- Subclass: HOLOCEPHALI \u003d Solid-headed fish, dying
- Detachment: Chimaeriformes \u003d Chimeras
- Family: Callorhinchidae Garman, 1901 \u003d Callorinov, pretty chimeras
- View: Callorhinchus Milii (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823) \u003d Australian [Australo New Zealand] Callorinch
Family: Callorhinchidae \u003d Callorinov, pretty chimeras
All-headed fish (fled fish, HoloCephali) - a subclass of cartilage fish, includes the only detachment of chimero-like fish, divided into three families. The length of the body of all-headed fish from 60 cm to two meters. They are distinguished by the presence of four pairs of gill slots and the absence of a spray. The skeleton is partially occasional. Characteristic feature All-headed is the absence of vertebral bodies and the fusion of the upper jaw with the skull (hence the name). The body is naked, "skin teeth" formed by placoid scales are located only on the jaws, the swimming bubble is absent, in the heart there is an arterial cone. In contrast to plasticine fish, there is no tin-headed cloac.
All-headed - exclusively marine, as a rule, deep-water animals. These are predators, the main food of which make up bottom invertebrates (crabs, marine hedgehogs, bucheloga and bivalve mollusks), as well as some fish. Internal fertilization. The copulatory organ of males, or pterygopodia, is a modified abdominal fins. All-headed multiple laying eggs enclosed in a special capsule with outgrowths. It is believed that all-headed originated from extinct acul-shaped ancestors and represent the side phylogenetic branch that is not associated with bone fish. They are known from the top Devon, the period of their heyday lasted up to the chalk period.
Chimero-like fish
Chimero-like fish (chimaeriformes) - detachment cartilage fish The sediment of all-headed fish includes three families, about 30 species. The length of these fish from 60 cm to 2 m, females are larger than males. The body is rolling, slightly compressed from the sides, gradually thinning to the tail, which in some species ends with a long thread. Before the first dorsal fin is located poisonous spikewhich can be removed into a special recess on the back. Second dorsal Very long, reaching the beginning of the tail fin. Breast fins are large, fan-shaped, abdominal - less. The mouth is small, the lower, the spray is not, which protrudes forward Rostrum forms the so-called fig. At the species of the family of chimeric fish, it is short and stupid, representatives of the family of nosed chimer, it is stretched out like a long peak, and in the family of Callorinchs in shape resembles a moth. Breathe chimero-shaped with closed mouth, because water is injected communicating with oral cavity. The naked body is covered with abundant mucus.
These are sea deep-sea fish leading a bottom lifestyle. They are found at a depth of 2500 m in the Atlantic, quiet and Indian Oceans, are absent in the Arctic Ocean and in the waters of Antarctica. At least small species are stories. Chimero-shaped float rather quickly, wavely flexing the tail and rumble with breast fins using horizontally arranged abdominal fins as stabilizers. They are active at night, feed on bottom invertebrates (molluscs, crabs, omissions, marine hedgehis), less often - shallow fish.
Internal fertilization; It is carried out with the help of special kopulative organs of the male - pterygopodies. Chimero-shaped multiplied by laying eggs, each of which is concluded in the horny capsule length 12-42 cm. After 9-12 months, fully formed fish appear from eggs. Himeroids have commercial importance on the Pacific coast of the United States, in Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Japan and China. Fat from the liver is used as a medicine and lubricant, and meat is in food. Extinct representatives of the detachment are found from the lower Yura, and modern gods - From the top chalk.
Kalloinhi
Callorinha (Callorchidae), a family of cartilage fish, wholehead subclass, 1 genus, 3-4 species. Body length is about 1 m, weight - up to 10 kg. The color of the body is greenish-yellow, three black stripes stretch along the sides. The covering body of the mucus has special light-expressive properties because of what has just caught fish have a bright silver-rainbow tide. The front of the dilar is elongated into a peculiar trumping, the end of which, with a transverse leaf blade, bend sharply back. It probably serves as a locator, and as a shovel. With it, the fish soaring over the bottom can detect and scratch the invertebrates tearing into the soil. Tail without a fithoid appendage. Anal fin is short, separated from the tail of deep groove.
