Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. The meaning of monsoon climate in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE

MONSOON CLIMATE

climate, a climate characteristic of regions of the Earth in which the atmospheric circulation is of a monsoonal nature (see Monsoons). The main features of M. k. are heavy rainfall summers and very dry winters. Accordingly, air humidity in summer is much higher than in winter. For example, in Bombay (India) winter months precipitation falls from 3 to 8 mm, and in summer - from 270 to 610 mm. Local geographical conditions lead in a number of areas to the formation of varieties of moss. Thus, in Japan, with very heavy rainfall in the summer, a significant amount also falls in the winter. On the east side of the pool Mediterranean Sea, where monsoon air currents are directed from the land in summer and from the sea in winter, an Ethesian climate with a winter maximum precipitation is formed.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Monsoon climate on planet Earth

So, what are the main features of this type? Firstly, monsoon climate characteristic of those areas of our planet where there is a change in winter and summer. And on a more global scale, the Monsoon movement is a wind that general case In winter it blows from the mainland, and in summer - from the sea. But the opposite is often true.

Such winds can bring both heavy rainfall and suffocating heat. And therefore the main characteristic monsoon climate is an abundance of moisture in summer and its virtual complete absence in cold period. This distinguishes it from other types, where precipitation is distributed more or less evenly throughout the year. There are, however, places on Earth where this is not so obvious. In some areas of Japan, for example, the climate is also monsoonal. But thanks geographical location and the features of the relief, it rains there almost all year round.

In general, monsoon climate is common only at certain latitudes. As a rule, these are subtropics, tropics and For temperate latitudes, as well as for equatorial zones, it is not typical.

Varieties

Mainly due to the terrain and latitude, monsoon climates are usually divided into several types. And, of course, each of them has its own characteristics. Moderate monsoon climate is found in China, North Korea and partly in Japan. In winter, there is little precipitation in this area, but it is quite cold due to air masses from Eastern Siberia. There is more moisture in summer. But in Japan it’s the other way around. the coldest month in the region is minus twenty, and the warmest month is +22.

Subequatorial

Distributed mainly in the Indian and western Pacific oceans. In addition, the tropical monsoon climate (as it is also called) is found at the corresponding latitudes of Africa and in the southern regions of Asia and America. It is as warm here as in the tropics.

Subequatorial climate Tropical monsoons are divided into several subtypes. All of them belong to the corresponding zones of the Earth. So, these are continental, oceanic, as well as monsoons of the western and eastern shores. The first subtype is characterized by a sharp difference in precipitation between seasons. In winter there are practically none, and in summer almost the annual norm falls. An example is African states Chad and Sudan.

The oceanic subtype of tropical monsoons is characterized by a small amplitude of both annual and daily temperatures. As a rule, it is from 24 to 28 degrees Celsius. The dry period in these places does not last long.

The monsoons on the western shores are Indian and West African. During the dry season there is also almost no precipitation, but during the rainy season there is simply an abnormal amount of it. This happens, for example, in some places in India. And in Cherrapunji the most a large number of precipitation in the world - twenty-one thousand millimeters!

In this climate, the course is also unusual. annual temperatures: their maximum occurs in spring.

The eastern coastal monsoon also has a long rainy period. However, maximum moisture occurs at the end of summer or in September, as in Vietnam, where only seven percent of precipitation falls during the dry season.

Monsoon climate of the Far East

Basically, such conditions exist in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as on Sakhalin. Winter in these places is dry: it accounts for 15 to 25 percent of the annual precipitation. Spring also doesn't bring much rain.

In summer, the monsoon from the Pacific Ocean predominates. But it only affects the climate of coastal areas.

In the lower reaches of the Amur, winter, on the contrary, is snowy, the average temperature is minus 22. In summer it is also not hot: within plus 14.

Winter is harsh on Sakhalin, but in the southwest of the island it is much warmer due to the Sea of Japan. Summer is cool.

In Kamchatka, January temperatures vary from -18 to -10 degrees Celsius. The same can be said about July: from +12 to +14, respectively.

Monsoons have a significant impact on the climate of many regions of the planet. It is impossible to say for sure whether it is positive or negative. However, people should always be prepared for weather surprises characteristic of this type of climate. Perhaps in the future we will have to deal more often with such manifestations as, for example, the Amur flood.

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Monsoon climate, showers often lead to catastrophic floods on large rivers, which occur once every three years and very severe ones - once every 10 years.

Runoff volume reduction factors 7.

