A beautiful graceful animal, an aristocrat of the forests, the deer is delightful at any time of the year - in summer, when its coat is reddish-brown, in winter, in a grayish-brown fur coat. The body length reaches 2 m, it grows up to 1.4 m, weight - about 200 kg.
Habitat
Noble deer lives in Europe, North Africa, Asia and North America... Recently acclimatized in Australia and South America. There are 12 species of deer known in the world - Caucasian, Bukhara, wapiti, red deer, red deer, European and others.
Handsome deer live in mixed forests with big amount glades, in the mountains woodlands... They feed on herbaceous, woody, shrub plants and their fruits. They love to feast on acorns, beech nuts, mushrooms, and in winter - winter, lichens - woody and ground.
Deer keep in small families, the leader of the herd is an old deer, but the old males live alone.
The red deer is an extremely cautious and sensitive animal, it has well-developed sense of smell, it hears remarkably, has keen eyes, and swims well. It feeds early in the morning and in the evening, in the daytime it rests in a secluded safe place. Often, in the exhausting summer heat, it plunges into a reservoir and hides there for a long time. Deer graze in winter most days.
At the end of May - in June, a deer has 1, very rarely 2 deer, quickly rising on their legs - in a week they travel after their mother, who feeds them with milk right up to autumn. A bright spotted robe disguises deer in the grass, this is the only defense of helpless babies from enemies. Calves grow up to 2 years near their mother.
Red deer live for 12-14 years, and in captivity for about 25-30 years. The main enemies are wolves, lynxes, and sometimes bears. Adults large deer wolves overtake in packs.
A red deer in a jump overcomes a distance of 5-6 m.It is interesting that animals are very active in very coldy than during the thaw.
On the island of Rhodes in Greece, bronze statues of two deer were erected, which showed heroism a long time ago - they trampled a ball with their hooves. poisonous snakes and in this way saved people from danger.
Antlers are a unique raw material for medicine
On the head of the male, large branched horns grow, which fall off every year and new ones grow in their place. The span of the horn is over 1 m, and the weight reaches 11-12 kg. Well-developed horns indicate good health and powerful force beast.
Young deer antlers - antlers- soft, covered with thick wool, after the end of growth they ossify.
Antlers are used for making medicinal product pantocrine, which is used to treat diseases of the nervous system.
Antlers are cut from live deer, so they are bred in special deer farms. The antlers of the Altai maral, one of the subspecies of the red deer, are especially valuable.
V folk medicine medicinal properties antlers have long been known. The water in which the antlers were infused is curative for the treatment of the musculoskeletal system.
Antler powder is used to help patients with skin pathologies, all kinds of muscle diseases, varicose veins, hypertension, gynecological problems, to strengthen the body during prolonged physical and mental overload.
Infusion recipe:
- 100 g of chopped antlers;
- 0.5 liters of spirits or wine.
Insist 10 days in dark place, take 25 g during dinner for 2 weeks. Can be used externally as a rubbing compound.
Decoction of antlers and herbs:
Take 1 tablespoon of antlers and medicinal herbs, pour 0.5 liters of water and cook for 20 minutes. After cooling, drink 100 g four times a day until 6 pm.
In Chinese and Oriental medicine, antlers are considered the elixir of life that improves energy force and strengthening the will of a person, postponing his old age.
Deer is an animal of the chordate type, of the mammalian class, of the artiodactyl order, of the deer family (deer) (lat. Cervidae). The article provides a description of the family.
Its modern name the deer got it thanks to the Old Slavonic word "helen". So the ancient Slavs called a slender animal with branched horns.
Deer: description and photo. What does an animal look like?
The sizes of the representatives of the family are very different. The growth of the northern deer ranges from 0.8 to 1.5 meters, the body length is 2 meters, and the weight of the reindeer is about 200 kg. The small crested deer barely reaches 1 meter in length and weighs no more than 50 kg.
The most slim body the red deer is distinguished, which has a proportional build, an elongated neck and a light, slightly elongated head. The eyes of a deer are yellow-brown in color, with deep lacrimal grooves located nearby. The broad forehead is slightly concave.
Some species of deer have thin, graceful limbs, others have short legs, but all are united by the well-developed muscles of the legs and the presence of fingers spaced to the side, connected by membranes.