Distributed only in moderate and moderately cold waters of the southern hemisphere - off the coast South America (from South Brazil and Peru to Fire Earth), South Africa, South Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Usually catching at depths from 5 to 50 m. In the cold season, it is descended to 200 m and deeper. Females lay egg capsules with a length of 17 to 42 cm. In New Zealand Callorin Mile (Callormhinchus Milii) is an object of fishery and is used in food.
Noseged chimeras (rinocheimeric) (Rhinochimaeridae), family of cartilage fish Snacks of wholehead fish, 3 kinds, 6 species.
They differ strongly elongated, pointed out. Are the most deep-water representatives of the detachment, as a result of which are known for a very small number of finds. Almost nothing is known about their lifestyle and biology. Found in the Atlantic and pacific Oceans. Apparently live in Indian Oceanwhere their egg capsules were found.
Chocolate-brown Harriotta Haeckeli (Harriotta Haeckeli) reaches a length of 1.03 m. It is known from the North Atlantic with depths of 1800-2600 m.
In the family of nicer chimer, pressing the entire family, two types are known. In North Atlantic, the Atlantic Chimer is found (Rhinochimaera Allantica), and the coast of Japan is the Pacific Hamer (Rhinochimaera Pacifica).
Fish chimera
Deep waters mysterious oceans inhabit mysterious creatures. 400 million years ago Evolution appeared an unusual underwater inhabitant - chimer fish.
This creature is sometimes called ghost sharks. And the name of Chimera, this fish received for its appearance. The fact is that in Greek mythology there was a legend of a monstrous woman, the whole body of which was formed from parts of different animals. Seeing fish S. strange appearanceThe ancient Greeks decided that her body was not at all like an ordinary representative of the fish - as if it was also composed of parts of animals. Therefore, the chimer fish received its name.
Deep-sea chimer fish
This fish belongs to the cartilage, represents a squamous squirrel, the family of chimeric.
Among the class of cartilage fish, chimeras appeared on our planet the very first. It is they who are considered long-distance relatives of the shark. Today, scientists counted about 50 species of these unusual fish on our planet.
EXTERNAL CHILD OF CHAMERA FISH
Body Length adult individual Reaching 1.5 meters. The skin of these fish is smooth, with multicolored sings. Features of the male between eyes on the head have bone thigh (spike), having a bent shape.
The tail in these fish is very long, it reaches the sizes equal to half the length of the whole body. A feature of the appearance of these representatives of the Chimeric family can be called large wing side fins. Running them, Chimera becomes something like a bird.
The most mysterious inhabitants ocean depths - chimero-like fish, or chimeras. About their lifestyle, especially about reproductive biology, very little is known.
Oceanologists literally for crumbs gathered information about these creatures, so that today it was possible to get acquainted with some of them.
About chimerors science is known very little Deepive chimeras of the seas and oceans
The modern group belonging to the order of cartilage, there are approximately 50 types of chimero-like fish. Most of them live at a depth of 500 meters and more, where to study their behavior is extremely difficult, and sometimes it is simply impossible. To date, it is known that:
- the length of these creatures can reach 1.5 meters;
- they eat invertebrate and smaller fish;
- fish are separation;
- fish lay eggs.
- Hummer fish dwells exclusively in sea water.
Appearance and structure
The streamlined body of the chimer is gradually narrowed and ends with a long shocking cord-shaped tail in a fatalist. It is called Beachevoid. Adults grown from 0.6 to 1.5 meters. It is possible that fishery and bigger size.
Adult chimera fish reach 1.5 meters Breast fins are large, wonderful. It is they who give the characteristic appearance of chimerers and create the illusion of flights. Abdominal in size is much smaller and located at the anal hole.
Fish slowly, breast fin movements - wave-like.
