Red Book of the Leningrad Region. Category scale. Recipient, as a rule, conduct a single lifestyle, but in the marriage period you can observe the group dances of males. Valerian is usually found in the forests, on the edges, meadows, glades

• Badger

• Flying squirrel

• Yozh ordinary

• Hare Rusak

• Roe

• Caress

• Nerpe Ladoga

• Deer noble

• Wolverine

• Sonia Sadovaya

• Seal gray

• Organizer redhead

• North leather

• Natusius's bat

• Nightnight Brandt.

• Navy nightnight

• Night light pondovaya

• Night light pitiful

• Nattera night light

• Leather two-color

Badger

• SquadPredatory

• FamilyKuni

• Bumbers inhabit different territories: forests, thickets, swamps, fields and slopes of shores. On their heads, they have black and white stripes, a torso wide and squat on strong short paws. Usually several generations of badgers live in one underground town.

• Value: Length-75-98 cm from the muzzle to the tail. Height in the withers: 30 cm.

• Weight: Males on average 10-18 kg, females - 7-14 kg.

• Reproduction: Pawning period February - October. Baby are born in February next year. The number of cubs 1-4.

Flying squirrel

• Squad Rodents

Some representatives of the Rodent detachment close to the Belicheim have mastered the passive flight - planning. These are flying. They, as well as the helms, the main peeling skin is served the main carrier surface. Proteins are flying through the sides of the body, between the front and rear legs, there are leather folds covered with fur. And when she jumps from a tree on a tree, they spread out, which allows it to plan over 400 meters away. The tail works like a steering wheel and brake.

• A small animal, the length of his body is about 30 cm, the mass of 700-800 grams.

• The body is cargo, on short legs, top and sides are covered with needles and wool. The muzzle is elongated and pointed.

• In the coloring the brown and grayish-brown tones prevail. The shell from the needles is painted in a drowned color and is cursed by whitish strokes.

Hare - Rusak

• Body length 40-75 cm, mass from 2.5 to 5.5 kg. The head is relatively large, wide with a stupid rounded muzzle, the ears are long; The eyes are located on the sides of the head and are widely placed, the hind legs are longer than the front.

• Color: in summer and winter gray; In winter, only a little brighten.

• Leads a twilight lifestyle, and the day lies under the bush, in thick grass or in the pits.

• Food: summer grassy plants, mushrooms, winter-fine branches and trees bark.

Roe, or wild goat

• Slender animal, a few largest home goats. Body length 100-136 cm, tail - 2-4 cm, height in the withers - 75-100cm.

• The body is short on long thin legs, the muzzle is short; Ears are big and wide. The males have a horns.

• Coloring in winter gray, and in summer red or yellowish. Mirror large, white or yellowish.

Caress

• Small forest animal: body length 13-26cm, and the tail is 1.3-6 cm, a mass of 60 to 250 grams.

• The body is elongated and flexible, the head is small on fine, but relatively long neck. Ears and paws are short.

• Winter fur thick, his painting white, summer fur - two-color: head, back, sides and legs brownish - brown, throat, chest and belly - white.

Spotted deer

• Large beast. Length of the body - 150-180 cm, the mass of over 100kg. The head is small on the elegant neck; Height in the withers - 87 - 112 cm. The tail is quite long; The ears are big and movable. The horns of adult males have up to four processes.

• In the summer, redhead painting with white spots, and in winter - brown-gray, almost without spots. On the back passes the dark band, turning onto the tail. Harm cover rough and brittle.

• It dwells in wide forests with a thick undergrowth, as well as in deciduous and mixed forests, in winter in pine bodies.

• In the summer, it is usually fed by grassy plants, leaves of trees and shrubs, acorns and oak bark. In winter, the best food serve him with jolders, which he mined from under the snow; Eats also dry kidneys, escaping oak, linden and other trees.

• In the summer, the female gives birth to one cub, with which it does not part until the next spring.

• At the age of 10 months, the first unreament horns grows in deer. The highest development of the horns reach aged 10-12 years.

• The most dangerous for spotted deer wolves, to a lesser degree of lynx and other predators.

• Pnights of Spotted Deer are highly appreciated, they prepare a toning agent - pantokrin. For this, deer is bred in the pantry farms.

• In nature, this deer is very rare. The hunt for them is completely forbidden!

Wolverine

• Pretty large beast. Body length 70-105 cm, tail - 18-23 cm, weight 10-19 kg.

• The torso is massive, squat, on short and severe paws armed with claws. The muzzle is somewhat elongated. The tail is shaggy, fur thick and rough, is distinguished by a special property - non-shyness.

• Dark coloring, brownish-brown. Spin, belly, chest, legs, neck - dark. Along the sides stretches a reddish or yellowish band. Between ears and eyes - light gray spot.

Organizer redhead

• One of the major volatile mice. Body length 61-64 mm, tail - 46-54 mm. The wing is narrow and long. The painting of the top pale-red or brown.

• Lives in deciduous forests with old trees, parks, gardens.

• Set in the wrappers of old lips, poplar, forming small groups of 30-35 individuals.

• During the day we sleep, having flown upside down, and at night they show activity.

Night light pondovaya

• Bat medium size, body length 51-73 mm, tail 40-53 mm, body weight from 13 to 25 grams. Ears are relatively short.

• The color of the top from the grayish-buoy to dark brown with a golden tint; Niza - from Belovato-gray to Dark Bura.

Ushan

• Most of a small size. Body length 50-60 cm. Ears are huge equal length of the body. Wings are wide and short.

• Fur thick. The painting of the top is from the pale-yellowish, to dark, brown-brown. Body light bright.

List of birds to be protected in the territory of the Leningrad region

• Stork black

• Golden eagle

• Big Kroneshnep

• Large submap

• Swamp owl

• Bearded Neuzat

• Cereal

• Gray crane

• Smeyad.

• Swan-Clikun

• Small subsistence

• Dipper

• Orlan-Belohvost.

• Grouse

• Sapsan

• Grey goose

• Osprey

• Tether

• Owl

• Chernobay Gagara

Stork black

• Nests throughout the forest zone of Russia.

• Arrive in March April.

• Laying of 4-5 eggs.

• Exchange 33-34 days.

• September in August - September. Wintering in Africa.

• Food: frogs, water insects.

Golden eagle

• SquadPredator birds.

• Family Hawp

• Berkut, which is called the king of birds, lives in inaccessible places of the northern hemisphere. In winter, many birds fly south, and then they can be found in other regions.

• Value

• Length: 80-95 cm, wingspan: 200-220 cm, weight: 3-6.5 kg.

• Reproduction

• Nesting period: March-April.

• Masonry: one per year.

• Number of eggs: 2 dirty and white with brown specks.

• Situation: 40-45 days.

• Figure chicks: 65-70 days

• Life expectancy: 15-20 years.

Do you know that ...

• Berkut's nest can reach a height of 3.5 meters.

• Such poisons like DDT reduce the ability of Berkut to reproduce.

• On the will of Berkuta live from 15 to 20 years. Birds contained in captivity usually live from 40 to 45 years.

• Berkut is able to develop speed up to 150 km per hour.

• Although the female of the Berkut lays 2 eggs. Chances to survive is usually only one chick,

• which hatched first.

Bittern

• SquadAusto-shaped

• Family Tsaplevoy

• The plunge off in colors is perfectly imitating the marsh reed - thanks to such a coloring bird as if dissolved on the background of coastal vegetation.

