(Lat. Pícea) - the genus of plants of the Pine Family (Pináceae), in the prevalence among coniferous trees ranks second after pine. Wheel lives - 250-300 years old, there are trees with age up to 500-600 years. In the United States (Colorado), a long-liver is growing - Elagelman, whose age is 852 years old.
One-bedroom trees with a pyramidal crown, mutual branching and intermaturic shoots. The trunk is complete, high up to 40 - 50 m, in some species - up to 80-90 m, a leak diameter to 1-2 M bark red-brown or gray, peeling thin scales; Young branches are brown or reddish, bare or slightly lowered, with strongly protruding sheets, kidney egg-and-conical, pointed, brown, non-massic. The needles are tough, barbed, tetrahedral, at the bottom of the crown - flat (shadow covered), does not fall 6 to 9 years.
Spruce forests (Elniki) - evergreen Dark forest forests with a predominance of ate in a wood tier. Refer to the number of natural progressive cameters who are able to introduce into other phytocenoses and even outpire them. Spruce forests grow in moderate belt Northern Hemisphere, occupying a significant part of Europe, Asia and North America.
In Russia, they are common from Western borders to Eastern. They form the appearance of the landscape taiga zone. total area fir forests Russia is about 70 million hectares with a stock of wood over 10 billion m3. Spruce forests are in fourth place on the area occupied after larch, pine and birch forests. In spruce forests, both pure trees are formed and mixed with deciduous and coniferous rocks.
Wood ate
Spruce is an unfulfish spheriver. Wood spruce white, with a weak yellowish tinge, a little glamorous. Herie Engelman wood is darker - yellowish brown. Smallest moves are small and small. Wood fir has a homogeneous structure with well-visible on all cuts annual layers, broken by numerous bitch.
The fir refers to rocks with low equalination and with a sharp difference in the structure of early and late wood of annual layers. The number of one-year layers on 1 cm of the transverse section and the percentage of late wood depend on both the species and the place of its growth. So, for example, for ate ordinary (European) in the north of the European part of Russia, the number of annual layers is 12.1, and the percentage of late wood - 21, for Etie Siberian ( Western Siberia) - 6.5 and 25, respectively, for eastern Siberia. - 9 and 25.
Micronenelity remaining after processing the surface of the wood of the wood make up 8-60 μm, which is significantly lower than that hardwood. Fresed fir wood has a humidity of about 110%. Maximum humidity during water absorption - 212%.
Indicators of moisture conductivity - important characteristic To select the wood drying mode, the intensity of isothermal transfer of associated water depends on them. The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient of water supply (DX1010 m2 / s) for fir are presented in the table.
These values \u200b\u200bdiffer little from pine indicators, but 1.5 - 1.8 times higher than that of larch and solidity. Spruce, as well as pine, refers to low-drying rocks. The homogeneous structure of wood and long fibers make spruce less prone to warming and cracking during the drying process (compared to the pine).
EL refers to small density breeds. The average value of the density of wood was ate with standard humidity (12%) - 445 kg / m3, absolutely dry - 420 kg / m3, base density - 365 kg / m3.
The permeability of liquids and gases along the fibers of the era is somewhat higher (by 15-20%) than in pine, but the difference between the gas permeability in the radial and tangential directions was the largest (in radial more than radially, 10 times; Pines - 2-5 times).
According to the strength properties, the wood of ate is somewhat inferior to the pine. For long-term resistance to deformations, it practically does not give up a pine, as well as for another indicator - the ability to hold fasteners. The wood bends a little better than the wood pine.
According to resistance to rotting (biological lesions) among domestic sprawers, the foray is referred to the medium-grained rocks (it is noticeably inferior to the sound wood of pine), according to the European standard EN 350 - 2: 1994 EL refers to small breeds (pine to moderately resistant).
A good workability of the wood of wood ate cutting is significantly hampered by numerous bitch, the hardness of which is often so big that causes the chipping of the blades of a carbide tool.
Wood application ate
Spruce - the tree is exceptional in its properties. One of these properties is musicality. From the ate from ancient times, musical instruments make musical instruments, including strings. Novgorod people of Medieval Russia most often did from the ate.
Top decks of violins, cello, guitars have long made from a resonant fir, providing tools with the beauty of sound. She seems to keep the sound. Requirements for musical wood Special: Do not have bitch, curls, rins and other vices. The annual layers should be the same width, and on the radial cut straight and parallel.
Musical instruments of ate possess an amazing sound, because the fibers in the wood are distributed very evenly (such wood is called resonant). The violin of Italian masters, including Amati and Stradivari, are made of ate.
In search good material Masters and restorers of musical instruments find wood when disassembling old houses, which for decades of stable microclimate acquires truly wonderful musical properties. The fact is that with a gradual drying in the capillaries of the mooring of the wood, microscopic resonant cameras are formed, it seems to be a voice.
The French student of the XIX century Savar calculated the speed of sound in fir wood. It turned out that it is 15-16 times greater than the speed of sound in the air. There were many attempts to replace the wood of the fir tree of other breeds, but none of them were crowned with success. Experts believe that it is unlikely to be able to find a material soon, which in its acoustic properties will be similar to the resonant ate.
