Presentation on toxicological chemistry. Chemical-toxicological analysis of individual narcotic substances: cannabinoids, phenylalkylamines department. Work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject of "Chemistry"

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Evgeny Abramovich Baratinsky (1800 - 1844) - Russian poet. Evgeny Abramovich Baratinsky (1800 - 1844) - Russian poet. Born February 19 (March 2 to n. P.) In the village of Mara Tambov province in a poor noble family. It took from the ancient Polish clan, with to. XVII century. Renovative in Russia. Baratyan's father was a secular lieutenant-general Paul I, Mother - Freillan Empress Maria Fedorovna. In 1810, the father of Baratyansky died, and his mother was engaged in her upbringing. From the German Pension, Baratinsky moved in 1812 to the St. Petersburg Page Corps, from which in 1816 it was excluded for not completely harmless boyish practices (theft) without the right to enter any service, except for the soldiers'. This incident has greatly affected the young man; He confessed later that at that time "a hundred times was ready to deprive himself." Undoubtedly, a shame, experienced by the poet, had an impact on the development of his pessimistic worldview. In 1819, he was enrolled by the rank in the St. Petersburg Life Guards Hherst Regiment. At that time, he met Delvig, not only morally supported him, but also appreciated his poetic talent. At the same time, he tied a friendly relationship with Pushkin and Kühelbecker. Thanks to Delvig, the first works of Baratynsky appeared in the press: the messages "to the crinic region", "Delvigu", "to Kyhelbekeler", Elegia, Madrigals, epigram. In 1820, the poem "Peira" was released, which brought the author a great success. In 1820-1826, Baratynsky served in Finland, wrote a lot. An elegance is a prominent place in his work: "Finland", "Definition" ("Do not tempt me without need ...), laid on music M. Glinka," Waterfall "," Two Shares "," Truth "," Recognition "And others. Attempts by friends to achieve an officer's title for the Baratyansky long focused on the emperor's refusal.

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The reason was the independent nature of creativity and opposition statements of the poet. The reason was the independent nature of creativity and opposition statements of the poet. He was not a Decembrist, but he was captured by the ideas that were embodied in the activities of secret societies. His political opposition appeared in the Elegy "Storm" (1825), in the epigram on Arakcheev, and later in the "Stans" (1828). In April 1825, Baratansky was finally produced in officers, which gave him the opportunity to manage his destiny. He resigned, married and settled in Moscow, where a meeting of his poems was published in 1827 - the result of the first half of his work. After the defeat of the Decembrist's uprising, public life in Russia changed cool, which imposed the imprint and on the poetry of Bratsynsky. He now has a philosophical principle, the themes of great grief, loneliness, the glorification of death as "permissions of all chains" ("Last Death", "Death", "Salamon", "To what you, days", "to what a slave dream of freedom? .. "). In 1832, the magazine "European" began to be published, and Baratinsky became one of his most active authors. After closing the magazine (only two rooms came out) he fell into a hopeless longing. In 1835, the second edition of his works was published, which seemed to be the result of his creative path. But the last book of the Baratyan was the collection "Twilight" (1842), in which the poem of the second half of the 1830s - early 1840s were merged. In 1843, the poet went abroad. He spent half a year in Paris, meeting with writers and public figures of France. In the poems of the Baratian pore ("Piroskaf", 1844), vigor and faith appeared in the future. Death prevented the beginning of the new stage of the poet. In Naples, he fell ill and died suddenly on June 29 (July 11, N.S.) 1844. The body of the Baratyan was transported to St. Petersburg and was betrayed by the Earth.

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Forest king Forest king Who is jumping, who rushes under the cooling haired? Roution is late, with him a young son. To the Father, the whole Strong, the baby is a trick; Hugging, he holds it and warms the old man. "Child, what did you like you so timidly?" "Large, the forest king flashed to me: he is in a dark crown, with a thick beard." "Oh no, then whites fog over water." "Child, look around, baby, to me; Merry a lot in my side: Flowers of turquoise, pearl jets; from gold Drains of mine". "The birthplace, the Forest Tsar says to me: He is gold, pearls and joy of survit." "Oh no, my baby, you glanced: That the wind, waking up, broke the sheets." "To me, my baby: In my dubrov, you will find out the beautiful my daughters: at the month they will play and fly, playing, flying, you have to sleep." "Large, the forest king convened daughters: I see, nod from the dark branches." "Oh no, everything is calmly in the night depth: then the hot gray stands aside." "Child, I was captivated by your beauty: unilles Ile Will, and you will be mine." "Large, the forest king wants us to catch up; so it is: I have stuffy, I breathe hard." Rolling or do not jump, flies; Baby saddles, baby shouts; Routhing drives, rides shotcalls ... In his hands, his dead baby lay.

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General information about A.A.Delvig Delvig Anton Antonovich, Baron. Born in 1798 in Moscow. One of the nearest Friends of Pushkin from the Lyceum Pore. Poet. He graduated from a lyceum with the rank of college secretary and was defined first to the Department of Mountain and Salt Affairs, then in the Ministry of Finance. From 1821 he served as an assistant library in the Public Library. With Pushkin Deligus brought together the overall love of poetry: "He interpreted with him about everything that the soul worries that the heart of Tomit," recalled the Pushkin subsequently. Delvig was the first of the lyceum poets to be printed in magazines. In these publications, Deliva Pushkin took an active part. Back in 1815, at the time of the teachings, Delvig published a poem "to Pushkin" - the first in Russian literature an enthusiastic review of a young poet, who pretended to him immortality.

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Evgeny Abramovich Bratsynsky (1800-1844)

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"In verses, elevated and in the heart of the noble" ... ". Most of the children's years of the future poet took place in the estate of Mara Kirsanovsky district. In the spring of 1812, Evgeny Baratinsky left for St. Petersburg to determine in the Page Corpus, the most privileged military educational institution of the then Russia.

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Muza is not blinded by me, I am mine: it will not call her, and the young men, the tearless of her, they will not run away for the unavailable crowd. It's noted by an exquisite session, Ironing Eye, a brilliant teaching of the tendency in her, nor there is no gift; but it is craving for a glimpse of the lighter Her speeches calm simplicity; and he is more like caustic convicts, it is honored by a careless praise

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Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky (1792-1878)

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"Yes, how much I have time, gracious sovereign sovereigns and silent despots, I said that I don't want to write anything, neither as another, nor as Karamzin, nor as Zhukovsky, nor as Turgenev, but I want to write like Vyazemsky ..." Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky - poet, critic, historian of literature, memoirist, the nearest friend of Pushkin. He was one of the organizers and the most active participants in the literary society "Arzamas", which united the chambers of romanticism. On the coat of arms of society, he was a goose, since "Arzamas was famous for his greasy geese."

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There are a bright star of the mysterious world, when I am getting out of the grief of the earth, where you are waiting for you a configured Lira, where the dreams warret to you are waiting for me. You're a cloud of mine, whom my day is gloomy, when I thoughtfully thinking about you, Il Measuring the path that we are appointed and where the fate is my alien to your destiny. You are a quiet dusk mine, which the breast is fresh when, in the west of a caring day, my rest is resting, and the heart of the evening, and the shadows are mortals beyond me.

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Anton Antonovich Delvig (1798-1831)

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"No one in the world was closer to Deliva," Pushkin wrote. Delvig was not only a friend of the soul, but also a big poet, in life underestimated almost all, except for his great friend. Correspondence Deligus and Pushkin - a real literary monument to what is called true friendship. The poetic gift of friends, Delvig appreciated more than his own. Worse, the fact that criticism subsequently said that half the verse verses is written by Bratyan, half - Pushkin. Modesty Deligus served him a very bad service ... Delvig was the publisher of Almanach "Northern Flowers" and "Literary Newspaper"

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Love What is love? Disconnected sleep. Capture charm! And you are in the embrace of dreams, then make a sad moan, then you sleep in a sweetly, you throw your hands behind a dream and leave a dream with a sick, heavy head.

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Wilhelm Karlovich Kyhehelbecker (1797-1846)

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In the Lyceum Kyhelbekevera at first was not easy. Clumsy; forever busy with their thoughts, and therefore dissatisfied; Ready to explode like a powder at the slightest insult, he applied; In addition, deaf, Kuhl was at first the subject of daily ridicule of comrades, sometimes not unlobs. In Lensky, "Poet" in the Pushkinian plan-Table of "Onegin", the interpretation of the poet was embodied, which Kyhehelbecker preached, - a high poet; The attitude towards it is clarified; This included some real features of Kyhelbecker and, finally, the real relationship of Pushkin and Kyhelbecker, especially clearly and sharply during the Scriptures of the 2nd chapter, who had the question of friendship, helped the development of the plot of "free novel", was still unclear for Pushkin himself. After Lyceum Wilhelm Kühelbecker enters the chief archive of the board of foreign affairs. The kipheny life of the capital captured the young poet. His friendly circle: Pushkin, Delvig, Baratinsky, Plenev.

Presentation "Pushkin Powder Poets" can be used in literature lessons in grade 8 according to the textbook GS Mmerkin, as well as on literature lessons 9 grade as a repetition of the "poetry of the early 19th century"

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The oral magazine "Poets of Pushkin Powder" is a distant Spext of Pushkin Pleiades ... We are unlikely to see another such teacher of the Russian language and literature MOU "Lyceum №4" G. Cheboksary Alekseeva L.A.

Kyhelbecker VK Baratynsky E.A. Ryleev K.F. K. N. Batyushkov Kühelbecker V.K. Pushchin I.I. Delvig A.A.

Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov ... I can't feel half at that ...

Batyushkov and Pushkin in 1814 there is a familiarity of Batyushkova with a lycender Pushkin Pushkin admired to them: "What a miraculous truck is this fleece!"; rightly noted: "Batyushkov .... Made for a light language, the same thing that Petrarka for Italyan, "pointed his poems to the" harmonious accuracy ".

What did Batyushkov remember? The participant of the Russian troops in Prussia versus Napoleon served in Italy in the Russian diplomatic mission, he is called the head of "easy poetry" in Russia "Transfer of Russians through Neman", "My genius", "inscription to the portrait of Zhukovsky" ...

Anton Antonovich Delvig "And you came, the son of Lens inspired, about Delvig My: Your voice awakened a heart fever, so long sleeping, and cheerfully I blessed fate." A.S. Pushkin

Delvig and Pushkin. With Pushkin, he was associated with a gentle friendship. According to the unanimous statement of friends, Pushkin did not like anyone like Deligus. Yes, and Pushkin himself wrote after the death of Delivia: "No one in the world was closer to Deligus. Of all the relationship of childhood, he remained in sight - about him our poor hand was gathered. Without it, we are definitely orphaned. " It was Delvig in April 1825 he visited the exile Pushkin to Mikhailovskoye. What it was wonderful for Pushkin year! In January, Pushchin arrived to him, and April Delvig. For visiting the Operal Poet, Delvig was strictly punished: he lost his place in the library.

What did Delvig remember? The first of the liceists published poems in the present, not handwritten, press- in the journal "Journal of Europe" Publisher of the Almanach "Northern Flowers", editor of the "Literary Newspaper" in creativity prevailed Lyrical genres: Elegia, Romance Romance "Solovy My, Solovy" is laid on music Alyabyeva

Evgeny Abramovich Baratinsky reading the poems of Baratynsky, can not refuse him in his sympathy, because this person, heavily thought, he was thinking a lot, he also lived, as not everyone is given to live, "wrote about the Baratyan Belinsky.

Baratynsky and Pushkin "Baratinsky," said Pushkin, - belongs to the number of different poets. He is originally original, for it is thinking ... thinks in its own way ... Meanwhile, as it feels strongly and deeply. "

What did Baratynsky remember? He did not belong to any literary direction he wrote Messages and Elegia. They were called "psychological miniatures." Elegy "Definition" ("Do not tempt me without need ...") put on the music of the composer M.I. Glinka.

Conclusions Questions who were worried about Pushkin Powder poets: the love, beauty of nature, the interests of the people, the war, the rights and dignity of a person, continue to worry and us, residents of the 21st century. These questions will always be relevant, no matter how much time it has passed. There are no generations of the former and real, we are all contemporaries. "

Poets of Pushkin Pleiads, the poets of the Pushkin Circle, the Golden Age of Russian Poetry - generalizing the name of the poets-contemporaries A. S. Pushkin, together with him part of the "golden age" of Russian poetry, as the first third of the XIX century [. Pushkin pore poetry is chronologically determined by the framework of the 1810-1830s. For the most part, they were formed under the influence of Karamzin language reform. Researchers so define the characteristic features of the writers of this circle: "The concept of" Poets of Pushkin Powder "is not only chronological. If Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and D. Davydov are organically entering the era of Pushkin, then Polezhaev, Lermontov, rings belong to the problem and pathos of their poetry to the era of others, afterumaskin. The same refers to Tyutchev, whose early lyrics, although it was formed in the atmosphere of the late 1820-1830s and then reached high perfection, is still the beginning of his creative path. As for the plant poetry, undoubtedly fulfilled charm, then it lack the significant - the very authenticity of peace of mind in the lyrics, which was achieved not only by his peers, but also by the senior contemporaries. "

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Baratynsky, Evgeny Abramovich Batyushkov, Konstantin Nikolayevich Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Alexander Aleksandrovich Veshevitinov, Dmitry Vladimirovich Vyshovsky, Vladimir Dmitrievich Vyazemsky, Peter Andreevich Davydov, Denis Vasilyevich Delvig, Anton Antonovich Gleyich, Nikolai Ivanovich Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreevich Katrenin, Pavel Alexandrovich Kozlov, Ivan Ivanovich Krylov, Ivan Andreevich Kyhehelbecker, Wilhelm Karlovich Pletnev, Peter Aleksandrovich Ryleev, Kondrati Fedorovich Tumansky, Vasily Ivanovich Tumansky, Fedor Antonovich Languages, Nikolay Mikhailovich

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The core of this group is the lyceum friends of Pushkin Delvig and Kühelbecker; They are adjacent to Baratinsky and Pletnev. Pushkin crowned this Pleiad, although it takes a special place in it - both by virtue of its powerful poetic individuality and the speed and range of poetic development: its environment was not only a lyceum and Arzamas, but also literary and theater circles like a "green lamp " Elegy samples were created by Denis Vasilyevich Davydov already in his early poems enters the rude spacious, elements of parody and satire, acquiring other times even an anti-government color: his fables of 1803 "River and a mirror", "head and legs" and, apparently, The fables belonging to him "Orlitsa, Turukhtan and Teterev" (1804) were at this time a noticeable phenomenon of free poetry and even spoiled him a successfully started military career. He defiantly determines his poetic orientation by entering "Arzamas". His hero becomes "Hussar Gusarov" Burstsov - well-known then Kutil and Breter; The subject world of his poems is the world of Punesheskaya glasses, the hussar ammunition, the unassuming situation of the hiking Bivak.