The side line is open and is a groove, located on the sides of the head and torso. With its help, chimeras perceive water oscillations and vibrations created when the depths of other inhabitants are moved. The line is used for orientation in external environment And during the hunt. In some species, it consists of a part of special receptors catching electrical oscillations.
Chimeras are swimming slow The body is "naked", covered with mucus. The skeleton consists of cartilage fabric. The skull is connected to the jaws in one joint and is called guyostilic. On the sides are two gill holes covered with skin folds. Fish breathe with a closed mouth, pulling water through the nostrils. She enters the gills that communicate with the oral cavity.
Drain fins are also two. The one is closer to the head put up vertically, he has a short base and a large spike - some he is poisonous. If necessary, it is placed in a special "groove" on the back. The other is shorter with a long base and does not fold.
The mouth has the lower arrangement and full of spherical firing plates. The males have pterygopodies - copulatory authorities. With their help, the seed fluid is introduced into the female clock.
Once on land, chimero-like fish dying very quickly. In aquarium, aquarium is very bad.
Feedback and reproduction
Descipients chimeras semoration occurs during pairing. For all types of chimeroid detachment, the eggs are characterized by egg laying. The embryo is developing and dismissed from the shells outside the body of the mother.
In the ovaries of the females, up to 100 eggs can be located, but they are ripening and two.
Each egg chimera, as in some other species of fish, is concluded in the capsule - the cartilage shell. It is equipped with a filamental appendage. After exiting the female body, the egg falls on the bottom or engages for the plants.
The development of the embryo continues about 9-12 months. Interestingly, during the development of the head, special threads appear - outdoor gills. It is likely that with their help, the embryo sucks the yolk eggs and gets oxygen. After the birth of the threads disappear. Tuting fir in all similar to their parents.
Chimeras masonry eggs multiply The cartilage shells are very lung and consist of collagen yarns. Empty capsules often get into the network of fishermen, they take them as shore during storms and tides. People call such finds by rullemium or devilish wallets.
About marriage games and the process of mating is known very little, because to study this side of the life of Himer on big depth Very problematic.
Supporting ration
Traditionally it was believed that chimeras feed on only hard food - molluscs and crustaceans. This opinion was based due to the structure of the jaw apparatus, which is able to crush the object of hunting with force in 100 Newton.
Direct studies, although few, make it possible to conclude that in the diet, the chimer includes:
- polycetes - Multi-Point Worms;
- crabs;
- crayfish;
- lobsters;
- shrimp;
- small donnaya fish.
Himmer has cases of cannibalism There are cases of cannibalism, when chimeras eaten not only eggs, but also adult representatives of their few species.
Many chimeratic representatives have special devices to attract production - photophors. They are located at the mouth and glow in the dark. Food itself sails right in her mouth predator.
Natural enemies are practically no due to the deep-water lifestyle. Close relatives - sharks and skates.
The most famous representatives of chimeras
High chimera consists of 6 species. Among them are the most studied. These include European and Cuban chimeras, a family of collaryryov and rinocheimers.
Information about them is in many encyclopedias, but they are scarce and full of assumptions.
European (Chimaera Monstrosa) and Cuban (Ch. Cubana)
Areal - East Atlantic. Reaches a length of 1.5 meters. Spin - red-brown, sides of silver with yellow-brown spots. Green eyes. Finns have a black and brown border around the edges.
Human Aril Hummer East Atlantic It is found at a depth of 200-500 meters, from the coast of Morocco up to 700 meters. Single individuals come across the networkBut in the spring of Norway's coast there are richest catches - up to several dozen pieces. Other names are chimer hare, a nautical rabbit or rat.
Eggs postpone all year, except for the autumn months.
The European Chimera does not use food. Fat use when lubricating wounds.
Cuban Chimera Area - Cuba Coast, Japan Water, Yellow Sea and Philippine Islands. Externally, it looks like European, so it was previously accepted for it. Depth of accommodation - 400-500 meters.