A deer's teeth are a good indicator of its age. By the degree of grinding of the canines and incisors, the curvature and the angle of inclination, the specialist can accurately determine the age of the deer.
All species, except for hornless water deer, are distinguished by branched horns (called antlers), and only males differ in such bone formations.
Reindeer - the only kind deer, in which females have horns on a par with males, but much smaller.
Most of the deer species found in temperate latitudes shed their horns every year. In their place, new ones immediately begin to grow, consisting first of cartilage, then overgrowing with bone tissue. Deer antlers grow depending on its nutrition: the denser the diet, the faster the antlers grow back. Deer that live in the tropics do not shed their antlers for years, and the inhabitants equatorial belt don't lose them at all.
The main function of deer horns is defense and attack, and the chances of a particular male individual to emerge victorious in a duel for a female deer depend on their power. Reindeer use the antlers as a tool of labor, digging up snow with them to get to the lichen. The antlers span of a full-grown male deer is 120 cm.
The deer sheds its antlers
And this deer has grown antlers of an atypical shape.
Deer skin is covered with fur, thin and short summer, and longer and thicker in winter.
The color of deer fur depends on the species and can be brown, coffee-brown, red-brown, brownish, gray, red, solid, with specks and marks.
The deer is an animal that is among the twenty fastest.
The speed of a deer fleeing a chase can reach 50-55 km / h.
Deer live in the countries of Europe and Asia, in Russia, feel at ease on the territory of Northern and South America, in Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In the wild average duration the life of a deer is 15-20 years. In zoos and reindeer farms at good care deer live up to 25-30 years.
Deer are animals that are rather unpretentious in their habitat. They feel great on the plains, and in areas with mountainous terrain, and in wetlands, and in the zone of tundra mosses and lichens.
Many species are inhabited precisely over wet places choosing plots for living near water bodies. Preferring mainly a nomadic way of life, deer are found in forests with their meadows in summer period, in winter they wander into impassable thickets, since there are usually less snow drifts and it is easier to find food under a small layer of snow.
Deer is a herbivorous animal, the diet of which depends on the species and range. In spring and early summer, deer feed on cereals, umbrella and legumes. Deer food in summer - nuts, chestnuts, mushrooms, berries, plant seeds.
During the warm season, deer eat the buds, leaves and young shoots of trees and shrubs: maple, mountain ash, viburnum. The deer will not refuse from, and other fruits. In winter, deer are forced to feed on bark and branches of plants, needles, acorns and lichens.
Animals replenish the lack of minerals in the body with salt extracted from salt licks, and also chew the earth rich in mineral salts, drink water from mineral springs... Replenishing the protein deficiency, the deer gnaw on their own discarded antlers and are forced to eat bird eggs.
Deer species, names and photos
The modern classification of the deer family includes 3 subfamilies, 19 genera and 51 species. In addition to deer, representatives of the family are fallow deer, pudu, roe deer, as well as mazams, muntzhaks, axis, zambaras and barasinga.
The most interesting varieties reindeer are rightfully considered the following:
- Noble deer(lat. Cervus elaphus)
Real deer belongs to the genus and includes 15 subspecies. Representatives of the species are united by a characteristic White spot under the tail, which rises above the tailbone. There is no spotting in the red deer color in summer. Deer antlers are distinguished by a significant number of branches (especially in European deer), forming a characteristic crown at the end of each antler. Depending on the subspecies, the size of a deer can be 2.5 meters in length and 1.3-1.6 meters at the withers, with a weight of over 300 kg (maral and wapiti). A small Bukhara deer weighs a little less than 100 kg and grows to 170-190 cm.
The diet of the animal in the spring-summer period is made up of various legumes, grass and cereals. In winter, deer feed on shoots of shrubs and trees, fallen leaves, various mushrooms, chestnuts, and tree bark. If there is a lack of food, deer can consume spruce or pine needles, lichens and acorns. Great importance for the normal life of these mammals, it has a salt balance, which they maintain on natural or artificial salt marshes.
The red deer lives in a fairly extensive area, covering Western European, Scandinavian countries, Algeria, the Moroccan Republic and China, as well as both the American continents, Australia and New Zealand... The main condition is the presence of a fresh water reservoir nearby. Red deer live in one definite territory in herds of up to 10 individuals, although after the mating season their number may increase to 30.