Wood firing is difficult to process because of the great hardness of the bitch, but in some areas of the horses were completely out of ate. It was believed that in such an outbreak, it was breathing easily, even told the saying: "Izba Elova, and the heart is great."
Wood ate soft, light, not very durable, used as building material (boards, bars), for small crafts, for processing in wood ground.
Spruce is used to produce forest products - paper and cardboard, cellulose, turpentine, rosin, trough, wood vinegar, methyl alcohol. Of the conifers and woods, different volatile fractions are distinguished from the composition, consisting mainly of terpeanoids - t. N. Essential oils, their main component - Pinen.
It is used in decorative gardening and park employment. Related accuracy and grace of crowns, harness of the trunk, shadowishness. Living fence from ate very thick and practically impassable. There are many garden forms and cultivars. Often spruce is used to create windproof strips, especially along the roads. Seeds are served forest poultry (woodpecker, cool) and rodents (mouse, protein). The bark ate is used as a tubeer. The needles are often used to prepare coniferous-vitamin flour on the feed of a cattle.
The fir refers to the genus of picing (resinous plants) of the pine family. It is common in the northern hemisphere, from the polar circle to the south. It is known about 50 species of ate, with their photos and description you will be able to read this page.
In the European part of them grows up to 10 species of firs, their varieties have a great set. But in landscaping used mainly five types of decorative firings.
This culture is one-bedroom evergreen tree With a cone-shaped crown, gray bark and thick cheese. Root system Surface. Advantages of all decorative shapes Firings is that the crown they form naturally and do not need trimming.
Spruce spruce - wood up to 40 m high with a barrel to 1-1.5 m in diameter. Croon cone-shaped, with alkaline or drooping, at the end with raising branches, is kept sharp until the end of life.
Bark U. ordinary ace Reddish-brown 
Bark from ordinary spruce gray
The bark at the ordinary shape ate reddish brown or gray, smooth or fractured, varying degrees and the character of fracture, relatively thin.
Eli's shoots 
Eli's shoots
Saving light brown or rusty yellow, naked. Kidneys 4-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, ovoid-cone, pointed on top, light brown; Their scales are stupid triangular, light or reddish brown.
Chowlings ate 
Chowlings ate
Coupling 8-20 mm long, 1-1.8 mm width, four-sided form, have an acute top, with 2-4 ductic lines on each side, dark green, shiny; The needles holds 6-7 (up to 10-12) years.
Bumps ate 
Bumps ate
Cryers 10-16 cm long and 3-4 cm thick, oblong-ovoid, first light green or dark purple, in a mature state of brown. Seed scales inversely, slightly longitudinal-folded, convex, in the top edge of the lavetled, sometimes truncated.
Seeds of ace 
Seeds of ace
Seeds 2-5 mm long, brown or dark brown, with a light brown wing, which is about 3 times larger than seed. Reveal and dispel seeds in the second half of winter.
Spruce 
Spruce
Lives in nature 250-300 years. The annual increase in the height is 50 cm, in width - 15 cm. Up to 10-15 years grows slowly, then quickly.
Deep grows in Europe and Asia. Very demanding of moisture and the composition of the soil. Does not tolerate soup. Satisfactory grows only at low sections. Very sensitive to air basement.
All varieties of spruce - plants are not for the garden. It is attractive only at a young age, and over the years it loses decorativeness, pulls out, is waiting. Value represents various forms of spruce ordinary, having bush, spherical, crying crowns.
It is better to use the decorative forms of this fir: the following are the names and description of the most popular of them.
Spruce "Echinforis" in the photo
"Echinforis" (spinyoid). Dwarf, slow-growing shape, reaching 20 cm of height and 40 cm width. This variety of ordinary firing crown pillowed, unevenly developed in different directions. The shoots are light brown, naked, slightly shiny, tough, relatively thick. One year old increase 15-20 mm. The kidneys are light brown, large, cylindrical, rounded.
As can be seen in the photo, this variety of ordinary spruce from yellow-green to gray-green, the bottom needles are flat with a short sharp tip, the top - star, is located under the finite shishk:
Varieties of Ordie 
Varieties of Ordie
Spruce "Compact" in the photo
"Compact". Dwarf form, usually about 1.5-2 m height. Old plants sometimes reach 6 m heights with the same crown width. Saving numerous, short, in the top of the crown are raised, brown. The needles of about 9 mm long, to the tip of escape shorter, shiny, green.
Nidformis (nesting). Dwarf form, just above 1 m, wide, dense. Croon pillowed, shiny, which is obtained in the form of a socket due to the growing shoots from the middle of the plant and the absence of the main branches. The branches grow uniformly, fanlike and swell-shaped. Numerous shoots. Annual increase - 3-4 cm. Needle-green needles, flat, with 1-2 all-safe lines, which are distinctive feature, 7-10 mm long. It is very effective for low borders, in small groups created on parquet and rocky gardens. Currently, one of the most common dwarf shapes.
Here you can see photos of varieties ordinary view ate, the names of which are given above:
Varieties ate ordinary 
Varieties ate ordinary
Canadian spruce in the photo
Spruce Canadian - Tree 20-35 m high, with a barrel of 60-120 cm in diameter, with a dense correct cone-shaped dense crown. The branches of young plants are directed up, old for the most part lowered down and flat.