The monsoon climate zone includes the Far East, Black Sea coast Caucasus and Caspian coast of the Talysh ridge in the Lenkoran - Astara section and to the south.

In the monsoon climate zone, a shift to September is possible. In table Figure 55 shows the distribution of soils by category for average conditions in the central region.

In countries with a monsoon climate, it is necessary to solve the problem of storing water in underground or other covered reservoirs and ensure its supply to the right places. One approach to solving this problem is to develop an inexpensive, solar energy a pump operating, for example, on the principle of a Rumford coffee pot, in which steam bubbles raise a column of water behind them.

In general, the region is characterized by a monsoon climate. Chr plays a significant role in heat distribution. Extending from southwest to northeast, it represents a natural barrier to monsoon winds both in winter and in summer periods and this determines the different temperature regime on the eastern and western slopes.

South Far East belongs to the temperate region of the Far Eastern monsoon climate. Annual total solar radiation ranges from 90 to 118 kcal/cm2 with a general increase from north to south. Annual quantity precipitation changes noticeably as it moves from the northeast to the southwest, which is associated with the topography of the territory, which determines the movement of air flows.

Klizhat Kamchatka can be considered as a transitional climate between the monsoon climate of the coastal regions of the Northeast and the oceanic climate of the Kuril Islands. In Kamchatka, the summer monsoon is more pronounced, while the winter monsoon is interrupted by the frequent passage of polar-front cyclones. In general, the climate of Kamchatka is quite harsh with long winters and short cool periods. rainy summer. Average annual temperature air in Kamchatka varies from - 4 in the north (Che-murnaut) to 0 in the south.

The rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin (Amur, Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri), in areas with a monsoon climate in the south of the Far East, are characterized by a flood regime - a powerful rise in level, often causing catastrophic floods during summer rainstorms.

Soils are formed in the south of the Far East under steppe meadows on weakly dissected lowland plains and ancient river terraces in a monsoon climate. Permafrost remains in the profile throughout the entire growing season, being an aquifer. The soil-forming rocks are lacustrine alluvial clays and heavy loams that do not contain easily soluble salts and carbonates.

According to climatic conditions South part The Far East is divided into four regions: 1) Sakhalin with a moderately cold maritime climate and a moderate monsoon climate in the south; 2) coastal region temperate monsoon climate; 3) Amur-Ussuri region of temperate continental monsoon humid climate; 4) Zeya-Amgun region of monsoon-continental moderately humid climate.

Change of landscape-climatic zones and large areas when moving from north to south, in low-lying parts Soviet Union, if we use L. S. Berg’s climate classification with some clarifications, occurs in the following sequence: climate arctic desert, tundra climate, taiga climate, forest climate temperate zone, monsoon climate of temperate latitudes, forest-steppe climate, steppe climate, desert climate, Mediterranean type of climate, climate of humid subtropical forests and climate of temperate-humid subtropics, the location of which is shown on the schematic map (p.

Highlight the following types rivers are fed by surface waters: rain, snow, glaciers and mixed. Rain power rivers are typical for mild, temperate and monsoon climates. Snow feeding predominates in areas with cold climates.

The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a high-mountain desert climate with cold winters with little snow and relatively cool summers. The Japanese islands and the Korean Peninsula are dominated by a monsoon climate with precipitation up to 1000 - 1500 mm per year. Arabian Peninsula, south Mesopotamia, south.

I studied geography at school, ahem, in a word, like other subjects - every other time. When you hear the word “monsoon,” you immediately think of warm, even tropical, regions. Here everything was deposited correctly in my subconscious, although this is more likely a consequence of reading fiction books about distant countries than a geography textbook. But then my subconscious, devoid of knowledge, somehow made me blurt out that a monsoon is a kind of rain.

Fortunately, there were few witnesses to my mistake, and it finally dawned on me: “Stop. No, no, no. Monsoon is a wind. Like a trade wind, but not a trade wind at all.”

In general, don’t repeat my mistakes: if you study, then study. Otherwise, life itself will force you to complete your studies at the most unexpected moment.

What is monsoon

Remember, monsoon is a type of wind. And the most interesting thing about it is that different time year it blows in different directions.

In summer, the monsoons come from the ocean. But in winter they do the opposite: they blow from the land towards the ocean.

Spring and autumn are times of changing directions, so the monsoons are unstable during these periods.

These winds carry huge masses of air all year round, which form the monsoon type of climate.

Monsoon climate and its symptoms

The main feature of the monsoon climate is its variability, corresponding to the variability of the winds.