Chimeras are found at a depth of 200 m Gene hydrolagi (Hydrolagus)
There are 15-16 species. Area - North Atlantica, Japan, Australia's water, South Africa, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands And North America.
American hydrolag studied better than others. It often meets along the American coast And lives at a depth of only 40-60 meters.
He is less than european chimera And sometimes fills fishermen's networks completely. It breeds year-round, most intense - in August-September.
Observations in the aquarium showed that the female mosques capsules about 30 hours. They are not separated immediately and take a few days on elastic threads, worrying from behind. Then disappear and lowered to the bottom.
Fish is not eaten, and fat is used for technical lubrication of mechanical parts.
Himer do not use food Noseged chimeras
Refer to the family of rinocheimers. Fuck stretched, pointed. Pterygopodia in males solid. These are the most deep-water representatives - presumably dwell at a depth of 2.5 km. Also known only by rare finds on the shore. Biology has not been studied.
Family Kalloinkhovye
The family of the Hobnetworks is represented by only one way - Collarinhi. The front of the muzzle is elongated in a trunk, fightened on the sides. At the end - a leaf blade, bent backwards. Presumably, this organ serves as a kind of locator. It dwells in the waters of the southern hemisphere.
Coloring greenish-yellow, on the sides - three black stripes. Tail without a fine end.
The coast of New Zeland is mined in an industrial scale, Food is used. Taste qualities Excellent, but it is worth the meat at least a little lie without processing, as the smell of ammonia appears.
Chimera still have little studied, so the main discoveries are still ahead.
The long-axis chimer belongs to the family of rinocheimer or nicer chimeras, chimero-shaped detachment. Representatives of this family are highlighted by the developed digging and whole pterygopods in males.
Legged chimera - one of the most deep-sea fish In the detachment, it is called a ghost shark. She was first caught by one fisherman near the coast of Canada.
External signs of long-term chimeras
Long-axis chimer has a length of 35 cm in females and 25 - 30 cm in males. Maximum size It is 120 cm. females are larger than males. Coloring of long-axis chocolate-brown chimers.
Harriotta Raleighana is distinguished by an elongated digital, like an elongated triangle. A small mouth is located below. Before the front spinal fin is a poisonous spike that a long-axis chimera lifts only in cases of danger. In the absence of a threat to life, the spike is removed into a special recess located on the back.
The second dorsal fin is long and can be a harm with the beginning of the tail fin. Long-axis Chimera also has developed thoracic fins. Breathing Zheblichn, water washes the gills, and oxygen from the water falls into the blood circuit system.
The body of the long-axis chimera is deprived of her scales and is covered with mucus that protects against the adverse effects of the medium. Big eyes Allow the light at great depths. Long-axis Chimera is perfectly oriented in water in the conditions of absolute darkness and finds food.
Distribution of long-axis chimeras
Long-term chimera is large-scale, global distribution. It holds in the deep waters of the continental bottom of the shelf and the continental steps in the south-western water area of \u200b\u200bthe quiet and northern part of the Atlantic Oceans. It is found in the Indian Ocean, ranging from South Australia.
Habitat Long Symmer
Long-term chimeras adults and growing fry can occupy various places habitat.
Most of the life of the fish takes place in deep cold waters.
Typically, long-axis chimeras come across trawls with deep-sea scientific research or as an alone during fish fishery.
Causes of Reduce Chimera
Increased productivity of deep-water trawl fishery can present a potential threat to habitat and long-term chimera populations in the future. Currently, this species of fish is widely distributed and direct threats for the number of individuals are absent.
Long-axis chimer is classified as a view that causes the smallest concerns. However, information about fishing volumes is needed to clarify the data, as well as control over the expansion of deep-water fisheries. Nothing is known about the structure of the population, although molecular evidence can support regional populations.
Long-axis Chimera comes across as a catch with deep-sea bottom trawing ..
Estimated on the catch of several thousand tons, which was carried out 545 tugs from November 1998 to September 2000, long-axis chimera have to<0,1 от общего улова, что составляет 8%.
