The overall characteristic of natural emergencies. Dangerous Natural Phenomena and Disaster Risk Reduction

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Dangerous weather phenomena for weather prediction You can use dried nick. He sensibly reacts to all changes in the atmosphere: in dry clear weather, his swelling twisted into the spiral, and with an increase in air humidity, it straightens. The modulus barometer. For

The Earth is in itself a lot of unusual and sometimes inexplicable phenomena, and from time to time throughout the terrestrial ball there are different kinds of phenomenon and even cataclysms, most of which are unlikely to be called ordinary and familiar to humans. Some cases have completely explained reasons, but there are also those who have already been doing even experienced scientists for many decades in a row. True, this kind of natural cataclysms happened not often, just a few times during the year, but, nevertheless, fear of humanity does not disappear, but on the contrary, it grows.

Cams Dangerous Natural Phenomena

These include the following types of disasters:

Earthquake

This is a dangerous natural phenomenon in the ranking of the most dangerous natural anomalies. Underground shocks of the Earth's surface arising in places of ruptures of the earth's crust, provoke oscillations that are converted into seismic waves of significant power. They are transmitted to considerable distances, but the most powerful becomes near the immediate focus of the impetus and provoke large-scale destruction of houses and buildings. Since the buildings on the planet are a huge set, then the score of the victims is over millions. For all the time, much more people in the world suffered from earthquakes than from other cataclysms. Only over the past ten years, more seven hundred thousand people died in different countries of the world. Sometimes the shocks reached such force that whole settlements were destroyed in one moment.

Waves Tsunami

Tsunami is natural disasters who bear a lot of destruction and deaths. The huge height and power of the wave arising in the ocean, or in a different, tsunami, are a consequence of earthquakes. These gigantic waves usually arise in those areas where seismic activity is significantly improved. Tsunami moves very quickly, and it should be stranded, begins to grow rapidly. As soon as this huge fast wave reaches the coast, she is able to carry everything in its path in minutes. The destruction caused by the tsunami is usually large-scale, and people who cataclysm caught surprise, often do not have time to escape.

Ball lightning

Lightning and thunder - things familiar, but such a type, like ball lightning, belongs to the most terrible phenomena of nature. Ball lightning is a powerful electric discharge of current, and it can take absolutely any outlines. Usually this type of lightning is similar to glowing balls, most often reddish or yellow. It is curious that these lightning completely ignore all the laws of mechanics, arising from nowhere usually before the thunderstorm, inside the houses, on the street or even in the cockpit, which makes the flight. The spherical lightning is ferry in the air, and it makes it very unpredictable: a few moments, then it becomes smaller, and then disappears at all. To touch the ball lightning is prohibited categorically, it is also undesirable when meeting it.

Soloch

This natural anomaly also refers to the most terrible phenomena of nature. Usually a deadly is called airflow, which is twisted into a peculiar funnel. Externally, it looks like a marked cloud of a cone-shaped form, inside which air is moving in a circle. All items that fall into the tornado zone are also started to move. The speed of the air flow inside this funnel is so huge that it can easily raise very heavy objects weighing a few tons and even at home.

Sand storms

This type of storm occurs in the deserts due to a strong wind. Dust and sand, and sometimes the soil particles that carry the wind can reach several meters in height, and in the zone where the storm will be played, a sharp deterioration of visibility will be observed. Travelers, hitting such a storm, risk perhaps, because the sand falls into the lungs and eyes.

Bloody rain

This unusual natural phenomenon is obliged to their threatening name to strong water tumor, which sucks out of the water in the water bodies of the spore of algae of red. When they mix with the water masses, the rain acquires a terrible red shade, very resembling blood. This anomaly was observed by the inhabitants of India a few weeks in a row, the rain of the color of human blood caused fear and panic in humans.

Fire Tornadoes

Natural phenomena and natural disasters are most often unpredictable. These include one of the most terrible - fiery tornadoes. This kind of tornado and is so dangerous, but , if it occurs in the fire zone, it should be feared even more. Near several fires in the event of a strong wind, the air above the fires begins to warm up, its density becomes smaller, and it begins to rise up along with fire. In this case, the air flows are twisted into peculiar spirals, and the air pressure acquires a huge speed.

