variety "Helios" you will definitely pay attention to the market: Round, by weight, reaches sometimes one and a half kilograms. There is almost no bitterness in it, and the white flesh reminds mushrooms, which allows some to assert that it is an eggplant hybrid with a white mushroom. Garders from him are delighted. Senor Tomato Unique variety Donetsk. This tomato has been created for a long time and is famous for its asceticism. It consumes little water, which is so lacking in the arid Donbass, and multiplies with a reckless way. Recently, the grade was improved, which caused a new wave of the interest of vegetable growers. The program of collaboration with the Moscow Institute of General Genetics involves the use of our and their breeding material (gene pool), as well as their most powerful experimental base. |
But in contrast to hobby with giantism, in Donetsk, may soon appear miniature tomatoes, which will grow brushes like grapes. These tomatoes that have grown so far only on experienced dusties of Donetsk breeders, Aeroflot dreams of using in the celestial feeding passengers.
Gems grow in beds
Transgenic mutants
Genetic engineering, which is so much they say so much and write, do not engage in the Donetsk experienced station.
Livestock.
Livestock is the second industry of agriculture, the value of which is impossible to overestimate. The level of development of animal husbandry determines the degree of market saturation with high-calorie food - meat, dairy and other products.
With the development of animal husbandry, the production of woolen fabrics, leather-shoe products, etc. Livestock is developing not isolated from agriculture, but with it. Between them there are close two-way communications. Agriculture (crop), actively participates in the creation of a feed base of animal husbandry. In turn, animal husbandry is a source of valuable environmentally friendly organic fertilizers.
The most important sectors of animal husbandry are milky-meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming. The placement of commodity animal husbandry depends on the two main factors: the placement of the feed base (hayfields, feed from crop production) and the proximity of large consumers (large cities). In many ways, the nature of the development and placement of each industry is determined by the state and features of the feed base, since almost half of all the costs in animal husbandry are accounted for by the production of feed rations of animals. Its foundation form field feeding, natural feeding,
side Products and Waste Food Industry, Feed Cord Industry.
Cattle breeding is the first in the value of the livestock industry. Cattle breeding is a great economic interest, primarily because the most valuable high-calorie foods are obtained: meat, milk, as well as raw materials for the food and light industry.
 |  |
||
At the beginning of 2013, 127.8 thousand heads of cattle were numbered in all categories of farms. Milk meat cattle breeding prevails in the region, red steppe, Schwitsky and Kostroma breed are bred. Large tribal farms are working: the trivial "Bolshevik", (PGT. Desired) and the Malinovsky Tribalava (Volodarsky district).
Fig. 1, 2. on a livestock farm
An important branch is pig breeding, which is characterized by increased labor intensity, but the lack of fattening animals to the established edges, their fecundity and growth energy. In pig breeding, field feeds, waste of food enterprises, catering facilities are predominantly used. The number of these animals in our region for 2013 amounted to 579.0 thousand heads. For their fattening, grain, beets, feeds are widely used. Breed breed
"Big White" and "Landras". The industry has a trivary in p. Sands (Yasinovatsky district).
The length of sheep and goats amounted to 81.7 thousand heads. Sheep fell in the region did not receive due development, because For grazing, the Otar requires extensive areas and winter pastures.
An important structural branch of animal husbandry was the poultry industry - a source of valuable food. In addition to dietary nutritious meat, the poultry industry gives eggs, as well as feather and fluff. Characterized by rapid payback costs. Modern poultry farming is rapidly growing on an industrial-based economy. The industry has the highest level of mechanization and automation in animal husbandry. The cultivation of chickens prevails in the structure of poultry farming, ducks, geese and turkeys are also breed. Feed base of poultry farming - concentrated feed. Poultry farms for the cultivation of broilers and egg production are placed in the suburban areas of the region. The number of birds for 2013 amounted to 8.4 million
heads. The largest in the field of poultry farms are located in Novoazovsky, Ambrosievsky districts.
Perspective is fisheries. It develops on the basis of ponds, reservoirs, rates. Diluted carp, white amurated, thick-carp, pike perch, etc. The largest fish farms are located in Slavic, Volnovaki and Starobeshevsky districts.
Fig. 5, 6. Tribal farm "Mangush"
Beekeeping is a livestock industry that gives extremely valuable products: honey, wax, propolis, pollen, royal milk. Beekeeping products are actively used by various sectors of the food industry, in particular confectionery, alcoholic beverage, beerobesalcoholic. In addition, the production of many types of drugs is based on beekeeping products.
Practical work number 8
Subject:
1. Make a scheme of the sectoral composition of agriculture.
2. Apply the placement of crops from the leading crops through the contour card with the help of symbols.
3. Based on the information of the production of essential crops in different years (Table 1) Build a schedule illustrating changes in this indicator for one of the cultures (as agreed with the teacher). Take output.
Table. fifteen.
4. Based on the amount of production of the main types of livestock production in different years (Table 2) Build a schedule illustrating changes in this indicator for one of the types of livestock production. Take output.
Table. sixteen
| 120,3 | 709,3 | 574,3 | ||
| 86,4 | 472,9 | 854,1 | ||
| 88,5 | 514,1 | 1388,7 | ||
| 102,8 | 339,1 | 1868,4 | ||
| 126,1 | 324,8 | 1939,8 |
| | From the diary of Lyeld: The only in our region an ostrich farm is in Yampol. Ostrich - Bird is not only exotic, but also very tasty, and therefore profitable. Although the products obtained in the process of processing its carcasses are not available for most citizens. Ostrich meat gentle, sweet, something reminds veal. Quickly preparing. It is very useful for people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Feathers and ostrich leather go to different crafts. Bright and colorful feathers are sold as souvenirs. They are used for the manufacture of Boa and various carnival outfits. Pries easily can be painted, as a result of which there is a non-standard color with a tump. Ostrich leather, according to the world quality rating, stands in one row with ivory and crocodile. The cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye of the high-speed bird is used to transplant the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye to man. And eggs? To taste - like chicken, by weight - from one and a half to two kilograms each. These eggs have a valuable advantage - do not soon deteriorate: in the refrigerator you can store for a whole year. One inconvenience: breaking the egg is quite difficult. The shell on it is thick - millimeter-two. And cook long: screwed - for two hours. Although the ostrich lives 50-60 years old (with good care), but reaches the commodity maturity in one year old at a weighing of 100-120 kg. "160 ostrichs are not the limit - the Deputy Director of the farm Vladimir Romanov concludes. - We have big plans for the future. The farm is practically not loaded, and we will develop further. The thing is profitable! ". |
Loading...