- or caribou(lat. Rangifer tarandus)
It stands out among its relatives by the upper lip, completely covered with hair and the presence of horns in individuals of both sexes. The body size of an adult male is 1.9-2.1 meters with a weight of 190 kg, a female reindeer (which also has the name vazhenka) grows to 1.6-1.9 m and weighs up to 123 kg. Reindeer is a squat animal, devoid of the gracefulness inherent in deer and having a slightly elongated skull.
Reindeer food: grass, which grows in abundance in the tundra, shrub leaves, mushrooms, various berries. With a lack of protein nutrition, deer find bird nests and eat bird eggs and even young chicks laid in them. Also, reindeer feed on small rodents - lemmings. The main food for reindeer in the tundra in winter is lichen moss. The reindeer compensates for the lack of minerals in poor food by eating its own antlers, using sea water or visiting salt marshes.
Reindeer live in the tundra and taiga in Eurasia, North America and the islands of the North Arctic Ocean... Numerous herds of reindeer live in the plain and mountain taiga regions, graze on the endless tundra and swampy expanses, making spring and winter migrations in search of food.
- Water deer(lat. Hydropotes inermis)
The only hornless deer in the family. The dimensions of the species are 75-100 cm in length, the height of the deer is 45-55 cm, and the body weight is 9-15 kg. An adult male deer is distinguished by saber-shaped curved fangs (teeth) that protrude noticeably from under the upper lip. The skin is colored brownish brown.
The main food of deer is the leaves of shrubs, young green grass and also succulent river sedge. Animals do significant damage agriculture, making devastating forays into cultivated rice fields and destroying not only weeds, but also cultivated shoots.
V natural conditions water deer live in the floodplains of rivers in the eastern and central parts of the PRC and the Korean Peninsula. The hornless deer were introduced to England and France, where they successfully adapted to the local climate. These animals lead single image life, finding a mate only for the rutting season. In search of food, they swim several kilometers, migrating between the numerous islands in the river deltas.
- or milu(lat. Elaphurus davidianus)
A rare species of deer that completely died out in nature at the beginning of the 20th century. Nowadays, they are trying to restore the population in Chinese reserves, where the species originally existed. The representatives of the species acquired their name thanks to Armand David, a French priest and naturalist.
The body length of an adult deer is 150-215 cm, the height at the withers can reach 140 cm, and the weight of the deer reaches 150-200 kg. An exceptional feature of this species is that David's deer change their antlers twice a year. These animals have an elongated, narrow head, atypical for deer, as well as long curly body hair.
David's deer food consists of grass, young branches and leaves of shrubs, sugar cane and a variety of algae.
Unfortunately, in natural conditions, the habitat of this species is no longer observed. All known individuals live in reserves and zoos. The deer of David are animals that lead a herd lifestyle. Even before and after the mating season, they prefer to keep in small groups, in which there are up to 10 individuals. During the rut for the right to possess a harem of females, males arrange real massacres, using not only horns in battle, but also teeth, as well as forelimbs.
- White-faced deer(lat. Przewalskium albirostris)
The animal has a large body up to 230 cm long and an impressive weight of up to 200 kg. The height of the deer at the withers is 1.3 m. This species got its name due to the white color of the neck and front of the head. Distinctive feature of the species are high wide hooves and large white deer antlers.
The white-faced deer feeds on various grasses that grow in the spacious alpine meadows. As food, animals are happy to eat numerous types clover, meadowsweet, large-flowered beetle, angelica and variegated fescue. In addition, foliage from low-growing shrubs is often eaten.
The white-faced deer lives mainly in coniferous forests eastern Tibet and some Chinese provinces. Animals are found in the mountainous regions of the Alps, located at an altitude of more than 3500 meters above sea level. They form communities, the number of which does not exceed 20 individuals. In search of food, deer often migrate to heights of up to 5000 m.
- Crested deer(lat. Elaphodus cephalophus)
The animal has a black-brown crest on its head, up to 17 cm long. Adult deer grow to a size of 110-160 cm with a body weight of 17-50 kg. The color of the deer can be dark brown or dark gray. The horns are short and not branched, barely visible from under the crest.
In addition to the characteristic plant food Composed of leaves from trees and shrubs, grass and various berries, crested deer often eat small carrion, which is a protein component of the diet.
