In recent decades, while developing the concept of modern wars, the NATO countries have given increasing importance to the creation of fundamentally new types of weapons. Its distinctive feature is the damaging effect on people, which, as a rule, does not lead to deaths of the affected.
This type includes weapons that are capable of neutralizing or depriving the enemy of the ability to conduct active hostilities without significant irretrievable losses of manpower and destruction of material assets.
Possible weapons based on new physical principles (NFP), primarily non-lethal effects, include:
1) geophysical (meteorological, ozone, climatic);
2) radiological;
3) radio frequency;
4) laser;
5) infrasonic;
6) genetic;
7)) ethnic;
8) beam;
9 antimatter;
10) paranormal phenomena;
11) acoustic;
12) electromagnetic;
13) informational and psychological;
14) thermal.
1. Serious danger to the manpower of the battlefield may arise in connection with the creation "Geophysical weapons" ... Its functions are based on the use of the mechanism impact on the processes occurring in the solid, liquid and gaseous shells of the Earth. In this case, the state of unstable equilibrium is of particular interest.
The operation of this weapon is supposed to be based on means that cause natural disasters (earthquakes, showers, tsunamis, etc.), the destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, which protects the animal and plant world from the destructive radiation of the Sun. Of particular importance for the use of such means is the atmospheric layer at an altitude of 10 to 60 kilometers.
By the nature of the impact, geophysical weapons are sometimes subdivided into:
a) meteorological,
b) ozone,
c) climatic.
The most studied and tested in practice action meteorological weapon is to provoke showers in certain areas. For this, in particular, the dispersion in rain clouds of granules of dry ice, silver iodide or barium iodide, lead was used. A cloud several thousand cubic kilometers in size, carrying energy reserves of the order of a million kilowatt-hours, as a rule, is in an unstable state, and it is enough to dissipate about 1 kilogram of silver iodide over it to dramatically change its state and provoke a downpour. Multiple aircraft, by using hundreds kilograms of specially selected reagents able to disperse clouds over an area of several thousand square kilometers and cause heavy rainfall and flooding in some regions, but at the same time create "flying" weather in others.
The results of artificially stimulating heavy rainfalls, which were undertaken by the United States during the Vietnam War, and also, most likely, with the help of which the weather conditions were created during the war in Yugoslavia in 1999, are known.
Climatic weapon considered as a kind of geophysical, since climate change occurs as a result of interference in the atmospheric processes of weather formation.
The purpose prolonged (say, ten years) use of this weapon can be a decrease in the efficiency of agricultural production of a potential enemy, a deterioration in the food supply of the population of the region. Catastrophic consequences for the state can be caused by a decrease of only 1 degree in the average annual temperature in the region of latitudes, where the bulk of the grain is produced. As a result, political and even strategic goals can be achieved without unleashing a war in its traditional sense.
At the same time, the use of climate weapons in one region of the world can really destroy the existing climate balance of the planet and cause significant damage to many other "uninvolved" regions, including the country that will use these weapons.
Ozone weapon associated with the use of tools and methods for artificial destruction of the ozone layer over selected areas of enemy territory. Artificial formation of such "windows" will create conditions for the penetration of hard ultraviolet radiation Suns with a wavelength of about 0.3 micrometers. It has a detrimental effect on the cells of living organisms, cellular structures and the mechanism of heredity. Skin burns are caused, and the number of cancers increases dramatically. It is believed that the first noticeable effect of the impact will be a decrease in the productivity of animals and crops. Violation of the processes occurring in the ozonosphere can also affect the heat balance of these regions and the weather. A decrease in the ozone content will lead to a decrease in the average temperature and to an increase in humidity, which is especially dangerous for areas of unstable, critical agriculture. In this area, ozone weapons merge with climatic ones.
2. The damaging effect of radiological weapons based on the use radioactive substances. It can be prepared in advance powder mixture or liquid solutions substances containing in their composition radioactive isotopes of chemical elements with specially selected radiation intensity and half-life. The main source obtaining radioactive substances can serve waste generated during the operation of nuclear reactors. They can also be obtained by irradiating previously prepared substances in them. However, the operation of such weapons is complicated by a significant radioactive background, which creates a danger of exposure of the operating personnel. Another probable a variant of a radiological weapon is the use of radioactive substances, formed directly at the moment of explosion of a thermonuclear charge. The American project was based on this principle. "Cobalt bomb". For this, it was supposed to create a shell of natural cobalt around the thermonuclear charge. As a result of its irradiation with fast neutrons, the isotope cobalt-60 is formed, which has a high intensity of y-radiation with a half-life - 5.7 years. The radiation intensity of this isotope is higher than that of radium. Falling out after an explosion on the ground, it creates a strong radioactive radiation.
3. At the heart of the damaging effect radio frequency weapons located irradiation of the human body with electromagnetic (radiation) radiation. Studies have shown that even with a sufficiently low intensity irradiation, various disturbances and changes occur in it. In particular, the harmful effect of radio frequency radiation on the disturbance of the rhythm of the heart, up to its arrest, has been established. At the same time, two types of impact were noted: thermal and non-thermal. Thermal impact causes overheating of tissues and organs and with a sufficiently long radiation causes pathological changes in them. Non-thermal the impact mainly leads to functional disorders in various organs of the human body, especially in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. A similar thing happened in Russia in June 1997 at the federal nuclear center Arzamas-16 (Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region), where a strong emission of neutron radiation took place. As this case showed, the most powerful ionization was caused on the critical assembly, which led to the death of the operator.
4. Laser weapons is a powerful emitters of electromagnetic energy in the optical range - quantum generators. Striking d e The effect of a laser beam is achieved as a result of heating materials to high temperatures, an object causing them to melt or even evaporation, damage to sensitive elements of weapons,
blinding the human organs of vision and causing him thermal burns skin. The action of laser radiation is distinguished by its suddenness, secrecy, high accuracy, straightforwardness of propagation and practical instantaneous action. It is possible to create laser combat systems for various purposes of land, sea, air and space-based, with different power, range, rate of fire, ammunition. The targets of such complexes can be the enemy's manpower, its optical systems, aircraft and missiles of various types.
5. Infrasonic weapons based on the use of sound waves with a frequency of several hertz, which can have a strong effect on the human body. Infrasonic vibrations below the level of perception of the human ear can cause anxiety, despair and even horror.
According to some experts, the impact of infrasound radiation on humans leads to epilepsy, and with a high radiation power, a lethal outcome can be achieved. Death can occur as a result of a sharp dysfunction of the body, damage to the cardiovascular system, destruction of blood vessels and internal organs. By selecting a certain radiation frequency, it is possible, for example, to provoke massive manifestations of myocardial infarction in the personnel of the troops and the population of the enemy. The ability of infrasonic vibrations to penetrate concrete and metal barriers should be taken into account, which undoubtedly increases the interest of military specialists in this weapon.
6. Genetic weapons.
The development of molecular genetics made it possible to create genetic weapons based on the implementation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) recombination - carrier of genetic information. With the help of genetic engineering methods, it became possible to carry out the separation of genes and their recombination with the formation of molecules of recombinant DNA. Based on these methods, it is possible carry out gene transfer with the help of microorganisms, to ensure the receipt of potent toxins of human, animal or plant origin. By combining bacteriological and toxic agents, it is possible to create biological weapons with an altered genetic apparatus. By introducing genetic material with pronounced toxic properties into virulent bacteria or viruses, it is possible to obtain a bacteriological weapon capable of causing a lethal outcome in a short time.
7. The study of the natural and genetic differences between people, their fine biochemical structure has shown the possibility of creating the so-called ethnic weapons. Such a weapon will be able to target some ethnic groups and be neutral towards others. This selectivity will be based on differences in blood groups, skin pigmentation, genetic structure. Research in the field of ethnic weapons can be aimed at identifying the genetic vulnerability of certain ethnic groups, and at developing special agents designed to effectively use this ability. According to the calculations of one of the leading American physicians, R. Hamershlag, ethnic weapons can be defeated 25 - 30% of the population of the country under attack. Recall that such losses of population in a nuclear war are considered "unacceptable", in which the country is defeated.
8. The striking factor of beam weapons is an sharply directed beam, charged or neutral high-energy particles - electrons, protons, neutral hydrogen atoms. The powerful flow of energy carried by the particles can create targets in the material - intense thermal effect, mechanical shock loads, destruction molecular structure the human body, initiate x-rays. The use of beam weapons is distinguished by the instant and suddenness of the destructive action. The limiting factor in the range of this weapon is the particles of gases in the atmosphere, with the atoms of which the accelerated particles interact. The most likely targets for destruction can be manpower, electronic equipment, various systems of military equipment, ballistic and cruise missiles, and spacecraft.