• Value

• Length: 70-80 cm, wingspan: 125-130 cm.

• The nesting period: May-July.

• Number of eggs: 4-6 eggs brownish or olive color.

• Incubation: 25 days.

• Lifestyle

• Sounds: the loud cries of the male "U-Trumbe".

• Habits: Single.

• Food: insects, worms, leeches, frogs, fish, chicks and small mammals.

Do you know that ...

• Since the beginning of the 18th century, a person hunted on meat.

• Newborn chicks extrition publish bullous sounds, similar to water bubble, obtained while blowing air through the straw.

• The female drank violently protects the nest. Determining his chicks from a predator, it will not leave even before the attack of the reed moon.

• Recipient, as a rule, conduct a single lifestyle, but in the marriage period you can observe the group dances of males.

Ceremonic ordinary

• The largest forest bird, weighing up to 5 kg. Glutchaka is much easier and weighs up to 2 kg.

• The plug of a deaf dark with a metallic tint, bright red eyebrows, fabrices under the beak form a characteristic "beard".

• Glutchki - pedestal, in their plumage the brown and brown tones are dominated.

• Bird shaped, but sometimes comes seasonal nomads.

Gray crane

• Squad Crane-shaped

• Family Cranes

• Gray crane suits nests in remote areas of Europe. Some places of nesting cranes in Central Europe threatens disappearance, as they are in the populated area.

• Value

• Length: 115-125 cm, wingspan: 190-220 cm, weight: 4.5-5.5 kg.

• Reproduction

• Nesting period: April-May.

• Masonry: one per year.

• Number of eggs: 2

• Situation: 28-30 days.

• Figure chicks: 10 weeks.

• Security

• For the prosperous existence of gray caravals, certain conditions are needed. In Central Europe, there are a few populations of these birds in need of serious security events.

Do you know that ...

• Cutting masonry cranes for masking are covered with vegetation.

• Gray cranes are pretty "talkative" birds. Their loud cries are heard at a distance of a few kilometers. Pipe sound is obtained due to the special structure of the elongated trachea.

• In Japanese mythology, the gray crane is a symbol of longevity.

• During the flights, cranes was observed at an altitude of 3 thousand meters. To keep strength, birds use warm air flows.

Grouse

• Size about the crow. I received my name due to a row painting. She has gray with transverse screenshots. The male has a black spot on the throat and a well-pronounced jochol.

• Wings are short and stupid. It takes off with noise, flies for short distances.

• Always kept with pairs in fir and mixed forests.

• Bird shaped, but there are short feed nomads.

Sapsan

• SquadPredator birds

• FamilySokolina

• This strong bird does not have equal among predators.

• Value

• Length: 40-50 cm, wing span: 92-110 cm, Male Mass: 600-750 g, females: 900-1300 g.

• Reproduction

• Nesting period: March-May depends on the region.

• Masonry: once a year.

• The magnitude of the masonry: 2-4 eggs.

• Situation: 30-35 days.

• Picking up chicks: 35-42 days.

• Life expectancy: up to 20 years

• Security

• Couples, nesting in unsafe areas for their existence are protected. In Europe, about 5,000 broken steam lives in Europe.

Do you know that ...

• During World War I, the Sapsanov was killed, since they hunted the postal pigeons that were transferred to military reports.

• Male Sapsana by a third less females, in addition, it is distinguished by a dark horse head, on the sides of which the dark "mustache" is clearly distinguished.

• He has big eyes and acute vision. He recognizes his victim even from a height of 300 meters.

• Sapsans have long been used for hunting. Currently, Sokolniki is only sports.

• Sapsan threatens disappearance. The number of its population is tirelessly decreased.

Owl

• One of the large owers, the scope of the wings of this bird is 1.5 m, and the weight is 2-3 kg.

• A large bird head is equipped with ears sticking on the sides of the beams of feathers. Orange-red eyes capable of seeing in the dark.

• The color of the replacement of the back of the dark-brown with dark stripes; Chest and abdomen red with longitudinal pendins.

• Flight silent due to loose plumage.

List of plants to be protected in the territory of the Leningrad region

• Valerian Pharmacy

• Veineline ordinary shoes

• Summer oak

• Spruce Siberian

• Calina ordinary

• Krushshin fragile

• Linden heart-shaped

• Sword-grass ordinary

• Ordinary plane

• Spring Spring

• Simple ordinary

• Stretch of broad-sized

• Hochlate middle

• Clean ordinary

Valerian medicinal

• One of the most famous medicinal plants. His name from Latin's translation means "be healthy!".

• Valerian is usually found in the forests, on the edges, meadows, glades.

• Valerian medicinal is a major perennial plant with a height of up to 2 meters.

• A long (up to 30 cm) roots depart from the short root. The roots of the bitter taste and a strong characteristic smell.

• Stems straight, hollow, nearly violet below. Large leaves, unparallers. Flowers are small with five petals that have grown in the tube, the crown is usually asymmetric. The smell of the flower resembles the smell of honey, but with a "retirement". The fruit is an oblong seed, on the top with a hokholk.

• Flowering time May-August. Therefore, on one plant, you can simultaneously see the fruits of varying degrees of maturity, as well as flowers and buds.

Kalina ordinary, or red.

• Family bearing.

• Kalina grows by forest edges, in ravines; This is a multi-shrub, up to 3 meters high.

• On the branches are beautiful, similar to maple, leaves with cutlets, three-sand, with large teeth, lowered late.

• Flowers are collected in flat panel inflorescence, two types: along the edges there are visible, larger flowers, and in the middle - smaller fruitless flowers.

• Fruits - bright red busty. Flowers Kalina in May - June, lives up to 50 years.

Spring Spring

• The people's name - sleep-grass - was born from believing: this flower would see for dreams. Medicine confirmed: in sleep-grass really contains substances that have a soothing and sleeping reaction. Something - where the flower is called Dream-Dryum, the Sonchik.

• These names are another explanation: the flower, especially young, is almost always worth the dumb, as if asleep. With age, he rises, reveals his petals and becomes like a large purple star.

• There is another peopling name - Bobrik. Why, it is not difficult to guess: because of those dense hairs that cover the plant.

• Flowers Son-Grass in April - early May. Pollinate her bumblebees, bees and other insects. And after pollination, frods are formed.

These frods are "able" to crawl and go into the ground, not to mention the fact that they fly perfectly. The secret here is this: each film has a growing upstand, equipped with long hairs. Thanks to the hair, the flour flies - easily transferred to the wind. And the spectacle reacts very sensitively to changes in humidity. At the same time, it can be spinning, moves the flour and, as it were, screws it into the ground. These are such wonders.

Rules of Nature Friends

• How to save air clean.

• Take care of the plants, because they are green light planets! The leaves of plants are isolated in the light of oxygen necessary for breathing. In addition, they purify the contaminated air from dust and soot.

• Help adults to plant flowers, shrubs and trees.

• Do not break the branches, do not flip flowers, do not pull the grass.

• Do not throw pieces of rubber or plastics into the fire. With their combustion, very poisonous substances are distinguished, which pollute air.

• On cars you need to install filters to clean the exhaust gases.

• In factories and factories, special installations for air purification must work.

How to save water clean.

• Do not pollute the water and shores of the stream, rivers, lakes and ponds. Do not throw garbage, stones, trees branches.

• Take care of Rodniks, do not lie down the land near them, take care of trees on the banks of rivers and lakes.

• Wrap open wells. Do not throw garbage in them. Remember the proverb: "Do not spit into the well - waters come in handy."