The bark is smooth or scaly, ash brown. Young shoots of yellowish or whitewastely brown, naked. Kidney up to 6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, almost spherical, non-massive; Their scales are stupid-ovoid, light brown, shiny.
Coupling 8-18 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, tetrahedral, sisovato-green, thickly located and pretty tough, slightly curved, with rubbing enough smells, the needle is pretty sharply.
Look at the photo - this type of decorative ate spruce egg-cylindrical cones, up to 7 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm thick, up to ripening light green, mature - light brown:
Decorative fir bumps 
Decorative fir bumps
Seed scales are thin and elastic, solid at the top edge.
Seeds 2-3 mm long, light brown, with an orange-brown wing, 3 times the superior length of the seed. The cones ripen in September.
Winter hardy and enough drought-resistant. Lives up to 300-500 years.
All varieties of Canadian ate are recommended for single and group landings, dwarf shapes are promising for stony slides. Successfully grows both in the sea and continental climates. Enough drought resistant. Not demanding to soils, put up with poor and sandy soils. It is well opposed to winds, divorced as windproof. It is less sensitive to gases and smoke than erendan.
Currently, about 20 decorative forms of this type of ate are described, with a description of the most popular of them you can read below.
Spruce "Konika" in the photo
The most amazing variety - "Conic". If the blue fir knows each, then another Christmas tree, which dendrologists are briefly called "conic", i.e. Conical, as long as rarity.
"Conika" is a mutation of ate Canadian, growing in the east of North America. It differs from the ancestor not only miniature, its height rarely exceeds 2 m, but also a surprisingly dense cone of the crown and soft light green needles.
By the middle of the last century, the variety of Canadian ate "Konika" won the whole world, settling in the gardens of countries with a moderate climate and developed decorative gardening.
Its present discovery in Russia occurred only relatively recently, together with the rapid development of decorative gardening, when the seedlings of the Kinds in large quantities began to come to us from the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries Western Europewhere its reproduction has long been established. The "conic" reproduces exclusively with cuttings, as the fruit does not give.
In the middle strip of Russia, it is quite winter-hardy. But in urban conditions is less stable than spiny fir. With severe gaspace, the decorativeness of the Christmas tree decreases.
It grows slowly that in garden design is a dignity. At the age of five years, the Christmas tree reaches a height of 20 cm and already at this age decorative exceeds the simultaneous seedlings of Eli ordinary. By ten years, the "conic" on average reaches 80 cm and full decorativeness. And by 20 years its height is usually 150 cm, the diameter at the base is about a meter.
Planting the "conic" should be on open, protected from cold winds places with an alignment, light source soil. Caring for her can limit itself to drying periods.
The development of the Christmas tree, and, consequently, its decorativeness, contribute to periodic surface looshes and mulching of the rolling circle with overwhelming organic. Mulching is better to do at the beginning of autumn, and the spring mulch is shallow to close in the soil.
IN favorable conditions "Conic" retains high decorativeness until older age. It does not need trimming and formation. Like a blue ate, she is designed to play the role of solitator in decorative design and just a find for a small garden.
This Christmas tree fits well into large mountaineering, it is desirable in the background of flower arrangements, harmoniously combines with other low conifers. It looks particularly elegant on the lawn. At the same time, it is desirable to plant a smooth line of three or more plants or a group of several Christmas trees.
Of other decorative forms, Aurea is known, characterized by strong growth. The needles on the upper side has a golden color.
Spruce "Aurespikat" 
Spruce "Aurespikat"
"Aureaspikat". The form is characterized by yellow colorful needles and young shoots, which is saved only in the summer, but later they become green.
"Elegance Compact". Crown conical, however, the growth is stronger than that of the "conic", young shoots and kidneys are yellow-brown, the needles of freshly green, 8-10 mm long, annual increase - 5-4 cm.
"Nana" (Low). Dwarf form with a height of up to 1-2 m. Crown is wide, rounded. Branches are dense, numerous, unevenly distinguished, gray, very flexible. Annual increase of 2.5-4.5 cm.
Pay attention to the photo - this variety of Canadian spruce needle radial, 5-7 mm long, thin, hard, gray-blue:
Of the needle of Canadian ate 
Of the needle of Canadian ate
Culture winter hardy. Spank cuttings.
"Pendula" - Weeping shape, it has strong-drooping branches, abundantly branches, the needles of thick is located on branches, bluish-green.
Among the forms with Blue Chewy deserve attention:
Spruce "Albert Blue" 
Spruce
"Albert Blue", "Blue Assanse,
Spruce "Cerulea" 
Spruce Sander Blue
Cerulea, Sander Blue.
All of them have dwarf growth and retain the color of the needles in open sunny places: alpine slides, heers and gardens. They are suitable for growing in containers.
Speaking about what happens rare species Fir, it is worth mentioning the forms of Engelman and a Schend.
Spruce Engelman in the photo
Spruce Egelman - Right from North America. Harvesting the crown is the most decorative fir. The tree amazes with grace and healthy view. Even the exactly lower branches are never bare. She is very resistant to unfavorable conditions Cities and to soil-climatic influences. When describing the ate of Engelman, it is necessary to mention its qualities such as winter hardiness, shadowness and drought resistance.
