Until 1972, the Ussuri River in the upper reaches to the village of Arkhipovka, Chuguevsky District, was called Janmuthouza (Jan-Mut-Khouza), further to the village of Verkhnyaya Breevka, Chuguevsky district - Sandagow, in upstream(before the confluence of the Daubiche River) was called Ulahe (Ulahe), and only after the confluence with the river Daubiche was called proper Ussuri. After the armed conflict over Damansky Island in Primorsky Krai, a massive renaming took place geographical names of Chinese origin.
Geography
Length 897 km, basin area 193,000 km². The sources of the river are in the Olginsky district in the Sikhote-Alin mountains on the slopes of Mount Snezhnaya; for the most part flat river(only in the middle course do spurs of mountains approach the valley, forming rocky steep banks); in many parts of the Ussuri River there are meanders and branches, in the channel there are groups of islands.
Hydrology
Food is predominantly rain - up to 60%, snow (in snowy winters) accounts for up to 30-35%, the rest - underground. High water from late March to August; It is formed first from melting snow and rains, then from rain floods. The average annual water flow is 143 m³/s in the upper reaches, 230 m³/s in the middle course, and 1150 m³/s in the lower (147 km from the mouth); the largest - in the middle reaches - 10,300 m³ / s, in the lower reaches - 10,520 m³ / s. Frequent catastrophic spills are typical. Freezes in November, opens in April.
tributaries
The main tributaries in the upper reaches of the Ussuri are the Izvilinka, Sokolovka, Matveevka, Kamenka, Pavlovka.
Highlighted the most full-flowing rivers.Settlements in the Ussuri Valley
Russia
Primorsky Krai- in the Olginsky district
- Chuguevsky district: Clear , Poplar , Arkhipovka , Verkhnyaya Breevka , Izvilinka , Bulyga-Fadeyevo , Sokolovka , regional center Chuguevka, Tsvetkovka, Novomikhailovka, Mikhailovka, Kamenka, Varpakhovka, Koksharovka, Saratovka;
- Yakovlevsky district: Lake, Eagle;
- Kirovsky district: Maryanovka, Vladimirovka, Mezhhirya, Stepanovka, Uvalnoe, Arkhangelovka, district center Kirovsky, Preobrazhenka , Yelenovka , Ussurka , Innokentievka , Mountain Keys;
- Lesozavodsky urban district: Tikhmenevo, Glazovka, city of Lesozavodsk, Busse ;
- There are no settlements on the river in the Dalnerechensky district.
- There are no settlements on the river in the Pozharsky district.
- Bikinsky district: Pokrovka, Vasilievka, Lonchakovo;
- Vyazemsky district: Vidnoye , Sheremetyevo , Kedrovo , Vinogradovka , Venyukovo , Zabaikalskoye , Kukelevo ;
- District named after Lazo: Argunskoye, Nevelskoye;
- Khabarovsk region: Kazakevichevo.
Administrative regions and settlements are listed along the river, from top to bottom. Highlighted large towns.
China
The Ussuri is one of the rivers that has a variety of fish species. It combines, at first glance, completely incompatible in other conditions, types of fish. Fish living in a clean, cold, transparent mountain river - taimen, lenok and grayling can coexist in one place with such bottom fish who prefer stagnant, muddy, warm muddy reservoirs, like crucian carp, Soldatov's catfish, carp, creaking killer whale, whip killer whale, silver carp and aukh. This is especially true for the estuarine sections of small mountain rivers that originate in the Sikhote-Alin and flow into the Ussuri.
In the spring, the "mountain" fish leave the lower and middle Ussuri channels to spawn in the mountain rivers, and in the fall they again descend for the winter. In summer, as a rule, the Ussuri is not a habitat for "mountain" fish, only in the upper reaches, where the Ussuri is a typical mountain river.
Economic use
Used for water supply.
Historical events
- In 1655, the first Europeans - the detachment of Onufry Stepanov went up the river.
- In 1969 there was border conflict on Damansky Island between the Soviet Union and China People's Republic who brought fame to the island. On May 19, the parties came to an agreement that the island would come under the jurisdiction of the PRC.
see also
Write a review on the article "Ussuri"
Notes
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- Ussuri- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- . .
- Ussuri // Dictionary of modern geographical names /
An excerpt characterizing the Ussuri
“Well, don’t you hear? - After waiting for an answer for a long time, Rostov asked again.
“And who knows, your honor,” the hussar answered reluctantly.
– Should there be an enemy in the place? Rostov repeated again.
“Maybe he, or maybe it’s like that,” said the hussar, “it’s a matter of the night.” Well! shawls! he shouted at his horse, moving beneath him.