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On the contrast, many poems of Davydov are built, and often intentioned "rudeness" of his poems has this sense: so how do I hit the spilled strings and sing love, the moon, the bushes of fragrant roses? Let the war boils, I'm in this song virtuoso! ("In the album", 1811) meanwhile Davydov "sang" and love, and the moon, and roses - and it is very characteristic. "Hussar songs" departed his love lyrics. The emotional content of the Davydovskaya Elegy is precisely passion, jealousy, not "cooling", not meditation. Pushkin's "Rasta Rasta" - Direct Reminiscence from the Davydovskaya VIII Elegy (1817): But you entered ... And the shivering of love, and death, and life, and the rabies of the worship run along the broken blood, and breaks the breath!

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N.I.Gundich, elected chairman of the "society" as a result of the victory of the "left wing", said the word about the public appointment of the poet. By approving the independence and "autocracy" of the poet who carry the "Divine" verb to people, he saw His task in fighting the "vice-changing" and ignite the love of humanity. These ideas, fully corresponding to the software settings of the Union of Benencies, were not for the Great with something new: in 1816, in the poem "Birth of Homer", he created the image of a rooted blind, the power of the inner view of the detention of a deity; Since then, Homer has become a friend of wise men, the kings' sophero; Mentors of people in it are looking for enlightenment, heroes - sample, poets - inspiration ... Archaic on literary beliefs, subjectively opposed new, romantic trends, Galot at that time turns on its work in a general conveyant movement and turns out to be on the ridge of a climbing wave of public sentiment. More than a decade, selflessly worked on the translation of "Iliad", without having had any life benefits. Thus, not only his work, but also the biography was superimposed on and the alone of the poet.

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Poetry P. A. Vyazemsky (1792-1878) was almost the most striking example of the penetration of civil motives into traditional genres of "light poetry". Kyhelbecker, Pushkin and Delvig were in a lyceum, Vyazemsky was already recognized as a large literary value. He was closely connected with the educational, daromantic tradition and retained her loyalty to the end of life; He is a caramazist, "Arzamassets", a permanent literary fighter on the outposts of the group, the author of epigrams, satire, parodies, critical articles, anacreontic poems and friendly messages. Vyazemsky writes and Elegy: its "first snow" (1819) and "despondency" (1819) belong to the best samples of elegic poetry of their time. His stylistic system is already exempt from many thematic and lexical prohibitions. In the Elegy "Ugly" (1819) we find poems: Bolshing Molva without requiring praise, I am the feat of being a close circle; Before the altar of the soul in Smpeniy, the oath gave Tyran to be an enemy and the victim of a true friend. His "indignation" (1820), one of the best and most popular political poems of the Decembrist Peripherals. It will light up, day, day of the celebration and execution, the day of joyful hopes, the day of the sorrowful fear! Song of victories will be heard, the truths of the priests, you, other honors and freedoms! You have a cryptive cry! You, Nature Apostates! You, oppressive! You, Low Lets!

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The processes common to the literature of the early 1820s, largely determined the work of one of the most significant poets of Pushkin Powder - N. M. Langov (1803-1846). Languages \u200b\u200benters the literature in 1819. Brighed on Lomonosov and Derzhavin, he learned their lessons, like the lessons of the school Batyushkova and Zhukovsky. Like D. Davydov, he is not alien to a declurable-domestic image of the author, but this is an image is not a hussar, but a student-student A (since 1823 languages \u200b\u200bstudy at Derpt University); He pokes the student feast, a feasty fun; All this goes next to the glorification of inspiration and high poetry. The topic of the Barda warrior in poetry of the 1820s., Perhaps the most brightly represented by poems of the language ("Bard's song during the rule of the Tatars in Russia", 1823; "Bayan to the Russian warrior ...", 1823; two "Bayana songs", 1823 ). It affects the intonation involving the reader into the melodic and emotional flow of the exotic sound of alliterations, deliberately "inaccurate" and, because of this, expressive images: Sea of \u200b\u200bshine, hum, strikes, and the earth are shocked; That glass wall about the rock is fragmented, then running through the multi-water niagara multi-water and depth! ("Waterfall", 1830) Language was in a completely special combination of those elements that have already decided in verses of its predecessors - at least D. Davydov.

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Slide 11: N. M. Languages \u200b\u200b(1803-1846)

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Unlike other contemporaries, A.A. Delvig comes to "Russian idyll" quite late. Delvig goes to reproducing Russian folklore through the ancient anthology of its stylization of "Greek idylls" ("Bathing", 1824; "The invention of sculptures", 1829) differed, with their "reality", immersion in the ancient life; At the same time, the life of ancient for detail is not exotic, but intentionally "natural" and simple. Nevertheless, the dramatic conflict penetrates Delvigovsky idyll, and first of all in the most "romantic" of them - "The end of the Golden Age" (1828). Her is the invasion of city civilization in the peaceful life of patriarchal heroes; On Wednesday, the people of the Golden Age are enclosed evil, treason of oaths, debauchery. By the beginning of the 1830s. This motive is in different modifications - it begins to sound from many poets. Another Pushkin in the "Gypsies" (1824) touched this motive; The Baratynsky in his late verses will pick him up and develops to the idea of \u200b\u200bdegradation of the spiritual and above all aesthetic culture in the conditions of the "iron", "industrial" "century".

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Slide 13: A.A. Delvig

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End of the Golden Age (1828) [Idilly] No Traveler, not in Arcadia I! The shepherd of the head of the song would have to hear in Egypt Ile Asia Middle, where slavery is accustomed to the gravity of the heavy toy. No, I'm not in the field of rei! Oh gods fun and happiness! Can it be in the heart performed by you, find the beginning of the sound of a single torch of rebellious, shouting? Where and how are you, the arcade shepherd, have learned the song, the opposite of your gods sending joy? Shepherd song, nasty to our gods! Traveler, right you! For sure, we were happy, and the gods loved happy: I still remember the bright time! But happiness (after we learned) Guest on Earth, and not a resident of the usual. I learned this song here, and with her for the first time we heard and the voice of misfortunes, and, poor children, we thought, from him the earth will fall apart and the sun, the light sun goes out! So the first grief is terrible!

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Slide 15: Topic №18. E.A. Baratynsky and his work

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Slide 16: Jubilee coin to the 200th anniversary of the Baratian. (With a portrait of a home teacher)

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Evgeny Abramovich Baratinsky (Bratansky; February 19 (March 2) 1800, Velzhla village, Kirsanovsky county, Tambov province, Russian Empire - June 29 (July 11) 1844, Naples, Kingdom of both Sicili) - Russian poet, friend Pushkin, one of the most Significant Russian poets of the first half of the XIX century. Spelling the surname The majority of publications in literary journals and individuals of the 1820s - 1830s were signed by the name Baratsky. However, the book prepared by the poet to print the book of poems - "Twilight" - signed through "O": "Twilight. Sochiniya Eugenіya Bratanskago. " At the beginning of the 20th century, writing the poet's surname through "O", in Soviet times - through "A". In 1990-2000, the writing of Bratansky was actively used again; So his surname is written in a complete composition of writings edited by A. M. Peskov and in the Big Russian Encyclopedia. Biography Childhood and Youth As a child, the Italian Borghese was Italian, and the boy became more familiar with Italian. Also, he mastered the French adopted in the house of Bratan, and eight years already wrote in French letters. In 1808, Bratansky was taken to St. Petersburg and gave to a private German guesthouse, where he learned German. After leaving the Pageskiy Corpus, Evgeny Bratannsky lived a few years with a mother in the Tambov province. Living in the village, Baratynsky began writing poems. Like many other people of the time, he willingly wrote French couplets.

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After the strengthened trouble, he was allowed to enroll by ordinary in the St. Petersburg Life Guardian regiment. At that time, he met Anton Delvig, not only morally supported him, but also appreciated his poetic talent. At the same time, a friendly relationship with Alexander Pushkin and Wilhelm Kyhehelbecker began. The first works of Bratansky appeared in the press: the messages "to the crinic region", "Delviga", "to Kyhehelbekevera", Elegia, Madrigals, epigram. In Finland in 1820, produced in the Unter-Officer, was transferred to the neutlotian infantry regiment, which was in Finland. Impressions from the "harsh edge" is obliged to several best of their lyrical poems (Finland, "Waterfall") and the poem "Ed." In the fall of 1824, Evgeny Bratannsky received permission to come to Helsingfors and consist in the corpus headquarters of General Zakrevsky. In Helsingfors, Baratnsky expected her life noisy and restless. To this period of his life refers to the beginning of his passion by A. F. Zagrevskaya (the wife of General A. A. Zvarevsky), the very one that Pushkin called "a challenged comet in a circle of the shone," and to which he rarely approaches without It is fascinated by her peculiar personality. This love brought Bratannsky a lot of painful experiences, reflected in his poems, as "I am a noticeable", "Fairy", "No, deceived you,", "justification", "We drink in love with a sweet poison", "I'm reckless , and not every ... "," How much are you in a few days. "

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"We drink in the love of poison sweet" we drink in love poison sweet, but we drink all the poison in it, and we pay for the joy of briefly to her missure long days. The fire of love, the fire is giving, - everyone says, - but what are we visible? Empty, destructive, he is a soul, embraced by him! Who will muffle the memories of the days of bliss and suffering, about wonderful days of yours, love? Then I would come to life for joy, for dreams of malicious blooming younger, I would open my soul again. 1824.

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Retirement. Soon Evgeny Baratsky retired and moved to Moscow. "The castled chains fell from my hands," he wrote about this. "In Finland, I survived everything that was living in my heart. Her picturesque, although sullen mountains were like my former fate, also sullen, but at least quite abundant in distinctive paints. The fate that I foresee will be similar to Russian monotonous plains ... "in Moscow. In Moscow, Bratansky came down with a circle of Moscow writers Ivan Kireevsky, Nikolai Language, Alexei Khomyakov, Sergey Sobolevsky, Nikolai Pavlov. In Moscow, June 9, 1826, Bratansky married Nastasya Engelgard (wedding took place in the Church of Harritonia in Gardeners); At the same time, he entered the service to the Meeting Office, but the fame of Bratansky, as a poet, began to resign, began after the publication, in 1826, his poems "Ed" and "Peters" (one book, with an interesting preface of the author) and, in 1827, the first meeting of lyrical poems - the result of the first half of his work. In 1828, the poem "Ball" appeared (together with the "Count Nulin" Pushkin), in 1831 - "concubine" ("Tsygana"), in 1835 - the second edition of small poems (in two parts), with a portrait. He lived in Moscow, then in his estate, in the village of Murana (near the Talitsa, near the Troitsko-Sergiev Lavra), then in Kazan, a lot was engaged in the economy, sometimes went to St. Petersburg, where in 1839 he met Mikhail Lermontov, in society It was appreciated as an interesting and sometimes brilliant interlocutor and worked on his verses, having finally assumed that "there is nothing more practical poetry in the world."

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Modern criticism reacted to the verses of Bratansky pretty Bratansky was generally silent agreement was recognized as one of the best poets of his time and became the desired depositor of all the best magazines and almanacs. Bratansky wrote a little, working on his verses for a long time and often reworked already printed. When, in 1831, Ivan Kireevsky, with whom Bratansky went closest, took the edition of the "Europeans", Bratannsky began to write prose for him, writing, by the way, the story "Race" and preparing to conduct a controversy with magazines in it. When the "European" was banned, Bratansky wrote Kireevsky: "I've been lost with you a strong encouraging for the works of verbal." Conscious of the greatness of Pushkin, in a letter to him personally offered him "to build Russian poetry on that degree between the poetry of all peoples, which Peter the Great erected Russia between the powers", but never missed the case to note what he read in Pushkin weak and imperfect. The later criticism straight accused Bratanne in the envy of Pushkin and expressed the assumption that Salieri Pushkin was written off from Bratan. The news of the death of Pushkin found Bratansky in Moscow in those days when he worked on the "autumn". Bratansky threw a poem, and it remains incrofuln.

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Slide 22.

"Twilight" in 1842 Bratannsky, at that time already "Star of scattered Pleiada", published a small collection of his new poems: "Twilight" dedicated to the prince of Vyazemsky. This publication delivered a lot of chagrins by Bratansky. He was offended by the tone of the critics of this book, but especially the article Belinsky. Belinsky thought that Bratansky in his verses rebelled against science, against the enlightenment. Traveling around Europe and Cum in the fall of 1843, Baratsky carried out his old desire - took a trip abroad. In the winter months of 1843-44, he spent in Paris, where he met many French writers (Alfred de Vinyi, Merime, Both Thierry, Maurice Chevalé, Lamartin, Charles Nodje, etc.). June 29 (July 11) of 1844, he died suddenly. The body was transported to Petersburg and buried in Alexander Nevsky Monastery, in Lazarevsky cemetery. Newspapers and magazines almost did not respond to his death. Belinsky then said about the well-tired poet: "A thinking person is always a cross with pleasure of the poem of Bratansky, because he will always find a person in them - the subject is always interesting for a person." The writings of Bratansky in verses and prose were published by his sons in 1869 and 1884. Quote My gift is poor, and my voice is not a loud, but I live, and for my earth to someone kindly being being: it will find a distant my descendant in my verses; How to know? My soul will be with a soul in my way, and as I found a friend in the clad, I will find the reader in the offspring.<1828>

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Slide 23: Topic 19. A.V. Rings. Nature and Sone Poetry

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Slide 24.

Alexey Vasilyevich Koltsov (3 (15) October 1809, Voronezh - 29 10 (November 10) 1842, Ibid) - an outstanding Russian poet. Education from 9 years old, Koltsov suffered a diploma at home, showing such abilities that in 1820 was able to enter a two-year county school, bypassing parish. Vissarion Belinsky on the level of his education wrote the following: "We do not know how he was translated into the second class, and in general what he learned about this school, because no matter how briefly we knew Koltsov personally, but did not notice any signs of elementary education in it " After a year and four months (second grade) in the school, Alexey was reckoned with his father. Vasily Petrovich believed that his son would be enough to become his assistant to become his assistant. Alexey's work was to run away and selling livestock. In the school, Alexey loved reading, the first book reads were fairy tales, for example, about bov, about Etrica Lazarevich. He bought these books to the money received at delicacies and toys from parents. Later, Alexey began to read various novels who took from his comrade - Vaggina, T Ak the same as the son of the merchant. A particularly future poet liked the works of "Thousand and One Night" and "Cadm and Harmony" Heraskov. After death in 1824, Vintina Alexey Koltsov was inherited by his library - about 70 volumes. In 1825, injecting poems by I. I. Dmitriev, especially "Ermacom". Creativity in 1825, at 16, he wrote his first poem - "Three Visions", which subsequently destroyed. The poem was written in the imitation of the favorite poet Kolzov, Ivan Dmitriev. Somewhere in his youth, the future poet survived a deep drama - he was separated from a serf girl who wanted to marry. This affected, in particular, in his poems "Song" (1827), "You do not sing, Nightingale" (1832) and a number of others.

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Slide 25.