It has many decorative forms that are widely used in landscaping.
Wood "Glauka" in the photo
Most popular "Glauer" (sisaya). Tree 20-40 m height, with a dense cone-shaped crown, without a clear horizontal uniform branches. The needles are less than barbed, more flexible and less accuming than that of the flock of barbed, the sizo-blue, especially clear color is manifested in early spring.
As can be seen in the photo, Yehi Engelman in the winter of the needles is not so attractive, but still decorative:
Spruce Egelman 
Spruce Egelman
Grows quickly. Winter hardy. We conclude seeds, cuttings, vaccine. Recommended for single, group and allest landings in large gardens.
Spruce shrenca, or tien Shanskaya- a powerful tree with a narrow-contaminous crown, acute vertex and hanging to the ground branches. The needles are light green or bluish. Svetigubiv, not demanding of soils, but moisture-loving and low-drying.
Look at the photo - this kind of ate has high decorative qualities, which makes it welcome in garden compositions, and slow growth in the first years of life allows you to form thick live hedges from it:
Spruce 
Spruce
It has a spherical shape - a tree up to 1.8 m high with a rounded crown.
Spiny spiny in the photo
Spiny spruce. Among numerous representatives of the kind is allocated with harness and beauty, inconspicuous to grow conditions, frost resistance and resistance to air pollution, exceeding this indicator of many fellow.
Decorative at any time of the year. The most valuable evergreen tree is up to 25 m, lives up to 100 years.
Crown pyramidal. The branches form the right dense tiers, horizontal or hanging at different angles. Especially beautiful specimens, whose branches are evenly located the right tiers around the barrel from the ground itself to the vertex.
The needle barbed, the color varies from green to light blue, silver, up to 2.5 cm long. good conditions The cultivation of the needles lives 5-7 years, more often than 3-4 years.
It is considered a rack rock to dust and smoke, but in conditions of the city it is necessary to wash the water at least 5 times a month. Svetigubiv. Demanding of fertility and humidity of the soil, but does not endure too fertile soil and overvalued.
Well tolerate trimming. Propagated by seeds, vaccinated.
It is recommended to plant in some distance from roads and industrial enterprises, on the background of lawn, preferably on the lit places. Usually, single instances or small groups are planted at the garden front places. Especially good in combination with Serbian fir, pseudotensuga, fir monochromic, etc.
Below are the popular forms of Eli barbed:
Spruce "Argenta" 
Spruce "Argenta"
"Argenta" (silver). Located wood 30-40 M height with a cone-shaped crown and well-positioned horizontal branches. Silver-white needles, a light wax sweep remains on old plants, a young needle has a gentle green with a whitish tint color. It is widely used in landscaping, in single and group landings;
Wood "Glauka" 
Wood "Glauka"
"Glauer" (sisaya). It differs from the main type of bluish-green housing, preserving color during the year. The life expectancy of the needles of this variety of barbed ate depending on the conditions of 3-10 years. Plant height 20 m. A year old increase is more than 30 cm. Crown is symmetrical, cone-shaped. The shoots reach the ground, located almost horizontally tiers. The branches do not break under the weight of wet snow. Suitable for creating large arrays, small curtains, for single landings;
Spruce "Glauer Globes" in the photo
"Glauer Globes" (Siza Schora). Dwarf form up to 1 m high and up to 1.5 m diameter. Young shoots yellowish-brownish, thin. Crown rounded, dense only to old age.
Pay attention to the photo - this variety of barbed spruce needles is thick, slightly sickle, white-blue, about 1 cm long and 1 mm thick:
Barbed needles 
Barbed needles
"Huppi". The height of the tree is 12-15 m, the diameter of the crown is 3-4.5 m. Crown is uniformly branching, very thick. Annual increase of 12-20 cm, the branches are horizontally removed from the trunk. Sleeps of light red-brown, the top kidneys are egg-shaped, 1 cm long. Scales short, bent. Needle needles, hard, sharp, bluish-white, 2-3 cm long, aimed forward, thick, lasts 4-6 years.
"Bonfire". Tree 10-15 m height, with deploy branches lowered. The diameter of the crown is 4-5 m. The needles are slightly sickle, bluish-green with a light wax, thin, sickle, short, 20-25 mm long. Silver-blue painting needles is saved in winter. Young shoots orange-brown. Stems twisted. One of the most famous blue forms of spruce. Krone is uniformly developed, conical. Recommended for solitary and group landings near houses, to decorate the front places.
"Moerhemy." A strong and uneven growing, narrow-monical form. The needles 20-30 mm long adjacent. For the second year, it becomes intense-silver-blue.
As can be seen in the photo, this variety of barbed species ate in winter the color of the needles does not change:
Spruce winter 
Spruce winter
Thin branches, horizontal. Top kidney 10-15 mm long, stupid, yellow brown. The side kidneys differ greatly and are located spirally from the top kidney. Scales on the top are strongly rejected.
"Moll". Dwarf form, grows slowly. At 20 years, height is about 1 m. Annual increase of 3-5 cm, Croon Breakonic and very gustwood. Shoots are yellow-brown. Beautiful covered, bluish-white, 10-15 mm long and 1 mm thick.