• Do not leave the water taps open, and if the crane is faulty, then ask for adults to fix it.

• Do not wastewater in vain. Remember that water reserves on Earth are limited!

How to save the soil.

• It is necessary to plant plants. They fasten the soil roots, do not let the winds blow, and wash it with water, increase the layer of humus.

• It is necessary to protect animals living in the soil - they increase its fertility.

• In parks, squares and gardens it is impossible to burn fallen leaves. Overtaking under the action of microbes, they return to the soil mineral salts necessary by plants.

• It is impossible to break the soil on very large spaces, as the dust storms are formed, the soil is washed off and deep ravines appear.

• It is impossible to cut out the forests - because of this, the rivers and soil dries.

• In the fields you need to sow different plants so that the soil is not depleted.

How to help our greenery.

• If you are in the forest or in a meadow, try not to pull the grass. After all, fragile herbs stems under the legs of a person break, the soil is compacted. It becomes little water and air required by plants.

• Remember the rule: you need to try only along paths!

• Do not flip wildflowers, do not collect them in bouquets. Bouquets can be made of garden colors.

• Do not break the branches of trees and shrubs. A tree or bush can get sick and die.

• Do not catch insects - pollinators and insects - predators (for example, ladybugs). After all, they pollinate plants and destroy tool and other pests.

• Do not ruin anthills.

• Finger the birds, do not look into their sockets, do not touch the testicles. In the spring and at the beginning of the summer, do not take a dog to the forest, do not attach in the forest - after all the chicks grow up there. Birds are friends of plants, they save plants from insects - pests.

• Before collecting medicinal plants in the forest, find out whether there are plants among them that are listed in the Red Book.

• Take care of rare types of medicinal plants, for example, Lily of Mayan, which blooms on the 28-30th year of life, Valerian, primrose and many others.

• Sit one or more trees, learn to care for indoor plants.

• Remember! Plants - Live creatures! They all disinterestedly give people, but they are defenseless and need our help.

How to behave in the forest in order not to harm its inhabitants.

• Try not to make noise so as not to disturb the beasts and their cubs.

• If you have found a hole of the clock, a badger or another animal, do not fit close to it, do not frighten the forest inhabitants.

• It is impossible to breed fires in the forest in places for this unsuitable, breaking the branches of trees, bushes, pull the grass, collect flowers bouquets.

• After the prival, you need to remove all the garbage, without leaving it in the forest. The forest is the house of many animals. Treat someone else's house respectfully.

How to feed birds.

• Strengting the feeder, do not climb branches.

• Do not feed the feeder to the tree trunk.

• Smealance from the feeder snow.

• Do not put in the feeder slices of bread, the crusts of mandarins, pasta. Birds do not eat it! They need sunflower seeds, watermelon, pumpkins. You can add to the seeds of white bread crumbs, pieces of a silent sala.

• Feeders for birds should be very modest, better unsolved.

• Food in the feedushka should be a bit and only the necessary birds: seeds of wild herbs, sunflower, bread crumbs, pieces of unsalted sala.

• During the feeding of birds you can not sift in the forest, park, garden. Do not leave newspapers, polyethylene packages, banks.

• Feed birds needed regularly, especially in severe frosts.

How to guard birds.

• Do not run, do not attach in the forest, do not disturb the birds and animals.

• Do not fit close to bird sockets. For your trails, predators can find and ruin the nest.

• Do not touch the nest, otherwise the birds are parents can leave him.

• In the spring and at the beginning of the summer do not take a dog into the forest. She can catch poorly flying chicks.

• Do not catch and do not carry home healthy chicks.

• Finger the birds in winter.

• At the beginning of spring, build houses for birds and hang them in gardens and parks.

• Take care of feathery! If it were not for the birds, countless hordes of insects would have wanted our planet for a long time.

How to preserve the most ancient inhabitants of our planet.

• No need to break wildflowers - there are fewer bumblebees and butterflies that nectar and pollen are needed for nutrition.

• Take care of the green outfit of the Earth: herbs, shrubs, trees, and you will help insects that live among plants.

• Do not ruin anthills, as ants destroy harmful insects. Ants - Forest Sanitars and Gardens, protect them.

• Would you like anyone catching you? So you should not catch the moths, butterflies, dragonflies and other insects.

How to save live chains in nature.

• Do not flip wildflowers, do not collect them in bouquets, otherwise they will remain without food butterflies, bees, bumblebees and other insects.

• Take care trees. Do not pull the grass near them, do not break the branches. They are fed and shed forest inhabitants.

• Collecting in the forest berries, mushrooms, always remember the forest inhabitants that feed them. Leave some of the gifts of animals.

• Birch juice can only be taken in adults and strong trees. The hole must be small, and after the juice took, it needs to be carefully shined, otherwise the birch can dry.

• Do not offend animals, they help keep the green outfit of the planet.

• Do not knock down the mugs, as they are treated wild animals, for example, moose.

• Collect the berries carefully, take care of the berries. The hungry berry will be able to recover and start fruit only after 2-3 years.

How to preserve the connections of inanimate and wildlife.

• Take care of rivers, streams, rods from pollution, clean water is needed to all living creatures of the planet.

• Do not catch insects, they pollinate plants and help them spread.

• Plants retain moisture, do not give rivers and lakes to rear, fasten the roots of the soil, increase its fertility.

• Red books of regions exist for each district separately. This document was created on the initiative of the International Animal Protection Union in 1966, and after 8 years, it appeared on the modern territory of Russia, which is part of the Soviet Union. Separately, in the Leningrad region, the publication was formed over the period from 1999 to 2002.

  Sections of books

  The pages of the Red Book contain the following sections:, rare, few studied, as well as restored. Total registered 558 living beings and 528 plants, including 151 mushrooms, 49 lichens, 71 algae, 56 mugh, 201 vascular.

  Vertebrates that are on the verge of extinction

  The vertebrate animals of the Red Book of the Leningrad Region are presented in the following categories:

  Invertebrate animals located on the verge of extinction

  The Red Book of the Leningrad Region contains mollusks in its category. The most famous among them are two kinds of pearls - the extended and North European. This is the second number of category. The first place is occupied by arthropods, which include: Cancer widescreen, grasshopper-Bishop, Andrenovidka Black and Beloboroda, Muha Ibisova, Hollard Water, Stennica, Bolotnaya and Hero, Garbage, Lilac and Ospen, Peacock Eye, Mahaon, Apollo, Birch Silkwear.

  Extremely rarely meets the scoop of most varieties, for example, stem, field Illyrian, heather, puffy, earthy, Finnish, as well as herbal, rogo, cane, szay, striped. These and many other representatives, unfortunately, can be seen in this edition, lush pages of the Red Book.

  Red Book of the Leningrad Region: Animals and Plants

  All representatives of the fauna and flora in this book are divided into classes for convenience. Those in their own, queue, in the category. The second large section of the Red Book is dedicated to plants. By category it is divided into vascular, lichens and mushrooms, mosses and algae. The first includes numerous coated bridges, as well as fern. Among the most famous representatives, there is a low birch, forget-me-not branchy, Bologna bell, the violet of three species - Dortman, short-sighted and calm, sandy carnation, downtown Valerian, a lastone guilty, the goldenabide, is beautiful, ordinary and seaside, as well as blue honeysuckle. All these and many other plants included in the Red Book include the type of coated bridge. Among the ferns are registered by such representatives as Woodsia, Gollyunchik, the grazedian of four species is simple, Virginsky, Romasholiste and Lancing. And also the brown and spontaneous, sibling, Siberian and rhizuer.