The fact that the most terrible natural phenomena is poorly predicted. Often they compete suddenly, causing people and authorities. Scientists work on the creation of perfect technologies capable of predicting upcoming events. At present, the only guaranteed way to avoid "whims" weather is only moving to areas where such phenomena are noted as less as possible or not recorded earlier.

Dangerous natural phenomena includes all those that deflect the state of the natural environment from the range, optimal for human life and for the farm leading. They represent the catastrophic processes of endogenous and exogenous origin: earthquake, eruption of volcanoes, floods, avalanches and satieces, as well as landslides, sedimentation of soils.

In terms of time damage, dangerous natural phenomena varies from small to those who create natural disasters.

Natural disaster - any unpredental slope devastating natural phenomenon, causing economic damage and bearing the threat to the health and life of people. When it comes to dimensioning losses, use the term - an emergency (emergency). At the emergency, it is primarily measured by absolute losses - for rapid response, to solve the necessary external assistance to the affected area, etc.

Catastrophic earthquakes (9 points or more) cover the areas of Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Transcaucasia and a number of other mountain areas. In such areas, engineering construction, as a rule, is not conducted.

Strong (from 7 to 9 points) earthquakes are in the territory extending a wide band from Kamchatka to, including, Baikalia, and others. Only seismic buildings should be carried out here.

Most of the territory of Russia refers to the zone in which the earthquake of a small force is extremely rare. So, in 1977, in Moscow were registered by force of 4 points, although the epicenter of the earthquake itself was in the Carpathians.

Despite the great work carried out by scientists on predicting seismic hazards, forecasting earthquakes is a very difficult problem. Special cards, mathematical models are built for solving, organize a system of regular observations using seismic devices, constitute a description of past earthquakes based on the study of a complex of factors, including the behavior of living organisms, analyzing their geographical distribution.

The most effective ways to combat floods are the regulation of the drain, as well as the construction of protective dams and dams. So, in the length of dams and dams is more than 1,800 miles. Without this protection, 2/3 of its territory would be a flooded tide every day. To protect against flooding in the drum is built. The peculiarity of this implemented project is that it requires high-quality wastewater treatment of the city and the normal functioning of the waterproof structures in the dam itself, which is not provided in the dam in the dam. The construction and operation of such engineering facilities requires also determining the assessment of possible environmental consequences.

Floor - annually repeated seasonal long-term and significant increase in water water, which are accompanied by an increase in the water level in line and flooding floodplains is one of the main causes of flooding.

Large floods of floodplains during the salons are observed for most of the CIS territory, in and Eastern Europe.

Seli. — mud or mud and mud threads that suddenly arising in the river river rivers and characterized by a sharp short-term (1 - 3 hours) lifting water level in rivers, wave-like movement and lack of full frequency. Sale may occur when the abundance of heavy rainfall, intense melting of snow and ice, less often due to the eruption of volcanoes, breakthroughs of jumpers of mountain lakes, as well as as a result of human economic activities (explosive work, etc.). Education prerequisites are: case deposit covers, significant slopes of mountain slopes, increased moisturity of soils. The composition differ in the mudek, dirty, mud and vehicle villages, in which the solid material content ranges from 10-15 to 75%. Separate debris, carried by villages weigh more than 100-200 tons. The speed of movement of the villages reaches 10 m / s, and the volumes of hundreds of thousands, and sometimes millions of cubic meters. Possessing a large mass and speed of movement, satiests often bring destruction, acquiring in the most catastrophic cases the nature of the natural disaster. So, in 1921, the catastrophic village stream destroyed Almaty, while about 500 people died. Currently, this city is reliably protected by an anti-sealer dam and a complex of special engineering structures. The main measures of the struggle against the villages are associated with the fixing and vegetation cover on the mountain slopes, with the prophylactic descent of the mountain breakthrough, with the construction of dams and various delicate facilities.

Avalanches — snow mass, lowered by steep mountain slopes. Especially often, avalanches are going in cases where snow masses form the shafts or snow eaves hanging over the underlying slope. Avalanches occur with disorders of snow stability on the slope under the influence of powerful snowfalls, intense snowstock, rains, non-crystallization of the snowy thickness with the formation of a poorly connected horizon deep. Depending on the nature of the movement of snow on the slopes distinguish: axial - snow landslides sprinkling over the entire surface of the slope; Tray avalanches - moving around the hopes, logs and erosion furrows, jumping from the lesions. When the dry snow occurs, the devastating air wave spreads ahead. The agencies themselves are a huge devastating force, since their volume can reach 2 million m 3, and the blow strength is 60-100 t / m2. Usually avalanche, although with varying degrees of consistency, are confined to the year from the year to the same places - foci of different sizes and configurations.