"Montgomery". Dwarf form, slow-growing, very squat, at 35 years old height and diameter of the crown 1.8 m, an annual increase of about 6 cm, the shoots of yellow-brown, the kidneys of egg-shaped, yellow-brown, flakes bent. 18-20 mm needles long, gray-blue, sharp.
"Oldenburg". A tree with a height of 10-15 (20) m, with a diameter of the crown of 5-7 m. Krona conical. The bark is brownish-gray, peeling, the shoots of orange-brown.
The photo shows that this variety of barbed spruce needles needles needles, dense, tough, barbed, blue-steel color:
Barbed fir 
Barbed fir
Very firmly holds on the branches. Grows quickly. Annual increase in a height of 30-35 cm, in a width of 15 cm. Light-loving. The soils are undemanding, but it grows better on chernozem and loaming, transfers temporary excess moisturizing. Frost resistant, well tolerate freezing. Application: Single landing, groups.
In this section of the article you can get acquainted with the photo and description of the type of blue spruce from the Pine Family.
Blue fir tree in photo
Wood Blue Spruce is an evergreen conifer tree, 25-30 m high, rare up to 46 meters. The diameter of the trunk is up to 1.5 meters. Cora subtle, scaly. Krone is narrow-monoconic in young trees, old - becomes cylindrical. The needles of a length of 15-30 mm, a rhombic form in the cross section. A special description deserves the needles of blue ate - the color of the needles of this type of plants from the grayish-green to the bright blue.
Krone conical, compact, needle quadro, dense, very barbed. The bark of the trunks and branches of grayish-buoya, first smooth, later fractured.
On the picture
A decorative blue spider bumps are weakly cylindrical, 6-11 cm long and a 2 cm wide width, in the open state up to 4 cm. The color of cones from reddish to violet, mature cone light brown. Seeds black, 3-4 mm long with a light brown wing 10-13 mm long.
Look at the photo - the blue spruce cylindrical cones, up to 9 cm long, light brown, ripen in the first year:
Decorative blue fir bumps 
Decorative blue fir bumps
Blue spruce is one of the most enduring in all respects. It is inferior to the erect only in shadowiness. But it is extremely resistant to the pollution of the atmosphere, frost-resistant, drought-resistant, very unpretentious to soil conditions.
but best Development And the larger decorative effect. The view of the blue spruce reaches on fertile structural loams, with full illumination.
This tree has a pronounced root rod that causes its drought resistance. Nevertheless, in the first 6-8 years, seedlings 2-3 times over the summer should be poured, and when drought - necessarily at least once a week. This will allow the trees to strengthen. The greatest increases in the height in plants of blue ate are observed after 8-10 years. And by 20-25, trees are already fully formed. The first cones can sometimes be seen on 15-year-old trees.
Until the age of 8-10 years, the rolling circle is better to contain under black ferry, mulching by humus. In the future, the land should not be processed, and the departure is only in periodic mulching and watering with a continuous drought.
Blue spruce 
Blue spruce
As can be seen from the photo and descriptions of Blue ate, this beauty for many years will be decorated with your garden. She is an excellent soliter who does not need anyone else community. It looks good singly or group on an even lawn. When creating groups, it should not squeeze closer than 3 m from each other so that there were no shading, and the trees had low-lowered thick crowns.
These photos are presented a variety of blue spruce, most popular at gardeners:
Blue spruce 
Blue spruce
Healing properties of ate
Spruce is not only a decorative, but also a useful plant in the garden and in the preservation areas.
The healing properties of ate are well known. Moreover, the leader in this respect among all species is recognized as a spruce. Healing needles, young shoots and young cones. They are rich in essential and tanning substances, resins, vitamins, trace elements, phytoncides and oily oils.
Treats are treated with spruce and bravery, various inflammatory diseases of the respiratory and urinary tract organs, as well as samorites and other diseases in the field of nasopharynx. Baths made of fir branches and kidneys are used with skin diseases, gout, arthritis and arthrosis.
Welding fresh kidney spruce can be used as vitamin tea, which is contraindicated with a stomach ulcer. The simplest infusion is prepared by coarse grinding of 40 g of conifers, poured it with a glass of boiling water, boiled for 20 minutes, then insist. The resulting infusion is drunk during the day with a lack of vitamin C.
The needles of ate contains in significant quantities Phosphorus, potassium, iron, vitamins. Especially many ascorbic acid and carotene in it, due to which the needles are excellent raw materials for the manufacture of special prophylactic pastes from zing and periodontosis, coniferous extracts for baths and therapeutic chlorophyllocarotine preparations.
From the essential oil of Elutes get a camphor, which is indispensable for heart diseases. Inhalation from the essential oil of conifers cure the catarrhal states of the throat and bronchi.
It is important and the ecological value of ate. Air pollution, especially urban, is currently exceeding all existing norms. Needle takes a filtering role in gas exchange atmospheric air. Dust particles along with harmful microorganisms are settled and fixed in the wax pendant of the needles.
Selection coniferous rocks, beneficial effect on the body, improving breathing and blood circulation, and even treat a person's sick psyche.
Fitoncides, allocated by a cheese, contribute to air purification even in the ridden places. At the same time, the spruce feels good. She has straight trunks, thick hopping, low-down crowns.
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Fig. 5.20. Eugene erener - Picea Abies (L.) Karst.