Rostov's horse was also in a hurry, kicking on the frozen ground, listening to the sounds and looking closely at the lights. The cries of voices grew stronger and stronger and merged into a general rumble that only a few thousand strong army could produce. The fires spread more and more, probably along the line of the French camp. Rostov no longer wanted to sleep. Cheerful, triumphant cries in the enemy army had an exciting effect on him: Vive l "empereur, l" emperoreur! [Long live the emperor, emperor!] Rostov could now clearly hear.
- And not far, - it must be, behind the stream? he said to the hussar standing beside him.
The hussar only sighed without answering, and cleared his throat angrily. Along the line of the hussars came the clatter of a trotting cavalry, and out of the night fog suddenly rose, appearing to be a huge elephant, the figure of a hussar non-commissioned officer.
Your honor, generals! - said the non-commissioned officer, driving up to Rostov.
Rostov, continuing to look back at the lights and screams, rode with a non-commissioned officer towards several horsemen riding along the line. One was on a white horse. Prince Bagration with Prince Dolgorukov and adjutants went to look at strange phenomenon lights and shouts in the enemy army. Rostov, approaching Bagration, reported to him and joined the adjutants, listening to what the generals were saying.
“Believe me,” Prince Dolgorukov said, turning to Bagration, “that this is nothing more than a trick: he retreated and in the rear guard ordered to light fires and make noise in order to deceive us.
- Hardly, - said Bagration, - since the evening I saw them on that hillock; if they left, they took off from there. G. officer, - Prince Bagration turned to Rostov, - are his flankers still standing there?
“We’ve been standing since the evening, but now I can’t know, Your Excellency. Order, I'll go with the hussars, - said Rostov.
Bagration stopped and, without answering, tried to make out Rostov's face in the fog.
“Well, look,” he said, after a pause.
- I listen with.
Rostov gave the spurs to his horse, called out to non-commissioned officer Fedchenko and two more hussars, ordered them to follow him, and rode at a trot downhill in the direction of the continuing screams. Rostov was both terribly and merry to go alone with three hussars there, to this mysterious and dangerous foggy distance, where no one had been before him. Bagration shouted to him from the mountain so that he would not go further than the stream, but Rostov pretended not to hear his words, and, without stopping, rode on and on, constantly deceived, mistaking bushes for trees and potholes for people and constantly explaining his deceptions. Having trotted downhill, he no longer saw either ours or the enemy's fires, but he heard the cries of the French louder and clearer. In the hollow he saw something like a river in front of him, but when he reached it, he recognized the road he had traveled. Riding out onto the road, he held his horse back, undecided whether to ride on it or cross it and ride uphill across the black field. It was safer to drive along the road brightened in the fog, because people could be seen more quickly. “Follow me,” he said, crossed the road and began to gallop up the mountain, to the place where the French picket had been standing since evening.
“Your Honor, here it is!” one of the hussars spoke from behind.
And before Rostov had time to make out something suddenly blackened in the fog, a light flashed, a shot clicked, and the bullet, as if complaining about something, buzzed high in the fog and flew out of hearing. The other gun did not fire, but a light flashed on the shelf. Rostov turned his horse and galloped back. Another four shots rang out at different intervals, and bullets sang in different tones somewhere in the fog. Rostov reined in his horse, which had cheered up just as much as he did from the shots, and rode off at a pace. "Well, more, well, more!" a cheerful voice spoke in his soul. But there were no more shots.
Just approaching Bagration, Rostov again put his horse into a gallop and, holding his hand at the visor, rode up to him.
Dolgorukov kept insisting on his opinion that the French had retreated and only in order to deceive us they had put out fires.
– What does this prove? - he said at the time when Rostov drove up to them. “They could have retreated and left the pickets.
- Apparently, not everyone has left yet, prince, - said Bagration. Until tomorrow morning, we'll find out tomorrow.
“There is a picket on the mountain, Your Excellency, everything is the same as it was in the evening,” Rostov reported, leaning forward, holding his hand at the visor and unable to restrain the smile of fun caused in him by his trip and, most importantly, by the sounds of bullets.
“Good, good,” said Bagration, “thank you, Mr. Officer.
“Your Excellency,” said Rostov, “permit me to ask you.
- What's happened?
- Tomorrow our squadron is assigned to the reserves; let me ask you to attach me to the 1st squadron.
- What's your last name?
- Count Rostov.
- Oh good. Stay with me as an orderly.
- Ilya Andreich's son? Dolgorukov said.
But Rostov did not answer him.
“So I hope, Your Excellency.
- I'll order.