Protection systems have been developed and created for the fight against avalanches, which provide for the placement of snow protection shields, the prohibition of cutting down and conducting forest-hazardous slopes, the shelling of dangerous slopes from artillery guns, the construction of anti-voltivine shafts and pivov. Fighting avalanches is very complex and requires large material costs.

In addition to the above disastrous processes, there are such as slaughtering, fascinating, walling, drawdowns, destruction of shores, etc. All these processes lead to the movement of a substance, often on a large scale. The fight against these phenomena should be aimed at weakening and preventing (where possible) processes causing a negative impact on the stability of engineering structures that are dangerous people's lives.

Under emergency (emergency) It is customary to understand the situation on a certain territory that established as a result of an accident, a spontaneous or other disaster that may entail or entailed human sacrifices, damage to the health of people or the environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of the population. The emergencies arise not immediately, as a rule, they develop gradually from the incident technogenic, social or natural nature.

Natural catastrophes are usually unexpected. In a short time, they destroy the territories, dwellings, communications, lead after them hunger, illness. In recent years, Natural Origin has a tendency towards growth. In all cases of earthquakes, floods, landslides are increasing their destructive power.

Natural emergencies are divided

• Geophysical (endogenous) hazardous phenomena: eruption of volcanoes and geysers, earthquakes, exits of underground gases on the surface of the Earth;
• Geological (exogenous) hazardous phenomena: Owls, scratching, landslides, avalanche, villages, slope flush, lesing breed drawdown, soil erosion, abrasion, drawdown (failure) of the earth's surface as a result of Kuruma, dust storms;
• Meteorological hazardous phenomena: Hurricanes (12 - 15 points), storm, storm (9 - 11 points), tornado (tornado), squalls, vertical vortices, large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snowfall, strong ice, severe frost, strong blizzard, strong heat, strong fog, drought, sukhov, freezing;
• Hydrological hazardous phenomena: High water levels (floods), flood, rain floods, congestion and burgers, wind harnesses, low water levels, early iceboarding and ice appearance on shipping reservoirs and rivers;
• Sea hydrological hazardous phenomena: Tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunami, strong excitement (5 points or more), strong sea level fluctuations, strong crags in ports, early ice cover and soldering, pressure and intense ice drift, impassable (hard) ice, icing of ships and port facilities , separation of coastal ice;
• Hydrogeological hazardous phenomena: Low levels of groundwater, high levels of groundwater;
• Natural fires: Forest fires, peat fires, fire-and breadfire fires, underground fires of flammable fossils;
• People infectious diseases: Single cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of hazardous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of hazardous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of non-declared etiology;
• Infectious diseases of animals: Single cases of exotic and especially hazardous infectious diseases, epizootia, pelleotic, enzootia infectious diseases of agricultural animals of non-declared etiology;
• Infectious diseases of plants: Progressive epiphytomic, panty, diseases of agricultural plants of non-declared etiology, mass spread of pests of plants.

Patterns of natural phenomena

• Each type of emergency is promoted by a certain spatial deritance;
• The more intense dangerous natural phenomenon, the time it happens less frequently;
• Each natural origin has predecessors - specific signs;
• The emergence of natural emergencies, with all its surprise, can be predicted;
• Often it is possible to provide both passive and active measures to protect against natural hazards.

The role of anthropogenic influence on the manifestation of natural emergencies is great. Human activity violates the equilibrium in the natural environment. Now, when the scale of the use of natural resources has sharply increased, the features of the global environmental crisis have become very noticeable. An important preventive factor that allows to reduce the number of natural emergencies - compliance with natural equilibrium.