European fir bumps - Strobili Piceae Abietis
- Picea Abies (L.) Karst.
Sem Pine - Pinaceae.
Other names: spruce ordinary
Evergreen coniferous tree 20-50 m height, with a pointed crown.
Bark Red-brown or gray, peeling in old trees with thin scales;
young branches brown or reddish, bare or slightly pubescent, with strongly protruding sheet tracks;
The kidneys are egg-conical, pointed, drowned.
Leaves (needles) Quantum, Pointed, brilliant, bright or dark green, 20-25 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, thick branches.
Men's bumps Eluded-cylindrical, 20-25 mm long, is surrounded by light green scales.
Women's cones Reducing, first red, then green, mature - brown, 10-16 cm long, 3-4 cm wide.
Seed schees Dormant, rhombic, convex, on the top of wavy and unplated-gear.
Seeds Dark brown, with a wing 3 times longer than them (Fig. 5.20).
Pollination takes place in May - June.
The composition of the cones of ate
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Chemical composition of the cone ate
Eutle cones contain essential oil, in its composition
- bornillacetate (1.4%), alpha- I. beta-pine delta3-Karen,
- mirzen
- limonen et al.;
- vitamin C,
- tanning substances (6.7%),
- resin
- mineral salts,
- phytoncides.
Properties and use of fir cones
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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Antiseptic.
Pharmacological properties of ere
The amount of biologically active substances of spruce cones has
- antimicrobial
- local anti-inflammatory effect.
The use of european ate
Fir cones apply for treatment
- upper diseases respiratory tract In the form of inhalations and rinsing.
Essential oil covers ate used in the preparation of "Pinabin" used as
- antispasmodic,
- bacteriostatic means for urolithiasis, renal colic.
Spread
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Spread.Completed throughout the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe European part of Russia, forming clean and mixed forests. In extreme north Kola Peninsula, in the north-east of European Russia, in Siberia and on Far East A close view is growing Siberian (Picea Obovata Ledeb.). In the contact of the complexes of the ranges of these eats, Spirit Finnish (P. × Fennica (Regel) Kom.), Which is a hybrid between them and characterized by transitional signs in the structure of the crown and female cones.
Habitat.Food form thick forests on rich soils, often with admixture of pine and birch.
Billet and storage of raw materials
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Billet.The bumps are harvested in the summer, in June - August, before the start of the ripening of seeds, misappropriate. Invalid collection of fallen cones.
The official view is european fir, but actually collecting cones and two other very close species: ate of Siberian and spruce Finnish.
Drying.On racks, under sheds.
Standardization. GF xi, vol. 2, art. 81.
Exterior signs of raw materials
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Whole raw materials
Shishki. oval-cylindrical or oblong-elliptical, 3-14 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide; They are formed by spiral-arranged crumbling scales, in the sinuses of which there are larger seed scales.
Crumbling scales 3-4 mm long, 1.2-1,6 mm wide, lancertoid, film, with elongated fringe on the edge of the top, red-brown.
Seed scales in young conesextranno-oval, greenish-brown, 8-10 mm long, 5-7 mm width.
More mature cones seed scales much larger - a length of 25-27 mm, 14-15 mm wide (at Picea Obovata - up to 15 mm in length and 11 mm in width), in the outlined rhombic (Picea Obovata - inversely-shaped), on the top wavy and unprofitable ( Picea Obovata - with a rounded solid edge); Their surface is greenish or light brown, in the top of the brilliant, the base is darker, matte. At the base of each seed scales are two seeds, covered with a plenized wing.
Seeds ovoid, brown, up to 5 mm long, up to 3 mm wide; The free end of the wing to 11 mm long, up to 6 mm width. Smolded sequels are often noticeable between seed scales.
Smell fragrant. Taste Binding, bitter.
Ground raw materials
Pieces of raw materials various shapespassing through the sieve with the holes with a diameter of 10 mm.
Color brown, light brown, greenish brown.
Smell fragrant.
Taste Binding, bitter.
Microscopy of raw material
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When considering the transverse cut of seminal scales In the middle part, the cells of the epidermis are visible, on both sides of oval, thick-walled, covered with a thick layer of cuticle.
On the surface of the scalesespecially on her inner side, there are often simple unicellular, less often twicelet hairs of papillary or conical shape.
Under the epidermis On both sides, 1-4 layers of mechanical cells are located with strongly thickened and more or less (depending on the stage of conveyance development) with weathered walls, penetrated by subtle pores.
In the middle of the mesophyll Located thin-walled chlorophyllon cells, more mature cones are often crumpled and compressed, collateral conductive beams and resin moves.
Cuticle, the contents of resin moves, as well as oily inclusions in the form of small droplets in the cells of the epidermis and mesophyll, are painted with a solution of Sudan III in orange.
In the preparation of crooked scales From the surface, the elongated epidermis cells are visible with well-thickened walls, on the top of the scales and around the edge - multicellular harsh hairs; At the base of the scales there are 2, less often 3 resin strokes that reach half of the length of scales.
On cross-cut seed, in the peel, thick-walled stony cells with dark brown contents are visible.
Seed wing cells Extracted, with accumulated thickened walls.