9. Theoretical studies in the field of nuclear physics have shown the fundamental possibility of the existence of antimatter. Existence antiparticles (e.g. positrons) has been proven and experimentally. When interacting particles and antiparticles significant energy is released in the form of photons. According to calculations, the interaction of 1 milligram of antiparticles with matter releases energy equivalent to the explosion of several tens of tons of trinitrotoluene. At present, the process of not only obtaining, but also preserving antiparticles is very complicated, and the creation in the foreseeable future of weapons of mass destruction based on antimatter is unlikely.
10.In recent years, there has been widespread interest in research in the field of bioenergy, associated with the so-called paranormal human abilities... Work is underway to create various technical devices based on biofield energy, i.e. specific field that exists around
living organism. Research into the possibility of creating psychotropic weapons on this basis is being carried out in several directions:
1) extrasensory perception - the perception of the properties of objects, their state, sounds, smells, thoughts of people without contact with them and without using ordinary senses;
2) telepathy - transmission of thoughts at a distance;
3) clairvoyance (vision) - observation of an object (target) that is outside the limits of visual communication;
4) mental influence causing their movement or destruction;
5) telekinesis - mental movement of a person whose body remains at rest.
11. Weapons based on new physical principles can be used in contactless wars. - acoustic weapon. In this type of damaging effect, it is likely that the energy of acoustic radiation of a certain frequency will be used. Most likely, it can be used if it is necessary to simultaneously disable the maintenance personnel of a specific military facility or economic facility. The carriers of such weapons can be land, sea, air and space precision weapons. These weapons can be delivered in the required quantities using high-precision cruise and ballistic missiles and parachuted to the ground in the vicinity of objects or penetrate into objects to be destroyed. Such a defeat can cause demoralization and even death of all living things, disrupt the work or disable those radio electronic means that work on the principle of receiving and transforming acoustic waves, destroy individual elements of some types of weapons, military equipment and objects.
12. DNFP will receive significant development electromagnetic damage.
It will be a type of damaging effect on objects, targets due to the energy of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths and power levels generated by radio frequency and laser weapons, electronic countermeasures (REB) using a conventional or high-altitude nuclear explosion. Pulsed streams of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation of microsecond duration and with an energy density of the order of several tens of joules per square meter can cause functional damage to electronics. Such a weapon, depending on the radiation power, will be capable of:
▪suppress almost all classical radio-electronic devices (RES) operating on the principle of receiving and converting electromagnetic waves;
▪cause melting or vaporization of metal in printed circuit boards of electronics, weapons and military equipment or cause structural changes in electronic components of military equipment;
▪to influence human behavior;
▪Destroy living cells, disrupt biological and physiological processes in the functions of living organisms.
The carriers of such weapons can be, as already mentioned, special cruise missiles of land, sea, air, and later space-based cruise missiles, used along extremely low flight trajectories, and numerous unmanned vehicles of long range.
13. Rapid development mass media, especially electronic ones, also creates objective prerequisites for their use for military purposes. It can be predicted that in the future the battlefield will increasingly move into the field of intellectual influence on the consciousness and feelings of millions of people. By placing space repeaters in near-earth orbits, an aggressor country will be able to develop and, under certain conditions, implement a scenario of an information war against a particular state, trying to blow it up from the inside. Provocative programs will be designed not for the mind, but, first of all, for the emotions of people, on their sensual sphere, which is much more effective, especially with a low political culture of the population, poor awareness and unpreparedness for such a war. Dosed presentation of ideologically and psychologically processed provocative material, skillful alternation of true and false information, skillful assembly of details of various fictional explosive situations can turn into a powerful means of psychological offensive. It can be especially effective against a country in which there is social tension, interethnic, religious or class conflicts. Carefully selected information, falling on such fertile ground, can cause panic, riots, pogroms in a short time, destabilize the political situation in the country. Thus, it is possible to force the enemy to surrender without the use of traditional weapons.
14. Thermal (thermal) injury - This is a long-known type of destructive effect on objects and targets with the help of weapons that use thermal energy and, above all, open fire. Having a physicochemical nature, thermal damage is an integral part of both physical and chemical types of damage, and it will undoubtedly remain in the armed struggle of the future. The carriers of such weapons will be high-precision cruise missiles of various bases. Thermal weapons will be well known in the ground forces flamethrowers, incendiary ammunition and fire bombs, using incendiary substances, however, it should be expected that due to the use of new thermal chemicals their capabilities will significantly increase.
In wars and armed struggles of the future, it is likely that both radiation, electromagnetic and acoustic DNFP will find wide application. The impact during the use of this weapon will be carried out by laser, radio frequency, infrasonic radiation, as well as electromagnetic and acoustic interference, which still have a common name. radio electronic interference. This weapon can be used both for destruction and for short-term incapacitation of aerospace and naval weapons by jamming.
General characteristics of weapons based on new physical principles
Along with the development of traditional types of weapons in many countries, much attention is paid to work on the creation of unconventional weapons or, as they say, weapons based on new physical principles. There is the following definition of this weapon. A weapon based on new physical principles (NFP) is a type of weapon based on qualitatively new or previously unused physical, biological and other principles of action and technical solutions based on advances in new fields of knowledge and new technologies. The DNFP includes: beam (laser and accelerator)Laser weapon Laser weapon (LW) is a type of directed energy weapon based on the use of electromagnetic radiation from high-energy lasers. The striking effect of LW is determined mainly by the thermomechanical and shock-impulse action of the laser beam on the target. Depending on the density of the laser radiation flux, these effects can lead to temporary blinding of a person or to the destruction of the body of a rocket, aircraft, etc. In the latter case, as a result of the thermal effect of the laser beam, the shell of the target object melts or evaporates. At a sufficiently high energy density in the pulsed mode, along with the thermal one, a shock effect is carried out due to the appearance of plasma. Of the whole variety of lasers, the most acceptable for laser weapons are solid-state, chemical, with free electrons, nuclear-pumped X-ray lasers, etc. solving the problems of destroying ICBMs, SLBMs, operational tactical, cruise missiles and aircraft, suppressing optoelectronic air defense systems, as well as protecting aircraft carriers of nuclear weapons from guided missiles with any guidance systems. In recent years, significant progress has been observed associated with the transition from lamp pumping of active elements to pumping with laser diodes. In addition, the possibility of generating radiation in TTL at several wavelengths makes it possible to use this type of lasers not only in the power channel, but also in the information channel of the weapon system (for detecting, recognizing targets and precisely aiming the power laser beam at them). Currently in the United States, work continues on the creation of an aviation complex of laser weapons. Initially, it is planned to work out a demonstration model for a Boeing 747 transport aircraft and, after completion of preliminary studies, move to 2004. to the stage of full-scale development. The complex is based on an oxygen iodide laser with an output radiation power of several megawatts. According to experts, it will have a range of up to 400 km. Work continues on the study of the possibility of creating X-ray lasers. Such lasers are distinguished by high energy of X-ray radiation (100–10000 thousand times higher than that of lasers in the optical range) and the ability to penetrate significant thicknesses of various materials (in contrast to conventional lasers, whose rays are reflected from obstacles). It is known that a laser device pumped with X-rays from a low-power nuclear explosion was tested during underground tests of nuclear weapons. Such a laser operates in the x-ray range with a wavelength of 0.0014 microns and generates a radiation pulse with a duration of several nanoseconds. Unlike conventional lasers, in particular from chemical lasers, when targets are hit by coherent beams due to thermal effects, an X-ray laser ensures target destruction due to impulse impact, leading to evaporation of the target surface material and its subsequent spalling. Laser weapons are distinguished by stealth action (no flame, smoke, sound), high accuracy, almost instantaneous action (delivery speed is equal to the speed of light). Its application is possible within the line of sight. The damaging effect is reduced in fog, rain, snowfall, when the atmosphere is smoky and dusty. As of the mid-90s, tactical laser weapons were considered the most advanced, providing destruction of optical electronic means and human organs of vision. Accelerating (beam) weapons These weapons are based on the use of highly targeted beams of charged or neutral particles generated by various types of accelerators, both ground-based and space-based. The defeat of various objects and a person is determined by radiation (ionizing) and thermomechanical effects. Beam means can destroy the shells of aircraft hulls, hit ballistic missiles and space objects by disabling onboard electronic equipment. It is assumed that with the help of a powerful flow of electrons, it is possible to detonate ammunition with explosives, to melt nuclear charges of warheads of ammunition. To impart high energies to the electrons generated by the accelerator, powerful electrical sources are created, and to increase their "range" it is proposed to inflict not single, but group impacts of 10–20 pulses in each. The initial impulses will, as it were, pierce a tunnel in the air, through