Song (if I meet with you) If I will meet you Ile I will see you, - what a thrill, the fire will be broken in the chest. If you look, the soul, - I'm grieving and trembling, and I am vaguely and it stands before you! If you call me that, I'm on your speeches, on your love, what to say, not rebel. And your lobzanyam, and the delights alive on earth, people, no expression! Deva-joy of the soul, this is life - we live! I do not want another life in my life! Under his name, Alexey Koltsov published poems in 1831, when N. V. Stankevich, a well-known poet, a publicist and a thinker, with whom Koltsov met in 1830, published his poems with a short preface in the "literary newspaper". In 1835, the exit of the first and only poet of the poet of the "poem of Alexei Koltsov". According to the father's affairs, he traveled to St. Petersburg and Moscow, where thanks to Stankevich met V. G. Belinsky, who had a great influence on him, with Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Vladimir Odoevsky and Pushkin, who published a poem of Koltsov in his magazine "contemporary" Vintage. "

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Slide 26.

Crop red hollow // Zarya flashed; On the face of the earth // Fog steam; The day flashed // Fire Sunny, picked up the fog // above the mountains of the mountains; Thickened him // in the cloud of black; The cloud of black // pushed himself, it was imperative, // What thought, as if he remembered // His homeland ... They will carry it // The winds of violent in all directions // White light. Mages // Thunder-bore, lightning lightning, \\\\ Arc-Rainbow; I quarreled \\\\ and expanded, and hit, \\\\ and shed a tear with a large - \\\\ torrential rain on earthly chest, \\\\ on a wide one. And from the mountains of Heaven \\\\ Looks the sun, drunk the water \\\\ Earth of Hisness; On the fields, gardens, \\\\ on green people rural \\\\ do not look. Rural people \\\\ God's mercy were waiting with trepidation \\\\ and prayer; At the same time, with the spring \\\\ are awakened by their cherished \\\\ Duma peaceful. The first Duma: \\\\ Bread from the crust of pour bags, \\\\ to remove the war And the second of them \\\\ was the Dumushka: from the village of Huzhi \\\\ at the time to leave. The third dimum \\\\ as they conceived, - God-Lord \\\\ prayed. Than Light on the field \\\\ everyone went out - and went for a walk \\\\ each friend, a handful of a full \\\\ bread scatter; And let's plow \\\\ ground with plows, and the curve is dear \\\\ to plow, the harrows teeth \\\\ to paint. I'll see I will go, \\\\ I love that I sent the Lord \\\\ for the works of people: Above the belt \\\\ rye a grainy sludge with a sparry \\\\ almost to Zemdom, like God's guest, \\\\ on all sides of the day cheerful \\\\ smiles. The breeze on it \\\\ floats, gloss, the gold wave \\\\ is running. People families \\\\\\ took to harm, mowed under the root \\\\ rye high. In the scalp frequent \\\\ sheaths are folded; From the age of all night \\\\ Music hits. On the gums everywhere, \\\\ as princes, the skirds are widely sitting, \\\\ holding up the head. Sees the sun - \\\\ harvest is over: it is cold, it \\\\ went to autumn; But the frying candle \\\\ in the midst of the Icon \\\\ God's Mother.

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Slide 27.

After the release of the poems "Young jacia", "Personal Love" and "Last Kiss" Koltsov became interested in Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. He called the main feature of these verses "burning sense of personality." Driving around the trading cases of the Father, Koltsov met with different people, collected folk folklore. His lyrics chased ordinary peasants, their work and their lives. Many poems became songs to music M. A. Balakirev, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov and many others. The death of the poet, Alexey Koltsov often had a quarrel with her father (especially in recent years of life); The latter negatively belonged to the literary creativity of the Son. As a result of depression and long-term consumers, Koltsov died at the age of thirty-three years in 1842. V. G. Belinsky wrote [: "To restore his health, it was necessary first of all calm, and meanwhile every day insulted, tormented, teased, like a wild beast in a cage ... Since the sister's neighboring room was a lot of guests, and they The game was started: put the table for the middle of the room, put the girl on him, covered it with prestain and began to sing the eternal memory of the slave of God to Alexey. " The poet was buried at the Mitrophansky cemetery in Voronezh.

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Slide 28.

In 1846, the famous Russian actor of the Romantic Epoch, P. S. Mochalov, who knew A. V. Koltsov, published his verses in the journal "Repertoire and Pantheon": I came, I got low with a deep sigh and looked at the cross and prayed to your soul For rest. So here the Koltsov hinged, - with you high dreams. But believe - not all of you forgot - Boyana Russian, and you stayed in the hearts of people with a wonderful song of your song.

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Slide 29.

Creativity Early poetic experiments Alexey Koltsova represent the imitation of the poems of Dmitriev, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Kozlov, Heraskov and other poets. Another genre of Koltsov - Duma, which in shape similar to his songs, and in content represent a kind of poetic philosophy. On June 19, 1958, within the framework of the decade of the professional and amateur art of the Voronezh region in Moscow, the play "Alexey Koltsov" was shown on the scene of the Wall Theater. Mayakovsky. Many actors after that were awarded honorary titles. Mermaid's song Let's, girlfriends, a cheerful crowd, we will go to the coast to the coolest and the song of the speaker's loud meadow, the forests of silence and the distance will sucp. Narques we flower, wreaths we are wearing, the favorite song of the queen; And in the morning, girlfriend, one after another we will go into the waves of the Paduchar.

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Slide 30.

Message to E. G. O. If, Lisanka is cute, you love gently you, and lovely burning, you are happy with you forever, - ah, kind, brutally in a mute passion of tears pour! If it is bored with lonely patience put, - are there Lutea in the world, sad, heavy black troubles? Solving the passion in the subject and tells loving to endure. Hot love will be the image of a cute save, once, ah! Shadow her flies this cute. In the right heart I preserve immutable love, he warm and heart, chest, and blood. Angel is cute, I'm not finely proud of feeling and you! Oh, beauty, maybe it's separated me with a drag? How much, Lisa dear, aggravated to suffer, rightly offering the heart, fade from love and look for hope in love? Acrosthich beauty gave the last hour. Love, your gift wonderful kings puts us. Oh love, your cute gift everywhere puts us an altar, the pleasure of reliable, quiet, peaceful, serene.

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Slide 31: In the soul of passion, the fire flared up more than once, but in fruitless longing he burned down and went out

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Slide 32: Topic 20. M.Yu. Lermontov. Start of a creative path

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Slide 33.

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (3 (15) October 1814, Moscow - 15 (27) of July 1841, Pyatigorsk) - Russian poet, Prose, playwright, artist, officer. The rod of Lermontov, according to a common assumption, took place from Scotland and went to the half-phyphical bard - the prophet Tomas Lermont. This hypothesis, however, has not yet been confirmed, nor refuted. With his alleged Scottish roots, Lermontov dedicated a poem of "desire." In his youth, Lermontov also (absolutely fantastic) associated his name with the Spanish statesman of the beginning of the XVII century Francisco Lerma, these fantasies were reflected in the ones written by the poet imaginary portrait of Lerma, as well as the drama "Spaniards". Mother List's grandfather, Mikhail Vasilyevich Arsenyev (1768-1810), retired Guard Lieutenant, married at the end of 1794 or early 1795 in Moscow at Elizabeth Alekseevna Stolypina (1773-1845), after which I bought "almost for a snot" at Count Naryshkin In the Chebar district of the Penza province village of Tarkhan, where she settled with his wife. Tarkhan village was founded in the XVIII century by Naryshkin, who settled his fortest-out from Moscow and Vladimir Votchin from among the desperate thieves, thugs and Zaradnoye to the fanaticism of the Raskolnikov.

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Slide 34.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Arsenyev "There was an average height, a handsome man, a staton, strong physique; He took place from the good old nobility name. " He loved the entertainment and was distinguished by some exaltation: I discharged a dwarf in the estate from Moscow, loved to arrange various entertainment. Elizabeth Alekseevna, grandmother of the poet, was "not particularly beautiful, high height, the Surov and to some extent awkward." He possessed an unmann, will of the will and business grip. It came from the famous Pokhazypin. Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsenyev began to manage his estate herself. His serfs, which she had about 600 souls, she kept in rigor, although, unlike other landlords, he never applied corporal punishment to them. She had the most stringent punishment from her half of the head at the guise of the guys, or cut off the braid at the serf. The estate of Yuri Petrovich Lermontov - Kropotovka, the Efremovsky county of the Tula province (currently - the village of Kropyotovo-Lermontovo at the Incenitian district of the Lipetsk region) - was located next to the village of Vasilyevsky, who belonged to Arsenyev. Married to Yuri Petrovich Marya Mikhailovna, who was not also 17 years old, as they said, "jumped around the hot." For Yuri Petrovich, it was a brilliant party. After the wedding, the Lermontov family settled in Tarkhans. In Moscow on the night from 2 to 3 October 1814 in the house opposite the Red Gate (now there is a high-rise building, on which there is a commemorative board with the image of M. Yu. Lermontov) a great Russian poet appeared.

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Slide 35.

On October 23, the newborn Mikhail Lermontov baptized in the church of the Treh Holy Gate. Great Mother became Grandmother - Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsenyev. She, the disliked son-in-law, insisted that the boy was not called Peter, as Father wanted, and Mikhail. Immediately after the birth of grandson, the grandmother Arsenyev in 7 versts from Tarkhan founded a new village, which called in his honor - Mikhailovsky. The first biographer Mikhail Lermontov, Pavel Alexandrovich Visculic (1842-1905), noted that his mother, Marya Mikhailovna, was "gifted by soul musical." She often musicated on the piano, holding a small son on his knees, and allegedly Mikhail Yuryevich inherited "his extraordinary nervousness". Lermontov family happiness was short-lived. From this time, Mary Mikhailovna's disease was developed with incredible speed, subsequently transferred to the Cahotek, which brought it prematurely into the grave. After the death and funeral Marya Mikhailovna ... Yuri Petrovich did not have anything no longer, how to go to his own small generic Tula estate of the frozen, what he did in the near time, leaving his son, another child, to the care of his grandmother Elizaba Alekseevna ... ". Tarkhan village with the village of Mikhailovskaya after the death of Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsenyeva passed on the spiritual testament to her brother Athanasia Alekseevich Stolypin, and then to the son of the last Alexey Afanasyevich.

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Slide 36: Memoral Plank at the place of birth M. Yu. Lermontov

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Slide 37.

In the 1970s, not far from the chapel of Arsenyev, thanks to the efforts of the famous Soviet Lermontovded Irakliya Andronikov, and the father of Poet, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, was reburied. Grandmother of the poet, Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsenyev, passionately loved the grandson, who in childhood did not differ strong health. Energetic and persistent, she made every effort to give him everything that the successor of the family of Lermontov could apply. She did not care about the feelings and interests of the Father. Lermontov in youthful works very fully and accurately reproduced the events and actors of his personal life. In the drama with the German title - "Menschen und Leidenschaften" - tells the discord between his father and grandmother. Lermontov-Father was not able to raise his son, as it wanted to be an aristocratic family, - and Arsenyev, having the opportunity to spend on the grandson "four thousand a year for training in different languages," took him to him with a persecution to raise him up to 16 years and in Everything is advised with the Father. The last condition was not fulfilled; Even a father's dates with her son met an insurmountable obstacles from Arsenyeva. The child from the very beginning should have been aware of the unnaturalness of this situation. His childhood proceeded in the estate of grandmothers, Tarkhans, Penza province; He was surrounded by love and concerns - but there was no bright impressions of age, he had no. In the incomplete youth of the "story" describes the childhood of Sasha Arbenin, the twins of the author himself. Sasha from the sixth year reveals an inclination to dreaminess, passionate attraction to everything heroic, magnifier, stormy.

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Slide 38.

Lermontov was born painful and all childhood suffered from gold; But this disease has developed extraordinary moral energy in the child. The painful state of the future poet required so much attention that the grandmother, who did not regret anything for her grandson, hired Dr. Anselma Levis for him - Jew from France, whose main responsibility was treatment and medical supervision for Mikhail. In the "story" he recognizes its influence on the mind and character of the hero: "He learned to think ... deprived of the opportunity to have fun with ordinary fun children, Sasha began to look for them in herself. The imagination became a new toy for him ... During the painful insomnitz, choking between hot pillows, he was already accustomed to win the sufferer of the body, fond of the souls of the soul ... It is likely that the early mental development prevented his recovery "... This early development has become for Lermontov source of chagrins: no one From the surrounding not only was not able to meet "Gree His Soul", but did not even notice them. Here the main motives of his future frustration poetry are rooted. In the sullen child, contempt for everyday surrounding life. All alien, hostile to her rooted in it hot sympathy: he himself is alone and unhappy, - every loneliness and someone else, which is coming from human misunderstanding, indifference or small egoism, seems to him his own. In his heart, there is a sense of alienation among people and an insurmountable thirst for their souls, the same lonely, close to his fellow and, maybe suffering. And as a result: "In the guys, my longing love of burning, I really began to understand the soul of restless."

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Slide 39.

The boy of the ten years grandmother was lucky in the Caucasus, on the water; Here he met the girl of the nine years old - and for the first time he woke up an unusually deep feeling, leaving the memory for his lifetime, but at first it was unclear and unsolved. Two years later, the poet tells about the new hobby, devotes him a poem: "To genius." Without a goal, it wanders around the past days, ukore when calling me unwittingly to remember, - what a hard one I indulge in dream! .. Oh, how much suddenly the crowd is crowded into my chest and shadows and love witnesses! .. Love! Spear, forgetting them. But, full of all the fortune, the wrong Virgin Fork flashes before me ... The first love was inextricably merged with the overwhelming impressions of the Caucasus. "Caucasian Mountains for me is sacred," Lermontov wrote; They combined everything expensive, which lived in the soul of the poet child. Having a beautiful library in Tarkans, Lermontov, who was addicted to reading, was engaged in the leadership of teachers by self-education and took possession of not only European languages \u200b\u200b(English, German and French writers, he read in the originals), but also studied European culture as a whole and literature in particular. He regrets the fifteen-year-old boy that he did not hear Russian folk fairy tales as a child: "In them, right, more poetry than in all French literature."

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Slide 40.

Two years after returning from the Caucasus, Grandma was lucky to Lermontov to Moscow, where he began to prepare for admission to the university noble board. His teachers were Zinoviev A. Z., Latin and Russian teacher in the boarding house, and Frenchman Gondrot, former Colonel of the Napoleonic Guard; He was changed in 1829 by the Englishman Windson, who introduced him to English literature. The poet was very happy for reading; At first he was absorbed by Schiller, especially his youth tragedies; Then he is accepted for Shakespeare, in a letter to a relative "joins his honor", quotes the scenes from Gamlet. The last time of his stay in the boarding house - 1829 - noted in the works of Lermontov unusually gloomy disappointment, the source of which was a completely real drama in Lermontov's personal life. This time poem is a bright reflection of the poet. He appears a tendency to memories: in the present, obviously, a bit of the desire. "My spirit went out and aged," he says, and only the "troubled monument of past years old" is "kind". The sense of loneliness goes into a helpless complaint - depression; The young man is ready to finally break with the outside world, creates "in his mind" "the world of other and images of other existence," considers himself an "marked fate", "sacrifice in the midway", "son of nature." He "The World of Earth Trene", gusts "depressing the wear of deceptions", in front of him the ghost of premature old age ... In these outpoping, of course, a lot of youthful games in terrible feelings and heroic sentiments, but they are certainly the sincere chairs of the young man, undoubted spiritual disorder His with the surrounding reality. By 1829, the first essay of the "Demon" and the poem "monologue", which foreshadow the "Duma". The poet refuses his inspirations, comparing his life with the autumn day, and draws a "exhausted soul" a demon living without faith, with contempt and indifference to "everything in the world." A little later, mourning his father, he himself and calls him "the victims of the lot": "You gave me life, but happiness is not given! .."