Summer in this climate is the wettest period, when the rains pour and pour and pour. Most of the precipitation does not extend its fall, but immediately pours out in the summer. But in winter there are practically none.

This is explained by the fact that it is in the summer that the monsoons carry air full of moisture from the ocean.

Sometimes subtypes of monsoon climate are distinguished:

tropical;
subtropical;
moderate.

IN temperate latitudes such a climate is the least common, although it can be “found” in the south of the Far East, in the north of Japan. Winters there are usually dry and with little snow, but cold.

In the tropical and subtropical zones, where this type of climate is most common, winters are also dry, but warm. It is interesting that for the equatorial and subequatorial belts Neither monsoons nor monsoon climate are typical. The weather there is influenced by completely different winds.

As you can see, there are not so many main features of the monsoon type of climate: the winds change directions seasonally, making summers wet and winters dry.

Everything else depends on the geographical conditions of the area.

Characteristics of the tropical monsoon climate and tropical cyclones.

Subequatorial climate or Tropical monsoon climate - a type of climate according to the Alisov classification, where the tropical monsoon regime prevails, widespread in some parts tropical oceans, in particular in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, as well as over South Asia and in tropical Africa and South America. The intertropical convergence zone, together with the equatorial depression, moves through these areas twice a year - from south to north and from north to south. Therefore, in these areas, the eastern (trade wind) transport prevails in winter, changing to a western transport in summer.

Along with a more or less sharp seasonal change in the prevailing air currents, there is also a change from tropical air to equatorial air from winter to summer.

The air temperature in the tropical monsoons over the ocean is as high and has the same small annual amplitude as in equatorial climate. Over land annual amplitude temperatures are higher and increase with latitude. This is especially noticeable in southern Asia, where the tropical monsoon circulation extends most far into the mainland to the north.

Precipitation in tropical monsoon climates is very unevenly distributed. In some places they are as large as in an equatorial climate. But with latitude they usually decrease, especially on the plain inland. In Africa, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, for example, in Conakry, they almost reach 5,000 mm.

Remarkably pronounced annual course precipitation in the tropical monsoon zone. The same is found in this zone and on other continents. In Conakry, 15 mm falls in December–March, and 3,920 mm in June–September. In Goiânia, with an annual amount of 1,750 mm, 90 mm falls in winter (from May to September), and 1,390 mm in summer (from November to March).

Absolute and relative humidity air (maximum in summer) and cloudiness (sharp maximum in summer and sharp minimum in winter); for example, in Kolkata the cloud cover is 84% in July and 8% in January. It can be said that during the summer monsoon conditions extend towards high latitudes equatorial zone, and during the winter monsoon they spread to low latitudes conditions subtropical zone high pressure.

Tropical cyclones are separated into a separate group, since they differ from other cyclones in their origin, some structural features, and consequences (usually destructive). This type cyclones have a relatively small size (about 200–300 km in diameter), the pressure in the center of the cyclone drops to 0.95 (sometimes up to 0.9) atmospheres. Both factors determine very large pressure gradients.

Tropical atmospheric vortices arise due to unstable stratification of the atmosphere, the presence of a zone low pressure, surrounded air masses with normal or high blood pressure. Emerging local air flows, oriented in the direction of constant atmospheric flows and under the influence of Coriolis forces, begin to twist into a spiral. The wind speed in the spiral air turbulence reaches 240–320 km/h. IN lower layers air masses flow into the cyclone; in high layers this convergence (convergence) of the wind field is overlapped by an even stronger divergence (divergence). This leads to strong upward air movement throughout the cyclone area and to the development of a powerful cloud system with heavy rainfall and thunderstorms.

Only free from powerful clouds inner part cyclone, called the "eye of the storm". Here, in the calm center, there is warm air that sinks to the surface of the earth (or water). Availability in the center warm air helps to reduce atmospheric pressure at the surface. Warm, moist air spirals around the “eye.” Condensation causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, accompanied by the release of heat, which in turn increases the spiral ascent of air around the center of the cyclone. When the “eye of the storm” is well defined, precipitation suddenly stops at its boundary, the sky clears, and the wind weakens significantly, sometimes to calm. The average diameter of the “eye of the storm” in well-developed cyclones is 10–25 km, and in destructive ones it is 60–70 km.

Depending on their intensity, tropical cyclones are called:

1. Tropical disturbance – wind speeds are low (less than 17 m/s).

2. Tropical depression - wind speed reaches 17–20 m/s.

3. Tropical storm – wind speed up to 38 m/s.

4. Typhoon (hurricane) – wind speed exceeds 39 m/s.

IN life cycle A tropical cyclone can be divided into four stages.