All natural disasters are interconnected, it is an earthquake and tsunami, tropical cyclones and floods, volcanic eruptions and fires, pasture poisoning, livestock death. Taking measures to protect against natural disasters, it is necessary to minimize the secondary consequences, and with the help of appropriate training, if possible, exclude them completely. The study of the causes and mechanisms of natural emergencies is the prerequisite for successful protection against them, the possibility of their prediction. Accurate and timely forecast - an important condition for effective protection against dangerous phenomena. Protection against natural phenomena can be active (construction of engineering and technical structures, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters),

Dangerous geological natural phenomena

• earthquake
• landslides
• sat down
• snow avalanches,
• owls
• sighties of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

Earthquake - These are dungeon blows and oscillations of the earth's surface resulting from tectonic processes transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic oscillations. Earthquakes can cause volcanic activities, falling small celestial bodies, collaps, breakthroughs Dams and other reasons.

The causes of earthquakes are not disclosed to the end. The voltages arising under the action of deep tectonic forces deform the layers of earthly rocks. They are compressed in the folds, and when the overload reaches critical levels, rush and mixed. It is formed by the rift of the earth's crust, which is accompanied by a series of shocks and the number of jokes, and the gaps between them are the most different. Shocks include endlows, main push and aftershoki. The highest force has the main push. People perceive it as very long, although it usually continues for a few seconds.

Psychiatrists and psychologists as a result of research received data that often Aftershoki have a much more serious mental influence on people than the main impetus. There is a feeling of inevitable trouble, a person is inactive, while he should be defended.

Hearth earthquake - Called some volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which the energy is released.

Center of focal It is a conditional point - hypocenter or focus.

Epicenter Earthquake - This is a projection of the hypocenter on the surface of the Earth. The greatest destruction occurs around the epicenter, in the playtosta region.

Energy of earthquakes is estimated by the magnitude (lat. Size). It is a conditional value that characterizes the total amount of energy elected in the earthquake focus. The earthquake force is assessed by the international seismic scale MSK - 64 (Merkali scale). It has 12 conditional gradations - points.

The forecasting of earthquakes is carried out with the help of registration and analysis of their "precursors" - endlocks (preliminary weak jokes), deformation of the earth's surface, changes in the parameters of geophysical fields, change in animal behavior. So far, unfortunately, there are no methods of reliable forecasting of earthquakes. The time frame of the beginning of the earthquake can be 1-2 years, and the accuracy of forecasting the place of the earthquake ranges from tens to hundreds of kilometers. All this reduces the effectiveness of measures to protect against earthquakes.

In seismic areas, the design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out taking into account the possibility of earthquakes. Dangerous for structures are an earthquake from 7 points and higher, so construction in areas with 9-ball seismicity is uneconomical.

The most reliable in the seismic relationship is the rock soils. Stability of structures during earthquakes depends on the quality of building materials and works. There are requirements for limiting the size of buildings, as well as the requirements of accounting for relevant rules and norms (SP and H), which are reduced to strengthening the design of structures under seismic zones.

Groups of anti-session events

1. Preventive, preventive measures are the study of the nature of earthquakes, the definition of their predecessors, the development of methods for forecasting earthquakes;
2. Activities that are carried out at the end of the beginning of the earthquake during it and after its end. The level of actions in earthquakes depends on the level of rescue work, the publication of the population and the effectiveness of the alert system.

A very dangerous direct consequence of an earthquake is panic, during which people from fear cannot interactfully take steps to salvation and mutual assistance. Panic is especially dangerous in places of the greatest cluster of people - at enterprises, in educational institutions and in public places.

The death and injury occur in the fall of the wreckage of destroyed buildings, as well as as a result of the findings of people in the dodge and non-receipt of timely help. As a result of earthquakes, fires, explosions, emissions of hazardous substances, traffic accidents and other dangerous phenomena may occur.

Volcanic activity - This is the result of active processes that constantly occur in the depths of the Earth. There is a set of phenomena that are associated with moving in the earth's crust and on its surface of the magma. Magma (Greek thick ointment) is called the molten mass of the silicate composition, which is formed in the depths of the Earth. When Magma reaches the earth's surface, it is erupted in the form of lava.

There are no gases that disappear during the eruption. That is what distinguishes it from magma.

Types of winds

The vortex storms are due to cyclonic activities, distributed to large areas.

Among the vortex storms distinguish:

• dusty
• snowy.
• skvali.

Dusty (sandy) storm They occur in the deserts, in the plowing steppes and are accompanied by the transfer of huge masses of soil and sand.