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Slide 41: theme 21. The first love in Lermontov's life. Student years

In the spring of 1830, the noble board was transformed into a gymnasium, and Lermontov left it. Summer he spent in Serednikov, near Moscow, Brother Grandma's estate, Stolypin. Currently, a monument is erected with an inscription on the facade side: "M. Y. Lermontov 1914 This Obelisk was delivered in memory of his stay in 1830-31. In the middle house. " The back side contains words: "Singhouse of Sorrow and Love ..." Other relatives of Lermontov lived near Midnight - Vereshchagin; Alexandra Vereshchagin introduced him to his girlfriend, Catherine Sushkova, also a neighbor in the estate. Sushkov, subsequently the tail, left notes about this acquaintance. Their content is a real "novel", disintegrating into two parts: in the first - triumphant and mockery heroine, Sushkov, in the second - cold and even cruelly vengeful hero, Lermontov. Sushkova, many years after the event, depicted a poet in the ailment of hopeless passion and attributed to himself even a poem dedicated to Lermontov other Device - Varnik Lopukhina, his neighbor in the Moscow apartment on a small Molchanovka: He fell to her before the end of life almost the deepest feeling ever caused by a woman in it. At the same summer, 1830, Lermontov focused on the identity and poetry of Bairon.

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Slide 42: Ekaterina Sushkova and Barbara Lopukhina

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Slide 43.

In 1830, Lermontov wrote a poem "Prediction" ("the year will come, / Russia is a black year, / when the kings of the crown falls ..."). By 1830, there was an acquaintance of the poet with Natalia Fedorovna Ivanova, - the mysterious stranger N. F. I., whose initials managed to reveal by Iraklia Andronikov. She is dedicated to a cycle of about thirty poems. Relations with Ivanova originally developed differently than with Sushkova - Lermontov first felt mutual feeling. However, soon in their relationship, an incomprehensible change comes, tortured, a more experienced and wealthy opponent prefers to a young poet. By the summer of 1831 in the works of Lermontov, the key theme of treason becomes infidelity. From Ivanovsky, the cycle of poems is, as far as painfully experienced the poet this feeling. The feeling is complicated compared to the feeling described in the cycle to Sushkova: the poet oppresses not so much lack of reciprocity, as unwillingness to evaluate the saturated spiritual world of the poet. At the same time, the rejected hero is grateful to his beloved for the towering love, which helped him fully realize his vocation of the poet. Heart flour accompanied by reproaches to their incorrect chief for the fact that she steal him from poetry. At the same time, it is precisely poetic creativity to indifferent to the sense of love: But for the heavenly grave there is no. When I am the dust, my dreams, although I will not understand them, surprised light blessing; And you, my angel, you will not die with me: My love will give you to the immortal life again; With my name will be repeated yours: what are they dead to solve?

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Slide 44: Natalia Fedorovna Ivanova and the title page of the poem, where she is the main character

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Slide 45.

Student years since September 1830, Lermontov is listed by the Moscow University student first at the "moral and political department", then on the "verbal". Serious mental life developed behind the walls of the university, in student circles, but Lermontov does not converge with any of them. His moral world was another warehouse than his comrades, enthusiastic hegelians and aesthetics. He no less respected by the University: "The Bright Temple of Science" he calls the "holy place", describing the desperate disregard for students to the priests of this temple. He knows about the philosophical arrogant "disputes" of young people, but he does not take part in them. He was probably not even familiar with the hottest debaters - the famous later criticism, although one of the heroes of his student drama "Strange Man" is the name Belinsky, which indirectly testifies to Lermontov's not easyness to ideals, preached by enthusiastic youth, among which he had to to study.

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Slide 46.

The main character - Vladimir - embodies the author himself; His mouths of the poet frankly consistent in the painful contradiction of his nature. Vladimir knows selfishness and nullity of people - and still can not leave their society: "When I am alone, then it seems to me that no one loves me, no one cares about me - and it's so hard!" More importantly, drama as an expression of public ideas of the poet. The man tells Vladimir and his friend, Belinsky about the cruelings of the landowner and about other peasant adversities. The story leads Vladimir to anger, she pulls his cry: "Oh my fatherland! My fatherland! "- And Belinsky makes help to give men. For the poetic activity of Lermontov, university years was extremely fruitful. His talent matured quickly, the spiritual world was determined sharply. Lermontov diligently visits Moscow salons, balls, mascaras. But it was precisely poetry and was the sincere echo of Lermontov sentiments. "I saved inspiration from petty stuff," he wrote and gave his work, as the only clean and high pleasure. His mood is the disappointment of active moral forces, disappointment in the negative phenomena of society, in the name of the charm with the positive challenges of the Human Spirit. These motives were well defined during the stay of Lermontov at Moscow University. Lermontov did not stay at the university and two years; From June 18, 1832, Lermontov was no longer listed by the student.

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Slide 47: theme 22 Lermontov in the school of ensigns and the first stay in the Caucasus

He left for St. Petersburg with the intention to go to the university again, but he refused to count two years spent at Moscow University, offering to do 1 course again. Lermontov such a long student was not satisfied, and he was influenced by St. Petersburg relatives, first of all Mongo-Stolypin, in line with his own plans, enters the school of Guards subpenters and cavalry junkers. This change of career answered and grandmother's desires. Lermontov remained at school two "ill-fated years", as he himself is expressed. Nobody thought about the mental development of students; They "not allowed to read books of pure-literary content." The school published a magazine, but his character is quite obvious from Lermontov's poems, which included this body: "Ullasha", "Peterhof holiday" ... On the eve of the entry into the school, Lermontov wrote a "sail" poem; The "rebellious" sail, "asking storms" in the moments of the calibration of peace - this is the same since childhood the restless soul of the poet. "He was looking for perfection in people, and he himself was not better than them," he says the hero of the poem "Angel of Death", written in Moscow. In Lermontovation, there is an opinion that there is nothing significant Lermontov for two Junkers. Indeed, in the Tomika poems over the years we will find only a few "Junkers prayers". But it is not necessary to forget that Lermontov pays so little attention to poetry not because it completely plunged into the Juncher rampant, but because he works in another genre: Lermontov writes a historic novel on the topic of Pugachevschina, which will remain unfinished and will enter the history of literature Like Roman "Vadim". In addition, he writes several poems and is more interested in drama.

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Slide 48.

Lermontov described the fun of the Junker in his verses. These youthful verses discouraged Lermontov the first poetic glory. In 1832, the HVARDErs hit Lermontov on the right foot at the Maneza, having enhanced it to the bone. In the guard, coming out of the school in the Life Guard Gusar Regiment, Lermontov still lives among hobbies and reproaches to conscience, among passionate impulses and doubts bordering despair. He writes about them to his friend Mary Lopukhina, but strains all his strength so that his comrades and "light" do not suspect his Hamlett sentiment. People who closely know him, like a Vereshchagin, were confident in his "good character" and the "loving heart"; But Lermontov considered himself a humiliating to appear good and loving before the "arrogant joke" - "light". On the contrary, he wants to seem merciless in words, cruel in actions, by all means he liked the inexorable Tiran of female hearts. Then came the time of the plate for drying. Lermontov took such a form of appeal to Sushkova that it was immediately compromised in the eyes of "Light", hitting the restless heroine of a failed novel. Lermontov was left to finally break with Sushkova - and he wrote an anonymous letter to her name with a warning against himself, sent a letter to the hands of the relatives of the unfortunate maiden and, according to him, produced Thunder and Lightning. Then, when meeting with the victim, he played the role of an amazed, sorry knight, and in the last explanation directly stated that he did not like her and, it seems, never loved. All this, in addition to the separation scene, told Lermontov himself in a letter to Vereshchagin, and he sees only the "fun side of history." The only time Lermontov will allow themselves to do not compose a novel, but to "live it" in real life, playing the story of notes, as it will be in the near future to make His Pechistan.

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Slide 49.

Absolutely indifferent to the service, inexhaustible in the leprosy, Lermontov writes the drinking songs of the most relaxed genre - and at the same time such works as "I, Mother of God, now with a prayer" ... Prayer I, Mother of God, now with a prayer before A bright radiance, not about salvation, not before the battle, not with gratitude Ile with repentance, not for his praying desert soul, for the soul of a wanderer in the war of rootless; But I want to give a Nevinous Warm Warm Cold Peace Intercession. Surrounding the soul of a decent soul; Give her sopales, full attention, youth is light, the old age is the deceased, the heart of the unblocked world of hope. Whether approaching the hour approach is farewell to the morning is noisy, in the night of Li lackless - you perceive went to the lip of the sad best angel soul beautiful. 1837.

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Slide 50.

Until now, the poetic talent of Lermontov was known only in officers and secular circles. The first of his work, which appeared in the press, "Haji Abrek," fell into the "library for reading" without his knowledge, and after that the involuntary, but successful debut, Lermontov did not want to print his poems for a long time. The death of Pushkin Javils Lermontov to the Russian public in the whole strength of poetic talent. Lermontov was sick when a terrible event was accomplished. Before him came disgraceful senses; "Many," he says, "especially the ladies, justified the enemy Pushkin," because Pushkin was faded and jealous and did not have the right to demand love from his wife. The unwitting indignation covered Lermontov, and he "poured the bitterness of heart on paper." The poem "death of the poet" ended first with the words: "And on the mouth of his print." It quickly spread in the lists, caused a storm in a higher society, new praise Dantesu; Finally, one of Lermontov's relatives, N. Stolypin, became in his eyes to pierce his guild towards such a gentleman like Dantes. Lermontov went out of herself, ordered the guest to go out and in the impulse of the passionate anger signed the final 16 lines "And you, arrogant descendants ..." ... The arrest followed and the trial, followed by the emperor himself; For Lermontov, Pushkin friends came, first of all Zhukovsky, a close imperial family, except for this grandmother, having secular connections, did everything to soften the fate of the only grandson. Some time later, Kornet Lermontov was translated by the "the same rank", that is, the ensign, to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragun Regiment, operating in the Caucasus. The poet went to exile, accompanied by general attention: there were also passionate sympathy, and a cured enheament.

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Slide 51.

The first stay in the Caucasus and his influence on creativity The first stay of Lermontov in the Caucasus lasted only a few months. Thanks to the hassles of her grandmother, he was first translated with the return of the Kornet's returned in the Life Guard Grodno Gusar Regiment, located in the Novgorod province, and then in April 1838 - it was transferred to the Life Guard of His Majesty Regiment. Despite the short-term service in the Caucasus, Lermontov managed to change much in moral terms. Nature chained all his attention; He is ready to sit and admire her beauty; Society seemed to have fallen an attractiveness for him, youthful cheerfulness disappeared and even secular ladies noticed "black melancholy" on his face. The instinct of the psychologist's poetish is walle, however, on Wednesday of people. It was not valued here, they understood even less, but bitterness and anger were boiled in it, and new fiery speeches lay on paper, immortal images were in the imagination. Lermontov returns to the St. Petersburg "light", again plays the role of Leo, especially since all the amateurs of celebrities and heroes are now cared for him; But at the same time he thinks over the mighty image, still in his youth worried his imagination. Caucasus updated the long-standing feet; Created "demon" and "MTSI". "A little year ago, where, merging, noisy, hugging, like two sisters, jets of Arags and chickens ..."

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Slide 52.

And that, and the other poem was designed for a long time. The poet thought about the "Demone" in Moscow, before admission to the university, later he began several times and reworked the poem; The origin of "MTSY" is undoubtedly hiding in the youthful note Lermontov, also from the Moscow period: "To write notes of the young monk: 17 years old. Since childhood, he in the monastery, in addition to the holy books, did not read ... Passionate soul languishes. Ideals. " The "Demon" is based on the consciousness of loneliness among the entire universe. The features of the demonism in the work of Lermontov: Proud soul, alienation from the world and contempt for small passions and malnormalism. The demon world is cracked; For MTSYR, the world is hated, because there is no will in it, there is no embodiment of the ideals raised by the passionate imagination of the Son of Nature, there is no outcome of a mighty flame, from the young years, living in his chest. "MTSI" and "demon" complement each other. The difference between them is not psychological, but an external, historical. The demon is rich in experience, he has observed humanity for whole centresses - and learned to despise people consciously and indifferent. McSi die in blooming youth, in the first impulse to the will and happiness; But this rush to such an extent is determined and mighty that the young prisoner has time to rise to the ideal height of the demonism. Several years of teenage slavery and loneliness, then several hours of admiration for the freedom and the grandeur of nature suppressed in it the voice of human weakness. Demonic world stroke, slim and logical in the speeches of the demon, at MTSYR - a cry of premature agony.

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Slide 53.

Demonism - a general poetic mood, comprehensive from anger and contempt; The more mature the poet's talent becomes, the more really this mood is expressed and the chord decomposes into more private, but also more specific motives. The "Duma" is based on the same Lermontov sense relative to the "light" and "world", but they are aimed at tactile, historically accurate social phenomena: "Earth", so apparently humiliated by the demon, is inferior to "our generation", and powerful, but Vague pictures and images of the Caucasian poems turn into life types and phenomena. This is the meaning and New Year greeting for 1840. Obviously, the poet quickly went to clear real creativity, whose deposits were rooted in its poetic nature; But not without influence, collisions with all others remained. It was they who had to schedule more specific goals for the wrath and satire of the poet and gradually turn it into the painter of public morals.

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Slide 54: Landscape from which Lermontov painting is written

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Slide 55: Theme 23 Two Dueles Lermontov and Creative Heritage

The first duel back from the first reference to the Caucasus, Lermontov brings a lot of new poetic works. After the "death of the poet", he became one of the most popular writers in Russia, and in the light of him now perceive quite differently. Lermontov entered the circle of Pushkin friends and finally he begins to be printed, almost every number of the magazine of Kraevsky "Domestic Notes" comes out with new poems poems. On February 16, 1840, in the house of Countess Laval, Lermontov's quarrel with the son of French Ambassador de Barantow - Ernest broke out in the midst of the Bala. The duel took place on February 18 early in the morning at the Pargolov road, behind the black river, not far from the place where Pushkin shot with Dantes. The duel ended bloodlessly: one sword was broken, switched to guns, and a ram, although he was aimed, missed, and Lermontov had already cleaned the gun after that, shot to the side. Opponents have risen and dispersed. But the secret routes of duel became known to the authorities. Lermontov was arrested and betrayed the military court for "inappreciation" about the duel. The king ordered to send Lermontov again into the Caucasus, to the army regiment who fought in the most distant and dangerous paragraph of the Caucasian line.

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Slide 56: M. Yu. Lermontov on the monument "1000th anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

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Slide 57.