which the subsequent ones will reach the goal. Neutral hydrogen atoms are considered to be very promising particles for beam weapons, since the beams of its particles will not bend in the geomagnetic field and repel inside the beam itself, without thereby increasing the divergence angle. Work on accelerating weapons on beams of charged particles (electrons) is being carried out in the interests of creating air defense systems for ships, as well as for mobile tactical ground installations. Infrasound weapon Infrasonic weapons are one of the types of DNFP based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations. Prototypes of such weapons already exist and have been repeatedly considered as possible test objects. Of practical interest are oscillations with a frequency from tenths and even hundredths to units of hertz. Infrasound is characterized by low absorption in various media, as a result of which infrasonic waves in air, in water and in the earth's crust can propagate over long distances, penetrate through concrete and metal barriers. According to studies carried out in some countries, infrasonic vibrations can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs, causing paralysis, vomiting and spasms, leading to general malaise and pain in the internal organs, and at higher levels at frequencies of several hertz - to dizziness, nausea, loss of consciousness, and sometimes to blindness and even death. Infrasonic weapons can also cause people to panic, lose control of themselves, and an overwhelming desire to hide from the source of injury. Certain frequencies can affect the middle ear, causing vibrations, which in turn cause sensations akin to those of motion sickness, motion sickness. The range of its action is determined by the radiated power, the value of the carrier frequency, the width of the directional pattern and the conditions of propagation of acoustic vibrations in a real environment. According to press reports, work on the creation of an infrasonic weapon is nearing completion in the United States. The transformation of electrical energy into sound low frequency occurs with the help of piezoelectric crystals, the shape of which changes under the influence of an electric current. Prototypes of infrasonic weapons have already been used in Yugoslavia. The so-called "acoustic bomb" produced very low frequency sound vibrations. RF weapon In recent years, research has intensified to study the biological effect of electromagnetic radiation. The main place in the research is devoted to the impact on people of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range from extremely low (f = 3-30 Hz) to ultrahigh (f = 3-30 GHz). The study of these frequency ranges of electromagnetic radiation can be the basis for the creation of a new type of DNFP - radio frequency weapons. Radio frequency weapons in the microwave range are sometimes called microwave or microwave weapons. At the same time, first of all, the effect of radiation on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is studied, since they regulate the activity of all other organs and systems, determine the state of the psyche and human behavior. It has now been established that when acting on the central nervous system, the greatest biological effect is caused by radiation, which in their parameters corresponds to the electromagnetic fields of the brain and coordinates the activity of its centers. In this regard, a detailed study of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of the centers of the human brain is being conducted and the possibility of developing means of suppressing and stimulating their activity is being investigated. As a result of experiments carried out in the United States, it was determined that with a single exposure to a person of radiation with certain frequencies in the radio frequency range from 30 to 30,000 MHz (meter and decimeter waves) with an intensity of more than 10 MW / cm2, headache, weakness, depression, increased irritability, fear, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment. Exposure of the brain to radio waves in the frequency range of 0.3–3 GHz (decimeter waves) at an intensity of up to 2 MW / cm2 causes a sensation of whistling, buzzing, humming, clicking sounds, which disappear with appropriate shielding. It has also been established that powerful electromagnetic radiation can cause severe burns and blinding. According to scientists, with the help of electromagnetic radiation, it is possible to remotely and purposefully influence a person, which makes it possible to use radio-frequency weapons to conduct psychological sabotage and disorganize the control of enemy troops. With regard to their troops, electromagnetic radiation can be used to increase resistance to stress arising in the course of hostilities. With the help of microwave weapons, it will be possible to disrupt the operation of any electronic systems. Advanced magnetrons and klystrons with a power of up to 1 GW using phased array antennas will disrupt the functioning of airfields, missile launch sites, centers and command posts, and disable troops and weapons control systems. With the adoption of such means as powerful mobile microwave generators of all types of basing by the armies of the opposing sides, it will be possible to block the weapon systems of the opposing side. This puts microwave weapons among the highest priority weapons of the future. Geophysical weapons A geophysical weapon is understood as a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of natural phenomena and artificial processes for military purposes. Depending on the environment in which these processes take place, it is subdivided into atmospheric, lithospheric, hydrospheric, biospheric and ozone. The means by which geophysical factors are stimulated can be different, but the energy expended by these means is always much less than the energy released by the forces of nature as a result of the induced geophysical process. Atmospheric (weather) weapons are the most researched type of geophysical weapons to date. With regard to atmospheric weapons, its damaging factors are various kinds of atmospheric processes and associated weather and climatic conditions, on which life can depend, both in individual regions and on the entire planet. To date, it has been established that many active reagents, for example, silver iodide, solid carbon dioxide and other substances, being dispersed in clouds, are capable of causing torrential rains over large areas. On the other hand, reagents such as propane, carbon dioxide, and lead iodide provide fog dissipation. Spraying of these substances can be carried out using ground generators and on-board devices installed on airplanes and rockets. In areas where the moisture content of the air is high, the above method can cause heavy rains and thereby change the water regime of rivers, lakes, swamps, significantly worsen the passability of roads and terrain, and cause floods in low-lying areas. On the other hand, if artificial precipitation is provided on the approaches to areas with a high moisture deficit, it is possible to remove a significant amount of the latter from the atmosphere and cause drought in these areas. Lithospheric weapon based on the use of the energy of the lithosphere, that is, the outer sphere of the "solid" earth, including the earth's crust and the upper layer of the mantle. In this case, the damaging effect is manifested in the form of such catastrophic phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the movement of geological formations. The source of the energy released in this case is tension in tectonically dangerous zones. Experiments carried out by a number of researchers have shown that in some earthquake-prone regions of the Earth, earthquakes can be initiated with the help of ground or underground nuclear explosions of relatively low power, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Hydrospheric weapons are based on the use of hydrosphere energy for military purposes. The hydrosphere is the discontinuous watery shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the solid earth's crust (lithosphere). It is a collection of oceans, seas and surface waters. The use of the energy of the hydrosphere for military purposes is possible by influencing hydro resources (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) and hydraulic structures not only by nuclear explosions, but also by large charges of conventional explosives. The damaging factors of hydrospheric weapons will be strong waves and flooding. Biosphere weapon(ecological) is based on a catastrophic change in the biosphere. The biosphere encompasses part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere, which are interconnected by complex biochemical cycles of migration of substances and energy. Currently, there are chemical and biological agents, the use of which in large areas can destroy the vegetation cover, the surface fertile soil layer, food supplies, etc. weapons can lead to a catastrophic change in the biosphere and, as a consequence, mass destruction of people. Ozone weapon based on the use of the energy of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. The shielding ozone layer extends at an altitude of 10 to 50 km with a maximum concentration at an altitude of 20–25 km and a sharp decrease up and down. Under normal conditions, the surface of the Earth reaches an insignificant part of UVR with = 0.01-0.2 μm. Its main part, passing through the atmosphere, is absorbed by ozone, scattered by air molecules and dust particles. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents, it kills microorganisms and is poisonous. Its destruction is accelerated in the presence of a number of gaseous impurities, especially bromine, chlorine, fluorine and their compounds, which can be delivered to the ozone layer using rockets, aircraft and other means. Partial destruction of the ozone layer over the enemy's territory, artificial creation of temporary "windows" in the protective ozone layer can lead to damage to the population, flora and fauna in the planned area of the Earth due to the impact of high doses of hard UVR and other radiation of cosmic origin. Despite the signing by most of the UN member states of the 1978 Convention "On the Prohibition of Military and Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Influencing the Natural Environment" first of all, the USA, Japan and Great Britain) in recent years have significantly expanded the research topics on the active impact on the human environment, as well as on processes that can have a significant impact on supporting space systems (intelligence, communications, navigation). Thus, the analysis of the studies carried out in recent years in the field of geophysical impact on the environment indicates the likelihood of the appearance in the 21st century of fundamentally new approaches to the technology of creating certain types of geophysical weapons. Gene weapon Scientific and technical advances in the field of biotechnology in recent years have made it possible to enter a new direction in the development of this science, called evolutionary molecular ("genetic") engineering. It is based on the technology of reproduction in laboratory conditions of the processes of adaptive evolution of genetic material. The application of this approach provides the creation of flexible technologies for targeted selection and reliable production of proteins with desired properties. According to experts, genetic engineering creates the preconditions for the development of fundamentally new methods of working with DNA and for obtaining a new generation of biotechnological products. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the use of the results of genetic research is not limited only to the possibility of obtaining modified or new types of microbes that most fully meet the requirements of biological warfare. In the opinion of foreign experts, means of destruction of the human genetic apparatus or "genetic weapons" can also be created. It is understood as substances of chemical or biological origin that can cause mutations (changes in the structure) of genes in the human body, accompanied by health disorders or programmed behavior of people. In recent years, in the field of biotechnology, it has already been possible to develop methods for obtaining a wide range of physiologically active proteins that affect pain sensitivity and psychosomatic reactions in mammals. Research on such bioregulators is at various stages, up to clinical trials in humans. A special type of genetic weapon is the so-called ethnic weapon - a weapon with a selective genetic factor. It is designed to defeat primarily certain ethnic and racial groups of the population. The possibility of the development and subsequent use of such weapons comes from the genetic differences of different races and ethnic groups of people. Animals, plants, soil microflora, specific for a given region of the Earth and constituting an important condition for human existence in this region, can also become objects of influence of ethnic weapons. As you know, in the organisms of certain groups of people there are genetically determined biochemical characteristics that depend on environmental factors and, above all, food and infectious agents. Under the influence of such regional environmental factors, various biological structures were formed, which were hereditarily fixed and passed on to subsequent generations of people. It is obvious that such intraspecific differences can be the direct object of a targeted chemical or biological effect of ethnic weapons on cells, tissues, organs, and systems of people. This can be one of the means of genocide and a weapon of sterilization (deprivation of the ability to bear children). Annihilation weapon Annihilation weapon is one of the possible, but still hypothetical types of DNPP, the action of which is based on the process of annihilation (interconversion) of particles with the release of a large amount of energy. From a military point of view, the annihilation of particles and antiparticles can be used to create weapons of enormous destructive power, far exceeding the power of thermonuclear weapons. Kinetic weapons Western experts in their plans to re-equip the armed forces in order to increase their power, mobility and expand combat capabilities of no small importance among the weapon systems under study based on new physical principles attaches to the creation of weapons of war based on electrodynamic mass accelerators or electric guns, the main attractive feature of which is achieving hypersonic speeds of destruction, including without the use of special warheads. The expected improvement in tactical and technical characteristics will be expressed in an increase in the range of fire and outstripping the enemy in duel situations, as well as in an increase in the probability and accuracy of hits when firing unguided and, moreover, guided hyperspeed ammunition, which must destroy the target with a direct hit. In addition, the systems of hyperspeed kinetic weapons, in comparison with conventional counterparts, can reduce the size of the crew or combat crew (for example, for a tank crew - by half). Thus, the ongoing promising research in a number of areas of science and technology, in the future may result in the creation of the most effective and economical types of weapons applicable to achieve political and military goals. New types of non-lethal weapons A weapon of non-lethal (non-lethal) action is understood as a means of influencing people and equipment, created on the basis of chemical, biological, physical and other principles that make the enemy incapable of combat for a certain time. Non-lethal weapons developed in NATO countries include the following types. Acoustic weapon- small-sized powerful generators operating in the infrasonic and sound frequency ranges. Designed to hit people, including those in shelters and equipment. Electromagnetic weapon - generators of electromagnetic radiation of the microwave range, designed to destroy mainly electrical equipment. Blinding weapons are sources of coherent and incoherent optical radiation to disable optical electronic equipment and damage the organs of vision. Chemicals - aerosol formulations of psychotropic drugs, various foaming, adhesive and fast-hardening compounds, active chemical agents, inhibitors and activators of oxidation reactions capable of disrupting the molecular structure of metal alloys, components of ammunition and rubber products. Biological agents - microorganisms modified by means of genetic engineering methods with specific properties to disrupt the structure of metal alloys, components of ammunition and rubber products, to convert fuels and lubricants into a jelly-like mass. Means of information and psychological influence on the individual and organized groups. In this regard, the possibilities of creating holographic images in the atmosphere, voice synthesizers are being investigated, which make it possible to compile speech messages of leaders of various states and distribute them through electronic media in a critical situation. This also includes jammers, computer viruses and other similar tools. Some examples of non-lethal weapons were used in armed conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, and Iraq. Thus, during Operation Desert Storm, electromagnetic weapons (in particular, carbon fibers) were used, the means of delivery of which to the targets were Tomahok cruise missiles. As a result, short circuits arose in the power grids of power plants and transmission lines, which ultimately led to a disruption in the power supply of Iraqi control and air defense systems during the decisive period of the operation. In the USA, the Saber 203 laser blinder was developed, which could be installed in a 40 mm grenade launcher. Its experimental prototype was used in 1995 in Somalia. Laser blinders had American troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the NATO hostilities in Yugoslavia, a number of samples of non-lethal weapons were tested, such as: "graphite", light, acoustic and electromagnetic bombs, a bomb that creates an intolerable smell, laser devices, sticky foam. At the very first use of the "graphite" bomb, NATO planes put out of action two-thirds of Serbia's energy system for several hours. Issues of further development and principles of the use of non-lethal weapons are widely discussed in NATO countries. This is due to the significant expansion of the participation of the armed forces of the bloc countries in various kinds of regional conflicts and peacekeeping operations. Faced with irregular armed formations conducting combat operations in unconventional ways, the subunits either fail to cope with the assigned tasks or suffer unreasonably large losses. At the initiative of the United States within the framework of NATO, a special working group was created to coordinate applied military research in the field of non-lethal weapons. Among the priority areas are studies of its characteristics, which cause the enemy to lose strength (a sharp decrease in activity, passivity), loss of spatial orientation, loss of consciousness, pain. Means of information warfare The rapid development of electronic technology, primarily computing, and its ever deeper penetration into all spheres of life, including state and military administration, have led to the emergence of a fundamentally new type of confrontation between states - information (the concept of "information war"). The term "information war" means a set of measures aimed at preventing unauthorized use, damage or destruction of elements of their own information infrastructure (AI), as well as the use, violation of the integrity or destruction of elements of the enemy's AI in order to ensure information superiority in peacetime, as well as various stages of preparation and conduct of hostilities. To conduct information warfare, specific means are being developed that can be defensive and offensive. The need to create a multi-level security system is due to the fact that the interconnection of all promising information systems is supposed to be carried out through the means of a global communication network common for users of any level. The developed tools (network encryptors, a set of software hardware) will have to ensure the verification of the legality of access to information resources, identification of users, registration of all actions of consumers and personnel with the possibility of prompt and subsequent analysis, as well as the required level of confidentiality. According to the methods of introducing into the composition of the enemy's information resources and influencing them, offensive means of programmed technical influence (SPTV) are divided into the following classes: "logical bomb" - a hidden control program, which, upon a specific signal or at a specified time, comes into action, destroying or distorting information , prohibiting access to certain important fragments of the control information resource or disorganizing the operation of technical means. Such intervention in the automated control system by troops and weapons can radically affect the course and outcome of a battle, an operation; "Software virus" is a specialized software product capable of reproducing logic bombs and introducing them remotely into the enemy's information networks, multiplying independently, attaching to programs, and transmitting them over the network; "Trojan horse" - a program, the implementation of which makes it possible to carry out hidden unauthorized access to the enemy's information array in order to obtain intelligence information; neutralizer of test programs, which ensures the preservation of natural and artificial defects in software (SW); deliberately created, hidden from the ordinary user, interfaces for logging into the system, introduced into the software by developers for mercenary or sabotage subversive purposes; small-sized devices capable of generating high-power EMP, which ensures the destruction of electronic equipment. Information elements of missile attack warning systems and outer space control, high-level command posts and computing centers and communication centers serving them can be considered as the priority objects for the use of high-tech equipment from the point of view of inflicting the maximum possible damage. In peacetime, this kind of impact can be exerted on such important goals for the state as the banking system, air traffic control system, as well as the psychological impact on the population of the enemy state (especially in the border areas) using radio and television broadcasting. The characteristic features of SPTV include radicalism and pseudo-selectivity of action, versatility, secrecy, suddenness, efficiency, multivariance, and freedom of spatio-temporal maneuver.