  Algae of the Red Book of the Leningrad Region

  Algae include:

  • Brown, they are the most famous. These include dike-cell, pseudolithioderma, Ralphsia, twisted, fuus and elachist.
  • The diamonds, which are enrolled by the diatoms of two varieties - medium-grained and winter, gondumea Kleve, Brachizir serial, depertivotnayapinnuralaria, duzelkova neidium, etc.
  • Reds are represented by accumulatory and Hillbondedia with accumulatory.
  • The cheerlets are also ranked with yellow-green - cakes and deployed.
  • Syneselen (Radiocystis, Anabena Curved, Isachenko, Ukrainian, Sedov, Ellipsoid, Guiella, Plankotrikss Reddish, Nodulia Tolstaya, Fortium Exhausted, creamy-likeness, winding apology, and others).
  • Pechists. They are represented by Bazzania Three-bladed, Arnellia Finnish, Anastro Chilk, Milia Taylor, Wilchart Mescheria, Marsupello, Marshell, Merki, Flullion, Richchiokarp Floating, Ricciya Porous. These also include hazelnostal Lena.
  • Green and chasing algae.

  Moss-like plants of the Red Book of the Leningrad Region

  Further shows the category of moss-like plants, which has several dozen representatives of this species. Such as, for example, hair-hair Dichelim, field brachitiation, dimorphic heterocladium, grimina in two varieties - Ramond and high, as well as many others.

  Mushrooms of the Red Book of the Leningrad Region

  Lichens and mushrooms are divided into askomitics (Lobaria Puliar and Yamchaya, Peltyger Derignen and Hill and Friend.), Slisions (Diakey, Dider and Others), the second in the number of names, and the Basian-presented the greatest number representatives. These include hygromor 4 species - ashes white, hyacinth, pupyr, cohonen, spitting, 6 types and many other types.

  Little conclusion

  To track the number of living beings and plants, a red book was created to protect the extinction species. The list, unfortunately, continues to replenish over time. This contributes to many factors. The mains are: the activities of poachers, worsening ecology, as well as the usual presence of a person in the habitats of animals and birds.

  The animals of the Red Book of the Leningrad Region, as well as representatives of fauna in other regions, need permanent protection. Some kinds can not be helped. However, there are also those numbers that can still be saved.

  Each type of living organisms is a kind of brick of that building, which got the name "biosphere". The animal population of our planet occupies the "top floors" of this building, that is, uses those products of life, which are created on its lower floors - in the plant world.

  Any biological species is unique. Its originality consists not only in the peculiarities of the body, behavior or physiology, but H in its number, the general biomass, in those connections with other types and inorganic world, which form the so-called "ecological niche of the species". Ecological niche, or a system of biocenotic connections, is also unique as the very look. It arises along with the appearance of N disappears with his death. The species systems of biocenosis of the oriental bonds determine the streams of energy that passing through one or another form and in their entirety form on the ground of the PU Wednesday, in which a person with its culture and civilization may exist.

  The disappearance of any kind means the disappearance of the stream of energy, which through it passed. The extinction of a minor type of species, as a rule, forms compensatory energy streams through other types, but the death of their large quantities can lead to significant failures in the functioning of the biosphere and cause global environmental disasters. Unfortunately, we are approaching the binds when the rates of the disappearance of the victims create a real threat to the ability of the biosphere to self-regulation.

  Therefore, the preservation of species acquires priority in environmental protection. The main reason for the disappearance of many biological species in modern conditions is that strengthening different shapes destructive anthropogenic impact. Among them, especially sensitive consequences have contamination of soil, water and air industrial, agricultural and household waste: the destruction of eats of animal habitats when cutting out forests, drainage marshes, construction of terrain, construction, naming new territories for housing and industrial use, land excavation under gardening land P cottage complexes.

  The factor has a significant impact of concerned and recreational loads, as well as hunting and fisheries, often leading in violation of environmental legislation. The inclusion of the view in the "Red Book", that is, the assignment of the status of the species requiring special protection, reflects the reasonable anxiety for his fate and, at the same time, serves as a conscription to the general public, to maximize the concerns about its conservation.

  The most cardinal measures in this regard is the formation regional systems Specially protected natural territories (POPT) with specialized protection regimes that are secreted by the normal conditions for the existence of a GOGR or other species.

  The animal world of the Leningrad region is very peculiar, which is due geographical position and landscape heterogeneity of the territory. There are widely represented various types of medium and south-tail forests, heterogeneous marsh arrays: numerous reservoirs. Among which the largest freshwater lake of Europe is Ladoga, and the salt-rude eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.

  For different biotopes, its specific types of species that require various ways of protection are characteristic. The fauna of the Leningrad region has not been fully studied. The number of zoological species documented here can be estimated at about 15 years. What is probably 50-75% of their actual number. Infant information feeling. First of all, for the fauna of invertebrate animals.

  Totally agree last decade Among them were found several hundred new ones for the field of species, and about 20 are described as new to science. The fauna of vertebrate animals has been studied significantly, therefore, the list of species of the vertebral Leningrad region in need of protection is most completed.

  The proposed edition contains a list of animal species in need of special protection measures in the region, compiled on the basis of literary and author data.

  This list includes: - types of animals living in the area, (a) included in the 2000 editions, (b) included in the Red Books of the International Nature Conservation Union (IUCN), USSR, East Fennoscandia. The Baltic region, (c) included in the Sith list (the Convention on International Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna and Fauna Treats, from March 3, 1973):

  Views
  - endemics of the Leningrad region and the Baltic region;
  - The numbers whose number is currently sharply decreased as a result of human economic activities and for whom there is a real threat to their complete disappearance in the region: at the same time, the status of populations of these birds in the adjacent regions was taken into account: - Wills that economic activities may nanase and irreparable damage if the necessary security measures will not be held;

  Fishing forks that significantly reduce the number, which cause elevated interest from hunters and fishermen due to valuable economic, gastronomic and other qualities:

  Types with low numbers that are amateur objects in captivity or collecting and representing commercial interest.

  Some taxonomic groups Did not reflect in the proposed volume of the Red CCP and the nature of the Leningrad region. This is due not so much with the lack of vulnerable species among animals P and groups, as with a number of subjective circumstances: a disadvantage of information about their current state in the region, the difficulties of their definition, the injectingness of real security measures, etc. As scientific information accumulates, the lists of animals to be protected in the Leningrad Region will be refined and supplemented in subsequent editions of the Red Book.

  In the last edition of the Red Book of the Russian Federation ( Red Book of Russia: Legal acts. 2000.) The classification of animals with the status of species requiring protection has undergone some changes compared with the previous edition of 1983, however, the basic classification was taken as the basis.

  In accordance with it, the following categories of species are allocated:

  Probably disappeared (Category 0). Taxons and populations, previously known in the territory (or water area) of the Russian Federation, but the stay of which are not confirmed in the future (for invertebrates - in the last 100 years. For vertebrates - in the last 50 years).

  Threat to disappearance (Category 1). Taxa and populations, the number of features of which decreased to such a critical in the rival, that soon They may disappear.

  Cutting in numbers (category 2). Taxons and populations with steadily declining numbers, which, with further exposure of factors that reduce the number, may in a short time to get into the category "under the thunderstorm of the disappearance."