During Arrest, Lermontov visited Belinsky. When he met the poet, it is reliably unknown: according to Panayev - in St. Petersburg, in Kraevsky, after the return of Lermontov from the Caucasus; According to Comrade Lermontov on University Guest House I. Satina - in Pyatigorsk, in the summer of 1837. It is quite reliably one that the impression of Belinsky from the first acquaintance remains unfavorable. Lermontov on a habitant shied away from a serious conversation, looked jokes and sharpness about the most important topics - and Belinsky, he said, did not paint Lermontov. A date on Gauptvakta ended completely differently: the conversation went about the English literature, about Walter Scott, I switched to Russian literature, and then for the whole Russian life. Belinsky came delight and from personality, and from Lermontov's artistic views. He saw the poet "himself"; "In the words it was so many truth, depth and simplicity!" - Noted Belinsky. The second reference to the Caucasus was radically differed from the fact that he was waiting for him in the Caucasus a few years earlier: then it was a pleasant walk, which allowed Lermontov to get acquainted with the eastern traditions, folklore, travel a lot. Now, his arrival was accompanied by the personal order of the emperor, not to let the poet from the first line and engage it in military operations. Arriving in the Caucasus, Lermontov plunged into battle life and in the first pores distinguished himself, according to the official reporting, "courage and coolness".

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Slide 58.

In the poem "Valerik" and in a letter to Lopukhin, Lermontov does not speak a word about his exploits. I write to you by chance; I do not know the right as for what. I lost this right. And what will I tell you? - Nothing! What do you remember? - But, God's right, you know it for a long time; And you, of course, anyway. ---- But I am fighting you to bother, in the fun of the light you are funny to the alarms of wild wars; Your mind you are not accustomed to torment the heavy thought of the end; At your young face of traces of care and sadness, do not find, and you hardly close to ever seen how you die. God for you and do not see: there are rather different alarms. In selflessness, it is no better to finish the way? And with a disobedic bed to fall asleep with a dream about close awakening? Now forgive: if my idle story will cheer you, takes at least a little, I will be happy. And not the way? - forgive me as a prank and quietly pray: Chudak! .. 1840

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Slide 59.

Lermontov's secret dooms have long been given to the novel. He was conceived in the first stay in the Caucasus; Princess Mary, Grushnitsky and Dr. Werner, according to the same satin, were written off from originals in 1837. Subsequent treatment was probably focused mainly on the personality of the main character, the characteristics of which was connected to the poet with the case of self-knowledge and self-critics. At first, the novel "Hero of Our Time" existed in the form of individual chapters printed as independent lead in the journal "Domestic Notes". But soon a novel came out, supplemented with new chapters and thus obtained completion. The first edition of the novel was quickly reappeted and criticized on him almost immediately. Almost everything, except Belinsky, agreed that Lermontov in the image of Pechorin depicted himself and that such a hero could not be the hero of his time. Therefore, the second edition, which appeared almost immediately in the first trace, contained the preface of the author, in which he answered hostile criticism. In the preface, Lermontov took a line between him and his hero and identified the basic idea of \u200b\u200bhis novel. In 1840, the only lifetime publication of Lermontov poems was published, in which he included about 28 poems. Pyatigorsk. The second duel in the winter of 1841, being on vacation in St. Petersburg, Lermontov tried to retire, dreaming completely to devote himself to literature, but did not decide to do it, since the grandmother was against, she hoped that her grandson would be able to make his own career and did not share him Passionate literature. Therefore, in the spring of 1841, he was forced to return to his regiment in the Caucasus.

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Slide 60.

He lealed from St. Petersburg with severe premonitions - first in Stavropol, where the Teng's Regiment stood, then in Pyatigorsk. In Pyatigorsk there was his quarrel with Major's resignation Nikolai Solomonovich Martynov. For the first time, Lermontov met Martynov in the school of Guards submaroes, which Martynov finished for a year later Lermontov. In 1837, Lermontov, translated from the Guard to the Nizhny Novgorod Regiment for the poems "to the death of the poet", and Martynov, departed in the Caucasus, held two weeks in Moscow, often breakfast together in Yar. Lermontov visited the Moscow House of Parents Martynov. Subsequently, the contemporaries believed that the prototype of the Princess Mary was Natalia Solomonovna - Martynov's sister. As I wrote in my "notes of the Decembrist" N. I. Lorera: "Martynov served in Kavaleargard, moved to the Caucasus, to the linear Cossack regiment and just left the service. He was very good and with brilliant secular education. Wearing the convenience and habit of a Circassian costume, he exitted the tastes of the Highlanders and, of course, there was, thereby brought the mockery of the comrades, between which Lermontov in the warehouse of his mind was inexorab of all. While these jokes were in the borders of decency, everything went well, but the water and a stone sharpened, and when Lermontov allowed himself inappropriate jokes in the Society of Ladies ..., these jokes seemed to be a shameful of Martynov's jokes, and he modestly noticed Lermontov all the inappropriateness of them. But the bull and boring person did not leave his victim, and when they once agreed at the House of Verry, Lermontov continued to squeeze and mock on Martynov, who finally derived from patience said that would find a means to make the offender silent. The deposited by common attention, Lermontov could not give up and responded that the threats were not afraid of any threats, but his behavior would not change. "

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Slide 61.

The reasons for the duel and death of Lermontov, Martynov told you who had visited him in emigration, the words of him, then the young A. A. Ignatiev, who serves in the embassy in France, are given in the book of Andrei Konchalovsky: another time, much later, I went about Lermontov. "They say terrible was a bore," said Alexey Alekseevich. I was already fifteen years old and I was scary to amazed that I hear about Lermontov as a person who was personally talking. - How do you know him? - I met Martynov in Paris. We then young, surrounded him, began to tease, blame: "You killed the sun of Russian poetry! Shame on you?" - "Gentlemen, he said, if you knew that it was for a person! He was unbearable. If I missed the duel then, I would kill him later. When he appeared in society, his only goal was to ruin everything. Everyone danced, having fun, and he sat somewhere in the corner and began to laugh at someone, send notes from his angle with vile epigram. The scandal rose, someone began to cry, all the mood spoiled. But Lermontov felt fine. "

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Slide 62: Monument on the site of Duel M. Yu. Lermontov. Portrait of Lermontov in a coffin

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Slide 63.

Duel occurred on July 15. Lermontov shot up (the main version), Martynov - right in the chest poet. Prince A. I. Vasilchikov, eyewitnesses of events and second Martynov, told the history of the duel. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe author: "There were two people in Lermontov: one - good-natured, for a small mug of nearest friends and for those few people to which he had special respect; The other is arrogant and prime, for all other acquaintances. " Lermontov's funeral could not be committed on the church rite, despite all the troubles of friends, the official news about his death said: "On July 15, at about 5 pm, a terrible storm broke out with thunder and lightning; At that time, M. Yu. Lermontov died between the mountains of Mashuk and Beshtau. According to Prince Vasilchikov, in St. Petersburg, in the Higher Society, the death of the poet met a review: "There is a way and the road" ... After a few months later, Arsenyev transported the dust of her grandson to Tarkhans.

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Slide 64: Lermontov House-Museum in Tarkhans (Penza region)

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Slide 65.

Chronological order of appearance in periodicals of the most important works of "Haji Abrek" ("Library for reading", 1835, volume IX); Borodino ("Contemporary", 1837, vol. Vi); "The song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich" ("Literary add-on" to the "Russian disabled person", 1838, No. 18; with signature - in); "Duma" ("Domestic Notes", 1839, t. I); "Bal" (ibid., Vol. II); "Palestine branch" (ibid., Vol. III); "Three palm trees" (ibid., Vol. IV); "Fatalist" (ibid., Vol. Vi); "Gifts of Terek" (ibid., T. VII); "Taman" (ibid., 1840, t. VIII); "Air ship" (ibid., Vol. X); "Angel" ("Odessa Almanac", 1840); "Last housewarming" ("Domestic Notes", 1841, t. XVI); "Sail" (ibid., T. VIII); "Spore" ("Moskvatikan", 1841, part 3); "Fairy Tale for Children" ("Domestic Notes", 1842, vol. Xx).

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Slide 66.

After the death of the poet appeared: "Izmail-Bay" ("Domestic Notes", 1843, vol. XXVII); "Tamara" (ibid); "On the death of Pushkin" (Almans of Herzen "Polar Star" for 1856; "Bibliographic notes", 1858, No. 20; to verse: "And on the mouth of his print") and much more. Separate publications: "Hero of our time" (SPB., 1840; here for the first time "Maxim Maximach" and "Princess Mary"; 2 ed., 1842; 3 ed., 1843); "Poems" (SPb., 1840; for the first time: "When a yellowing Niva is worried," "MTSI", etc.); "Works" (SPB., 1847, Edition of Smpdina); Same (SPB., 1852; ed. Glazunov); the same (St. Petersburg, 1856; ed. Its); "Demon" (B., 1857 and Karlsruhe, 1857); "Angel of Death" (Karlsruhe, 1857); "Works" (SPB., 1860, edited by S. S. Dudyshkina; for the first time, it was placed on a fairly complete list "Demon", he is given an end to the death of Pushkin, et al.; 2 ed., 1863); "Poem" (LPC., 1862); "Poems not included in the last edition of the writings" (V., 1862); "Works" (SPb., 1865 and 1873 and later, edited by P. A. Efremova; for ed. 1873 introductory article by A. N. Dipen).

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Slide 67: Topic 24. F.I. Tyutchev - the final link of the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry

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Slide 68.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (November 23 (December 5) 1803, Osttug, Bryansk County, Oryol Gubernia - 15 (27) July 1873, Tsarskoye Selo) - Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, Corresponding Member of St. Petersburg An since 1857 Tyutchev received Home education under the leadership of Semyon Raic, who also later became a teacher Mikhail Lermontov. He studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, in fourteen I translated ODA Horace. From 1817, he began to attend lectures for those interested in it with the verbal branch at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexey Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky. Even before enrolling in the number of students in November 1819, in 1818 he was elected employee of the Society of Russian Literature Fans. Having received a certificate of graduation at the University in 1821, Tyutchev enters the service to the State Board of Foreign Affairs and goes to Munich as a freelance attachment of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he meets with Shelling and Heine and marries Eleonor Peterson, the Botmer's nebustenet, from which three daughters has. The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov. A steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family rides from St. Petersburg to Turin, suffers disaster in the Baltic Sea. When saving Eleanore and children, Ivan Turgenev sailed on the same steamer. This catastrophe seriously handled the health of Eleanora Tyutcheva. In 1838 she dies. However, in 1839, Tyutchev is combined with a marriage with Ernistina Dörnberg (Tyutchev's diplomatic activity in 1839 in 1839, but until 1844, he continued to live abroad. In 1843, he met with the All-Commissioner of the III branch of his own imperial majesty of the Office A. H. Benkendorf. The result of this meeting was the support of the emperor Nikolai I of all the initiatives of Tyutchev in the work on the creation of a positive appearance of Russia in the West. Tyutchev was delivering to an independent performance in public relations on political issues of relations between Europe and Russia.

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Slide 69: Ernestina Dernberg and Eleanor Peterson

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Slide 70.

Work in Russia by returning to Russia in 1844, he again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where since 1848 he served as senior censor. At all, I did not print the poems during these years, Tyutchev performs with journalistic articles in French: "Letter to Mr. Dr. Kolbu" (1844), "Note of the king" (1845), "Russia and revolution" (1849), "Patex and Roman question "(1850), and later, already in Russia, a written article" On Censor in Russia "(1857). During this period, Tyutchev's poetry itself is subordinate to the state interests, as he understood them. He creates a lot of "stamped slogans" or "journalistic articles in verses": "Gus on the fire", "Slavs", "modern", "Vatican anniversary". Slavs, hello to you sincere, brothers, from all the sloxyns of the ends, hello to all of you, without rewriting! For all, a family feast is ready! No wonder you called Russia for the celebration of the World and Love; But know, guests are expensive, you are not here for guests, you are yours! ----- For a long time on the basis of European, where the lie so magnificently rummaged, a long time ago, the Phariseesian dual truth was created: for them - law and equality, for us - violence and Cheating, and secured the search for them as the legacy of Slavs. And the fact that the lastness of the centuries, not exhausted and fit, and over and above us - above us, collected here ... It also hurts from old pains. All modern time ... not touched a cosovo field, not blown white mountain! ----- And this faith in the truth of God really will not die in our breast, at least a lot of victims and grief, we still see ahead ... He is alive - the Supreme Spriverman, and the court did not attend him, and the word Tsar liberator for Russian Speakers the limit ...

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Slide 71.

On April 17, 1858, the actual Stat Counselor Tyutchev was appointed Chairman of the Foreign Censor Committee. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev spent 15 years, up to his death. On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was produced in secret advisors, thereby reaching the third, and in fact, and even a second degree in the state hierarchy. On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the caution of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit familiar. On the street with him there was a blow, paralyzing the entire left half of the body. July 15, 1873 in the royal village, Tyutchev died. On July 18, the coffin with the body of the poet was transported from the royal village to St. Petersburg and was buried at the cemetery of the Novodevichi Monastery. Poetry According to Yu. N. Tynyanova, small poems of Tyutchev is a product of the decomposition of volumes of the elephant genre, which has developed in Russian poetry of the XIX century (Derzhavin, Lomonosov). He calls the shape of the Tyutchev "Fragment", which is compressed to a short text of the ODA. Hence the "figurative transaction", the "oversaturation of components of various orders", allowing to penetrate the tragic feeling of cosmic contradictions of being. One of the first serious researchers Tyutchev L. V. Pupyansky considers the characteristic feature of the poetic of Tyutchev, so-called. "Doublets" - repeated from poems to the poem of images, varying similar themes "with the preservation of all the main distinctive features":

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Slide 72.

The heavenly arch, the burning glory star mysteriously looks out of the depths - and we float, the burning abyss of all sides is surrounded. ("As the ocean volume of the globe's ball ...") and: she, between the double abyss, cherished your all-term sleep - and the full fame of the Star Tver, you are surrounded from everywhere. ("Swan") This causes the thematic and motive unity of Tyutchev lyrics, whose components of which are Tynanovsky "fragments". "Unity" and "Testa" Tyutchevsky poetic heritage allow him to compare it with folklore. Very important for understanding the poetic Tyutchev is its fundamental distance from the literary process, the unwillingness to see himself as a professional writer and even neglecting the results of its own creativity. Periodization according to Yuri Lotman, constituting a little more than 400 poems Creativity Tyutchev With all its internal unity, can be divided into three periods: 1st period - the initial, 10th - beginning of the 20s, when Tyutchev creates his youthful poems, archaic in style and close to poetry of the XVIII century. The 2nd period is the second half of the 20s - 40s, starting with the "glimpse" poem, the features of its original poetics are noticeable in the work of Tyutchev. This is the alloy of the Russian one-eyed poetry of the XVIII century and the traditions of European romanticism. The 3rd period is the 50th - the beginning of the 70s. This period is separated from the previous decade of the 40s, when Tyutchev almost does not write poems. During this period, numerous political poems are created, poems "in case" and piercing "Denisyevsky cycle". Magazine "Contemporary".

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Slide 73.