Reproduction of long-axis chimeras
The long-axis chimer belongs to the egg-owned species, but nothing is known about the timing of spawning and reproduction, as it gets too little fry. It is known that the fish lay eggs with a length of 12 to 42 centimeters, covered with a horny capsule. Internal fertilization and occurs with the help of a special organ located on the body of the male, which is called pterygopodies.
Details about the life of long-term chimeras are unknown. The larvae appear in 9-12 months. They are completely similar to adult fish. At the exit of capsule embryos have a length of 15 centimeters. Compared to the sizes of the female, which reaches the length of one meter, this is a huge amount. Food freshers with a variety of bottom invertebrate and small fish species.
The age of sexual maturity, life expectancy, pregnancy time (months), the average reproductive age is unknown.
Legged Hummer Protection Measures
Measures to preserve long-term chimeras are not developed and special control bodies are missing. Data from samples collected during deep-sea trawling are useful for understanding the population structure and biology of this species.
The development and implementation of management plans (national or regional), for example, within the framework of the International FAO organization to preserve the Shark and the management of their stocks. Although the long-axis chimer is related to sharks only in general pedigree, nevertheless, this is the rarest representative of chimeric, which needs security measures. Environmental actions are needed to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of all types of chimero-like in the region.
Nutritional chimera
Long-axis chimera is powered by crabs, marine hedgehogs, double mollusks, omens and other invertebrates. Sometimes small fish become its prey.
Sea bottom Long-axis Chimera explores sensitive digging, looking for a variety of mollusks.
Powerful teeth, which form a single plate, it is able to crush even the most durable sink.
osset Chimera - potentially dangerous for man
Although the long-axis chimera dwells at such large depths that the probability of fish collision with a man is extremely low. In addition, this kind of fish is rarely found, compared with other types of chimerers, but still it is considered dangerous for a person.
Chimera gracefully moves due to the snake-shaped tail, which is half the length of the body, and large breast fins. Lifestyle lifestyle chimeras
Long-axis chimera leads a bottom lifestyle. Chimera floats rather quickly, while it bends his thin tail with the waves, and it is repelled from the water with huge pectoral fins. At the same time, the fish develops very high speed, pursuing prey. Long-axis Chimera refers to the fastest inhabitants of sea depths.
The value of the longone chimera
The long-axis chimer does not have a special fishing value, so its share in the catch with deep-water trawling is insignificant. Fish meat is used in food, but the most valuable liver containing nutrients, and fat saturated with vitamin A.
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Area and habitat
European Chimera dwells in the North Atlantic and the adjacent seas of the Northern Ocean. The coast of Norway, Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Morocco, the Azores and Madeira, in the Mediterranean Sea. Data on the presence of this species in the waters of South Africa require confirmation. This marine baultimersal oceanodromic fish occurs at a depth of 40 to 1400 m. In the north, it is most often held at depths of 200-500 m, and in the south - 350-700 m. In winter, it comes to the shores; At this time, the European Chimera comes across in Norwegian firads at a depth of 90-180 m.
Appearance
The head is thick with rounded digital. Large eyes. The mouth is lower, small, transverse. On the upper jaw there are 4, and on the lower 2 large belligent tunnel plates. The body is elongated, strongly skews in the rear. A narrow beacon tail ends with a long thread. Breast fins are very large. The first dorsal fin and short, the front edge has a strong long spike; The second dorsal fin in the form of a low border, which comes to the beginning of the tail fin. Anal fin is small. There is a system of sensitive channels on the head. The skin is naked and soft, occasionally covered with rudimentary spines. The painting of the mercile surface is dark brown with a reddish tint, the sides are covered with spots, the ventral side is light. The tail, the anal and the rear of the second dorsal fins have a black-brown edging. The length of adult chimer reaches 1.5 m, and the maximum registered weight is 2.5 kg.
The males have a thin bone bent in front of the outgrow. The skin is smooth and distinguished by a variety of flowers. 