Snow storms Move through the air large snow masses. They act on the strip from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers. The big strength of snow storms happen in the steppe of Siberia and the plains of the European part of the Russian Federation. In Russia, in winter, snow storms are called a blizzard, purgy, buran.

Shkvala - short-term wind enhancement to a speed of 20-30 m / s. They are characterized by a sudden beginning and the same sudden completion, a minor duration of actions and a huge devastating force.

The squall storms act on the European part of Russia both on land and the sea.

Stream storms - Local phenomena, having a slight distribution. They are divided into stock and joys. Under the stock storms of air mass move along the slope from top to bottom.

Jet Storms Characterized by horizontal air movement or its movement upside down. Most often, they occur between chains of mountains that connect valleys.

Solochi (Tornado) is called an atmospheric whirlwind, which occurs in a thunderstorm cloud. Then, in the form of a dark "sleeve" spreads towards land or to the sea. The top of the tornger has a funnelized expansion that merges with the clouds. When lowering the tornadow to the surface of the earth, its lower part is sometimes expanding, reminding the overturned funnel. The height of the tornger from 800 to 1500m. Rounding counterclockwise at a speed of up to 100m / s and climbing the spirals, the air in the tighter tightens dust or water. Reducing the pressure inside the tornadow leads to the condensation of water vapor. Water and dust make a tornado visible. Its diameter above the sea is measured with tens of meters, and over the suits - hundreds of meters.

According to the structure of the tornado, they are divided into dense (sharply limited) and vague (unclear limited); in time and spatial action - for small generous troops (up to 1 km), small (up to 10 km) and hurricane vortices (more than 10 km).

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes - extremely powerful natural forces, in their destroying action are comparable only with an earthquake. It is very difficult to predict the place and time of the tornger, which gives them a special danger and does not allow them to predict their consequences.

Hydrological disasters

Flood - annually repeated seasonal raising water levels.

Flood - short-term and non-periodic increase in water level in the river or reservoir.

Floods, following one by one, can cause a flood, and the last floods.

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards. They arise from a sharp increase in the amount of water in rivers as a result of melting of snow or glaciers, due to heavy rains. Often, the floods are accompanied by the clutter of the river bed during the ice-frequency (plug) or blocking the bed of ice plug under the stationary ice cover (burned).

On sea coasts, floods can be caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami. Floods caused by the action of winds catching water from the sea and increase water levels due to its delay in the mouth of the river, called the niggling.

Experts believe that people threatens danger during floods, if the water layer reaches 1m, and its speed is more than 1 m / s. If the rise of water reaches 3m - it leads to the destruction of houses.

Flooding can occur at full viewless. The cause of it can be long waves arising into the sea under the influence of the cyclone. In St. Petersburg, the island in Delta Neva flooded from 1703g. more than 260 times

Flooding on rivers differ in the height of water lifting, flooding area and the magnitude of the damage: low (small), high (medium), outstanding (large), catastrophic. Low floods can be repeated after 10-15 years, high - after 20-25 years, outstanding - after 50-100 years, catastrophic - after 100-200 years.

They can continue from several to 100 days.

Flooding in the valley of the Tiger River and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, which happened 5600 years ago, had very serious consequences. In the Bible, the flood was called the worldwide flood.

Tsunami - sea gravitational waves of large lengths resulting from shifts of large sections of the bottom with underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other tectonic processes. In the area of \u200b\u200btheir occurrence of the wave reach a height of 1-5m, the coast is up to 10m, and in the bays and valleys of rivers more than 50m. Tsunami apply to the depths of sushi to a distance of up to 3km. The coast of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is the main area of \u200b\u200bmanifestation of the tsunami. They produce very large destruction and pose a threat to people.

Breaks, mounds, harbor and moles protect from tsunami only partially. In the open sea, tsunami for ships are not dangerous.

The protection of the population from the tsunami is to prevent special services about the wave approximation based on the leading registration by coast seismographs of earthquakes.

Forest, steppe, peat, underground fires We are called landscape, or natural, fires. The most common forest fires bringing huge losses and leading to human victims.

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, which spontaneously spreads through the forest area. With dry weather, the forest dries so much that any careless handling of fire may cause fire. In most cases, the guilt of the fire is a man. Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of distribution and the size of the area covered by fire.