“Tomorrow, very possibly, they will send some kind of order to the sovereign,” he thought. - Thank God".The cries and fires in the enemy army came from the fact that while the order of Napoleon was being read to the troops, the emperor himself was riding around his bivouacs. The soldiers, seeing the emperor, lit bunches of straw and, shouting: vive l "empereur!, ran after him. Napoleon's order was as follows:
"Soldiers! The Russian army comes out against you to avenge the Austrian, Ulm army. These are the same battalions which you defeated at Gollabrunn and which you have been constantly pursuing to this place ever since. The positions we occupy are powerful, and as long as they go to get around me on the right, they will expose me to the flank! Soldiers! I myself will lead your battalions. I will keep far from the fire if you, with your usual courage, bring disorder and confusion into the ranks of the enemy; but if victory is even for a moment doubtful, you will see your emperor exposed to the first blows of the enemy, because there can be no hesitation in victory, especially on the day on which in question about the honor of the French infantry, which is so necessary for the honor of their nation.
Under the pretext of withdrawing the wounded, do not upset the ranks! Let everyone be fully imbued with the idea that it is necessary to defeat these mercenaries of England, inspired by such hatred against our nation. This victory will end our march, and we may return to our winter quarters, where we shall be found by the new French troops which are being formed in France; and then the peace I will make will be worthy of my people, you and me.
Napoleon."At 5 o'clock in the morning it was still quite dark. The troops of the center, reserves and the right flank of Bagration were still standing motionless; but on the left flank, the columns of infantry, cavalry and artillery, which were to be the first to descend from the heights in order to attack the French right flank and push it, according to the disposition, into the Bohemian mountains, were already stirring and began to rise from their lodgings. The smoke from the fires, into which they threw everything superfluous, ate their eyes. It was cold and dark. The officers hurriedly drank tea and had breakfast, the soldiers chewed crackers, beat shots with their feet, warming themselves, and flocked against the fires, throwing the remains of booths, chairs, tables, wheels, tubs, everything superfluous that could not be taken away with them into the firewood. Austrian columnists scurried between the Russian troops and served as harbingers of the performance. As soon as an Austrian officer showed up near the regimental commander's camp, the regiment began to move: the soldiers ran away from the fires, hid their tubes in the tops, bags in the wagons, disassembled their guns and lined up. The officers buttoned up, put on their swords and knapsacks, and, shouting, went around the ranks; convoys and batmen harnessed, stacked and tied the wagons. Adjutants, battalion and regimental commanders mounted, crossed themselves, gave their last orders, instructions and assignments to the remaining convoys, and the monotonous tramp of a thousand feet sounded. The columns moved, not knowing where and not seeing from the surrounding people, from the smoke and from the growing fog, neither the area from which they left, nor the one into which they entered.
A soldier on the move is just as encircled, constrained, and drawn by his regiment as a sailor is by the ship on which he is. No matter how far he goes, no matter how strange, unknown and dangerous latitudes he enters, around him - as for a sailor, always and everywhere the same decks, masts, ropes of his ship - always and everywhere the same comrades, the same rows, the same sergeant major Ivan Mitrich, the same company dog Zhuchka, the same bosses. A soldier rarely wants to know the latitudes in which his whole ship is located; but on the day of the battle, God knows how and from where, in the moral world of the troops one stern note is heard for all, which sounds like the approach of something decisive and solemn and arouses them to an unusual curiosity. Soldiers in the days of battles excitedly try to get out of the interests of their regiment, listen, look closely and eagerly ask about what is happening around them.
The fog became so strong that, despite the fact that it was dawning, it was not visible ten paces ahead. The bushes looked like huge trees, the flat places looked like precipices and slopes. Everywhere, from all sides, one could encounter an enemy invisible ten paces away. But for a long time the columns walked in the same fog, descending and ascending the mountains, bypassing gardens and fences, across new, incomprehensible terrain, nowhere colliding with the enemy. On the contrary, now in front, now behind, from all sides, the soldiers learned that our Russian columns were moving in the same direction. Each soldier felt good at heart because he knew that where he was going, that is, no one knew where, there were still many, many of ours.
“Look, you, and the Kursk people have passed,” they said in the ranks.
- Passion, my brother, that our troops have gathered! Evening looked at how the lights were laid out, the end of the edge could not be seen. Moscow - one word!
Although none of the column commanders drove up to the ranks and did not speak with the soldiers (the column commanders, as we saw at the military council, were out of sorts and dissatisfied with the work being undertaken, and therefore only carried out orders and did not care to amuse the soldiers), despite On top of that, the soldiers went merrily, as always, going into action, especially in the offensive. But, having passed for about an hour everything in thick fog, most of the troops were about to stop, and an unpleasant awareness of disorder and confusion swept through the ranks. How this consciousness is transmitted is very difficult to determine; but what is certain is that it is conveyed with unusual fidelity and quickly overflows, imperceptibly and uncontrollably, like water down a hollow. If Russian army if there was one thing, without allies, then, perhaps, a long time would have passed before this consciousness of disorder would have become a general certainty; but now, with particular pleasure and naturalness, attributing the cause of the disturbances to the stupid Germans, everyone was convinced that a harmful confusion was taking place, which the sausage workers had done.