  Uncertain according to status (category 4). A taxa and populations that are likely to relate to one of the previous categories, there are currently no sufficient information about their condition in nature. Either they do not fully comply with the criteria of all other categories.

  Restored and Regenerating (Category 5). Taxakhs and populations, the number and distribution of which under the influence of natural reasons or as a result of the measures taken began to recover, approaching the state. When they are not well referred to urgent measures to preserve and restore. Thus, the TS five categories were used in the Red Book of Russia rare species and subspecies as in the Red Book MCOO.

  However, so far in the international practice of preparing red books, a more detailed system of categories, developed by the IUCN working group (IUCN RED 1 IST Categories, is used.

  IUCN. 1994; IUCN SSC Criteria Review Working Group 1999), which includes up to 10 categories of different levels (see Table. I.

  Extinct (EW) extinct FXTinct in the Wild (EW) extinct in the wild Critically endangered (CR) but the edge of the endangered endangered (EN) vulnerable (VU) vulnerable Conservation Dependent (CD) vulnerable CONSERVATION DEPENDENT (CD) Dependent Near Threatened (NT) Protection Mode Potentially Vulnerable Least Concern (LC) Required Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) Not Evaluated

  In this edition, Yuteyia parallel to the digital designations of categories of species from the Red Book of Russia and (in brackets) alphabetic designations of the categories adopted in IUCN. Taking into account add-ons working Group IUCN (IUCN SSC Criteria Rev Iew Working Group 1999). Recommendations NO use categories and their criteria at the national and regional level (GardenFors U .. Rodriguez J.P. et al .. 1999). They relate to each other as follows:

  0 (Re) probably disappeared in the region. 0 (Re) Regionally Extinct. 1 (CR) on the verge of extinction. 1 (CR) Critically endangered. 2 (EN) disappearing. 2 (EN) endangered. 3 (VU) vulnerable. 3 (VU) Vulnerable. 3 (NT) 1 potentially vulnerable. 3 (NT) Near threatened. 3 (LC) requiring attention. 3 (LC) Least Concern. 4- (HDD) are not sufficiently studied. 4 (DD) Data Deficient. 4 (ne) indefinite status. 4 (NE) not evaluated.

  In this edition, all types belonging to the first five categories - (KIR) - 3 (N i) have special essays, in which the features of their distribution, ecology, factors that limit the number, measures of protection are described.

  In the preparation of the third-point "Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region", a large team took part in the leading zoologists of biological research institutes and the biological and soil faculty of St. Petersburg State University. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ozernation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sankra Petsburg Agrarian University.

  A number of additions made Finnish specialists but different groups Animals: Yu. Terivo (oligeclates, amphibians, reptiles): I. Vovovirta (mollusks): S. Coponen (spiders): and mainerkoski (crayfish, insects): E. Savolainen, A. Albrecht, K. Kuousell, Ya. Kulberg , Söderman, G. Stalal Banthela (insects): M. Kaucaranta (fish): R. Vyyszyanene, P. Kimikuez (Birds): A. Foretey (mammals).

  In editing the text, E. Ayrapetyanz, A. R. Gaginskaya, I. V. Ilinsky, V. A. Krivhahatsky, G. A. Soskov, G. A. Rymkevich was accepted. Ya. I. Starobogogov.

  In the final version of the text, the comments and suggestions V. D. Ivanova, D. I. Kovaleva, D. A. Kududorsky, D. V. Osipova, P. N. Pavlova.

  Over the English version of the text worked by Yu. G. Boyarian, T. V. Kovaleva, T. Ober.

  To prepare illustrations of invertebrate animals, photos made by A. Yu. Matov (essays 132-157) p scanned images of collectible materials, made by V. D. Ivanov (essays 23-30, 40-131. 158-200) and various authors joint V. D. Ivanov: V. A. Krivhahatsky (Essays 1-7), Ya. S. Shapiro (Essays 8-22), V. R. Alekseev (Essays 31 36), I. Yu. Klev (Essays 37- 39).

  Figures of vertebrate animals were performed by T. V. Kuznetsova (essays 201 227. 229-22. 244. 247-253. 255 264. 266. 268. 269. 279. 282). G.V. Petrova (Essays 243. 245.246. 254.265.267. 270 278. 280. 281) and E. V. Chaadayeva (Essays 228. 233-242. 283-295).

  On screensavers to the sections of the book used photographs A. R. Gaginskaya (chapter VII. Appendix). I. V. Drobysheva (Chapter 1). I. V. Ilyinsky (Chapter V). K. D. Milto (Chapter VIII). I. I. Naimovets (chapters IV. VI), M. G. Noskova (Introduction), V. I. Simachsva (Chapter II), V.G Pchelentsvia (Chapter IX), I. M. Fokina (chapters), I . S. Shapiro (Chapter III).

  Pointers of animal species mentioned in the text and the reference list are composed of A. R. Gaginskaya. In the preparation of cartographic materials, a large amount of work was performed by T. A. Rymkevich.

  The authors are expressing sincere gratitude to everyone who took part in the preparation of the book, as well as the Finnish Ministry of the Environment and the Government of the Leningrad Region, without the financial support of which the publication of this volume would be impossible.

  0 (Re) probably disappeared in the region. 0 (Re) Regionally Extinct. 1 (CR) on the verge of extinction. 1 (CR) Critically endangered. 2 (EN) disappearing. 2 (EN) endangered. 3 (VU) vulnerable. 3 (VU) Vulnerable. 3 (NT) 1 potentially vulnerable. 3 (NT) Near threatened. 3 (LC) requiring attention. 3 (LC) Least Concern. 4 (HDD) are not sufficiently studied. 4 (DD) Data Deficient. 4 (ne) indefinite status. 4 (NE) not evaluated.

  Every Species of Living Organism IS, in Essence. A Brick in the Building That We Call The BioSphere. The Fauna of Our Planet Occupy The Upper Floors of this Building and Use The Products ofliv Ing Activity Generated On The Lower Floors, In The Flora. Every BioLogical Species is Unique. Its Uniqueness Is Not Only To Be Found in the Peculiarities of Its Morphology, Behaviouur or Physiology, But Also in Its Number, Biomass and In Its Connections W Ilh Oilier Species and The Inorganic World Which Form The "Ecological Niche" of the Species. The Ecological Niche, Or The BioCenose Interrelations System Is As Unique as the Species ItSelf. IT APPEARS WITH THE SPECIES AND DISAPPEARS WITH ITS EXTINCTION.

  Systems of BioCenose Links of Species Determine The Energy Flows That Pass Through Different Species Together, They Form The Environment Suitable for Man with His Culture and Civilization. The Extinction of Any Species Means The Destruction of One of the Bricks of the BioSphere, Together with the strictly programmed Energy How That Passed Through IT. The Extinction of A FEW Species, As A Rule, Causes Compensatory Energy Llovvs Through The Other Species.

  The Extinction of A Considerable Number of Species Can Result in a Disturbance in the Functioning Of Some Ecosystems. Finally, The Extinction of A Great Number of Species Can Disturb The Functioning of the BioSphere As A VV Hole and Result in Global Ecological Cataclysms. Unfortunately, vve are getting nearer to the boundary vv here the rate of species extinction becomes genuinely dangerous in relation to the biosphere "s potential for self-regulation. That is w hy conservation of species is becoming a major priority of great significance in environmental protection . At present, the main reason for the extinction of many biological species is the increase in various forms of destructive anthropogenic stress. the most sensitive consequences are caused by pollution of soil, water reservoirs and the air with industrial, agricultural and household w astes, And The Destruction Of Natural Habitats of Animal Species. The Latter Is Caused by The Felling of Trees, Draining of Bogs, Construction Works, Hydraulic Engineering, Soil Deposit to Expand Territories for Economic Use And The Allocation of Land Plots for Private Gardens and Houses.