Deer live on the territory of the South and East Asia in forests at an altitude of more than 4500 m. Very cautious animals lead a solitary and isolated way of life. They are found with representatives of the opposite sex only during the rutting season. They are most active at dawn or twilight hours.
- White-tailed deer (Virginia deer) (lat. Odocoileus virginianus)
The most common member of the family, lives in North America.
It got its name for the interesting color of the tail, the top of which is brown and the bottom is white. Northern part the population has a height at the withers of up to 1 m, and a body weight of about 150 kg. Representatives of the population living on the Florida Keys grow up to 60 cm at the withers and weigh only 35 kg.
In spring and summer, deer eat green shrubs or trees, succulent grass, and flowering plants. In addition, they raid agricultural fields where they destroy crops. In the fall, deer feed on fruits, berries and nuts. In winter, these animals have to be content with fallen leaves and branches.
White-tailed deer live on mountain slopes and in spacious forests, as well as in the vast prairies and savannas of South and North America. Most of the time, Virginia deer lead a solitary lifestyle, gathering in small herds only during the mating season.
- Pork deer(lat. Axis porcinus)
It got its name for the original manner of movement, reminiscent of the move. The height of the deer at the withers is 70 cm, the length of the body is 110 cm, the weight of the deer is about 50 kg. The animal has a fluffy tail, males are colored darker than females.
Deer live in the flat landscapes of Pakistan, India, Thailand and other states of South Asia. The species was also introduced to Australia and the United States. These animals lead a solitary lifestyle, rarely gathering in small herds.
Deer graze mainly at night, preferring to rest in the daytime, hiding in densely grown bushy thickets. The deer's diet does not depend on the seasons and consists of a variety of grasses, as well as branches and leaves of low shrubs.
- Deer(lat. Hippocamelus bisulcus)
The animal has a stocky build and short legs, adapted to travel in mountainous landscapes. The dimensions of the deer are 1.4-1.6 m in length, the weight reaches 70-80 kg. Height at withers - 80-90 cm. The fur of the deer is colored brownish or gray-brown with white spots on the throat.
Deer live in the mountains of Chile and Argentina, where they live alone, gathering in small groups during the rut. Due to the sharp decline in the population, this species of deer is listed in the International Red Book.
Spring and summer diet deer consists of a variety of grassy meadows. In winter and during snowfalls, they find food in wooded valleys. Here the deer food consists of leaves and young branches of shrubs and trees.
- Dappled deer(lat. Cervus nippon)
It grows in length up to 1.6-1.8 m and weighs 75-130 kg. The size at the withers is 95-112 cm. The summer color of the deer is distinguished by a bright red-red color with white spotting, in winter the color fades.
Sika deer not only eat mushrooms, nuts, leaves and oak or alder shoots, but also a variety of herbs and berries. In winter, they find fallen leaves, last year's grass and acorns under the snow. In hungry years, the sika deer feeds on bark deciduous trees... Individuals living near the sea coast are happy to eat seaweed washed ashore and restore with the help of sea salt mineral balance of the body.
Sika deer lead a herd way of life, gathering in small groups of 10 - 20 individuals. The distribution area of this species covers the plain, mountainous and foothill areas. northern hemisphere... Sika deer lives on Far East, v middle lane Russia and the Caucasus.
Deer is a large, ruminant, cloven-hoofed animal. Nowadays, about 50 species of the deer family live on earth. home feature deer are branched antlers. As a rule, only male deer have horns, but even here there are exceptions - neither the female nor the male has horns for water deer, and both the male and the female have horns for the reindeer. All representatives of this family are beautiful slender animals with a relatively long neck and short tail... Most famous representative deer is a red deer.
Spreading
Reindeer are widespread on the globe... They inhabit Europe and Asia, South and North America, and northwest Africa. Reindeer can be found in Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea, where they were introduced by humans.
These animals can live in various climatic zones- in hot deserts, dry steppes, deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as in the cold tundra.
Nutrition
The reindeer menu usually consists of plant foods. They like leaves, twigs, buds of trees and shrubs, various herbaceous plants.
Reindeer live in complex climatic conditions Their main food is nutrient-poor lichens, so they sometimes supplement their diet with bird eggs.
All deer love salt, they find salt licks in nature - places where there are a lot of mineral salts in the soil, and they lick the soil.