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, riding and soil. At the beginning of its development, all the fires are the character of the grassroots, and in the event of certain conditions, they go to the rigging or soil. High fires are divided into the parameters of the edge promotion (bore strips, an outer external contour of the fire) on weak, medium and strong. Low and riding fires in the speed of the spread of fire are divided into stable and runaway.

Methods of struggle with forest fires. The main conditions for the effectiveness of struggle against forest fires are the assessment and forecast of fire danger in the forest. The state bodies of forestry control the state of protection in the territory of the Forest Foundation.

To organize fire extinguishing, it is necessary to identify the type of fire, its characteristics, the directions of its distribution, natural obstacles (especially dangerous to enhance the fire of the place), forces and means necessary to combat it.

When extinguishing a forest fire, the following basic stages distinguish: Stop, disintegration of fire and frying fry (preventing the possibility of sunbathing from unclear burning foci).

There are two main methods of combating fire in the nature of the impact on the combustion process: direct and indirect fire extinguish.

The first method is used when extinguishing medium and weak intensity to spread up to 2 m / min. And the flame height is up to 1.5 m. The indirect method of extinguishing the fire in the forest is based on the creation of barrier strips on the path of its distribution.

The epidemic is the widespread dissemination of infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory.

- Unusually large distribution of morbidity in both the level and scale of distribution with the coverage of a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

All infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

• intestinal infections;
• respiratory tract infections (aerosol);
• blood (transmissive);
• infections of external covers (contact).

Types of biological emergency

Epizootia. Animal infectious diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclicality of development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal to healthy and take epizootic distribution.

All infectious diseases of animals are divided into five groups:

• First Group -alimentary infections are transmitted through the soil, feed, water. Basically affect the organs of the digestive system. The pathogens are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure. Such infections include Siberian ulcers, lush, sap, brucellosis.
• Second group - Respiratory infections - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. These include: paragripp, exotic pneumonia, sheep, and goats, carved plague.
• Third Group - Transmissive infections, the mechanism of their transfer is carried out using bloodsowing arthropods. These include: Encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
• Fourth group - Infections, whose pathogens are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. These include: tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.
• Fifth group - infections with the unexplained paths of lesion, i.e. Unqualified group.

Epiphetation. To assess the scale of plant diseases, such concepts apply epiphetia and panty.

Epiphetia – distribution of infectious diseases for significant territories within a certain time.

Panfattia - Mass illnesses covering several countries or continents.

Plant diseases are classified according to the following features:

• place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);
• place of manifestation (local, local, common);
• current (sharp, chronic);
• affected culture;
• the cause of the occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).

Cosmos is one of the elements affecting the Earth's Life.

Dangers Threatening from Cosmos

Asteroids – these are small planets whose diameter ranges from 1 to 1000 km. Currently, about 300 cosmic bodies are known that can cross the Earth orbit. In total, approximately 300 thousand asteroids and comet exist in space.

The meeting of our planet with celestial bodies is a serious threat to the entire biosphere. Calculations show that the blow of an asteroid with a diameter of about 1km is accompanied by the release of energy, ten times superior to the entire nuclear potential existing on Earth.

It is planned to develop a system of planetary protection against asteroids and comet, which is based on two principles of protection, namely changes in the trajectory of dangerous space objects or the destruction of it into several parts.

Huge impact on earthly life has solar radiation.

Solar radiation acts as a powerful wellness and prophylactic factor, at the same time it represents a sufficiently serious danger, excessive solar radiation leads to the development of severe erythema with swelling of the skin and deterioration of health. In special literature, there are cases of skin cancer in persons constantly exposed to excess solar irradiation.

Nature is not always so serene and beautiful, as in the photo above these rows. Sometimes she shows us their dangerous manifestations. From strong eruptions of volcanoes to terrible hurricanes - the rage of nature is better to contemplate from afar and from the part. We often underestimate the amazing and destructive power of nature, and it reminds us from time to time. While in the photos, all this looks exciting, the consequences of such phenomena can be very scary. We must respect the power of the planet on which we live. For you, we made this photo and video formation of frightening nature phenomena.

Tornado and other types of tornado

All these types of atmospheric phenomena are dangerous vortex manifestations of elements.