Numeric raw materials
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Whole raw materials
Essential oil is not less than 0.2%; humidity no more than 13%; ash overall no more than 8%; cones who have half or more seeds poured no more than 20%; other parts of ate (needles, small twigs, etc.) not more than 5%; organic impurities no more than 1%; Mineral impurities no more than 0.5%.
Ground raw materials
Essential oil is not less than 0.2%; humidity no more than 13%; ash overall no more than 8%; particles not passing through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 3.5%; Particles passing through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 0.5 mm, not more than 30%; organic impurities no more than 1%; Mineral impurities no more than 0.5%.
Drugs based on fir cones
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- Ate bumps, crushed raw materials. Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent.
- Pinabin, droplets for intake (50% Heavy Fractions essential oils In peach oil obtained from pine needles or spruce). Antispasmodic, bacteriostatic agent.
Spirit Ordinary, from the point of view of a biologist, is a direct relative of pine. This plant is one of the most ancient. Features of the physiology of this tree determine many qualities of ate.
Biological characteristics of ate
All familiar Christmas tree is a gamped plant forming high (25-30 meters) wood forms. In the territory of the northern hemisphere of this breed of trees, whole forests are formed, spruce spruce is one of the main components of the taiga.
The tree is evergreens, its green parts are transformed leaves, the nature of which is aimed at reducing evaporation and conservation, so moisture. From the trunk, in an adult condition of the coated bore, the branches of the branches depart, while the tree forms a pyramidal crown.
A spruce loses part of the needles annually, which is associated with the process of accumulating in the needles toxic to survive the wood substances. Water-repellent properties of needles determine the fact that fir forests are very dry. The reproduction occurs through the transfer of seeds formed in cones - megastobils. Fertilization occurs within a single tree, since men's and women's strobal are located on one individual. The ripening of seeds occurs in the autumn season, that is, in September-October.
Goned, a typical representative of which is a spruce, reached our time with cretaceous period Mesozoic. In those times, the covered (color) plants also occurred. Later, covered with cosmopolitis coated at the expense of their fitness and spread throughout the globe.
Meanwhile, viced, due to the characteristics of their grieving, in some places, trees belonging to the separated department can be suppressed. A typical example is a co-growing spruce and birch. At first, the birch crown gives the needed shadow the necessary little Christmas tree, and when she grows, it shadhes the territory and boils the soil, so Bereza dies off.
Ancient Germans revered a fir tree as a source of life of the forest, and worshiped him. Of course, the tradition of decoration of the tree referred to pagan times. However, Christianity, as you know, adopted many pagan rites. Therefore, the fir began to decorate to Christmas.
Fashion installation and decoration ate under New Year In Russia, Introduced Tsar-reformer Peter I. The German tradition quickly became popular in our country and at this time we put this pretty tree in our apartments, houses or in household sites.
Chemical composition
In general, spruce, like any other plant, is formed by a complex of organic and mineral substances. However, the proportions of some substances fluctuate depending on the season. Therefore, there are information that the beneficial substances in the winter seals are greater than in the trees of other seasons of the year.
The organic component of the composition is represented by a large amount of phytoncides, resinous and tanning components, vitamins, polyprenolas, as well as carbohydrates, fiber and some other substances.
In the cellular juice, various mineral salts are dissolved, which are donors of substances such as iron, magnesium, manganese, aluminum. It is known that different parts of this plant contain different elements, such as the tree bark contains tanids that are practically no in other parts of the tree.
This phenomenon is associated with the aspects of the life of a fir. The peculiarities of the seasonal composition determine the collection time of the drug raw materials, for example, the bumps are better to collect in the summer, and to take a housing from young spring twigs.
Application in folk medicine
Spruce has a lot of useful properties, so even official medicine recognizes it.
Currently, there are several pharmaceutical preparations that are used to cure various diseases. A typical example is medicine "Pan-bin", which is a mixture of etheric oils of fir needles and peach oil mixed in a ratio of 1: 1. This Preparator is treated urolithiasisBecause the substances that are part of the helms have an impact on the smooth muscles of the ureters.
Therapeutic qualities of Eli ordinary found wide application In various recipes of traditional medicine. For the treatment of different diseases, specialists in the field of homeopathy use different raw materials from ate.
Phytoncides that are part of different parts of ate determine its therapeutic effect on respiratory system man. Many of the problems associated with the area of \u200b\u200bspecialization of the ENT doctor can be solved through the use of informants and decoctions on the era. IN folk medicine For this purpose, the decoction is used on fir bumps.
Ingredients: finely disturbed bumps - 1 tbsp. Spoon, water - 2 tbsp. Preparation and reception: the components are mixed and boiled about 0.5 hours. The fluid decoction is used for inhalations that should be carried out at least 10-15 minutes. Liquid can be reused, preheated. The shelf life of the beam is 3 days, subject to storage in the refrigerator.
With the help of inhalations, the decoction of spruce cones treat such diseases of the respiratory tract, like bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, asthma. Also, the decoction can be used to rinse the throat with angina, laryngitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis. In the case of diseases of the nasal moves - sinusitis, rhinitis, sinusitis - their washing is useful with the help of salted infusion on fir bumps.