  A Considerable Impact Is Also Made by The Disturbance Factor and Recreational Stress, As W ELL us by Hunting and Fishing, Which Often V I- Olate Nature Protection Laws. Including A Species in the Red Data Book OL "Nature. So That Are Given The Status of a Species Needed for Protection, Reflects a Reasonable Concern About Its Fate and. At the summe Lime, IS An Appeal To the General Public to do their best for its conservation. the esiabl ishment of a regional system of Spe- spceific conservation regimes ensuring normal conditions for different species, is considered to he the most effective measure. the fauna of the region is extremely diverse due to the variety of landscapes Different Kinds of Middlen and Southern Taiga Forests and Various Kinds of Bogs Are Widely Represented in Ihe Region, As Are Water Reservoirs, Including L Ake Ladoga - Ihe Largest Fresh-Vvater Lake in Europe - And The Brackish Eastern Part of the Gulf of Finland . Different Biotopes Are Characterized by Their Specific Species Complexes, Requiring Different Conservation Measures.

  The Fauna of the Leningrad Region Is Stll In- Sufficiently Studied. The Number of Zoological Species Documented in the Region Is Estimated As ApproxiMately 15.000, Which is Probably 3/4 of the Real Number. The Incompleteness Of Information Has Most Significance for Invertebrates. In the last decade alone, several hundreds of species of invertebrates have been registered as new finds for the Leningrad Region, and approximately 20 have been described as entirely new for science, flic fauna of vertebrates is studied to a greater degree, and that is why The List of VerteBretes Requiring Protection In The Leningrad Region Is More Complete. I HE CURRENI EDITION INCLUDES SPECIES OF ANIMALS REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REGION. The List Is Formed On Ihe Basis of Literature and Authors "Data.

  The Lisi Comprises: - Species of Animals Living On Ihe Territory of the Region (a) Included in the Red Data Book of Nature of Russia (2000), (b) Listed in the Red Data Book Of The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN), The Red Data Book Of The USSR, The Red Data Book of East Eennoscandia and the Red Data Book of The Baltic Region (C) Included in the Cecklist of Cites Species (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora , 3 March. 1973): - Endemic Species of the Leningrad Region and Of (He Baltic Area: - Species Which Have Now Reduced Their Number Under the Influence of Human Economic Activity and for Which A Real Danger of their Total Extinction in the Region Exists : The State of the Population In Adjoining Regions Has Been Taken Into Account; - Species Which Can Be Irreparably Damaged by Human Economic Activity, If Necessary Conservation Measures Are Not Taken: - Game Species and Species Subect to Commercial Harvesting Which Have BE EN CONSIDERABLY REDUCED IN NUMBER AND WHICH ARC STILL CAPTURED BY HUNERS AND FISHERMEN FOR THEIR COMMERCIAL VALUE OR OTHER SPECIFIC ATTRACTIVE FEATURES (E.G. Gastronomic): - Species of Animals Which Arc The Objects of Collecting and Keeping in Captivity and Which Have Commercial Value and Are Small in Number.

  Some Taxonomic Groups Are Not Repressed Book of Nature of The Leningrad Region I His Doeesn "T Reflect The Absence of the Endangered Species AMONG ANIMALS OF THESE GROUPS HUT IS A RESULT OF A NUMBER OF SUBJECTIVE REASONS (A Lack of Necessary Information on The Region: DiffiCulties in Their Determination, The Absence of Dev Eloped Real Conservv Anceures. etc.).

  In Further Editions of the Leningrad Region, Ihe New Data Will Be Included in the Lists of Animals Requiring Conservation, AS Soon As That New Information Is Available. IN THE LAST EDITION OF THE RED DATA BOOK OFNA-TUREFTHE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (The Red Data Book of Russia. 2000). The Classification of Animals Having A Status of Species Needed for Protection Was Changed Slightly in Comparison W ITH The 1983 Edition: However, The Old Classification Scheme Was Used AS The Basis for this book. According to This Scheme, The Species Are Groupled Into The Follow Ing Categories: Probably Extinct (Catcgorv 0). GAHA AND POPULATIONS KNOWN PREVIOUSLY ON TERRITORY OF RUSSIA, BUT WHOSE EXISTENCE HAS NOT BEEN CONFIRMED (for invertebrates - for the last 100 years, LOR VERTEBRATES - FOR THE LAST 50 YEARS). Critically endangered (Category 1). Laxa and Populations Whose Number Has Been Reduced to A Critical Level, To Such An Extent That The Nearest Future. Reducing in Number (Category 2).

  LAXA and Populations Whose Number Is Rapidly Falling and Which Are Likely to Move Into The "Critically endangered" Category in the Nearest Future, If Factors Reducing Their Numbers Remain in Force Rare (Category 3). Taxa and Populations, Small in Number, Which Arc Distributed Over A Restricted Territory (Or Aquatic Area) Or Aquatic Areas (Or Aquatic Areas). Not evaluated (Category 4). GAHA AND POPULATIONS WHICH PROBABLY BELONG TO ONE OF THE ABOVE- MENTIONED CATEGORIES, BUT INFORMATION ON THEIR STATE IN NATURE IS STILL LACKING: OR SPECIES WHICH DO NOT COMPLETELY MEET THE CRITERIA OF THE OTHER CATEGORIES. Restored or restoring (category 5), laxa and populations whose number and distribution area have begun to restore as the result of certain natural causes or through conserv ation measures, and which are approaching such a state that they no longer need urgent conservation and restoration measures .

  The animal world is weakly populated by the northern and northeastern regions of the Leningrad region are much richer than more developed Western and southwestern regions and even moreover the surroundings of St. Petersburg.
  In the Leningrad region, they live mainly forest animals, among them there are 58 species of mammals. Protein has the greatest commercial importance, especially common in fir forests: 100 thousand squirrels are bought annually in the region.
  Often there are foxes, chorus, hare, curtain, mole, various rodents (field and forest mouse, rat, etc.), less often - Wolf, Bear, Lynx, caress, otter. Many in the field of moose.
  A raccoon dog, mink, ondatru brought to the region. Now these valuable animals have multiplied and have great importance In the fur farming of the region.
  Many in the Leningrad region and birds are about 250 species (Glukhary, Ryabchiki, Tetheriev, Geese, Ducks, Kuliki and others).
  Only a few birds winter in the Leningrad region (Raven, Sparrow, Sinit, Snegir, Dytel); Most leaves our edges since the end of August. The latter, at the end of October, flipping frozards, they fly back at the very beginning of spring. The arrival of all types of birds ends only at the end of May.
  In the waters of the Leningrad region there are 55 species of fish. Salaka has the greatest commercial importance from sea fish. This small marine herring comes into eastern part Finnish bay in the late spring and early autumn. From other marine fish there are: the Baltic (Revel) spray, belonging to the genus of the Sprots (it is caught in the Narva Gulf), Crack, Sea Pike (Sargan).
  A significant role in the fishing fishery is played by passing fish living in the sea, but setting in rivers for breeding.
  Main passage fish - Koryushka, component of 3/4 streets of the River Neva and the Neva Lip; In the spring it rises up the river, laying the caviar on the sandy day.
  Salmon and kumzha also include trap fish. In the past there were many of them, but now their number is small. Unlike other passing fish, the eel is spent most of his life in rivers, but spawning into Atlantic Ocean (in Sargasso Sea). Together with the fish from the sea in the Neva and Ladoga, the lake comes to the spawning of the minoga-lower vertebrate class of the challenge. It is caught both in the sea (especially in the Luzhskiy) and in rivers.
  Among the commercial importance is SIG, which is made mainly in the Lake Ladoga and on the Volkhov River. Quite often found in the rivers and in Ladoga Lake Okun, Sudak, Bream, roach, sniffs (small born).
  In Ladoga, the lake dwells a water mammal-seal, preserved from the era, when there was a sea reservoir on the place of the lake.