Tornado or Smerd It occurs in a thunderstorm cloud and applies down, often until the surface of the Earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or a trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Tornado can appear in many forms and sizes. Most tornadoes occur in the form of a narrow funnel (just a few hundred meters in diameter), with a small garbage cloud near the earth's surface. Tornado can be hidden fully wall of rain or dust. Such tornadoes are especially dangerous, since even experienced meteorologists can not recognize them.

Tornado with zipper:

Tornado in Oklahoma, USA (May Site 2010):

Superchair thunderstorm In Montana, the United States formed by a huge rotating thunderstorm cloud with a height of 10-15 km and d.about 50 km in diameter. Such a thunderstorm creates a tornger, a squall wind, a large hail:

Thunderstorm clouds:

View of hurricane tornado from space:

There are other, outwardly similar, but various vortex phenomena:

It is formed as a result of a rise in heated air from the surface of the Earth. Tornado-vortex, in contrast to the tornado, develop from the bottom upwards, and the cloud over them, if it is formed, is the result of the vortex, and not its reason.

Dusty (sandy) whirlwind - This is a vortex air movement that occurs at the surface of the Earth during the day in the cloudless and usually hot weather with a strong warming of the earth's surface with sunbeams. The vortex raises dust, sand, pebbles, minor items from the ground, and transfers them sometimes to the site a considerable distance (hundreds of meters). The vortices pass a narrow strip, so that with a weak wind, its speed inside the vortex reaches 8-10 m / s or more.

Sandshot:

Or a fiery storm is formed when a post of hot, ascending air interacts with fire on earth or becomes its reason. It is a vertical fiber of fire in the air. The air is heated above it, its density decreases, and it rises up. From the bottom in its place they do cold mass of air from the periphery, which immediately heated. Sustainable streams are formed, screwed down the spiral from the ground to a height of up to 5 km. The effect of the smoke tube occurs. The head of hot air reaches hurricane speeds. The temperature rises to 1000 ° C. Everything burns or melting. At the same time, everything that is near, "absorbed" into the fire. And so until everything burns everything that can burn.

The site is a funk-like air-water vortex, by nature, similar to the usual tumor, formed above the surface of a large reservoir and is connected to a cumulus cloud. Water tornado can be formed in the event of a conventional tornger over the aqueous surface. Unlike the classic tornadow, the water tornhead exists only 15-30 minutes, much less in diameter, the speed of movement and rotation is two or three times lower, is not always accompanied by a hurricane wind.

Dusty or sandy storms

Sand (dusty) storm - This is a dangerous atmospheric phenomenon that manifests itself in the form of transferring a large number of soil particles, dust or small grain of the ground from the ground. The height of the layer of such dust may be a few meters, while horizontal visibility significantly deteriorates. For example, at the level of 2 meters, visibility is 1-8 kilometers, but often a review in a bora is reduced to several hundred and even tens of meters. Dust storms occur site mainly with a dry surface of the soil and wind speed more than 10 meters per second.

The fact that the storm approaches can be understood in advance by incredible silence, which is formed around, as if you suddenly got into a vacuum. This silence oppresses, creating an inexplicable alarm inside you.

Sand storm on the streets of Onslow in the northwest of Australia, January 2013:

Sand storm in the village of Golmud, Qinghai Province, China, 2010:

Red sandstorm in Australia:

TSUNAMI

- This is a dangerous natural disaster, which is sea waves resulting from a seabed shift with underwater and coastal earthquakes. Formed in any place, the tsunami can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km / h) several thousand kilometers, while the height of the tsunami was from 0.1 to 5 meters. When shallow water is reached, the wave height increases sharply, reaching the height from 10 to the site of 50 meters. Huge masses of water emitted ashore lead to flooding and destroying the terrain, as well as to the death of people and animals. Before water shaft, an air shock wave is spread. It acts like an explosive wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often, this is a series of waves, rolling ashore with an interval of 1 hour and more.

Tsunami in Thailand caused by an earthquake (9.3 points) in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004:

Catastrophic floods

Flood - flooding with water, which is a natural disaster. Floods are of different species and are caused by different reasons. Catastrophic floods lead to the death of people, irreparable environmental damage, cause material damage, covering huge territories within one or more water systems. At the same time, the economic site and production activity is fully paralyzed, the vitality of the population is temporarily changing. Evacuation of hundreds of thousands of population, the inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes the problem of all over the world.