#weapon #armament #defense
The latest military technologies have been exciting the minds of people interested in military topics for a long time. Most of the news stories come from overseas, talking about successful tests of either combat lasers, or electromagnetic bombs that destroy any electronics, or hypersonic weapons capable of striking anywhere in the world with conventional ammunition, or "rail" guns. When they talk about the successes of Americans in the field of creating the latest military systems, they almost always emphasize the thesis about how far the "pale-faced brothers" have gone from us in the field of advanced technologies, and if they mention domestic successes, then with indispensable regret about the lost or lost Soviet potential ...
Well, let's figure out how far behind we are and what we can boast of. Here one should take into account the limited information about the most advanced developments and their entry into the troops. It is due to the traditional "stamp" character of these topics for us. However, even from open and declassified sources, a fairly complete picture can be drawn.
First, about laser weapons. In the Soviet Union, it was developed by the type of placement on the ground, in the air, on surface ships and in space. The purpose of the complexes was also different.
Not so long ago, the self-propelled laser complex 1K17 "Compression" was declassified (a sample was even exhibited in the Military-Technical Museum). The task of the complex was to counteract the optical-electronic systems for observing and controlling weapons. That is, it was intended to "burn out" any optics with guidance on its glare.
By the way, in the field of optical detection based on the principle of retroreflection, we have been ahead of foreign developments for a long time. Such systems are routinely included in the OMS of armored vehicles and helicopters. To detect sniper and reconnaissance optics, as well as ATGM control optics, the products "Ghost-M", "PAPV", "Luch-1M", "MIF-350", MSOOR "Sanya", etc. are serially produced. counter suppression (flare) is also implemented, some simply serve for counter-sniper combat and reconnaissance.
But back to Compression. Work on it really stopped in the 90s, in connection with which a lot of tears were shed in the press about how ineptly we "profiled" the Soviet legacy. The installation of such systems on American equipment, including light equipment, is invariably cited as an example. At the same time, it is forgotten that, for example, the installation of the AN / VLO-7 system on the BRM M3 "Bradley" was abandoned due to its cumbersomeness and high cost. And for the same reasons, the "Compression" program was curtailed: a hefty tracked vehicle had a cosmic cost, which limited its mass character. But to say that the groundwork for this technique has disappeared is somewhat premature. The main developer of the system, NPO Astrophysics, quite openly on the site puts data on the "complex for the remote destruction of explosive devices and mine clearance", "a laser beam control system for detecting, tracking and influencing several targets ... including space ones." And the data on government contracts say that the company carried out a number of works in the period from 2002 to 2006, including on high-power lasers and long-range laser radars.
Well, and also about the laser suppression devices already entering the troops. The complex of electronic warfare and protection of subdivisions "Infauna" includes, in addition to traditional means of radio reconnaissance and radio suppression, optical-electronic reconnaissance and suppression systems, which make it possible to effectively deal not only with radio-controlled mine explosive devices, but also with means of attack using optical guidance (for example, ATGM) or optical reconnaissance means. Also provides suppression of enemy communications. Operates as part of battalion-level electronic warfare units. Four complexes were received by the Svirskaya Airborne Forces and units of the Airborne Forces of the Southern Military District, the crews are trained in the interspecific training center for training specialists and electronic warfare units of the Russian Armed Forces.
If we talk about combat lasers deployed on aircraft, then again, priority should be recognized with us.
In 2008, the Americans loudly rejoiced at the successful tests under the ABL program (Airborne laser - Air laser). A 1-3-megawatt combat laser was installed on board a military Boeing 747-400 and during tests successfully “heated” the target, partially destroying it. Previously, the Americans tested the NKC-135A, but the power of the installation was limited to 0.4-0.5 MW, the mass and volume of the working fluid and hydrocarbon fuel stored on board limited the laser operation time to 20-30 seconds, and the range did not exceed 5 km.
While our megawatt laser has flown since the early 80s (the A-60 complex on board the Il-76MD), little is known about the test progress, but the "work" was carried out both on ground targets and stratospheric balloons, and on air target La-17. It is known that the first of the three test boards burned down in 1989. On the other two, tests are being carried out according to modified programs jointly by the Almaz-Antey State Design Bureau and the Beriev Aircraft Company. Representatives of "Almaz-Antey" (in particular, Alexander IGNATIEV) spoke about a new model of an aircraft-based laser complex "for countering the reconnaissance means of a potential enemy on the ground, at sea, in the air and in space in the infrared region of the spectrum."
That is, unlike the Americans, missile defense is not initially a priority. This should be recognized as the correct approach, since the physical destruction of a target using a laser is a more difficult task, the solution of which is strongly influenced by the state of the atmosphere and the parameters of the target itself, moreover, it initially requires a high power of the installation; lifting a sufficiently powerful laser into the air is more difficult than creating it on the ground or installing it on a ship. Disabling the equipment does not require the same guidance accuracy that is needed to destroy the target, possibly with a lower laser power, and does not require long-term and accurate focusing on the object, allowing you to solve the problem in a scanning mode. And if the domestic program continues, then the ABL program was closed by the Americans due to its high cost and low practical applicability - the B747-400F went to the cemetery in February this year.
Placing combat lasers at sea also has its own complications. Here weather and atmospheric disturbances are much more pronounced than at high altitudes.
Despite this, in the 1980s, we tested a combat laser on board the Dixon experimental ship (it is often called “Admiral Gorshkov's hyperboloid”). The shipborne laser complex "Aquilon" was supposed to hit coastal targets. However, during tests in the summer of 1980, it turned out that most of the beam energy was "eaten" by moisture evaporation from the sea surface, due to which the efficiency was only 5 percent. And, despite the fact that the laser managed to heat the coastal target at a distance of about 4 km, the program was curtailed, considering it more promising to work with sea-based beam weapons. Here, with the help of accelerators of charged or neutral particles (electrons, protons, neutral hydrogen atoms), a stream is formed, which is then focused into a narrowly directed beam. Possessing high energy, such a beam is capable of radiation (ionizing) and thermomechanical effects to destroy the shells of aircraft and ballistic missile hulls, initiate X-rays, disable on-board electronic equipment, damage the molecular structure of the human body, besides, the influence of atmospheric factors on it is minimal.
It is known that the Radio Engineering Institute named after Academician A.L. Mints (RTI), MRTI, and a number of other institutions have been engaged in beam weapons since the 60s. Very little is known about what exactly is being done in this area, which suggests that the direction remains promising. An indirect confirmation of their success is the work carried out by the Americans on the study of special reflective coatings for anti-ship missiles, as well as fragmentary reports of tests at naval facilities of weapons "based on new physical principles." Also, this wording appears in some statements of representatives of the Russian state, Serdyukov, for example, even spoke about the inclusion of such studies in the state armaments program for 2011-2012. But the wording itself is not new - back in 1976, in the 4th GU MO, a department was created "to control the development of weapons and equipment based on new physical principles" priorities. But while open information does not come to the press, it makes no sense to talk about specific samples.
We have been developing ground-based laser systems since 1975, when a number of systems were tested. At the same time, intensive work was carried out to perfect the tracking of space targets and ballistic missiles. Field tests were carried out at object 2505 ("Terra" - works of NPO Astrophysics) in relation to anti-missile and anti-satellite defense and object 2506 ("Omega" - works of NPO Almaz) in relation to air defense. Both are at the Sary-Shagan training ground in the Kazakh SSR. The choice of the site was determined by the climatic feature - there was a clear sky over the landfill for most of the year. And as you know, atmospheric phenomena affect the efficiency of laser systems very strongly.
The work on the anti-satellite and anti-missile program was headed by the Nobel Prize laureate in physics Nikolai Gennadievich Basov. In 1994, he assessed its results as follows: "Well, we firmly established that no one can shoot down a ballistic missile warhead with a laser beam, and we have made great advances in lasers ...".
An interesting case can illustrate the effectiveness of installations in influencing space objects. Marshal of the Soviet Union D.F. Ustinov suggested using a laser complex to accompany the American shuttle. And on October 10, 1984, during the 13th flight of the Challenger, when its orbital orbits were passing over the Balkhash region, the experiment took place. The 5N26 / LE-1 laser locator measured the target parameters while operating in the detection mode with the minimum radiation power. The orbital altitude of the spacecraft was 365 km, the inclined detection and tracking range was 400-800 km. Communication on the shuttle was suddenly cut off, equipment malfunctioning and the astronauts felt unwell. When the Americans began to figure out what had happened, they realized that the crew had been subjected to some kind of artificial influence from the USSR. An official protest was made. In the future, the laser installation and radio engineering complexes, which have a high energy potential, were not used to accompany the shuttles.