  Bioresources sushi

  In the region there are 61 species of mammals, 312 species of birds (193 it is significant nest, 93 are found on the flight during migration), 5 species of reptiles and 7 types of amphibians. The abundance of migratory birds in the region is explained by the fact that it takes one of the main trails of the White Core-Baltic span path through it.
  41 type of insects, 3 types of amphibians, 4 types of reptiles, 37 species of birds and 21 species of mammals to be protected in the area of \u200b\u200bthe region.
  Hunting animals: Elk, Caban, Bear.
  The area of \u200b\u200battic hunting grounds is 1821 thousand hectares.

  Water bioresources of the Leningrad region

  The fish stocks of the eastern part of the Gulf negative impact has hydrotechnical construction on the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Vyborg Gulf and the change in the stock mode in the Nevsky Gup. The total fishing of fish in the eastern part of the Gulf decreased mainly due to the reduction of catches of Koryushki and Salaka, the decline in the catch of the fish of the freshwater complex is noted.
  This is due to the reduction of spawning area in the Vyborg Gulf and the change in migration paths. In connection with the planned hydrotechnical work on the construction of ports (the city of Ust-Luga, Vysotsk, Primorsk, Lomonosov, Bathattime Bay, pos. Gorskaya, Art. Brojka) It is assumed to be a significant reduction in spawning and ruling space, which causes a significant decrease in fish stocks.
  In most freshwater lakes of the region, as well as in Ladoga, the reserves of valuable sigal fish decrease and stocks of carpus increase.
  In Onega Lake, the tendency of deterioration of the qualitative composition of ichthyofauna, caused by negative consequences Anthropogenic impact. Up to 90% of the catch in the Lake Onega is Koryushka and Rocky. The reserves of Koryushki increase due to the reduction of the intensity of the fishery, which is associated with the difficulties of selling this fish. The catch ripples also tend to grow. Favorable conditions for feeding and spawning ripples have been established.
  Low catches Siga and Sudak. Modern environmental conditions of the reservoir are generally favorable for the existence of Sigov, but the intensive impact of fishery, especially from lovers, does not allow to expect an increase in their catches in the coming years. The peak population is susceptible to tense use, which led to a rapid decrease in the number of senior age groups in the catches.
  The reserves of other large-scale species of fish (bream, pike) are in a satisfactory condition. Somewhat increased the number of Namilima. The total catch on the lake over the past years is quite stable and is 1.1 - 1.2 thousand tons.
  As a result of the influence of the drama of the Kondopoga, the CBC changed the hydrochemical indicators in the Kondopoga Onega Lake. If until 1932, in the Kondopoga lip, caught up to 100 ss of spray ripples, came to walk in bream, sig, pike perch and other fish, then only single specimens of fish come in Kondopaog's lip.
  Under the influence of the wastewater of the sewage CBC, the northern part of the loop lost its fisheries, where the carving Siga, spawning spots and bream whams are polluted, the cauliflowed fish has a specific smell.
  As a result of the systematic discharge of untreated wastewater, the Lyaskel pulp and paper plant lost the fishery value of the r. Yani-Yoki, where the spawning of salmon destroyed.
  Salmon and Siga catch in Ladoga and Onega Lake does not exceed 60-75 c / year.
  The spawning and outstanding fund of salmon rivers of the Pool of Onega Lake decreased by 2 times. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Chemozhnaya Lip, up to 30% of the spawning space of Sudak, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Orav lip occurred full loss Sunshilic Sudak.
  The number of rare animal species: Ladoga Nerpa - 11.5-12.7 thousand, Baltic Ring Nerp - 4 thousand, gray seal - 1.2 thousand.

  In the area, mainly forest animals live, among which 68 species of mammals. The main ones are protein, chorus, curtain, mole, hare-white, hare-rusak, various rodents (field and forest mouse, rat and others). Less frequently there are wolf, boar, roe, fox, elk, bear, lynx, caress, otter, spotted deer, ondatra, nerve, beaver, seal, mink, raccoon dog.

  About 300 species of birds dwell in the area, the mains are the cooler, the partridge white, the partridge gray, a rod, thermis, a local duck, the duck is plenty, goose, kulik. Some forest birds (Woodpecker, Drozd, Sinit, Cuckoo, Skzorets, Mukholovka) benefit, exterminating harmful insects. Winter in the area only Raven, Sparrow, Tit, Snegir, Dweath; Most leaves the area since the end of August.

  There are about 80 species of fish in the waters of the area. From sea fish, Salaka is more often found, Baltic (Revel) Spoon, Cod, Sea Pike. From the passing fish there are koryushka, salmon, kumj, eel. Among freshwater fish Sig is the greatest importance, there are also perch, pike perch, bream, roach, coupling. The Red Book is listed: Baltic Ring Corn, Nerpe Ladoga, Gray Seal, Berkut, Smereyad, Sapsan, Skop, Orlan-Belochvost.

  In the Vsevolozhsky district of the Leningrad region from large pitfalls are found in large quantities of moose and boys. From predators most often found a fox, a raccoon dog, and sometimes lynx. Wolves appear in the forest forests periodically. From Kunich - American mink, caressing, black chorus. Proteins and rodents are widespread and different kinds Mice and rats. The hare-beaches are widespread. Insectivores are abundantly represented by crots. The manochables are mainly represented by the species of bats. In the lake Ladoga, you can meet the collected NerPa from the laston-bodied squad.

  Natural objects of the Leningrad region

  · 2 State Natural Reserves: Ingermanland, Lowervirsky
  · 1 federal comprehensive reserve: Mrsha Boloto
  · 12 regional comprehensive reserves: white stone, birch islands, Vepsian forest, Vyborg, Gladyshevsky, Vyazhamyelkya ridge, Dubrava at Velkota village, Kotelsky, Lisinsky, Cancer Lakes, Syabersky, Pure Moss
  · 4 regional hydrological reserves: swamp Lammin-Suo, swamp lake, Glebovskoe swamp, North Myshinsky swamps
  · 3 regional botanical reserves: Gilitsky, Lindulovskaya Grove, Rakitinsky
  · 1 Regional Ornithological Reserve: Lake Shallow
  · 2 Regional landscaped reserves: Cheremnetsky, Shalovo-Ripskyi
  · 16 complex nature monuments: Babin swamp with surrounding sudnels on the Swamp massifs "Sokoliy Moss", a swamp massif "Smooth Moss" and the Valley of the River Sharya, a riceged swamp, the origins of the River Orediges in the "Donzé" river canyon, Kokorevsky, Lazarevskoye Baloto , Lowland swamp to the west of the village of Bereznyak, Lake Kazyan, Lake Hawn, Lake Lake with surrounding sudoks, River Ragusha, Sablinsky, Pine forests at kamaama in the vicinity of Bogoshchi village, StarOldozhsky, Sukhodolny Islands on the Bollar Massif "Lysis Moss"
  · 7 Geological monuments of nature: geological exposures of Devonian and Ordovician breeds on the Saba River, the geological exposure of Devon on the River Ore Orezh and the village of Yam-Tesovo, the geological exposure of Devon and Gallery on the River Orediges at the Borshovo village (Oz. Antonovo), Devon's outcrops on the river Orediges at the village of Belogork, the island of thick, Pugarevsky, slim
  · 2 geological and hydrological monuments of nature: Lake Red, Radon sources and lakes in the village of Lopukhink
  · 1 Regional Dendrological Park: Otradnaya
  · 1 Regional Natural Park: Veps Forest

  Red Book of the Leningrad Region

  Presentation prepared for the game "Our pure Planet.»Team team 5V and 5B classes 561 Rainbow schools

  under the direction of

  Nikolaenko T.B. and Parfinovova E.L.