The Ussuri River is the largest water artery Primorsky Krai and one of the major tributaries of the river. Amur. It originates in the southern part mountain system Sikhote-Alin, flowing down in two streams from the southern slopes of Snezhnaya Mountain (1682 m). It flows from south to north, flowing near the village of Kazakevichevo into one of the branches of the Amur. The length of the river is 897 km, the catchment area is 193,000 km2. River basin Ussuri occupies 82% of the area of Primorsky Krai. The total fall of the river is 1,549 m, the average slope is 1.73‰.
The largest tributaries are the rivers Bolshaya Ussurka, Khor, Bikin, Arsenyevka. There are about 2800 small lakes in the river basin with total area 120 km2 and Lake Khanka with a water surface area of 4070 km2.
The main part of the basin Ussuri is located within the central and western Sikhote-Alin, which are a vast mountain country with a very complex surface structure. The central Sikhote-Alin has the appearance of a highland, strongly dissected by a dense river network; individual mountain peaks here reach a height of 1400-1800 m. The relief of the western Sikhote-Alin is dominated by small medium-altitude ridges, elongated in a northeasterly direction and separated by intermountain depressions, river valleys and hilly low mountains. The western part of the basin is occupied by the spurs of the East Manchurian Highlands, gradually lowering to the east. Mountains with rounded, sometimes table-shaped peaks 600-700 m high prevail here. Ussuri. In its central part there is Lake Khanka - the most significant inland reservoir Far East. In the lower reaches, the river flows along the southeastern outskirts of the Middle Amur Plain. The surface of the plains mentioned above is waterlogged, and swampy in some areas.
In the upper river The Ussuri is a typical mountain river, characterized by large slopes and high water flow rates. Before the confluence of the Arsenyevka river, there are 5546 rivers in its basin with a total length of 12600 km. The average density coefficient of the river network is 0.8 km/sq.km. The main tributaries - river. Izvilinka, Sokolovka, Matveevka, Pavlovka.
The boundaries of the basin in the south and southeast run along the main watershed of the Sikhote-Alin system, in the west and northwest - along the ridges of the Cold, Blue and other nameless ridges. Their slopes are cut by valleys of numerous mountain rivers and streams. Most high points The watershed line is the peaks Oblachnaya (1855 m) and Snezhnaya (1684 m) in the south and Berezovaya (1486 m) in the east of the basin.
The main rocks composing the surface of the basin are siltstones, sandstones and shales. Rocky rocks in the mountains often come to the surface, but usually they are covered with a layer of brown podzolic and brown forest soils 30-50 cm thick. In the most high parts in the form of individual spots, there are areas of mountain-tundra soils. On the steep slopes of the mountains, screes are frequent. The pool is almost entirely covered with thick mixed forests(cedar, spruce, ash, larch, oak, birch predominate). The swampiness of the basin is small and makes up about 1% of the total area.
To the village of Zagorny, the river flows through a mountainous, forested area. The heights of individual hills, located near the stream on both sides, in the upper half of the site are 500 - 800 m, in the lower half - 400 - 500 m. The slopes of the mountains are strongly crossed by deep valleys of numerous tributaries of the river.
An almost straight, well-developed river valley has a box-shaped or trapezoidal shape. The river valley ranges from 2.5 to 6 km. Below the village of Novomikhailovka, the river valley is 2.5 - 3 km. The slopes of the valley are 80 - 120 m high (up to 180 m in some places), their steepness ranges from 10 to 400. The non-flooded part of the valley bottom is moderately crossed by tributary channels and throughout the site is occupied by a slightly swampy meadow and shrubs with single trees.
The floodplain is predominantly two-sided, continuous, its predominant width is up to 1.5 - 2.0 km, up to the village of Berezovsky - 0.4 - 0.5 km. Above the village of Vyazovka, in a section about 10 km long, it is located along right side stream, and between the villages of Sokolovka and Vyazovka - along the left bank. Above the mouth of the Matveevka River, the width of the floodplain is 4 km. The surface of the floodplain is crossed by gullies, channels and channels of tributaries, sometimes there are oxbow lakes. The floodplain is mainly occupied by meadow and shrubs; in the near-river part it is wooded, in areas settlements- open. Complete floodplain flooding occurs only during catastrophic floods; during ordinary floods, water does not overflow the banks.
The moderately winding channel is branched into branches and channels; numerous islands have a variety of sizes. Along with alluvial sand and pebble islands, there are islands composed of bedrock. Rifts are located every 200-300 m, the depth does not exceed 0.5-0.7 m, the current speed is 1.9-2.1 m/s. The depth of the river in the reaches is 1.5-3.5 m. The width of the river ranges from 40 to 90 m. The bottom soil of the channel is pebbly. The banks of the channel at the foot are often steep, strongly dissected by valleys of inflowing tributaries and dry pads. The slopes are covered mixed forest and shrub. The slightly sinuous surface of the valley bottom is crossed by gullies, partially swampy, along the channels of the tributaries flowing into the river there are oxbow lakes. The bottom of the river on the stretches is pebbly, on the rifts - large pebbles.