1. Formation stage. It begins with the appearance of the first closed isobar. The pressure in the center of the cyclone drops to 990 hPa. Only about 10% of tropical depressions develop further.

2. Stage of a young cyclone, or stage of development. The cyclone begins to quickly deepen, i.e., there is an intense drop in pressure. Hurricane-force winds form a ring with a radius of 40–50 km around the center.

3. Maturity stage. The drop in pressure in the center of the cyclone and the increase in wind speed gradually stop. The area of stormy winds and intense rainfall increases in size.

4. Attenuation stage. The beginning of the cyclone filling (increasing pressure in its center). Attenuation occurs when a tropical cyclone moves into an area of greater low temperatures surface of the water or when moving onto land. This is due to a decrease in the influx of energy (heat and moisture) from the surface of the ocean, and when reaching land also with an increase in friction with the underlying surface.

Formed tropical cyclones move along with air masses from east to west, while gradually deviating towards high latitudes.

The main source of energy for tropical cyclones is the release of heat from the condensation of water vapor in the rising air flow, which also explains the fact that when they reach land, they quickly fade. It is also known that for a cyclone to form, the temperature at the water surface must rise to at least 27°C.

Most often (in 87% of cases), tropical cyclones originate between latitudes 5º and 20º of both hemispheres of the Earth. At higher latitudes they occur in only 13% of cases. Typically seen in the following areas:

· North hemisphere: Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines and South China Sea, Pacific Ocean west of California and Mexico, Atlantic Ocean east of the Greater Antilles, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.

· Southern Hemisphere: Pacific Ocean east of New Guinea, Indian Ocean east of Madagascar and northwest of Australia.

An idea of the frequency of tropical cyclones over the Indian Ocean is given by the table, the data of which should be considered approximate - from year to year the frequency of tropical cyclones can vary widely, although their total number annually remains approximately the same.

On average, about 120 tropical cyclones occur on Earth per year. This figure was incredible a quarter of a century ago: in the past, when there were no meteorological artificial satellites Earth, more than half of tropical cyclones remained unnoticed, since they mostly occur over open ocean, where islands are found only occasionally and there is no developed network weather stations, recording each case of their occurrence. The maximum frequency of tropical vortices, as a rule, occurs in the summer and autumn of a given hemisphere, when the intertropical convergence zone is most far away from the equator. In winter they almost never happen.

Tropical cyclones are among the top three in frequency among natural processes and phenomena. They, along with earthquakes, floods and tornadoes, account for about 80–90% of all major natural disasters in the world.

The duration of tropical cyclones can vary from several hours to two to three weeks, with an average of about 10 days. During this period, the tropical cyclone travels long distances, causing catastrophic destructive effects, especially on islands and coastal areas. The consequences of tropical cyclones are broken bridges, destroyed highways and railways, entire villages and their residents were completely destroyed or severely damaged. In the 20th century A total of more than 10 million people were affected by tropical cyclones. The death toll exceeded half a million, and according to some sources, about a million people.

The main factors responsible for the destructive effects of tropical cyclones are: wind, heavy rainfall, storms on the high seas, surge waves.

The most often destructive effects of tropical cyclones are observed in the countries of Southeast Asia, Australia, east coast Africa and Oceania. When tropical cyclones pass through the territory, they cause a significant number of victims, especially in Southeast Asia, which is explained not only by their relatively high frequency of occurrence in the territory, but also by the high population density in coastal areas this region, where they show their destructive powers to the greatest extent.

The most dangerous hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones since the beginning of the 20th century

So, tropical cyclones, in their strength and destructive power classified as dangerous natural processes and phenomena that, in terms of frequency of occurrence on Earth, are among the leaders along with natural processes and endogenous phenomena and floods. Their formation is between 5–20˚ s. and Yu. w. is explained by the great thermal instability of the air with sufficient moisture content over the oceans, when the air temperature reaches +27...+28˚С. Relatively small sizes (up to 300–400 km in diameter) and significant wind speed (according to various estimates from 250 km/h to 400 km/h with a high pressure gradient) determine their significant destructive force. Every year, 80–100 tropical cyclones form in the world, but only 1–3 of them have destructive wind speeds when they make landfall. The geography of tropical cyclones, like most large ones natural Disasters(about 70%), falls on the strip from the equator to 20º, especially northern latitude. They bring down their power mainly on the equatorial countries: the south of the USA, countries Caribbean, Pakistan, India, China. Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, often causing catastrophic consequences.

Observed climate changes in the Indian Ocean.