Love Lyrics in love lyrics Tyutchev creates a number of poems, which are customary to unite in the "Lyubovoye-tragedy" cycle, called the "Denisyevsky cycle", since the majority of poems belonging to it are devoted to E. A. Denysheva. A characteristic understanding of love for them as a tragedy, as a fatal force leading to devastation and death, meets in the early work of Tyutchev, therefore it would be more correct to call the poem related to the Denisyevsky cycle without reference to the biography of the poet. Tyutchev himself in the formation of the "cycle" did not accept participation, so it is often unclear to whom those or other poems are facing - to E. A. Denysheyeva or his wife Ernestin. In the teasing, the similarity of the Denyshevsky cycle was emphasized with the genre of a lyrical diary (confessionalness) and the motives of Dostoevsky's novels (soreness of feeling). We have reached more than 1,200 letters of Tyutchev. Tyutchev and Elena Denysheva That's a deluso, I'm along the big road in the quiet light of a gulling day, it's hard for me, my legs die ... My dear friend, you see me? All the dark, darker above the ground - the last color of the day flew ... That's the world where we lived with you, my angel, do you see me? Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sadness, tomorrow the memory of the fatal day ... my angel, where you would eat either Vitali, my angel, do you see me? F.I. Tyutchev, "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864"

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Slide 74.

Elena Alexandrovna Denyshev was born in Kursk in an old nobility family. Elena was sent to St. Petersburg to the care of aunt, the senior inspects of the Smolny Institute, which quickly attached to the niece, balung by the purchases of ladies and jewelry, began to turn out early. A young girl with good manners, pleasant appearance and non-lightable mind was noticed and began to use the attention of men, which promised her the possibility of a successful marriage. But ... together in Elena, two senior daughters of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev, poet and diplomat were brought up in Smolny. He, by that time, a married secondary, possessed some kind of magical influence on all the ladies met in his life. It was not an exception and our heroine. BUT FI Tyutchev did not resist the charm of the adorable E.A. Denysheva. The passion that broke out in both led them to each other's arms. And while she remained a secret for a secular society, nothing prevented meetings. She was 24, to him - 47. However, the scandal happened when it turned out to be the most release and court appointments that the pupil of Smolny expects a child. The aunt spent satisfied from the institute by appointing a pension. From the very same Elena refused almost all relatives and acquaintances, and the father cursed his daughter. In spite of everything, Lelia Denyshev did not break the relationship with his beloved man, and a strange love triangle existed fourteen years, until the death of E.A. Denysheva. She gave birth to F.I. Tyutchev three children, and he gave them his last name with the consent of his legitimate wife Ernestina, who was aware of her husband with another woman.

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Slide 75.

Elena Alexandrovna died from Chakhotka on August 4, 1864 at the age of 37, and soon the eldest daughter was died from the same disease, too, Elena, and the younger son Nikolai, who was incomplete three years. Only Son Fedor survived, who then lived with a long life. F.I. Tyutchev, who loved almost one and a half of the ten years of two women and therefore did not make choices between them, devoted a crazy passion to his left the most piercing cycle of poems, among which many well-known "oh how murdering we love ...", "Don't say: me he, like Before, loves ... "," What did you pray with love ... "," I knew the eyes - oh, these eyes! .. "," Last Love "and others. One of them describes the suicide watches of a woman who put their own life on the altar for the altar, and not only the well-being and secular approval: all day she lay in forgetting - and all her shadows covered - lil warm, summer rain - his jets were cheerful . And she slowly came to his senses - and began to listen to the noise, and he listened for a long time - passionately, immersed in the conscious Duma ... And now, as if chatting with him, she consciously said: (I was with her, killed, but alive) "O How I loved all this! " You loved, and as you, love - no, I have not yet succeeded in anyone - about the Lord! And it's not to survive it ... And the heart did not break the heart ... And even after many years after meeting with Elena Alexandrovna Poet "It will turn to her: Today, a friend, fifteen years passed from that blissful-fatal day, as the soul, she breathed his soul, as he was overflowing in me ...

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Slide 76: E. A. Denysheva with daughter Elena Tyutcheva

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Slide 77.

Tyutchev and Pushkin In the 1920s, Yu. N. Tynyanov put forward the theory that Tyutchev and Pushkin belong to so different directions of Russian literature that this distinction eliminates even the recognition of one poet to others. Later, such a version was challenged and justified (including documented) that Pushkin fully listed the verses of Tyutchev in the "Contemporary", insisted before the censorship on the replacement of the storage of the poem, "not what MNET, Nature ..." Rows of points, considering wrong It is not denoted by the discarded lines in any way, and generally treated Tyutchev's creativity very sympathetically. Not tormenting you, Nature: Not a blind, not a soulless face - there is a soul in it, there is freedom in it, there is love in it, there is a language in it ... You are a leaf and color on the tree: Ile their gardener glued ? Ile zreets the fruit in the rivor of the womb of the external, alien forces? .. They do not see and do not hear, live in the world, like in the dark, for them and the sun, know, do not breathe, and there is no life in marine waves. The rays did not go to them in the soul, the spring in his chest was not blooming, the forests did not speak, and the night in the stars was not! And the languages \u200b\u200bare unearthly, wave of rivers and forests, did not meet with them in a conversation friendly thunderstorm! Not their wines: Understand, Kohl can, organ life deaf and dumb! Soul him, ah! Do not alarm and the voice of the mother itself! .. \u003c1836\u003e

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Slide 78.

Nevertheless, the poetic image of Tyutchev and Pushkin actually have serious differences. Tyutchev devoted to Pushkin two poems: "To Ode Pushkin on liberty" and "January 29, 1837", the last of which is fundamentally different from the works of other poets to the death of Pushkin, the lack of direct Pushkin Reminiscences and the archaised language in their stylistics. There is a singer in marine waves, harmony in spores, and a slim Musician rustle rods in unsubstate reeds. The imperturbable system in everything, the consonant is complete in nature, - only in our ghost freedom, we are aware of it. Where does the discord come from? 10 And why, in the general chore, the soul does not sing that the sea, and the thinking cane is growing?

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Slide 79: Topic 2 5 N.V. Gogol: "Mirgorod", "Arabesque", aesthetic views. Dramaturgy

1. Gogolevology. Childhood and youth writer. Nezhinskaya gymnasium. 2. The beginning of the literary activity of N.V. Gogol. Attempting translation and imitation. Arrival to Petersburg. 3. "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka." New creative quest; Appeals to the pages of history. "Mirgorod". "Arabesque. 4. Aesthetic looks of the writer. Dramaturgy. "Auditor". Departure abroad.

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Slide 80: N.V. Gogol. V.A.Gogol-Yanovsky, Nezhinskaya Gymnasium

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Slide 81: 1. Gogoleology. Childhood and youth writer. Nezhinskaya Gymnasium

Name N.V. Gogol belongs to the greatest names of Russian literature. Having had a unique artistic gift, Gogol was a citizen writer who looked at his literary work as a dedicated service of the Motherland and the Great Responsibility to the "Terrible and Truthful Week." During the life of Gogol around his works and his very name, struggle began. She continued after the death of the writer and reflected intense ideological and philosophical and ideological conflicts of Russian life. Pre-revolutionary gogolybud has achieved considerable success. The large actual material is assembled. A number of valuable observations on the artistic originality of works, their connection with folklore, foreign literature. At the same time, erroneous judgments were expressed. It turned out the spread of the opinion expressed in the 70s A.N. DPIPN, based on the thesis N.G. Chernyshevsky, about the contradiction between Gogol - an artist and thinker. Continuing this version, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky wrote about the instinctive character of his genius: Gogol was isolated from the mental life of his century. One-sided lighting received the question of the spiritual drama of Gogol. The tragedy of the great writer was often associated with purely personal causes, they explained it with the peculiarities of a psychological warehouse. The idea that the creativity of Gogol was not developing and did not know the fracture. Gogield is represented by a huge number of research. Among them, the works of G.A. Gukovsko-th, si. Machine, N.L. Stepanova, M.S. Gus, Yu.V. Manna, N.E. Krutikova, F.Z. Kanunova, G.N. Pospelova, F.M. Golovchenko, E.N. Kupreyanova, G.M. Friedlander, G.P. Macogonenko, M.B. Strapchenko and Mi. Dr.

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Slide 82.

Recently, the late Gogol attracts more and more attention. The valuable works of Yu.V. Manna, E.I. Annenkova, V.A. Voropheyeva, the books about Gogol representatives of the religious and philosophical thought (V.V. Zenkovsky, K.V. Mooculsky, and others) came to readers. However, the question of the causes of the writer's spiritual drama remains largely open. There are still many mysteries. In a more comprehensive and thorough study, the religious quest of Gogol and his spiritual prose need. It was not sufficiently studied, the disputes and other complex questions of Gogol creativity still continue to call. Discussion is the problem of the role and importance of romanticism and realism in its works. The criticism of the stroke of the ages, sharply opposed against the classification of the work of Gogol to the realism (V.V. Rozanov, V.Ya. Bruisov, D.S. Merezhkovsky, N.A. Berdyaev). But she portrayed Gogol not a romantic, essentially, and the forerunner of decadentism and symbolism. In the Soviet literary studies, Gogol has long considered almost exclusively as a realist. Meanwhile, the need for a detailed consideration of the originality of the creative method of Gogol and his connections with romanticism has long been aware. A number of works appeared in which it was delivered (N.L. Stepanova, F.Z. Kanunovoy, Yu.V. Manna, A.V. Chicherina, I.V. Kartasheva, V.P. Kazarina). But in general, the study of Gogol through the prism of romantic aesthetics and poetics is just beginning, there is still a lot to do.

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Slide 83.

N.V. Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1, with.) In the town of Sorochintsy Mirgorod County of Poltava province. The childhood of the future writer passed in a small estate of his father gymnasium. Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky - Vasilyevka. His father was the creator of several Ukrainian comedies. Gogol studied first in the Poltava School, and then in 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in non-residential. In 1827, in the Nezhinskaya gymnasium, a "case of free-forming" arose, which ended with the renunciation of the Opt Professors (Belousov, Shapalinsky, Singer, Landrazina) from office. Gogol was one of Belousov's favorite disciples, often had at home, enjoyed his books, carefully recorded his lectures. Passionate hobbies of Gogol was theater. The first literary experiments of Gogol include literary still to the Nezhinsky period and did not reach us. In the gymnasium Gogol wrote the story "Brothers Tverdislavichi", the Ballad "Two Fish", Satira on Nezhinsky Outdoors "Something about Uzhin, or fools not written the law", a number of poems. In the last gymnasium, it seems to be created and "Idyllia in the paintings" - "Ganz Kühelgarten". This junior poem is mainly inspired by book impressions, reading Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Kozlov, as well as the poetic world of German romanticism and sentimentalism.

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Slide 84: 2. The beginning of the literary activity of N.V. Gogol. Attempting translation and imitation. Arrival in Petersburg

After graduating from the Nezhinsky gymnasium, in the summer of 1828, Gogol is sent to St. Petersburg in December. Without having no money, no dating dating, he can not find a service for a long time. Only in November 1829 he was taken to the Department of State Economy "for the Test". From April 1830, Gogol serves in the Department of Pische's Details. Gets pennies, it is in dire need. Successful tries to Gogol to enter the scene. The first steps on the literary field are unsuccessful. In 1829, Gogol publishes "Ganz Kyhehelgarten" under the pseudonym V. Alov. The poem caused negative reviews of magazines. Gogol hardly survived this blow. He bought up for the last money of unprecedented specimens and burned them. Petersburg produced at Gogol depressing the impression by his bureaucracy, mercantilence, confusion, "... no spirit shines in the people ... Everything is depressed, everything mired in idle, insignificant works ..." He writes his mother. But failures did not break the young man. He continues literary works, dramatically changing the direction of art: draws inspiration in the Ukrainian folklore, brilliantly guessing and picking up the beginning of the appeal of Russian literature to the nationality. Letters of their native Gogol fills the requests to collect and send him folk tales, songs, report on the "customs and nrules of Malorossyan", beliefs, costumes.

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Slide 85.

3. "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka." New creative quest; Appeals to the pages of history. "Mirgorod". "Arabesque. During 1830-1831. Anymoun to several works of Gogol: "Bisavryuk, or the evening before Ivan Kupala", later included in the "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka", the head of the historical novel "Getman", excerpts from the "Little Test" "Woman" . At the same time, Gogol comes closer to prominent figures of Russian literature - Zhukovsky, Pttennev, Delvig. In May 1831, at the evening, the Pletnev acquaintance with Pushkin, meetings with whom Gogol was eager and searched for a long time ago. Pushkin became interested in a young writer, guessing his extraordinary talent. Friendship and conversations with Pushkin had great importance for Gogol. "When I worked, I saw only Pushkin ... I didn't take anything, I did not write anything without his advice ..." ■ he will say later. Gogol becomes its own in literary circles. In September 1831, the first was published, and in March 1832 the second part of the "nights on the farm near the Dikanka", immediately put Gogol in a number of first-class Russian writers.

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Slide 86: Zhukovsky, Pletnev, Delvig, Pushkin

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Slide 87.

1834 was destined to become brilliant in the creative biography of Gogol. The writer completes the work on the collections of "Arabeski" and "Mirgorod." In 1834 its activities are deployed as a historian. Gogol dreamed of getting the department in the newly opened Kiev University. Moving to Kiev did not take place, but managed to get a place of adjunct professor at the Department of Universal History at the University of St. Petersburg. The history of history was not just passionate than Gogol, they were serious, professional. Mirgorod is an important milestone both in the evolution of Gogol's romanticism and in the formation and approval of its realism. Gogol called the collection to continue the "evenings". Analysis of Mirgorod should be started with the ages most related to the "evenings", forced by violating the composition of the collection. "Viy" is close to "evenings" in genre attitude (a fantastic story based on folk sources), but Gogol's romanticism appears here in the new capacity. "Taras Bulba". Historical views of Gogol. In the contrast of the construction in Mirgorod, it receives a further expression and development of the "ideal" world of Gogol. The history of the Ukrainian people, his heroic national liberation struggle, is opoethized in Tarasa Bouvube. The appearance of Taras Bulba in the "Mirgod" system, as well as the hottest interest of Gogol to history, are genetically related to the achievements of romantic historicism, which has enriched the art of the idea of \u200b\u200bdevelopment that has played a large role in the future and in the formation of realism of the XIX century. Historical views of Gogol are set forth in the articles placed in Arabesque. In the article "A look at the compilation of the Malororsia", speaking about the Ukrainian Cossacks of the XIV - XV centuries, Gogol writes: "Then there was a poetic time when everything was mined a saber; When everyone ... sought to be a acting face, not the viewer. " These words help to understand the idea of \u200b\u200bTaras Bulba.

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Slide 88: Illustrations for artistic reproduction Tale N.V.Gogol "Taras Bulba"

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Slide 89.