Below the village of Zagorny, the river enters the intermountain depression. The spurs of the ridges extend from the river valley at a distance of 4-5 km. The height of the coastal mountains drops to 800-150 m and the river acquires a smoothed outline. The river valley is straight; up to the village of Ozerny, its left side is limited by strongly rugged slopes of hills from 40 to 120 m high, and below the village it merges with the valley of the Arsenyevka river. On the right side there are low (20-70 m) hills with moderately steep or gentle slopes. The area adjacent to the river and the slopes of the valley are overgrown with a sparse deciduous forest.
The floodplain is two-sided, its width varies from 2.5–3 km at the beginning of the site to 6–7 km at the confluence of the valleys of the Ussuri and Arsenyevka rivers. The surface of the floodplain is crossed by channels and dotted with oxbow lakes (up to 3 m deep). The streamside strip of the floodplain, 300-400 m wide, is composed of sandy loamy soils, which then turn into loamy ones. The floodplain is predominantly open, meadow; is used for hayfields, large areas of it are occupied by crops. On the slope part there are slightly swampy hummocky meadows with rare shrubs. Complete floodplain flooding occurs during very high floods (once every 10-15 years), only low places are flooded in ordinary floods.
The river bed is branched, mostly moderately winding. At 3 km from the village of Ozerny, the river is divided into two branches, which separately connects with the Arsenyevka river. Rifts and reaches occur every 300-500 m, depths vary from 0.7-0.8 m (on the rifts) to 2-3 m on the reaches; water flow rates range from 0.2 to 1.5 m/s. The width of channels and branches is 20-50 m; depth 0.6-1 m (in some places up to 2-2.5 m); flow velocity 0.6-0.9 m/s. The bottom on the rifts is composed of coarse pebble soils, on the stretches - sand and pebble. The banks of the channel are steep, 1.5-2 m high.
For 6 - 8 km below the confluence of the Ussuri and Arsenyevka rivers, the river flows along the intermountain depression, then between the spurs of the Blue Range and enters the West Primorsky Plain. The floodplain of the river is continuous, predominantly meadow, its width varies from 1-2 to 5-7 km. On its surface there are upland manes, lakes and swamps. The near-river more elevated part of the floodplain is plowed up, and the sloping part is used for hayfields and pastures. The floodplain is composed of peat, and in dry areas - sandy loamy soils.
The river bed is strongly winding, forming many steep bends, branched into branches and channels. Numerous islands are covered with meadow and shrub vegetation. Sand and pebble shoals and middle banks are often found in the channel.
The width of the river is 160-180 m (the largest width near the city of Lesozavodsk is 230 m), the depth is 2-3 m (0.8-1.2 m at the riffles). The current is calm, on the reaches the speed does not exceed 0.6-0.8 m/s, on the rifts 1.0-1.5 m/s.
The bottom of the channel is pebbly-gravelly and sandy. The banks are steep, often steep, 2-3 m high, sandy and loamy, overgrown with shrubs along the edge.
From the mouth of the Sungach River, the river flows along the bottom of an asymmetric valley, the right slope of which is limited by the slopes of the hills and hills of the Western Sikhote-Alin 150-200 m high, and the left slope imperceptibly merges with the flat or hilly surface of the West Primorskaya Valley. Below the village of Venyukovo, the river flows along the slightly winding surface of the Middle Amur Plain.
The floodplain of the river is two-sided, from 8 to 14 km wide, well developed. Its surface is indented with hollows and dry channels. The lowest areas are covered with meadow vegetation or swamped; the streamside strip of the floodplain is forested and covered with shrubs. The floodplain is partially flooded annually.
The river bed is slightly winding and considerably branched. The islands formed by the channels increase in size downstream the river, in some areas they are located in groups. Their surface is covered with meadow and shrub vegetation. The width of the river ranges from 300 to 1200 m, the predominant width is 500-600 m. Rifts and reaches alternate with each other every 10-20 km. Depths of 4-5 m and flow speeds of 0.4-0.6 m/s predominate on the reaches. The channel is replete with sandbanks, midlands and spits. The bottom of the river on the stretches is sandy, on the rifts - sandy-pebbly.
The feeding of the river is dominated by rain water, although in some years the runoff melt water is about 20% of the annual volume. In the spring-summer period, some replenishment of the runoff occurs due to the melting of icings (mainly key), which persist until June. The value of underground feeding is about 20% of the total annual flow.