Biology
Shoots eggs enclosed in a horn capsule. Reproduction all year round. In the ovaries of females develops to 200 eggs. The female postpones two eggs several times without re-fertilization. Before postponing, the female wears eggs attached to the withdrawal holes of the eggs. It then puts them on the bottom on quite large depths, sometimes up to 400 m. Yolk diameter 26 mm. The capsule has a floating ringer to a height of up to 4 mm. The lower end of the cylindrical capsule, the upper has the form of a narrow fidetoid appendage, which serves to attach egg. The length of the capsule is 163-77 mm, the width is about 25 mm. The length of the appendage is 30-40 mm. Capsule from brilliantly brown to olive green color. Eggs develop for about a year. Newborn are hatched quite formed. Young falls rarely. There are cases of catching in the Faroe Islands at a depth of 1000 m and in Ireland at a depth of 600 m. Young individuals have a length of 11 cm. The males in general are fewer females.
European Chimera - Benstofag. Its diet consists mainly of invertebrates: crustaceans, mollusks, worms and playing. Sometimes a fish falls in the stomach.
Interaction with man
At the beginning of the 20th century, the fish did not have: meat was considered inedible, but sometimes fat extracted from their liver was used in medicine or as a lubricant material. Eggs were considered delicacy. In Norway, the liver chimera attributed healing agents. Meat is rigid, but in some countries it is eaten.
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Notes
- Reshetnikov Yu. S., Kotlyar A. N., Russ T. S., Shatunovsky M. I. Pyaspical dictionary of animal names. Fish. Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / Under the general editors of Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - m.: Rus. Yaz., 1989. - P. 49. - 12,500 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
- Fishbase (eng.)
- Fishery fish of Russia. In two volumes / ed. O. F. Gritsenko, A. N. Kotlar and B. N. Kotenyova. - m.: Publishing house Vniro, 2006. - T. 1. - P. 58. - 624 p. - ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- (eng.) (PDF). Ices (2005). Checked January 24, 2013.
- (eng.) (PDF). Ices (2006). Checked January 24, 2013.
- : Information on the website of the Red Book of IUCN (English)
Links
- : Information on the website of the Red Book of IUCN (English)
- European chimeraWORLD REGISTER OF MARINE SPECIES) (eng.) December 29, 2009
- In the database of FishBase (English)
- On The Marine Fauna Gallery Of Norway (English)
- In the encyclopedia "life of animals"
- View in the global registry of marine species ( WORLD REGISTER OF MARINE SPECIES) (eng.)
Eventing characterizing European chimer
Konovnitsyn immediately realized that the brought news was greater importance and that could not be keen. Well, whether it was bad, he did not think and did not ask himself. It was not interested. He looked at all of the war, he did not mind, not reasoning, but something else. In his soul there was a deep, unspoken belief that everything will be fine; But it is not necessary to believe it, and even more so do not tell this, but you need to do one thing. And he did his work, giving him all his strength.Petr Petrovich Konovnitsin, as well as the dohturov, only as if from the decency made to the list of so-called heroes of the 12th year - Barklaev, Raevsky, Yermolov, Platovoy, Miloradovich, as well as Dashtur, used the reputation of a person very limited abilities and information, And, as well as Dohturov, Konovnitsyn never made battle projects, but always was where it was the harder; Always slept with the opened door since he was appointed by a dutyman, by ordering to make everyone being sent to wake himself, always during the battle was under fire, so Kutuzov reproached him for himself and was afraid to send, and was the same as the dohturov, one Of those invisible gears that, not the crack and no noise, constitute the most essential part of the car.
Going out of the hut in the crude, dark night, Konovnitsyn frowned by part of the head intensified pain, part of the unpleasant thought that came to his mind about how all this is the nest of staff, influential people at the same time, especially Benigsen, after Tarutina, former on knives with Kutuzov; How to offer, argue, order, cancel. And this premonition was unpleasant to him, although he knew that it was impossible without it.