Lifestyle
Deer are usually sedentary animals that constantly inhabit the same territory. Only reindeer are characterized by seasonal migrations looking for food and better weather conditions.
Most often, deer live in small groups, consisting of one male and several females with cubs. The male in this group is the most important - he protects the females and his territory. If any male wanders into someone else's territory, the host male enters into a duel with him. During this duel, the deer push each other with their horns, trying to prove their superiority. Often such fights end in severe injuries.
Once a year, the female gives birth to cubs. Usually one or two fawns are born, but there are cases of birth and four cubs at once. Their fur coat is colored differently from that of adults, often there are spots on it that allow babies to remain invisible. The female feeds the fawns with milk for three to five months, but even after that, the fawns remain with their mother for several more months.
Deer can live up to 20 years, but in nature they rarely live longer than 10-12 years.
Deer short info.
Deer is one of the most graceful and graceful animals on our planet. But apart from his appearance deer have great amount unique properties, allowing them to rightfully be considered the rulers of the shroud and the owners of tropical, taiga and tundra forests.
Main morphological and physiological features
- The appearance of reindeer is completely different. There are species with both thin and long legs, and with short ones. However, all of them are distinguished by well-formed muscles of the lower extremities.
- Zoologists determine the age of deer by their teeth. (Angle of inclination, curvature and degree of grindability).
- The deer is in the TOP-20 fastest animals on our planet. In conditions of special danger, a representative of this family is able to reach speeds of up to 55 kilometers per hour.
- Females reach sexual maturity at 1.5 years, and males at 2-2.5 years. Pregnancy lasts 6-9 months, depending on the individual species.
- In the offspring, most often there is one cub, less often - two. Little fawns can rise to their feet a few minutes after the moment of birth.
- The average life span of a deer in wild environment usually does not exceed twenty years, while with special care on livestock farms, the age of individual representatives can reach thirty years.
- The weight of the smallest deer reaches only 15 kilograms, while the weight of the largest can reach three hundred.
The largest deer in the world is the elk. He has flatter horns (which is why he received the nickname "moored"), a massive torso and lower limbs... Elk feeds on berries, mushrooms, algae, various grasses, as well as shoots of trees and shrubs.
And the smallest is considered to be poodu (in nature, there are only two types). Pudu is a vegetarian, as it feeds only on the shoots of young shrubs and stunted trees.
Interesting facts about deer antlers
- Most deer change their antlers annually. However, there are exceptions: the inhabitants rainforest do not shed their horns for years, the inhabitants of the equator do not lose their horns at all, and for some representatives - the change occurs twice a year.
- First, in place of future horns appears cartilage tissue, which subsequently becomes overgrown with bone. Every year, the number of branches on the horns of a young deer increases until they reach the necessary and characteristic sizes for the species.
- Deer antlers reach their greatest bloom at the age of the animal from five to twelve years, subsequently the scope of the antlers decreases, as well as their strength.
- Young deer antlers are called antlers, which contain a highly nutritious and useful substance called pantocrine. It is used in the production of dietary supplements, medicines and vitamin complexes. (Pantokrin is irreplaceable assistant with hypertension and diseases, congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system.)
- In the horns among bone tissue are large blood vessels and small capillaries that supply the body with trace elements, vitamins, nutrients and oxygen necessary for vital activity.
- The antlers are used both in courtship combat, for protection from enemies and for foraging in the cold season (for example, reindeer use their antlers to clear snow blockages in the forest with their antlers).
Features of nutrition and geographical distribution
- The deer family is completely unpretentious to the conditions of the habitat. There are species that live on the equator and tundra, meadow-steppes and swampy areas.
- Most deer are true vegetarians. In the summer, late spring and early autumn they eat young shoots (buds, leaves and branches) of trees and shrubs, various fruits (pears, apples and others), chestnuts, mushrooms. In winter, they feed on pine and spruce needles, branches and tree bark.
Some representatives can use carrion to replenish the necessary reserves of inorganic substances in the body.
Some specific features of deer
- The red deer has a white spot above the tailbone and its antlers have a huge number of branches.
- Reindeer (caribou) has a pronounced upper lip covered hairline... Both males and females have horns.
- The water deer has saber-toothed fangs protruding from under the upper lip.
- The deer of David (milu) has long curly hair on the back and a narrow skull atypical for most members of the family.