The flow of melt water into the river and the rise in the water level begins in late March - early April and is quite intense. Due to uneven snowmelt in the flat areas of the basin and in the mountains, temporary cooling and warming, significant rainfall in May or early June, a multi-peak snow-rain flood is formed on the river, which usually lasts until the end of June. The highest levels are observed in early or mid-May; sometimes they are confined to the spring ice drift, which occurs on the rise of the flood wave in the second half of April. In some years, large floods occur during spring floods, and spring flood levels are the highest of the year. The wave of spring floods is superimposed by rises from rain floods. In the absence of rains, the spring flood is less pronounced.
High water is usually replaced by rain floods, between which there is a short-term low water. Sometimes floods continuously follow each other and low periods in such cases are not expressed at all. Rain floods are observed throughout the warm period of the year. In total, during the summer-autumn period, 2-5 floods pass along the river, and in some years up to 8 floods. The rise of the water level during floods is very intense 0.3 - 0.8 m per day and lasts 4 - 6 days. The highest water level rises are observed in August and September; they are usually caused by torrential precipitation or prolonged continuous rains covering a large area. The height of floods reaches 3.0 - 3.5 m in the upper reaches and 4.5 - 5.0 m in the area. During the passage of large floods, water spills occur, accompanied by flooding of settlements, farmland, destruction of roads and bridges. Summer-autumn floods, causing small floods, are observed approximately once every 3 years. Large floods are repeated once in 9 - 10 years.
The river is full of water even in the low-water period. The summer-autumn low-water period is clearly expressed only in dry years, usually it is timed to September-October. Winter low water is characterized by stable levels, the course of which is disturbed only by small fluctuations caused by ice dams.
Within the year, the runoff is distributed extremely unevenly: up to 95% of the annual runoff flows into the warm part of it, and only 5% - into the winter. Maximum water discharges are more often observed in May and August, sometimes in July or September. The smallest flow is dated for February or March.
The transition of water temperature through 0.2°C in spring occurs in the first or second decade of April, in autumn - in the second or third decade of November. Most heat water is observed in August.
Ice formations on the river appear in the first decade of November, at the end of the month the river is covered with ice. The duration of freeze-up is 110 - 150 days. The duration of the autumn ice drift (shugogod) ranges from 13 to 20 days. The river breaks up in early - mid-April. During the opening, ice jams are sometimes observed, causing sharp rises in the level and spills of water over the floodplain.
The river is used for domestic and technical water supply, and navigation of local importance is carried out in the lower reaches of the river.
The Ussuri tributary joins the Amur on the right. The border between Russia and China runs exactly along the line of this river. Until the beginning of the seventies of the last millennium, this water artery bore the name of Yanmutkhouz on its segment going to Arkhipovka, in the Chuguevsky district.
The next one between the village and Upper Breevka of the same area was called Sandagou. The third segment, which was heading to Daubihe, was called Ulahe. It was at this point in its path that the river became a full-fledged bearer of the Ussuri name.
Geographical position
The Ussuri is a river flowing through the Chuguevsky district. Its length is 897 km, the basin area is 193 thousand square kilometers. It starts its journey from the Olginsky district, from the most mountain ranges of the Sikhote-Alin. The Ussuri River, which is born from the belly of Snezhnaya Mountain, flows smoothly. There are only a couple of mountain spurs in the middle of the route. Thus, it is surrounded by shores covered with cliffs and rocks. Some segments are convolutions and sleeves. The Ussuri River contains a small island group in the waters of its channel. These are very picturesque places.
The Ussuri flows into the Kazakevicheva duct. It is located in the area. There is little water in it and the bottom is close to the surface. It is also the right-bank channel of the Amur. A new current originates from here, which flows into the waterway itself next to the Amur cliff, which is located in the center of the city of Khabarovsk. With the help of the Sungachi, the Ussuri (river) flows into it at a height of 69 meters. The largest of the local islands is the one named after Kutuzov.
Hydrological environment
The volume of the Ussuri River is replenished from rain clouds. Khabarovsk, mainly due to precipitation, receives nourishment for one of its most important arteries. It also flows into the channel during those periods when the winter is especially severe and snowy. This is a third of the water volume. The remaining small share is replenished from the abundant current groundwater.
The flood time comes in spring and summer. First, it is all the same melting snow and heavy rains, and then floods. The upper reaches 140 cubic meters per second, as for the middle current, there this figure is close to 225 m³ / s. If we follow 150 km opposite the mouth, we will notice a water turnover of 1200 m³/s. The climax and the most turbulent currents boil in the middle - 10250 m³ / s. The lower reaches are characterized by a figure of 10,500 m³ / s.
This river is not so simple: sometimes it is not possible to avoid a catastrophic spill. November brings its cold breath and turns the murmuring beauty into ice, and only under the gentle touches of the April sun does she again begin to fervently run in her channel.