Flood in Khabarovsk and Khabarovsk Territorycaused by intense rains that engulfed the entire Amur River basin and ongoing about two months (2013):

Flooding of New Orleans after a hurricane.New Orleans (USA) stands on cheese soil, which is not able to maintain the city. Orleans plunges slowly into the ground, and the Mexican Bay gradually rises around it. Most of the new Orleans are already from 1.5 to 3 meters below sea level. This largely contributed to Hurricane Katrina in 2005:

Flood in Germany, in the Rhine River Basin (2013):

Flooding in Iowa, United States (2008):

Thunderstorm Lightning

Thunder discharges (lightning) They are a giant electric spark discharge in the site of the atmosphere, with a very long spark length, usually occurs during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright outbreak of light and accompanying it thunder. The total length of the zipper channel reaches several kilometers (on average 2.5 km), and a significant part of this channel is located inside the thunderstorm cloud. Some discharges extend in the atmosphere to a distance of 20 km. The current in the discharge of lightning reaches 10-20 thousand amps, so far from all people survive after the lightning strike.

Forest fire - This is a spontaneous, uncontrollable spread of fire in forest areas. The reasons for the emergence of fires in the forest can be natural (lightning, drought, etc.) and artificial, when people are the cause. Forest fires are several species.

Underground (soil) fires In the forest, most often associated with the ignition of the peat, which becomes possible as a result of the drainage of the swamps. It can be low and spread to a depth to a site of several meters, as a result of which they represent an additional danger and are extremely poorly perfect. As, for example, a peat fire in the suburbs (2011):

For low fire Forest bedding, lichens, mosses, herbs that fell on the ground branches, etc.

Horse forest fire It covers the leaves, chevy, branches and the whole crown, can embrace (in the case of a cooking fire) of herbal-moss soil and teenage. They usually develop during arid windy weather from the bottom fire, in plantings with low-lowered crowns, in various-age plantings, as well as with abundant coniferous teen. This is usually the final stage of the fire.

Volcanoes

Volcanoes - It is geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust, most often in the form of a mountain, where the magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, stones and pyroclastic flows. When a molten magma is poured through the cracks in the earth's crust, a volcanic eruption occurs, the site named so named the Roman God of Fire and forge.

Volcano Karymsky one of the most active volcanoes of Kamchatka:

Underwater volcano - Tonga Archipelago Coast (2009):

Underwater volcano and subsequent tsunami:

The eruption of the volcano, photographed from space:

Vulcan Klyuchevskaya in Kamchatka (1994):

Synabung volcanic eruptions in Sumatra was accompanied by several mini-tornadoes:

Puyueue volcanic eruption in Chile:

Lightning in the cloud of asholcan Chatien in Chile:

Volcanic zippers:

Earthquake

Earthquake - These are underground shocks and fluctuations in the surface of the Earth caused by natural tectonic processes (the movement of the earth's crust and the displacements and breaks in it) or artificial processes (explosions, filling the reservoirs, and collapse of underground cavities of mining workings). They can entail the eruption of volcanoes and tsunami.

Earthquake in Japan followed by Tsunami (2011):

LANDSLIDE

Landslide - Separated mass of loose rocks, slowly and the site gradually or jumps rolling along the inclined plane of the separation, while maintaining often its connectedness, monolith and not tilting its soil.

Sel.

Sel. - A stream with a very large concentration of mineral particles, stones and thresholds of rocks (something mean between liquid and solid mass), suddenly occurring small mountain rivers and caused, as a rule, violent precipitation or rapid melting of snow.

Snow avalanches

Snow avalanches belong to landslides. This is a lot of snow, falling or scaling from the slopes of the mountains.

This is one of record Lavin The size of 600 thousand cubic meters. The shooting group did not suffer:

"This is the consequence of avalanche - snow dust, she pulled highly, and everything disappeared as in the fog. All the snowy dust, which continued to move at the inertia at the speed of Burana. It became dark as at night. Because of the petty-small snow, there was a difficult site to breathe. Hands and legs instantly stolen. I have not seen around anyone. Although there were people nearby, "said Anton Woizhkhovsky, a member of the filming group.