In the 90s, all work at the landfills was curtailed, the equipment was taken out to the territory of Russia, and some of the facilities were blown up. However, the experience gained from the program was not lost. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the commissioning of new complexes begins: "Okno" - Mount Sanglok (Nurek in Tajikistan), and "Okno-S" - Mount Lysaya (Spasko-Dalnee in the Far East). And also the complexes "Krona" in the North Caucasus and "Krona-N" - also in the Far East. The functions of the complexes sound like purely peaceful - "control and measuring optoelectronic complexes for tracking space objects." The fact that the escort is carried out by laser systems, which are a further development of the Terra program, does not at all speak of their combat mission. And since 2009, the complexes are being modernized and additional installations are being built, which should increase their capabilities.
The work on Omega was also successful. After testing stationary installations at NPO Almaz, a mobile complex 74T6 was created. He successfully worked on RUM-2B targets in flight. However, restrictions on atmospheric conditions of use were valid here as well. Here is what Petr Vasilyevich Zarubin, who supervised the work on the Ministry of Defense, said about the test results: “... and what can be said about the Omega, I will answer that today there is no doubt of a scientific and technical nature that such a target as an airplane can be hit a ground laser beam of sufficient power (energy). But this is true only in the absence of cloud cover ... ”. In general, this was the reason for the curtailment of the program.
However, even here it cannot be said that experience disappeared without development. NPO Almaz (now the Almaz-Antey concern) supplied several MLTK-50 mobile systems for Gazprom. In fact, this is a 74T6 product, only without an air targeting system. Gazprom's "hyperboloid" is, in general, a purely peaceful machine designed for emergency cutting of metal structures and reinforced concrete at a great distance (well, if, for example, it breaks out on a drilling platform). However, here's what's interesting. The photographs of the English-language press release presented at MAKS-2003 showed a Gazprom hyperboloid shooting down a small airplane! At the same time, the complex was presented precisely by a defense enterprise, and not by the Trinity Institute for Innovative and Fusion Research (TRINITY), whose list of purely peaceful products inspires respect.
The initial task for Soviet space combat systems was to combat American military spacecraft. The first Soviet maneuvering satellites (Polet-1 and Polet-2) were tested back in 1963 and 1964. Orbital interceptions took place on November 1, 1968 (the Kosmos-252 target satellite was destroyed) and 12/03/1971 (the Kosmos-462 target satellite was destroyed).
The Americans also tested anti-satellite systems, but lagged noticeably in this area. This led to the signing in 1972 between the USSR and the United States of a treaty on the limitation of strategic arms and missile defense systems, which also limited anti-satellite systems. In this regard, the Soviet test program was curtailed ... But not entirely.
Within the framework of the Salyut manned program (military stations of the Almaz series were also launched under this name), we put a number of manned stations into orbit above the limit of the contract. Taking into account that during the design of "Almazov" in the United States, work was carried out on the creation of various kinds of space interceptors, measures were taken at the station to protect against such spacecraft. Another station "Salyut-3" ("Almaz-2") was equipped with a 23-mm automatic cannon, designed by the Nudelman Design Bureau for firing in a vacuum (the "Shield-1" system). In January 1975, she even shot. Salyut-5 has already received the Shield-2 system, with two space-to-space missiles. In the future, it was planned to test on the basis of a long-term orbital station a variant with both laser (Skif program) and missile armament (Cascade program). The laser system was planned to be used to blind the American satellites, the rocket system to destroy them.
Work on the "Skif" progressed with delays, but maneuvering satellites to combat military spacecraft were tested quite successfully. So, during the Shield-82 exercises, nicknamed in the West the Seven-Hour Nuclear War, in addition to the launch of ballistic missiles and interceptors (the warheads of two UR-100 ICBMs were successfully intercepted by two A-350R interceptor missiles), launches of space interceptors were also tested. ... The exercise made an indelible impression on the US military leadership. They became one of the reasons why R. Reagan on March 23, 1983 launched the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program.
But the laser part of the program slipped and was revised many times. But, even despite the statement by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Yu. V. Andropov, on the unilateral termination of tests of missile defense systems, work continued. Having abandoned the use of manned vehicles as a carrier, the designers followed the path of using automatic ones. A project was prepared for the 17F19 "Skif" apparatus for testing various combat systems, for example, the 1K11 "Stilet" product (the predecessor of the 1K17 "Compression" ground complex), which was an infrared laser. The first was to be the Polyus satellite (Skif-DM) - a demonstration model.
Contrary to popular belief that the Pole had a combat laser or only an aiming system for a group of targets launched into orbit by the vehicle itself, all of this was dismantled prior to launch for political reasons. But when you read the memoirs of people involved in the creation of the apparatus with a list of the remaining experiments, you involuntarily begin to wonder whether a laser was needed at all. In a series of three geophysical experiments (GF-1/1, GF-1/2 and GF-1/3), it was planned to generate artificial gravity waves of the upper atmosphere (GF-1/1), create an artificial "dynamo effect" in the earth ionosphere (GF-1/2) and the creation of large-scale ion production in ion and plasmaspheres (GF-1/3)!
However, the Pion-K sighting system with a laser-electronic telescope and a group of targets was actually tested in 1985 on the Kosmos-1686 spacecraft (the fourth sample of the TKS transport-functional spacecraft docked with the Salyut-7 station) and was planned as standard on the "Spectrum" module of the "Mir" station. The sighting system worked on objects on Earth (experiment "Surface"), on the surface of the ocean ("Zebra"), on flying objects in the atmosphere ("Shell"), as well as on corner reflectors fired from the vehicle. No real destruction of these objects was carried out, since the combat systems were to be tested in the course of subsequent experiments on the basis of the new platform. The sighting system was supposed to be universal for laser, missile and other combat systems. And if this program were implemented, the Soviet Union would receive a powerful tool for monitoring both the earth's surface and near-earth space. But ... the program was buried a little earlier than the Soviet Union. This did not happen without the participation of the last Secretary General. But first things first.
"Polyus" ("Skif-DM") was to be launched into orbit in the first launch of the heavy launch vehicle "Energia", which later became "Buran's horse" small). On February 3, 1987, it was docked with a launch vehicle. However, the team had to wait three and a half months for the start team (for 100 days of standing on the UKSS, the device had to endure the most extreme climatic conditions - temperatures from -27 to + 30ºC, blizzard, sleet, rain, fog and dust storms). But the timing of the launch did not depend on technology or weather conditions, but on higher authorities. Fearing to compromise the peacekeeping statements of the country's leadership, the State Commission constantly revised the program of scientific research in orbit and, as a result, canceled it all. They only decided to put the "Skif-DM" into orbit, and in a month to bring it into the atmosphere over the desert region of the Pacific Ocean. Some of the equipment began to be dismantled directly on an unequipped site, at a height of 11 m above the launch pad, next to a fully fueled apparatus.
On May 11, 1987, Gorbachev himself flew to the cosmodrome. Here is what Major General Anatoly Pavlovich Zavalishin, who conducted the excursion of the distinguished guest, writes about this visit:
“… I didn’t bother and immediately continued my report. He explained the purpose and actual shortcomings of the IS satellite (mine-based interceptor satellite - A.G.), while not forgetting to report the fear-dislike of this old satellite Lady Thatcher. Then he moved on to a single satellite of the "Naryad" system and described the first mock-up of a satellite for missile defense, the idea of which was proposed at one time by VN Chelomey, and the development at this time was carried out by DA Polukhin. Gorbachev was interested in the layout of the active countermeasures satellite. Seeing this, I immediately applied for permission to test the chosen principle, recalling that the United States had already carried out experiments with the ASAT system with the destruction of its spent satellites. He promised that we would come up with any legend and arrange the experiment in such a way that “the mosquito of the nose will not undermine”. But Gorbachev advised to conduct all tests and verification of the principle of targeting and control not in space, but in the direction of the center of the Earth (the allegorical name of the funeral procedure - A.G.). I could not agree with such a turn, entered into a polemic, reminding the Secretary General that politics is politics, and you need to have a weapon that at least is not inferior in characteristics to the existing models of technology of a potential enemy. He recalled the Second World War and the initial attitude towards the Katyushas, but Gorbachev launched into confused, verbose explanations, the result of which was a polite but firm refusal. The guests present and the command did not interfere in the conversation and did not express their opinion and attitude to this issue.