Locations near the Ussuri River
In Russia, life does not boil on the territory of Lesozavodsk - it is measured and calm. There are no noisy cities here. This is a quiet and beautiful island of peace, the reign of nature. The river is the border for the village of Zabaikalsky, in the Vyazemsky district. On the left bank is a territory that belongs to Chinese residents. Olginsky district is devoid of vital functions of people and represents the realm of nature and naturalness.
natural environment
The rivers of Russia have fed the peoples living on their coasts for centuries. This reservoir also has a similar function. Minnows, taimen, catfish, pikes, burbots, minnows and many other types of fish live in its waters, which could easily feed entire cities and villages. In a word, there is an extensive choice for the most sophisticated connoisseur of fish dishes. This wonderful world, looking into which you understand that your eyes run up from a great number of views. In other situations, these breeds may not get along, their existence side by side may be impossible. But thanks to the favorable environment provided by the rivers of Russia, and the Ussuri in particular, this has become a reality.
Clean, clear, cool water, akin to the one that flows in the mountains, to the liking of the lenok, grayling and taimen living here. There is a great environment for lovers of life at the bottom. Warm silt and muddy stagnant water sheltered carp, crucian carp, creaking killer whale, and silver carp in their arms. In the mouth area of small rivers, which are located in the mountains and begin their journey from the Sikhote-Alin, are characterized by these features. Fish species that prefer mountain water move to spring time to spawning grounds, leaving the channel below and in the middle. When it comes autumn time they return home to spend the winter. IN summer time The fish prefers to live in the upper area of the reservoir.
Business use
Water supply is the purpose for which the resources of the river are used. There are regular flights 600 km long: starting from the mouth, reaching the road bridge, ships lose the ability to move. At this point, the right and left side Lesozavodsk.
There is a great potential for the development of shipping, which has not been given close attention before. Nearby is Zhaohe and the highway between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. It is this factor that explains such a delay, along with the fact that the banks are strewn with sparsely populated villages close to the border. Bikinsky settlement is known for the crossing point of the line functioning in it, carrying out the division between Pokrovka and Rukovil.
Incidents in the course of history
The 17th century became special for the development of the river. It was marked by the fact that European travelers went on a hike, heading to the source of the reservoir. The expedition was led by Onufry Stepanov, a Siberian Cossack and famous explorer Closer to our time, in the seventies of the last century, these lands shuddered from a skirmish on the border that occurred on the island territory. The Chinese power "clashed" with the USSR. It was thanks to this incident that the island became popularly known. In the spring of 1991, the Chinese government reconquered and appropriated this territory.
The Ussuri River can rightfully be considered a part of Russia, which feeds the population with fish, the eyes with beauty, and the soul with the joy of contact with such delightful nature. The whole family can come here with pleasure. Those people who love outdoor activities will enjoy swimming in clear water, sunbathing on the picturesque shore, viewing colorful landscapes and fishing, enjoying a rich catch and pristine silence.
The main river of the Primorsky, and earlier Ussuri, Territory is the right tributary of the Amur. The Ussuri River is the border between Russia and China. The length of the river is 897 km, the basin area is more than 193,000 km². The Ussuri River originates in the spurs of the central Sikhote-Alin, on the slope of Snezhnaya Mountain. Having descended into the valley, the river becomes flat, and its steep rocky banks become gentle. In many areas the riverbed is winding.
The tributaries of the Ussuri River: in the upper reaches - the river Izvilinka, Sokolovka, Matveevka, Pavlovka; left tributaries - the river Arsenievka, Mulinhe, Naolihe, Sungacha; right - the Pavlovka River, Zhuravlevka, Bolshaya Ussurka, Bikin, Khor.
On the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory, near the village of Kazakevichevo, the Ussuri River flows into the shallow Kazakevicheva channel, which, after the confluence of the Ussuri, is called the Amur channel. The Amur channel flows into the Amur in the center of the city of Khabarovsk.
Settlements on the Ussuri River: the village of Chuguevka, the village of Kirovsky, the village of Gornye Klyuchi, the city of Lesozavodsk.
Nature
The river is full-flowing in the period May-August, floods and floods are not uncommon in summer. The ice on the Ussuri breaks in April, and becomes - in November. Water is used for water supply. Above Lesozavodsk, the river is navigable; earlier it was widely used for timber rafting.
Tourism and rest
There are excellent conditions for fishing on the Ussuri River. The Ussuri River is rich in fish, minnow and gudgeon, crucian carp and carp, taimen and burbot, pike and catfish, lenok and grayling, kaluga and sturgeon are caught here; pink salmon and chum come to spawn. In the waters of the Ussuri, fish from mountain rivers live next to bottom fish. Mountain fish come to Ussuri in the spring for the spawning period, and in the fall they come down here for the winter.
Rafting, hiking along the coast, swimming and relaxing, fishing, photography.
Journey to the origins of the Ussuri is a real Far Eastern adventure.
Used photos of the user and Valeria Karmanova.