Indeed, only he went to report a new news, immediately began to express his considerations to the general who lived with him, and Konovnitsyn, silently and tiredly listening to him, reminded him that he had to go to the brighter.
Kutuzov, like all old people, slept enough at night. He often suddenly trisped in the afternoon; But at night, he, without undressing, lying on his bed, did not sleep the part and thought.
So he lay and now on his bed, climbing a heavy, greater disgusting head on a plump hand, and thought, with an open one eye looking at the dark.
Since Benigsen, rewriting with the sovereign and who had more efforts in the headquarters, avoided him, Kutuzov was calmer than that he was not for the troops again to participate in useless offensive actions. The lesson of the Tarutinsky battle and the eve of him, painfully memorable Kutuzov, should also work, he thought.
"They must understand that we can only lose, acting offek. Patience and time, here are my warriors of warriors! " - thought Kutuzov. He knew that it was not necessary to tear the apple while it was green. It will fall out itself when it will be ripe, and you will break green, we will spoil the apple and a tree, and the OKOMOVY himself. He, as an experienced hunter, knew that the beast was wounded, was injured as the whole Russian power could have hurt, but deadly or not, it was not a clarified question. Now, by sending Loriston and Berutemy and on the reports of partisans, Kutuzov almost knew that he was injured deadly. But they needed more evidence, it was necessary to wait.
"They want to run to see how they killed him. Wait, see. All maneuvers, all offensive! - he thought. - For what? All distinguish Exactly something cheerful is to fight. They are definitely children from whom they will not have a sense, as it was that it was, because everyone wants to prove, how they know how to fight. Yes, not in that now it's a matter.
And what kind of skillful maneuvers offer me all these! It seems to them that when they invented two chance (he remembered the overall plan from St. Petersburg), they invented them all. And they all have no number! "
An in -ure-free question is fatal or not fatal was the wound, applied in Borodin, has already hung over his head of Kutuzov. On the one hand, the French occupied Moscow. On the other hand, undoubtedly, the whole being, his Kutuzov felt that the terrible blow, in which he, together with all Russian people, strained all his strength, was to be fatal. But in any case, evidence was needed, and he was already waiting for them for a month, and the further time passed, the more impatiently he became. Lying on her bed in his sleepless nights, he did the same thing that this youth did the generals, the very thing that he reproached them. He invented all possible chance, in which this faithful, already accomplished death of Napoleon. He came up with these chance just like the youth, but only with the difference that he did not base anything on these assumptions and that he saw them not two and three, and thousands. The further he thought, the more they were presented. He came up with any kind of movement of the Napoleonic army, all of her - to St. Petersburg, at him, bypass him, came up with (which he was most afraid) and the accident that Napoleon will fight against him with his own weapon that he will remain in Moscow , waiting for it. Kutuzov came up with even the movement of the Napoleonic army back to the beggar and Yukhnov, but one that he could not foresee, this is what the insane, convulsive throwing of Napoleon's troops continued to be the first eleven days of his speeches from Moscow, - throwing it possible What was still not bold then to think Kutuzov: perfect extermination of the French. Dorokhov's report about the division of BRUSE, the news from the partisans about the disasters of the Napoleon army, rumors about the fees to speak from Moscow - everything confirmed the assumption that the French army is divided and gets to run; But these were only assumptions that seemed important to young people, but not for Kutuzov. He knew with his sixty-year-old experiments, what weight should be attributed to rumors, knew how people who wanted to group all the news are able to group all the news so that they seem to confirm the desired, and knew how in this case everything is willingly missed all contradictory. And the more walked this Kutuzov, the less he allowed himself to believe it. This question occupied all his mental strength. Everything else was for him only the usual performance of life. In such a familiar fulfillment and submission of life, his conversations were with staff, letters to M ME STAEL, which he wrote from Tarutina, reading novels, distribution of awards, correspondence with St. Petersburg, etc. P. But the death of the French, foreseen by him, was his sincere, the only desire.
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