The military department understood that the Energia-Buran system was very expensive and, moreover, vulnerable to perform its protective functions. Therefore, it supported the project of D.A. Polukhin and authorized the creation of several experimental installations of the "Outfit" type. The essence of the project: to solve a strategic task (to protect the Soviet Union from a sudden massive nuclear strike), the designer proposed the option of creating a space echelon of the country's missile defense based on interceptor missiles (combat missiles installed in silo launchers with combat space heads, i.e. with space attack satellites that hit a target on Earth, in the air, in low-Earth orbit or descending from orbit to Earth). The deployed missile defense could successfully protect the Earth from meteorites and large debris of any stars, planets, etc. ...
The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was very pleased with what he saw and heard. The time of the visit and conversation with the guests was twice as long as it was planned. In conclusion M.S. Gorbachev lamented: "It's a pity that I didn't know all this before Reykjavik!"
Gorbachev also examined the Skif-DM, which was ready for launch. By that time, it was already called the "Polyus" payload launch vehicle. It was shown by the chief designer Boris Ivanovich Gubanov:
“... Nobody told the testers that the General Secretary would come. But when the checks turned into a senseless repetition and a waste of the resource of equipment and service equipment, we were hinted at the reason for "creative work". The so-called two-day readiness is, in fact, the beginning of filling the rocket with components, starting with the cooling down of tanks, tanks and main lines ...
... Leaving the bus, greeted the greeters, Gorbachev said, addressing me: “The Politburo will not allow you to launch this rocket ...” Dumbfounded by this, I did not specify or try to understand the reason for such a decision he had formed. The statement on behalf of the supreme body was apparently discussed in advance ...
… The last thesis of Gorbachey answered us all the questions about our future. It became clear what was waiting for "Energy" ... The times of NS Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev had gone far - we cease to strengthen the nuclear shield. That is why the decision of the Politburo to launch Energia was needed ...
Speaking at the Palace on May 13, Gorbachev said:
“… Our course towards peaceful space is not a sign of weakness. It is an expression of the peaceful foreign policy of the Soviet Union. We offer the international community cooperation in the exploration of peaceful space. We oppose the arms race, including in space ... Our interests here coincide with the interests of the American people, and with the interests of other peoples of the world ... "
However, permission to start was given in between times, during lunch. Already on May 15 (until the secretary general changed his mind), the rocket was launched. The launch and separation of the spacecraft went smoothly, but the stabilization engines of the exhausted satellite could not stop the rotation, and, without gaining the required orbital speed, it fell into the waters of the Pacific Ocean. This ended the program. One can only guess how the implementation of the program of influence on the physical properties of the Earth's shells and the program of combat space systems would affect the balance of power in the Cold War. Based on the examples given above, we should note the natural consequence of the American peace initiatives at the moments of their technological lag.
To complete the picture, we should dwell a little on other military space programs. The Naryad satellite mentioned by Zavalishin was part of a large-scale program for creating a universal "attack satellite" capable of striking both ground targets and those maneuvering in the atmosphere and in near-earth orbit. The development took place at the Khrunichev Center. Despite the loss of interest from the state, it continued in the 90s - as always, "on an initiative basis." The next mention refers to 2002, when during a visit to the Center, the results of the work were demonstrated to Putin. As a result, the Ministry of Defense was instructed to "deal with the" outfit ": is there a need, and if so, what funds will be required for this." The results of the assessment are naturally unknown, but later similar programs are mentioned in connection with the use of "Angara" launch vehicles from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. And in 2009, when Popovkin announced the development of anti-satellite weapons in Russia, it was said that “the groundwork has been preserved for the Naryad-VN and Naryad-BP rocket and space systems based on interceptor missiles (combat missiles, installed in silo launchers, with combat space heads, ie with space attack satellites) ". Probably, the work is financed among several programs for missile defense and the development of the Military Space Forces.
Use of non-lethal (non-lethal) weapons as a way to minimize the possibility of unintentional victims. The principle of operation of different types of weapons: psychological, sound, laser, informational, traumatic and microwave weapons.
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WEAPON WITH NEW PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES (UNCONVENTIONAL WEAPON)
weapon psychological information
Weapons based on new physical principles(unconventional weapon) - new types of weapons, the destructive effect of which is based on processes and phenomena previously not used in weapons. By the end of the 20th century. genetic weapons, geophysical, infrasonic, climatic, laser, ozone, radiological, microwave, accelerator, electromagnetic weapons, etc. were at various stages of research and development.
Non-lethal (non-lethal) weapons(HE'S D) is a weapon designed to temporarily disable enemy manpower without causing permanent damage to human health.
This is an extensive complex of mechanical, chemical, electrical and light and sound devices used to provide psychophysical, traumatic and restraining effects on the offender, temporarily disable him, and capture the enemy alive.
As a rule, special means are used by law enforcement agencies to detain offenders, suppress active resistance on their part, release hostages, suppress and eliminate group hooligan manifestations and riots.
The use of non-lethal weapons is designed to minimize the possibility of unintentional victims.
Psychologicalweapon- devices, psychological methods and drugs, the purpose of which is to lower the opponent's self-esteem, to make him insecure or force him to commit any purposeful act against the will of the victim, to keep groups of people under his control:
The sudden onset of difficult to control states: anger, fear, sexual arousal, euphoria;
Short-term exacerbations of smell, hearing, etc.;
Dizziness, muscle cramps;
Chronic diseases;
The appearance of "burns" and wounds;
Imposed, previously uncharacteristic of the victim, aggression, adultery, homosexuality, suicide, etc.
Repeated failure of closely located devices, accidents, etc.
Sonic weapon - the principle of operation is based on the emission of sound and infrasonic waves of certain frequencies.
LRAD (Long Range Acoustic Device)- capable of transmitting clear warnings for many hundreds of meters, increasing the volume of the transmitted commands to unbearable, and thus influencing the behavior of the crowd, the teams of enemy ships, groups of terrorists in buildings, etc.
WITH trill megaphone- emits powerful pulses with a frequency of 2 to 3 thousand hertz, with a power of 150 decibels, which can lead to permanent damage to the hearing organs, loss of composure; fear, dizziness, nausea appear. Those at close range have a mental disorder, destruction of internal organs. They are used to disperse crowds, cause panic in military units, and protect objects from outsiders.
Microwave weapon disrupts the work of the brain and central nervous system, a person hears non-existent noise and whistle.
Non-lethal laser weapons. The action of these devices is achieved due to a red or green laser beam directed at the intruder, causing temporary blindness and psychological impact, leading to a person's inability to perform coordinated (conscious) actions, thereby reducing the intruder's combat capability and preventing him from moving forward. The bright light of the laser creates the effect of a light curtain, which does not allow aimed shooting, observation through optical devices.
Information weapon is an arsenal of means of unauthorized access to information and disabling electronic control systems.
IO differs from conventional means of destruction secrecy, scale,versatility. The main objects of IO application are:
- computer and communication systems used by government organizations in the performance of their managerial functions;
- military information infrastructure;
- information and management structures of banks, transport and industrial enterprises;
- mass media.
Information "attack" threatens to disable all electronic control systems of the country, its armed forces, state infrastructure, etc. Transport and energy (including nuclear) systems will be destroyed. The army and navy will be helpless in repelling aggression. The country's leaders will not be able to receive the necessary information, make and implement any decisions. The use of such weapons in its catastrophic consequences is quite comparable to the use of weapons of mass destruction
Precision weapons is a weapon, usually controlled, capable of hitting a target with the first shot (launch) at any range within its reach.
Allows you to inflict extremely accurate strikes at attacked objects (up to hitting the required window of a given structure).
Precision weapons include various ground, aircraft and ship missile systems, bomber and artillery systems of guided weapons, reconnaissance and strike systems. From firearms - certain types of rifles.
Accelerating (beam) weapons based on the use of narrowly directed beams of charged or neutral particles generated by various types of accelerators.
It affects various objects and a person with radiation (ionizing) and thermomechanical effects. Beam means can destroy the shells of aircraft hulls, hit ballistic missiles and space objects by disabling onboard electronic equipment.
Work on accelerating weapons on beams of charged particles (electrons) is being carried out in the interests of creating air defense systems for ships, as well as for mobile tactical ground installations.
Other OND.
Self-defense traumatic weapon, in particular, pistols "OSA" and "Makarych".
Water cannons - devices that have a physical effect with jets of water under high pressure. They can cause hypothermia, incl. with a lethal outcome.