- The white-faced deer got its name from the light spots on the neck and front of the head. Also, individuals of this species have white horns.
- The crested deer has a black-brown crest, from under which barely noticeable and unbranched antlers protrude.
- The white-tailed deer also has morphological differences in the form of a two-color tail coloration. The lower part is white, and the upper is light brown.
- The pork deer is so named because of the strong resemblance to the gait of a pig.
One more at least interesting fact: In many countries, the deer is a symbol of speed, grace and nobility (in Ancient Rome even considered a symbol of idleness), and in the territories of our country he became the embodiment of loneliness and spiritual purity.
In conclusion, I would like to note that despite the huge number of natural enemies, a huge number of species were exterminated by humans. Unscrupulous poachers and hunters became the reason for the disappearance unique representatives fauna. However, I would like to hope that this will not happen again in the future and deer will continue to serve nature and man for many millennia.
The observation of real deer, known as caribou, was made possible with the assistance of Glenn Stout, a biologist at the Alaska Department of Fishing and Hunting. Deer and caribou are almost identical animals (there are seven subspecies). In Europe, they are all called deer, but in North America, wild individuals are called caribou, and half-tamed animals are called deer.
Habitat
Deer are a common species of animals for the arctic and subarctic regions. They meet in wildlife in Russia, North America, Iceland, Greenland, Norway and Finland. Large wild herds can range from 50,000 to 500,000. Some small herds in Alaska include 200 or 300 reindeer.
Wild reindeer migrate during the off-season and their migration areas can extend for several hundred miles. Animals follow a straight path. Scientists have found that they travel over 3,000 miles a year. Overcoming such a distance is beyond the power of any other land mammal.
Deer have been partially domesticated for 2,000 or 3,000 years. The life of a reindeer herder is completely dependent on these artiodactyls. They provide a person with food, clothing, milk, and transportation. The animals pull the sled, but unlike the Christmas reindeer that carry Santa Claus, they only do so on solid ground.
Difference between domesticated and wild deer
Domesticated reindeer look and behave differently from their wild counterparts. They are slower than wild reindeer, which are prepared for long migrations. And the behavior of their herd is different. For example, under the influence of fright, a wild caribou will begin to run away, and its domestic relatives will gather in a herd.
What provides cold adaptation?
Reindeer are well adapted to live in cold and snowy conditions. Unlike most animals, which have narrow hooves, deer have wide ones. The hooves act as snowshoes and aid in digging snow when searching for food. Deer also have fur that runs across the surface of the hooves, which allows for a better bounce off the ground.
Animals have an outer cover of hollow protective hair, between which air collects. It acts as insulation and helps the animals to stay afloat. These artiodactyls are considered excellent swimmers. For example, they can swim across large and fast-moving rivers.
Deer endure harsh winters when there are no plants in the forest. In this case, animals consume lichen as food, which is also done by some other animals. Lichen grows on rocks. It consists of symbiotic cells and is a cross between algae and fungus. There are also branchy and fluffy species, and some of them grow in soil, including one called " deer moss". This species is especially important for animal nutrition.
The inalienable "weapon" of the animal
Caribou are the only type of deer in which both males and females have antlers. The horns grow back every year. Most deer shed them in the winter, but the pregnant doe will wear the antlers until her calf is born in the spring. This helps her fight for scarce food, which is needed for the development of her offspring.
So what Interesting Facts exist about these proud animals?
Fawns can run several miles a couple of hours after birth and can be weaned at just 1 month of age.
To hide from predators, deer require a fair amount of mobility. The most dangerous for artiodactyls living in Alaska are wolves and bears.
Mother's milk caribou is rich in nutrients. In addition, it contains 20% fat. Compared to 5% contained in cow's milk, this is a very high indicator.
Deer eyes change color depending on the season. They are honey-colored in summer and blue in winter. What changes does the tapetum lucidum have? It is a layer at the back of the eye that is capable of reflecting light at night. Scientists think this is because animals' pupils are constantly dilating during the long, dark arctic winters.
Scientists have made very unexpected observations: deer eat narcotic substances... They love to eat fly agarics, which have hallucinogenic properties. It is said that the local shamans adopted the eating of these mushrooms from the reindeer. This is how fortunetellers provoke the appearance of visions. Some people even suggest that this is how we got the legend of the Christmas flying reindeer carrying Santa Claus in a sleigh!
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