According to data presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), there is a change in characteristics Indian Ocean.

Top part The Indian Ocean has warmed throughout its entire territory, except for a strip centered around 12°S. In the tropical and subtropical eastern Indian Ocean (north of 10°S), warming in the upper 100 m is consistent with significant sea surface warming from 1900 to 1999 (Figure 1). Warming trend surface waters between 1900 and 1970 was relatively weak, but increased significantly in the 1970 to 1999 period, with some regions exceeding 0.2 °C per decade.

The global circulation scale involves the transport of warm, relatively fresh water from the Pacific Ocean through the Indonesian seas to the Indian Ocean and then on into the South Atlantic. Most of these through currents occur in the tropics south of the equator, and are strongly influenced by ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole. Last years, the reason for this is considered to be the variability of the thermocline. And includes the propagation of the upper level of thickness anomalies by Russian waves in the 3°S to 15°S latitude zone.

We also present in Fig. 2 data on the characteristics of the Indian Ocean cyclone, which are closely related to changes in air temperature on the Arabian Peninsula. The closest relationship between air temperature is observed not so much with the intensity of the anticyclone, but with its position, especially its position in longitude.

Figure 3 shows the change in water temperature at two points in the Red Sea from 1903 to 2008.

The data provided shows an increase in temperature by tenths of a degree over the twentieth century.

Average daily maximum temperature on the island of Madagascar for last century shown in Figure 4.

We can see an increase in the average daily high since 1978, which continues to the present day. The temperature has been changing since 1978; before that, the average temperature was 28.7 degrees, while today it is 29.7. Thus, we see an increase in temperature of 1 degree in 30 years, when before the rapid increase the changes were tens (0.1) degrees Celsius.

Rice. 4. Average daily maximum temperature on the island of Madagascar.

We also have data on changes in the average daily maximum starting from 1850 to the present day on the island of Sri Lanka. Figure 5 also shows an increase in average daily temperature by 1 degree from 1978 to the present day.

Rice. 5. Change in the average daily maximum on the island of Sri Lanka from 1840 to 2013.

Rainfall over south-west Western Australia suggests a decline in winter precipitation over the last century. Although much attention has been paid to the decline in annual precipitation, little is known about the largest changes in SWWA precipitation (see Fig. 6).

Figure 6 shows important values Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which affect climatic conditions Australia and South Asia.

Figure 6. Observed annual precipitation (mm per year) for SWWA during 1970-2003; The dotted lines indicate standard precipitation amounts and years exceeding these criteria are marked with black circles. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is also indicated.

Increases in regional temperatures are also evident in Australia's average annual temperatures. Figure 7 shows the change in temperature by tenths of degrees Celsius over the 20th century.

Rice. 7 Temperature changes over the 20th century in Australia.

Thus, based on data for the Indian Ocean, the dynamics of climate change over a century of instrumental observations of the 20th century was examined.

Based on the work, we can conclude that those observed in the twentieth century. global climate fluctuations, characterized mainly by two periods of warming (before the 1940s and since 1976), were also reflected in the regional climate of Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Red Sea and Australia. At the same time, local climatic conditions fluctuated in temperature by tenths of a degree Celsius. It can be concluded that the temperature of the Indian Ocean has been on an upward trend since 1980.

Bibliography

1. Betten, L. Weather in our lives. – M.: Mir., 1985.

2. Myagkov, S.M. Geography natural risk. – M:. Moscow State University, 1995.

3. Pogosyan, Kh.P. Cyclones. – L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976.

4. Rezanov, I.A. Great catastrophes in the history of the Earth. – M.: Nauka, 1984.

5. Modern global changes natural environment. In 2 volumes. T.2. – M.: Scientific world, 2006.

6. Khromov, S.P. . Petrosyants, M.A. Meteorology climatology. – M.: Higher School, 2004.

7. http://www.nkj.ru – magazine “Science and Life”.

8. http://propogodu.ru – “Pro-weather” – forecasts.

9. Atlas of the oceans. Terms, concepts, reference tables. - M.: GUNK MO USSR, 1980

10. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

11. Climate fluctuations in the Arabian Peninsula against the background of changes in atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. Al-Buhairi Osama Ahmed Khizam Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RGHMU), 2013

12. Physiography continents and oceans / Under the general editorship. A.M. Ryabchikova. - M.: Higher School, 1988.

13. http://kapelnoeltd.ru/klimat-indijskogo-okeana - reference materials in different disciplines

14. http://berkeleyearth.org/about - Berkeley Earth project

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