Tear gas - chemicals that irritate the organs of perception (lacrimation, pain, "ringing in the ears"), respiratory organs (cough, suffocation), skin (burning, inflammation), nervous system and psyche (hallucinations, loss of consciousness, feelings of horror and fear, panic) making it impossible to continue conscious activity in the affected area.
Flashbang grenades - made on the basis of burning pyrotechnics and creating a low-temperature gas plasma, when using them, a person becomes blind for 30 seconds and loses hearing for 5 hours.
Thermal gun - in seconds heats up the body to a temperature of over 40 degrees Celsius; the person against whom this weapon was used experiences an intolerable burning sensation and a desire to run away.
Foam blower - a device that shoots with a special fast-hardening and enveloping foam; soldiers quickly lose not only mobility, but also hearing and sight.
Viscous / slippery polymers - Substances that, during polymerization, form a viscous or, conversely, a very slippery film on the surface of objects.
Weapon genetic - a type of weapon capable of damaging the genetic (hereditary) apparatus of people. The active principle may be some viruses with mutagenic activity (the ability to cause hereditary changes), invading the chromosome of the cell, as well as chemical mutagens. Such exposure can lead to serious diseases and their hereditary transmission.
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Characteristics of weapons based on new physical principles
RF weapon
In recent years, research has intensified to study the biological effect of electromagnetic radiation. The main place in the research is devoted to the impact on people of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range from extremely low (f = 3-30 Hz) to ultrahigh (f = 3-30 GHz). The study of these frequency ranges of electromagnetic radiation can be the basis for the creation of a new type of weapon based on new physical principles (NFP) - radio frequency weapons.
RF weapons in the microwave range sometimes called microwave or microwave - weapons. At the same time, first of all, the effect of radiation on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is studied, since they regulate the activity of all other organs and systems, determine the state of the psyche and human behavior. It has now been established that when acting on the central nervous system, the greatest biological effect is caused by radiation, which in their parameters corresponds to the electromagnetic fields of the brain and coordinates the activity of its centers. In this regard, a detailed study of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of the centers of the human brain is being conducted and the possibility of developing means of suppressing and stimulating their activity is being investigated.
As a result of experiments carried out in the United States, it was determined that with a single exposure to a person of radiation with certain frequencies in the radio frequency range from 30 to 30,000 MHz (meter and decimeter waves) with an intensity of more than 10 MW / cm2, headache, weakness, depression, increased irritability, fear, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment.
Exposure of the brain to radio waves in the frequency range of 0.3-3 GHz (decimeter waves) at an intensity of up to 2 MW / cm2 causes a sensation of whistling, buzzing, humming, clicking, which disappear with appropriate shielding. It has also been established that powerful electromagnetic radiation can cause severe burns and blinding.
According to scientists, with the help of electromagnetic radiation, it is possible to remotely and purposefully influence a person, which makes it possible to use radio-frequency weapons to carry out psychological sabotage and disorganize the control of enemy troops. With regard to their troops, electromagnetic radiation can be used to increase resistance to stress arising in the course of hostilities.
With the help of microwave weapons, it will be possible to disrupt the operation of any electronic systems. Advanced magnetrons and klystrons with a power of up to 1 GW using phased array antennas will disrupt the functioning of airfields, missile launch sites, centers and command posts, and disable troops and weapons control systems.
With the adoption of such means as powerful mobile microwave generators of all types of basing by the armies of the opposing sides, it will be possible to block the weapon systems of the opposing side. This puts microwave weapons among the highest priority weapons of the future.
Infrasound weapon
Infrasonic weapons are one of the types of DNFP based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations. Prototypes of such weapons already exist and have been repeatedly considered as possible test objects.
Of practical interest are oscillations with a frequency from tenths and even hundredths to units of hertz. Infrasound is characterized by low absorption in various media, as a result of which infrasonic waves in air, in water and in the earth's crust can propagate over long distances, penetrate through concrete and metal barriers.
According to studies carried out in some countries, infrasonic vibrations can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs, causing paralysis, vomiting and spasms, leading to general malaise and pain in the internal organs, and at higher levels at frequencies of units of hertz - to dizziness, nausea, loss of consciousness, and sometimes to blindness and even death. Infrasonic weapons can also cause people to panic, lose control of themselves, and an overwhelming desire to hide from the source of injury. Certain frequencies can affect the middle ear, causing vibrations, which in turn cause sensations akin to those of motion sickness, motion sickness. The range of its action is determined by the radiated power, the value of the carrier frequency, the width of the directional pattern and the conditions of propagation of acoustic vibrations in a real environment.
According to press reports, work on the creation of an infrasonic weapon is nearing completion in the United States. The transformation of electrical energy into sound low frequency occurs with the help of piezoelectric crystals, the shape of which changes under the influence of an electric current. Prototypes of infrasonic weapons have already been used in Yugoslavia. The so-called "acoustic bomb" produced very low frequency sound vibrations.
Geophysical weapons
A geophysical weapon is understood as a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of natural phenomena and artificial processes for military purposes. Depending on the environment in which these processes take place, it is subdivided into atmospheric, lithospheric, hydrospheric, biospheric and ozone. The means by which geophysical factors are stimulated can be different, but the energy expended by these means is always much less than the energy released by the forces of nature as a result of the induced geophysical process
Atmospheric (weather) weapons- the most researched type of geophysical weapon to date. With regard to atmospheric weapons, its damaging factors are various kinds of atmospheric processes and associated weather and climatic conditions, on which life can depend, both in individual regions and on the entire planet. To date, it has been established that many active reagents, for example, silver iodide, solid carbon dioxide and other substances, being dispersed in clouds, are capable of causing torrential rains over large areas. On the other hand, reagents such as propane, carbon dioxide, and lead iodide provide fog dissipation. Spraying of these substances can be carried out using ground generators and on-board devices installed on airplanes and rockets.
In areas where the moisture content of the air is high, the above method can cause heavy rains and thereby change the water regime of rivers, lakes, swamps, significantly worsen the passability of roads and terrain, and cause floods in low-lying areas. On the other hand, if artificial precipitation is provided on the approaches to areas with a high moisture deficit, it is possible to remove a significant amount of the latter from the atmosphere and cause drought in these areas.
Lithospheric weapon based on the use of the energy of the lithosphere, that is, the outer sphere of the "solid" earth, including the earth's crust and the upper layer of the mantle. In this case, the damaging effect is manifested in the form of such catastrophic phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the movement of geological formations. The source of the energy released in this case is tension in tectonically dangerous zones.
Experiments carried out by a number of researchers have shown that in some earthquake-prone regions of the Earth, earthquakes can be initiated with the help of ground or underground nuclear explosions of relatively low power, which can lead to catastrophic consequences.
Hydrosphere weapon based on the use of hydrosphere energy for military purposes. The hydrosphere is the discontinuous watery shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the solid earth's crust (lithosphere). It is a collection of oceans, seas and surface waters.
The use of the energy of the hydrosphere for military purposes is possible by influencing hydro resources (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) and hydraulic structures not only by nuclear explosions, but also by large charges of conventional explosives. The damaging factors of hydrospheric weapons will be strong waves and flooding.
Biosphere weapon (ecological) based on a catastrophic change in the biosphere. The biosphere encompasses part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere, which are interconnected by complex biochemical cycles of migration of substances and energy. Currently, there are chemical and biological agents, the use of which in large areas can destroy the vegetation cover, the surface fertile soil layer, food supplies, etc.
Artificially caused soil erosion, death of vegetation, irreparable damage to flora and fauna due to the use of various kinds of chemicals, incendiary weapons can lead to a catastrophic change in the biosphere and, as a consequence, mass destruction of people.
Ozone weapon based on the use of the energy of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. The shielding ozone layer extends at an altitude of 10 to 50 km with a maximum concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km and a sharp decrease up and down. Under normal conditions, an insignificant part of the UV radiation with λ = 0.01-0.2 µm reaches the Earth's surface. Its main part, passing through the atmosphere, is absorbed by ozone, scattered by air molecules and dust particles. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidants, it kills microorganisms and is poisonous. Its destruction is accelerated in the presence of a number of gaseous impurities, especially bromine, chlorine, fluorine and their compounds, which can be delivered to the ozone layer using rockets, aircraft and other means.
Partial destruction of the ozone layer over the enemy's territory, artificial creation of temporary "windows" in the protective ozone layer can lead to damage to the population, flora and fauna in the planned area of the Earth due to the impact of high doses of hard UVR and other radiation of cosmic origin.
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