The Ussuri River (Primorsky Territory), which is a tributary of the Amur, is considered a border water artery that separates two great countries - Russia and China. This is the largest basin, with an area of more than 193 square kilometers and a length of about 900 kilometers. Where does the Ussuri River originate? Its source is located on the territory of the Olginsky district, then it flows through the Chuguevsky district of Primorsky Krai. Then, already on the territory of the Khabarovsk region, the water artery reaches the Kazakevicheva duct. Further, the Ussuri River flows into the Amur. One of the tributaries of the Ussuri - the Sungachi River - flows into Lake Khanka.
Hydrology
For the most part, the current is smooth. The shores are covered with rocks and cliffs. In some sections, the river is divided by numerous branches, forming picturesque island groups. The largest is Kutuzov Island.
The Ussuri waters are fed by precipitation and melted snow. This is the main source of replenishment of its resources. A relatively small proportion is replenishment from groundwater, which flows in abundance in its basin. Thanks relatively fast current the waters of the river do not stagnate, but remain clean. The largest volume of water enters during the flood period. At the same time, spills often occur, which are often catastrophic. Beginning with late autumn and in winter the river is shackled by ice, from which it gets rid only in April under the influence of the warm rays of the spring sun.
river dwellers
The Ussuri River, due to its favorable environment, is a habitat for numerous breeds aquatic inhabitants. abundance fish resources will undoubtedly delight any connoisseur of fishing. These are minnows, and catfish, and pikes, and other breeds that have commercial value. In the purest and most extraordinary clear water Taimen, grayling and tench live. At the bottom, among the dark silt, favorable environment for carp, crucian carp, silver carp. In the waters of the Ussuri, fish species coexist freely, the coexistence of which in a different environment is considered impossible. During the spring spawning period, river dwellers go down the river, and in summer they return to the upper reaches. The river has always been and continues to be a source of fish supply for the local population. In addition, the Ussuri provides water to the settlements along its banks.
coastal area
Along the banks of the river, both in Russia and in China, there are settlements and big cities, such as the village of Zabaikalskoye and the cities of Lesozavodsk and the Chinese Zhaohe and Bikin. On the Russian territory dominated by relatively sparsely populated forest zones. There are relatively few settlements in the Olginsky district. This area is favorable for recreation among nature untouched by human activity. Many species of animals live in the local forests. The shores are distinguished by a variety of flora.
The only transport artery runs along the banks of the river - a highway connecting the cities of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. Great opportunities exist for the development of shipping, but this mode of transport is currently used relatively poorly. This is due to the sparsely populated areas on the Russian side and proximity to the border. There are numerous sparsely populated villages around the highway. On the contrary, in China there is an intensive development of the territories bordering with Russia.
Recreation features
Tourists wishing to visit these wonderful places will find a lot of interesting things in terms of active rest and fishing. They can freely admire the extraordinary beauty of these places, swim in the purest water local reservoirs and sunbathe on the warm sand on the river bank, enjoying the peace and quiet. Visiting these places is ideal for people who are tired of the constant fuss major cities and those who want to spend time away from modern civilization. Due to the fact that the territory near the river is borderline and remote from the central part of the country, recreation on its banks is largely exotic for domestic tourists. The beauties of these places remain, unfortunately, out of sight of the general public and are the property for the most part only of the inhabitants of the Far East.
The Ussuri River in history
The territory of the river basin is connected with historical events that took place on its banks. The beginning of the development of the Ussuri region was laid in the 17th century by an expedition led by the Siberian Cossack Onufry Stepanov. In the XX century. these places have become an arena of rivalry Russian Empire, and then the USSR with China and Japan, which led to numerous armed conflicts.
In the 70s of the XX century, during the period of aggravation of Soviet-Chinese relations, there was a military clash between the Chinese and Soviet troops, which went down in history as a conflict on Damansky Island. At that time, the USSR managed to maintain the integrity of its Far Eastern borders. Thanks to effective military measures, Damansky Island managed to be defended, and Chinese troops were driven back beyond the border line. You can still see fortifications along the border that are of interest to history buffs.
After the collapse Soviet Union, in 1991, the island was transferred to the Chinese side as part of the demarcation of the border. This decision caused and continues to cause a lot of controversy.
Significance for the state
There is not the slightest doubt that the area around the river, located on the Russian side of the border, is part of the Russian Federation. The river is the pearl of the Far East and has a huge economic importance. In addition, due to the exceptional beauty of the local nature, the territory of the Ussuri river basin is a very promising place in terms of the development of the tourism industry. Subject to the attention of the relevant public authorities with the widespread use of private initiative, it may be possible to create here largest center recreation. The Amur, where the Ussuri River flows into, was nominated for the "Seven Wonders of Russia" contest. A positive aspect is the proximity of Chinese territory, which allows establishing interstate ties in the field of tourism.
Loading...