  The Red Book of the Leningrad Region is -

  ... - List of rare and endangered species of mushrooms, plants and animals

  in the territory of the Leningrad region,

  as well as status information

  existing and planned

  particularly protected

  natural territories.

  Regional option

  Red Book of Russia.

  The Red Book consists of three volumes - "Especially protected natural territories"," Plants and mushrooms "," animals ".

  Total 1086 species, including 558 animals (120 vertebrates and 438 invertebrates) and 528 plants (201 vascular plants, 56 mugh-like, 71 algae, 49 lichen and 151 mushrooms).

  Leningrad region

  part of Russia located in the north-west of the European part of the country.

  Safagnum Bolotnaya

  This moss grows in wetlands.

  It is used in construction as an insulating material. Some people use moss for warm pellery, which they hide their children in the winter.

  because of bactericidal properties and ability to absorb a large number of Liquids (20 times more than their own mass and 4 times more wool) was used by sanitary, as a dressing material on the battlefields during the war.

  Halfup ordinary

  Perennial fern, kind of holficker.

  Plant up to 25 cm high, fern with creeping, strongly growing long branched root. One individual can occupy a significant area.

  Orange gold masculine

  Herbaceous plant; kind of kind gold male family of advocate

  Grows in fields, wet meadows, light forest edges and between shrubs.

  Violet pubescent , or The violet shortwall

  Perennial Herbaceous Plant Pino

  filk family.

  Grows on dry, mostly limestone soils: on grassy glades, meadows, among shrubs, by the edges of light forests.

  Bereza low - Leaf Fall Plant Family Berry

  Growing on the swamps and wetlands. Flowers simultaneously with the appearance of leaves in April-May. The wind is pollinated. Men's cylindrical seelings, up to 2 cm long, with brownish scales. Women's - almost ovoid shape, up to 1.5 cm long, upwards standing on short legs.

  Fruit - Little Widescalliptic Nut

  Rhinoceros ordinary - Belongs to the family of plastics.

  Prefers moistened sections of the deciduous forest, valleys, river floats.

  The ability of the beetle to develop in places of clusters of the unscrewing organic organics - heaps of overwhelmed manure, compost, blind leaves, in greenhouse farms - allowed the mind to penetrate north of the main part of the natural range.

  Wide-eyed river cancer - The view of the ten crustaceans.

  Weld in fresh reservoirs throughout Europe. The natural population is sharply reduced at the end of the XIX and early XX century, and in Europe almost completely destroyed by the Chuma of Cancer. Starting from the second half of the 20th century, the widespread cancers displaces the other type of freshwater crayfish from the natural habitats - brought from the new light and resistant to illness spotted cancer.

  Landrail , or dergach - A small bird of the shepherd family.

  Food is mainly for grasshoppers, lumps and other insects, which finds on Earth or in the grass. If possible, prefers large insects (5-12 mm long. Most The diet makes the rainworms and mollusks. Sometimes also uses small fish and amphibians. In the fall and in winter, it feeds in the main roots, shoots and grass seeds.

  White stork - Large marsh bird from the stork family.

  This is a white bird with the black ends of the wings, long neck., long thin red beak and long reddish legs. The females on the color are indistinguishable from males, but somewhat less. The growth of white stork is 100-125 cm, the scope of the wings 155-200 cm. The mass of an adult bird reaches 4 kg. The lifespan of the white stork is on average for 20 years.

  Gray duck - Bird of the duck family.

  Nests in steppe, forest-steppe, partly forest areas of Eurasia.

  For feeding, it prefers shallow water with rich surface and rocky herbal vegetation.

  The basis of nutrition is the leaves and shoots of aqueous herbaceous plants and algae

  Filin ordinary - The type of predatory birds from the detachment of the cognizable.

  Philin is a night hunter. During the day, it is hunting only if hungry. While hunting ground mammals He tracks them, planning over the earth on its territory. In pursuit of birds, he flies over the tops of the trees. When hunting on birds can reach very high speed, and at the same time enough maswater for hunting in dense crowns of trees. He is able to catch up with flying ravens and pigeons, but prefers the prey sitting on the spot.

  Sapsan - Painting bird from the Family Family.

  S. size serious Crow, It is highlighted by a dark gray plumage of the back, a pinsy light belly and black top Heads, as well as black "mustes". This is the fastest bird, and in general creature, in the world. According to experts, in a rapid piquetting flight, it is capable of developing speed over 322 km / h, or 90 m / s.

  Otter- The view of the predatory mammals from the Kunyih family, leading a semi-water lifestyle

  It dwells mainly in forest rivers rich in fish, less often in lakes and ponds. Occurs on the sea coast. Prefers rivers with pools, with non-freezing in winter by ash brush, with desiccated water, littered Bessel shores, where many reliable shelters and places for the Nor's device. Sometimes it is satisfied with their logs in the caves or, like a nest, in the thickets of water. The inlet holes are open under water.

  European roe , Pardex animal family of deer.

  The most important sense is the smell - it was estimated that out of 42 elements social Behavior 26 is caused by an olfactory perception, 13 - auditory and only 3 - visual.

  Prefers like the most stern places, sections of a light spilled forest, with a rich shrub undergrowth and surrounded by meadows and fields, or (summer), highly erased meadows, shrub.

  Wolverine - The predatory mammal family of the Kunih family.

  The only representative of Roda Gulo. (Translated from the Latin "Grooming") because omnivorous.

  The Lairovo of Wolverine is arranged under the filtered roots, in the crevices of rocks and other secluded places; Feed comes out at twilight. Wolverine constantly pokes out the search for mining in its individual area, takes up to 1500-2000 km². Due to the powerful paws and long claws of Wolverine easily climbs on trees. It has sharp vision, hearing and a little. Pubs sounds similar to the fox tanking.

  List of sources

  Aparin B.F., Kasatkina G.A., Matinan N.N., Sukacheva her (2007) Red Soil Book of the Leningrad Region. St. Petersburg

  Noskov G.A., Gaginskaya A.R. and others (2002) Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. T. 3. Animals. St. Petersburg

  Noskov G.A., Gaginskaya A.R. and others (2000) Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Volume 2. Plants and mushrooms. St. Petersburg

  Fokin Yu.V., Boc M.S. and others (1999) Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. T. 1. Specially protected natural areas. St. Petersburg

  http://www.botatlas.binran.ru/

  http://www.plantarium.ru/

  http://ru.wikipedia.org/

  http://ozonit.ru/