"The story of how Ivan Ivanovich was quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich." The fantastic and heroic world of Mirgorod is like "inside" the collection. We are framed by his story "Starosvetsky landowners" and "Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich", revealing modern life. At the same time, if the "positive pole" of the contrast, penetrating "Mirgorod", turns out to be "Taras Bulba", then the "negative" becomes "the story of ...". The reality shown in it may look like a pathetic parody of the heroic past. The conflict of the story discloses not drama, but the poverty of the image of life. This clash within the same vulgarity. It from the very beginning has a ridiculous nature and further turns all the larger absurdities, like the abduction of a drier pig of the petition of Ivan Nikiforovich. Former friends are sophisticated, making each other small nasty, and finally climb a litigation, which becomes the meaning of their lives and ruins them. "Dedovsky Karbovants" from the "cherished chests" go to the "blurred hands of ink deltsov." The story breaks on the note of the tight sadness: "Again the same field ... Wet dwarfs and crows, the same rain, a tearful without clearance of the sky. Bored on this light, gentlemen! " The story taught the story to Roman V.T. Nasre "Two Ivan, or Passion for Trials"

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Slide 90.

"Starlavetsky landowners." The most deeply and fully realistic start in Mirgorod was expressed in the "Starovytsky landowners". Researchers saw in this work that Satira, I idyll. Disagreements are explained by the complexity of the artistic world of the story, in which the "multidimensional" look at reality. The serenity of the life of old man has a non-accomplished charm for the author. He loves "for a minute" to get away in her sphere, refusing "bold dreams", which are inhabited to another, a large world of noisy cities, modern interests. Hence the dyed image of life of the heroes - from small rooms to singing doors - their kindness, raining, patriarchy and impracticality, unlike the unsightly entrepreneurship of the "terrible reformer" - their heir. However, the opposition of rest motives, serenity and "bold dreams" are deprived of unambiguity. The idyllic image of life not only does not hide her poverty, but, on the contrary, exposes it. Idillia borders with irony. Heroes "Erosli" in their stagnation. In a monotonous existence, in petty concerns, in eating harvested supplies for them is the whole meaning of life. But here we meet with the new complexity of the artistic world of the story. Ultimately, in the "low-lying" life, not only "bucolic" silence, but also poetry, and drama. G.A. Gukovsky rightly wrote that the main theme of the "Starvetsky landowners" is love. The central episode is the death of Pulcheria Ivanovna. Heroes themselves are not aware of the beauty and grandeur of their love. In addition, love performs in the "low-album" "almost insensible" habit. Hence the complexity of a lyrical mood, permeating the story: humor, mixed with sadness, or "laughter through tears." The most accurate "dialectic" and the multidimensionality of Gogol vision of life very accurately determined N.V. Stankevich, admired, "How the beautiful feeling of the Cevernoe in an empty, insignificant life is captured here.

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Slide 91.

"Arabesque" is the third Gogol compilation. In addition to the three stakes: "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospect" and "Notes of Crazy," here includes historical and geographical articles and articles about art. Gogol pointed to the motley of the collection, called him "all sorts of all sorts", "Subbur". "Savibost" "Arabesok" is deliberate, it seems to reflect the motley and variety of reality. Articles "Arabesok" together with the article written earlier about Boris Godunov Pushkin express enthusiastic worship of art. The articles "Arabesok" acts and a realistic trend. The most important role in this move belongs to the article "A few words about Pushkin". In the "portrait", "Nevsky Prospekt" and "notes of the crazy" Gogol leaves the Ukrainian theme and appeals to the St. Petersburg reality. Later (also on the basis of the St. Petersburg material), "Nose" and "Shinel" were written, which, together with the "Arabesok" rates, were formed by the St. Petersburg cycle. "Petersburg Tale" (with the inclusion of "strollers" and the ripping "Rome") were combined by Gogol in the third Tom of the collection of its writings in 1842. Three stories of "Arabesok" are dispersed throughout the collection, alternating with historical and aesthetic etudes. Thus, the basis of "Arabesok" is a sharp contrast between the paintings of the majestic historical movements, enthusiastic experiences of the beauty of art and expressed in the TRACH perception of the life of the modern city with its meaningless fuss and terrible dissonances. The motive of the death of the beautiful and limitless loneliness of a person in the era of universal "fragmentation" appears in the "Arabesok". At the same time, it sounds more and more mournful. In Arabesque, the fantastic aspect of the image of reality is enhanced. Petersburg Tale, especially "Shinel", had great importance to all subsequent Russian literature, the approval of social humanism and "natural" directions. Herzen considered the "chinel" with the colossal work of Gogol. And Dostoevsky is attributed to the famous words: "We all left Gogol" Sineli "."

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Slide 92.

4. Aesthetic looks of the writer. Dramaturgy. "Auditor". Departure abroad. "Marriage" was written in 1841 by the premium of Ostrovsky, Gogol appeals here to a merchant and official environment, to the topic of love and marriage. The mercantile basis of human relations in the modern world is found in the comedy. The grooms, greedy flocks flying to the House of Agafy Tikhonovna, see only the "product" in it, although each "material interests" is expressed in different ways. Executor scrambled eggs, for example, assesses the bride solely on its dowry, the spiritual content is not interested in: "Of course, it is better if it were smart, and however, and the fool is good too. There would be only check-in articles in good order. " Anukuina who does not have anything to do with the "Higher Society" and does not know the French language, "certainly necessary" so that the future wife "knew French." Zhevakin, according to Swaha, wants, "so that the bride is in the body, and the bricks do not like the bricks." In the face of indecisive, lazy pikes, panically fearing life change, Gogol creates a comedic predecessor of Oblomov. The depth of social and psychological generalizations is connected to the acute community, with groteskit situations (the famous Podskolin flight through the window in front of the wedding). Working on the "marriage", Gogol did not leave thoughts about the public comedy.

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Slide 93.

In October 1835, Gogol appealed to Pushkin with a request to give him some "purely Russian joke" as a plot for a comedy. Pushkin shared with Gogol a plot about an official who was adopted in the provincial city for an important state person. Gogol's feather turned the anecdote (which was based on valid incidents) in the comedy of a huge summary meaning. The writer worked on her solely intensively and inspired. In December, the auditor was completed, and in April 1836 it was put on the stage of the Alexandria theater. "Auditor" - the work of innovative. Developing and rethinking the traditions of Fononvizin and Griboedov, overcoming the editivity of the drama XVIII century, Gogol created a sample social and at the same time a truly fun comedy. The power of their predecessors, playwrights of the XVIII - early XIX century, Gogol saw that they revealed "wounds and illness" of the modern life "obviously awesome", "did not rebel the contamination of one person, but against a whole multitude of abuse." These traditions found a remarkable continuation in the "Revolution" and at the same time were deeply transformed. The comedy action takes place in a deaf provincial town, but order, in it, and the events that occur are not shown as a private phenomenon, but as a result of the serf and bureaucratic system of Russia. Gogola's world reflects the most important parts of this system: the court, public education and education, hospitals, police, mail ... The writer pointed to the concentration and consolidity of the art world of his comedy: "This is a prefabricated place. From everywhere, from different angles of Russia, the exceptions of the truth, delusion and abuse were glanced here, to serve as one idea: to produce bright, noble disgust in the auditor ... "

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Slide 94.

Distressed during the first representation of the "auditor" by the fact that a number of roles were not understood by the actors, Gogol later wrote "Previation for those who wanted to play as a" auditor ", where he insisted on the understanding of the psychological essence of each character. The subtlest psychological shades in the "Revior" admired Belinsky, and Nemirovich-Danchenko believed that the stage movement Gogol found in the "Multiority of the Human Soul, as if primitive it was." Gogol warned from understanding his characters as caricature and groteskov: "... none of the presented persons has lost its human image." And "because even deeper a hearty shudder" of the viewer. The junction of the "auditor" is also brilliantly simple and laconic, like the tie. Gogol creates the most complicated finals in the realistic depth, where the fun comedy begins to remove the tragedy. According to the same Nemirovich-Danchenko, here seems to be suddenly "all the covers of life" suddenly. In the final, Gogol's thought was expressed about the coming retaliation, hope for the celebration of justice and the law. The "registered prescription", according to which the real auditor appears, acts as a new Fatum, the highest justice. In the "Theatrical Drive" Gogol will say: "... God forbid that the government always and everywhere hear his calling - to be a representative of Providence on Earth and that we believed in it, as ancient believed in Rock, overtaking crimes"

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Slide 95.

Satyrian comedy sharpness, the depth of social exposures caused violent attacks on Gogol of the public and literary criticism. The exclamations of indignation were distributed during the ideas of the "auditor" in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In the articles of Bulgarin and the Shankovsky comedy, they were interpreted as a product of a non-degree and uneximed, based on "incredibility". F.F. Vigel in a letter to Zagoskin called Gogol to the personification of "Young Russia in all its arrogance and cynicism." Gogol was defended by Vyazemsky, Androsov, indicating the deep veracity of the comedy and saw the phenomenon in it, extremely important for Russian literature. In "Molve", the "Auditor" was named after the "All-Russian" play and deeply modern, which is ridiculous only externally, but in reality is filled with deep bitterness. Belinsky, enthusiastically responded to the appearance of the "auditor" in a number of notes of 1836-1838, gave its detailed analysis a little later, in the article on the "grief from the mind" of Griboyedov. In Gogol Comedy, the critic saw a wonderful example of the unity of the content and shape, the holistic, "closed in itself in itself." The struggle around the comedy, misunderstanding and the fierce of the privileged public has depressedly affected Gogol. Thus around the "auditor" strengthened the bitterness of the relationship of Gogol to Russian life. He writes M.P. Let's go: "I'm going abroad, there I blur the longing that my compatriots are applied daily. The writer is modern, the writer comic ... should be away from his homeland. The prophet has no fame in the debris. " June 6, 1836 Gogol leaves. Driving Germany, Switzerland, stops for several months in Paris and finally justifies in Rome. But still in Paris he is striking a heavy blow: the news of the death of Pushkin. Gogol took him as a great tragedy of all Russian literature and as his own, "deeply personal, loss:" My life, my higher pleasure died with him. "

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Slide 96: Comedy "Auditor" and "Marriage" on the scene

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Slide 97: Topic 26. N.V. Gogol: the poem "Dead Souls"

1. Poem "Dead Souls." 2. "Selected places from correspondence with friends." 3. Spiritual crisis N.V. Gogol. ____________________________________ 1. Poem "Dead Souls". Gogol conceived a monumental work in three volumes, "the Great National Poem", seeking to show not only modern Russia (Russia "from one side"), but tried to look at her tomorrow, to reveal the positive starts of Russian life, pointing his homeland to salvation. Labor over the "dead souls" The writer looked at the greatest cause of all his life, like his human and civil feat: "... what a huge, what kind of original story! What a variety of bunch! All Russia will appear in it! .. Hugely, great creation, and not the end of him. Still rebel against me new classes and many Russians gentlemen; But what should I do! Already the fate of my hostility with my countrymen "according to Gogol, the 1st volume of the" dead souls "should be only in anticipation of the huge building of the whole book. However, it was precisely this that was destined to become the greatest work of Gogol and indifferent to the name of his Creator. The first volume of the "dead souls" was published in 1842. The action takes place in one of the Russian provinces. But all the depicted has a widest summary meaning. The poem presents various "levels" of Russian life: Russia noble, bureaucratic, folk; Russia in its present and Russia in its great destination.

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Slide 98.

Russia "Dead Souls". The theme of spiritual death is revealed primarily in the image of the local nobility. Gogol reveals social soil, which formed the character of the heroes of the poem. In this case, the image of the area of \u200b\u200bthe landlord life has a great importance. In the "dead souls" it appears in two forms: aimless-careless egoistic existence and greedy. The writer creates numerous variants of social decline and spiritual death. The habit of living at the expense of fortress peasants, idleness and carelessness in different ways are manifested in Manilov and Nozdrev. Similar and at the same time deeply different are the characters of the boxes and dogs. These heroes are shipped into caring, excitement, which, however, is devoid of all humane content, as selfishly, as the existence of Manilov and Nozdrev, is poured into the accumulation and complication and leads to spiritual death. Two noted above socio-psychological trends are united by discovering their uniform nature, and it is brought to the complete nonsense, to Grotesque in the pryushkin figure. The greedy accumulation appeals to his opposite and leads to the death of material benefits, to the complete ruin of the peasants - and ultimately the destruction of the economy itself. The limit is the spiritual death of the character. Easternally energizing his income richness, Plushkin appeals to "some kind of bandage in humanity."

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Slide 99.

The painting of spiritual impoverishment and death receives breadth and scale in the poem due to the image of the provincial city and its officials. In notes to the 1st of the dead shower, Gogol wrote: "The idea of \u200b\u200bthe city. Embed to the highest waste. Void. Gossip, which passed the limits, how it all arose from idleness and accepted the expression of funny to the highest degree. " Unlike separate and "fixed" landlords, in the provincial city, everything seemed to be fulfilled by communication and movement, but they are purely external, "mechanical". "Activity" is expressed in the composition of gossip, in the distribution and discussion of all sorts of rumors. Gogol creates a wonderful bright, grotesque image of an exemplary, "rebeling" by these senses of the city. "... everything came to fermentation, and at least someone could understand anything ... I went to the sense, and the whole city spoke about the dead souls and the governor's daughter, about Chichikov and dead souls, about the governor's daughter and Chichikov And all that neither is rose. How Vihore shot down Dotolo, it seemed that the dormant city! " The confusion is exacerbated by the news on the appointment of a new governor-general. Continuing at the new level the topic of the "auditor" - the topic of fear of the coming retribution, Gogol shows a panic that covered officials. In fears and guesses about who chicchiki: "Is such a person who needs to be delayed and grabbed as a dysfrenerable, or he is such a person who can grab himself and delay them all as unfamily" - all the secrecy of life is expressed. A plug-in story about Captain Copeikin, prohibited by censorship and entered into a poem in a strongly processed and relaxed form, even more expanding its artistic world. Carrying out the action in St. Petersburg and touching the "Higher Spheres", Gogol reveals and the lawlessness of the higher, and the missile defense of "young people" as the most characteristic features of reality. The topic sounds the topic of social rebellion.

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Slide 100.

In other ways of artistic generalization, Gogol goes in the image of Chichikov. Unlike static portraits of landowners, here we have a dynamic characteristic, which is caused by the complexity of the central hero of the poem. In his face, no congestive phenomena of Russian life was expressed, and the process of penetrating new trends in it: the spirit of acquisition and the scam. Revealing its intention to make the hero of the poem is not a bona fide person, but "stick" the scoundrel, Gogol investigates in detail the origins of his personality. Gogol subtly shows that thrift, the accumulation of Chichikov, which he was distinguished from childhood, have a different nature than, for example, the misfortune of a box or plush. The thirst for enrichment from Chichikov is the feature of a new bourgeois society, money for him is a means of achieving career, comfort. Gogol very accurately determines one of the characteristic features of the rising bourgeoisie - the vital energy of his hero, the focus of its actions and at the same time their limit selfishness. Hero Gogol has an amazing adaptability to circumstances and people, he developed an unmistakable "flair" of a person and always correctly flows into the tone of whom it deals with. The author's characteristics of the "pleasant" Pavel Ivanovich is based on the ironic disclosure of the inconsistency of its external welfare and the "sophisticated" habits of the spiritual cynicism and the objective cruelty of its actions. Chichiki seeks to catch up on the most terrible - on human death. Thus, the Chichikov expressed the same distortion of the "soul" as in other characters of the poem. It was not by chance that Herzen wrote that the title of the poems "hears something at the wrong horror."

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Slide 101.

According to Gogol, the path to the overall salvation lies in the spiritual enlightenment of each individual, in his victory over its own shortcomings, in the awakening of the Christian conscience, performed by the man of religious and moral debt, who bequeathed by him the Savior. The writer was hotly believed in the ability of a person to "be better", and special hopes pecked on a Russian person. Being for a long time abroad, directly observing the European bourgeois civilization, Gogol tragically perceived her flavors: the destruction of the person, the fall in spiritual, the statement of egoism as the only incentive of human behavior. The writer was a witness to the growing revolutionary movement, which foreshadows the turbulent events of 1848. He begins to submit that Russia, while maintaining his "ancient patriarchal life", consecrated by Orthodoxy, can avoid the horrors of the bourgeois world and revolutionary devastating thunderstorms. Hence Gogol's attempt to oppose Russia Europe. From the height of his religious truth, Gogol seeks to tell the world of the word truth and salvation. However, the finding of a new way was not easy to find a writer. He doubted his strength and experienced a painful discord between artistically -ethetical and religious aspirations. Staying the faithful romantic absolitization of art, worshiping his beauty, at the same time he begins to see his calling in religious and moral preaching, he entails the monastic ideal. Overcoming these contradictions Gogol is trying to find in the combination of religion and art, whose higher appointment is to be "invisible steps to Christianity."

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Slide 102: Topic 27. N.V.Gogol. "Selected places." Spiritual crisis

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Slide 103.

The new spiritual aspirations of Gogol partly expressed in the 2nd edition of the "portrait", then in the "Union of the" Auditor "" (1846), where he tried to deny the social meaning of his comedy and interpret it as an allegorical image of the "spiritual city", various human " passions ", as well as in the remaining not completed book" Reflections on the Divine Liturgy ", over which the writer worked in 1845. But the main outcome was made by the book" Selected places from correspondence with friends ", published in 1847. Her appearance was caused Huge anxiety of Gogol for the state of Russia, the thirst "Clear" the Russian person, indicate him the right path. Gogol puts a number of "patients" questions of Russian life - and in their production, in passionate searches, in the ability to see the position of Russia in the light of the highest, eternal truths are the greatness of the writer and the striking relevance of his book for our time. In the "selected places" are naked "fears and horrors" of Russian reality. Gogol talks about the difficulty of "boss" in Russia: "There were such lamps, which there are no human means ... Another illegal course of actions was formed by the states of the state and had already appealed almost into legal, so the laws remain only for the species." He writes that the Russian man takes the "Society to do good and the benefit of its land." Russia writer calls the "unfortunate country" suffering from unheard of robbing and not true. The book showed a huge social sensitivity of Gogol. It is not by chance that the "selected places" came out in a trimmed censorship form, a number of letters were seized.

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Slide 104.

However, the authentic paphos of the book is a religious and ethical. Public riots Gogol explains the moor of moral. In the "selected places" at the new level, the main topic of the "dead souls" is continued, a gloomy picture of universal spiritual death is drawn. Gogol talks about the "widespread insignificance of society", "cooling of spiritual", "moral fatigue", "spirit of pride", "relaxation and corruption with general". The modern man "is insensitively tagged ... flesh, and has already become all the flesh, and almost no soul in it." This is the "terrible truth of the current century." Gogol rows are sounding a great prophetic sorrow: "And the earth has already caught up with incomprehensible longing; worry and worry becomes life; Everything grows and merge and increases only in mind all one gigantic image of boredom ... Everything is deaf, the grave everywhere. God! Empty and scary becomes in your world! " The "key of the total" writer sees in the soul of man: "Soul and soul need to know now, but not to do anything." In his criticism of Russian reality, the writer never attempted on the basis of public order, for monarchical power. The "abominations" of Russian life is represented by the writer evasion from its highest, reasonable meaning, the result of "ignorance" of people, "apply-lei" of laws. And he gives these people advice, the fulfillment of which should, in his opinion, determine the revival of Russia. Gogol emphasizes that it is necessary to make "we have every estate, the title and the position to enter their legal borders and the limits and, without changing anything in the state, to give the strength of Russia to ignite the whole world by the consonant harness of the same organism, which she crushed." The Russian Orthodox Church is intended to enter the spirit of universal reconciliation. Thus, with all mournful sentiments, "selected places" are imbued with hope, even passing into confidence that the ways and means to save the Russian person have.

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Slide 105.

"Selected places" called numerous responses. Accepted a book very few. Most saw in it mainly naive recipes and annoying advice around the surrounding, excessive frankness, exorbitant self-conceit, manifested even in self-esteem. Especially decisive condemnation, the book caused in democratic circles. Belinsky, who passed the revolutionary and democratic and materialistic positions in the 40s, took the new religious world of Gogol as a phenomenon deeply alien. In his letter to Gogola, which had a great influence on the further negative perception of "correspondence" (especially in the Soviet literature), he found the work of Gogol to betray the case of freedom and his own creativity and proclaimed the writer "Apostle of ignorance", "champion of obscurance". Gogol was shocked by these reviews. He was not understood again! And meaning with his book, he argued a new religious and moral direction in the development of Russian literature, continued by many writers. The motives of the "correspondence" edition, the writer revealed in the "author's confession", which, however, remained unpublished during the author's life. In a state of deep spiritual depression Gogol, essentially, remained all the last years of life. But Gogol had a great influence on the further movement of Russian literature, her moral and religious searches, "recalled" in the work of various figures, from Dostoevsky, L. Tolsto and Generin to Bulgakov. The works of Gogol have not only historical, but incredit value. The writer was not mistaken, speaking of his prophetic gift. According to V.V. Zenkovsky, in Gogol, "there is a prophecy about how to live and act with Russian people. In this unforgettable value of Gogol in the history of Russian culture, Russian life. "

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Slide 106: Synchronistic Tables of Gogol Creativity

1. The death of Pushkin. 2. Secondary reference to the Caucasus and the death of Lermontov. 3. Reference Herzen in Novgorod. 4. Statement by Nicholas I on the inadmissibility of the cancellation of serfdom. 5. Opening of the Faberge store 1. The article Belinsky about the "hero of our time". 2. Magazine Pogodin "Mosvitian". 3. Belinsky about the "dead souls" 4. Polemika Granovsky about dead souls. 1. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". 2. Herzen "Notes of a young man." 3. Nekrasov. Collection "Dreams and Sounds" 4. Fet "Lyrical Pantheon" 5. Shevchenko "Kobzar" 6. Odoyevsky "Salamandra". 7. Creativity Gogol Ivanov "Portrait of Gogol" Russian-Byzantine style tone. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila", cycle of romance to Pushkin poems

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Last Slide Presentation: Theme 17. Pokhinsky Poets: "Selected places from correspondence with friends"

How to use marijuana?
Menotid use
marijuana stay smoking, that is
Inhalation of smoke. This method is
most effective in terms of
Specific intoxicating effect
Cannabis products. It is through
The airways of the TNS is absorbed
Most effective.
Smoked usually "Jamb" - self-tape with
marijuana. When cooling smoke,
passing through self-loss in the lungs
Smokers, TNS condenses on
residues of self-worker. Therefore, the most
"Valuable" is for a drug addict
cigarettes (the last sixth part
"Kosyaka"). As smoking cigarette
almost impossible, he burns
Fingers and lips, drug addicts
it is through homemade mouthpiece or
Simply putting on a needle.

It is appropriate to say a few words about
"Khimke". "Himka" is anasha that
Military workers smeared B.
Acetone, and then dried and smoked.
The story of the Moo-Man
intoxicating from such "Khimki" was
striking: "You know first
nothing and then buzz is like
You unexpectedly knocked you
Brick on the head. " Similar
Description "Kayfa" we had
hear only from adolescents who
tried to drink one of the funds from
cockroaches.
The fact is that those who used "Khimku"
smoked unknown what, because after
treatment with acetone nor TNS, nor any other active
Marijuana substances in the smoke remains.
Therefore, the fact that servicemen
considered "kayf", it was only easy
Syncoon due to direct poisoning

Unlike many other narcotic drugs, marijuana with her
Application outside the sacrament has not only physical and mental
Action, it has a moral action. We do not know what
This is happening, but when applying in everyday life, marijuana
able to atrophize the human memory of God in the soul -
It has a direct physical impact on human
conscience.
Not only is Marijuana causes direct aggression, it is capable
anesthetic (anesthetics) soul, eliminate mental pain,
caused by the consequences of aggressive acts of man. The one who
smoke marijuana systematically, will not feel guilty
Before him and close to the bad deeds that he made.
That is why soldiers after meaningless and cruel wars in
Afghanistan and Vietnam also helped marijuana. She is
Anesthetized the deepest view of spiritual pain - pain
Moral, human fault complex for death brought by another.

Any reception of marijuana causes a sharp unnatural extension
peripheral blood vessels. The external observer will immediately notice
Redness and edema of the eyeball, very often swelling sclera and
eyelids. Eyes can start to get away and impress extremely
inflamed. Pupil slows down its reaction to light.
Especially this reaction is characteristic of the first hour of intoxication.
marijuana. But a person who systematically smokes it appears
Permanent feeling of inflammation of the eyelids and eyeball.
The heart rate increases, the pulse is sharply student. Power
The frequency of heart rate depends on the amount of TNS contained
In the opened hemp. Maximum pulse cheating and following
it increases pressure occurs in 20-30 minutes after
Opening a dose.
In people who constantly use cannabis products, arterial
pressure, on the contrary; almost always lowered because the body
getting used to the fact that to raise blood pressure at least
Normal numbers, he needs a marijuana.
Remember, intake cannabis becomes especially dangerous for people,
suffering from any diseases of the cardiovascular system (vices
Hearts, Vegeth Vascular Distopia, Hypertension, etc.).

Remember that if you are systematically smoking marijuana, your body
lowers its ability to resist the effects of such dangerous
Bacteria like staphylococcus and streptococcus. Probability that any
scratch will lead to serious purulent complications, and any
cold - to inflammation of the lungs, you have much higher than most
people around you.
Systematic smoking marijuana leads to a decrease in muscle mass
Body, to replace muscle tissue fat. Linen begins to manifest
Only on the psychological level, but also at the level of physical.
Marijuana smokers gets difficult to strain the muscles for
performing any physical problem (for example, to perform
sports exercise). Muscular activity is very difficult
coordinate. The simplest action becomes a problem.
One of our patients complained, for example, that he lost his ability ...
Severe in the country of firewood. The usual action began to demand
extraordinary tension and much more time than
earlier.
Remember when regular drug use your body gradually
ceases to obey you.

intersecting the attacks of uncontrolled unconfigured laughter and
Cattle. Up to the full inability to stop speech that
The smokers themselves are often called "verbal diarrhea."
Such a blissful mood is preserved over the entire period of intoxication,
as if attacks, phases. Very often the blissful state of the spirit without
visible reasons is replaced by anxiety, including motor,
irritability, unfortunate angry.
The second main feature of intoxication is a sharp illusory
Changes surrounding environment. Items change their forms and
Dimensions. It seems that they move, move. Air is filled
By streaks of light, which sometimes seem luminous animated
creatures. Live bodies are won by clothes. In any sounds, see
Some inaccessibility. It seems that the sounds carry a special,
"Otherworld" meaning.
In psychiatry there is a special term that describes the hallucinatory
Change the actual existing situation. This change is called
pathological illusion, or pareidolia.
It is specific illusions (pareidolia) that are the most
A characteristic mental sign of intoxication of marijuana. They are preserved
Not constantly over the period of the "Kayfa", and in the form of "phase fantasy".
The nature of the illusions for one reception of marijuana several times
Changes dramatically. For example, a smoke-in-the-point is in the underwater world,
In the spacecraft, then in the terrible forest. And all this happens on
The background of a clear understanding of the fact that the drug addict is all the time in the same
The same room.

First, the consumer cannabis has a loss of ability to correctly
navigate in space. Experiments showed that man during
cannabis intoxication and for another day after its end is not capable true
Estimate distances between objects. The smoker cannot adequately
perceive the distance of each other and the edge of the sidewalk, among themselves and
Rutaway car, etc.
Secondly, the drug addict loses the right sense of time. Interior time
Drug addict slows down sharply. Several minutes of "kayfa" are perceived by himself
Smoker as a few hours. The right sense of time, by our
observations, restored only after 8-10 hours after smoking
doses.
Thirdly, a person has a sharply violating the brain function, which psychologists
Call short-term memory. The smoker very badly remembers the words and
events that
occur with him for four to eight hours after smoking
Celebrations with cannabis. Memory violation as smoking
marijuana can be exacerbated and "capturing increasing more temporary
gap.
Fourth, during the same 4-8 hours abruptly violates the ability to
Concentration of attention. Man is not able to allocate significant for himself
Information from the current signal current of the external environment. He is unable to understand what
part of the conversation has to him; personally some kind of attitude, which is not. At all

containing TGK. Synonyms on the jargon - the same as Hashish, but in
Irkutsk is a specific - "Chala" (with an emphasis on the last syllable).
2. Hashish is dried and recycled cannabis resin. Cannal
Plants allocate a resin only in a hot climate, it serves them for saving moisture and
Sun protection. Hashish (Anasha) - in the lane. from Arabic means "grass" specially prepared mixture of separated resin, cannabis pollen or
The mixture prepared by processing (grinding, pressing, etc.)
Plants cannabis (hemp) with different fillers containing TGC. it
The definition of the technical department of the SCM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 1991
(Earlier, in our country, hashish with marijuana). Synonyms on jargon:
Plan, lady herb. Color - brown, smell - specific, heavy.
It usually happens in lumps, tablets, tiles. In the novel, Ch. Aitmatova
"Flah" is accurately described how drug addicts ran naked on the thickets of Chui
Cannabis and then from the body they were harvested pollen. Even better - jumping on
Kone that will quickly sweat, more pollen sticks on it.
3. Gashishevoy oil is a concentrated liquid extract obtained from
Plants with solvents. It is believed that such an oil can
Contain up to 60% of the TNS psychoactive substance. Occurs in the form of a viscous
mass or dense mortar;
4. "Hasheck Pie". If the resin cannabis is not dried and not
Processed in Hashish, it hardens. And sometimes drug addicts use
Its without additional processing. Tallest resin chew or
Add to food (as a rule, in flour products). Such products are called
"Hashev's Pie" (or simply "Gas" or "Hashek"). Add to products

The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of opiates

Main components

Δ9-tetrahydrokannabinol (TGK) -
Possessing psychoactive action
Δ8-tetrahydrokannabinol in freshly plane
Material is absent
Cannabinol (KBN) is ten times less active than
TGK
Cannabidiol (CBD) does not possess psychoactivity
Minor, depending on the type of raw materials:
Cannabidarin, Cannabarin, Cannabichromine,
Cannabicycolol and Boutique Analogs of TGK

Effects effect

Marijuana has stimulating and
sedative action supplemented with
Higher doses of hallucinogenic
Effects
Bioavailability during smoking to 10-50%
Communication with lipoproteins 97%