In addition to spruce cones for the treatment of internal respiratory tract - bronchi - ate resin is used. For this, it is stirred with bees wax, pre-melt, in proportion 1: 1. By cooled, the hard mass is rolled into the balls that can be stored long enough. Application occurs through the combustion of one ball and inhalation of the formed smoke.
To treat various diseases of the human musculoskeletal system, spruce cheeu is used. The composition of this vegetable element includes vitamins, tannins and essential oils. In the complex, they have an anesthetic, sweetest and antimicrobial effect on humans. These mechanisms underlie the use of fir as medicinal raw materials in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism and radiculitis. The people there is a recipe that is used since ancient times.
Ingredients: Fir-chipped challenges finely disturbed - 1st. Spoon, hot water -1 cup. Preparation and reception: Cheva is brewed with boiling water and tomatin on slow fire is still half an hour. Infusion is filtered and used for wiping the affected joints.
Also, for the treatment of pain in the joints, especially in the process stage, when the transformation of the joint shape occurs, the helix helps, otherwise - spruce resin. To do this, it is placed in a wet warm gauze, heated to a temperature of 30-40 degrees and a gauze-soaked gauze (or bandage) applied to the sore joints of the hands or legs. In some cases, they can even use fir wood for the treatment of diseases of the spine and spins. For example, the following recipe exists from the people's radiculitis:
Ingredients: Wood chips or spruce needles finely norced - 0.5 kg. Preparation and reception: Vegetable raw materials are calcined in the oven or in a pan and transferred to the woven pouch. The hot pouch is placed on a sore spin section, pre-covered with a wafer towel or a diaper.
At the same time, the therapeutic effect is achieved simultaneously from heating the affected area, as well as, when cooled, wood raw materials produces aromatic substances that have a psychological soothing effect on a patient and disinfect air. Warming with this method is carried out within 15-20 minutes.
In folk medicine, the soothing effect of spruce raw materials use. For the treatment of chronic fatigue, stress, anxiety and even neurosis useful to apply laying, seated and foot baths. With insomnia, they use spruce chevy, placed in a woven pouch, which is placed near the pillow. However, it should be borne in mind that over time such a handbag with a cheevey loses its beneficial featuresTherefore, plant raw materials are recommended for replacement at least once every 2 months.
Water extracts and decoctions of fir covers are used for baths. They are bred in the amount of warm or hot water, poured into the bath. There is a next recipe based on the needle.
Ingredients: Spruce coils - 100g, warm water -1 liter. Preparation and reception: The components are mixed and allowed to get into a saucepan with a covered lid about half an hour on medium heat. The decoction is fixed and poured into a lying bath (volume of 200 liters).
Also with anxiety, anxiety and increased excitability can be struggling with the help of young spruce shoots or upper parts Stem branches (where the needles are milder). On their basis, water extracts are made, which are mixed with warm water and take seating or foot baths. The recipe for shoots extract is similar to those described in relation to needles. Proportions need to withstand the same but concentration therapeutic composition It will vary, because for the foot bath it will take 250g medicinal raw materials, and for seats - 750g.
For treatment various Ran., suppurations, furunculov, abrasion or ulcers in the people are widespread the treatment with fir-resin - by Zhivitsa. Numerous biologically active substancesThe composition contained in the composition of this product, cause bacteriostatic, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect on the outdoor lesions of the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, the use of gils as ointments removes pain accompanying various external damage, including pain from the burn. In the people there are quite a few ways to prepare medicinal components based on the gils. We give some of them.
Ingredients: ate resin - 1 part, butter -1 part, bee wax - 1 part. Preparation and reception: Melted components are stirred and prevented into a container with a lid. The resulting ointment is lubricated with a furuncle, ulcer or affectionate skin sections.
Ingredients: Zhivitsa, Floral Honey, Any Vegetable Oil (Sunflower, Cannabis, Linen, Olive). Preparation and reception: All components are taken in the ratio of 1: 1: 1, heated to the purchase of liquid state and stirred. The cold mixture is smeared, ulcers, fusion wounds. You can use this ointment in the form of plasters.
Ingredients: spruce resin - 1 part, pork fat - 1 part, yellow wax - 1 part. Preparation and reception: These substances are melted in a water bath and mixed. This composition can be treated with such complex wounds, like burns thermal and chemical, fistula, as well as umnotes, climbs and abscesses.
Spruce erect is widely known as the source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). In this property, anti-cutting therapeutic effects are based, because the qing is a sharp lack of vitamin C, leading to heavy for connective tissue man consequences. This property of spruce raw materials was widely used in times of the Great Patriotic War. Therefore, in cases of a lack of a given most important vitamin for a person, the following recipe is used based on spruce drug raw materials.
Ingredients: The needles of ate - 30g, hot boiling water - 0.5 liters. Preparation and reception: the plant component is awesome in the capacitance with the lid. The mixture insists at least a few hours and in a fluid condition they drink before eating 3 times a day.
In addition, spruce needles, kidneys, shoots and other parts of the tree are used for treatment and other vitaminosis. The fact is that the composition of this plant is included in addition to the described vitamin C, also vitamin A (carotene), E (tocopherol), as well as some representatives of the vitamin family of Group B. In this key, the following multivitamin solution takes.
Ingredients: needles or the tops of the shoots ate finely disturbed - 5 tbsp. spoons, rosehip (fruits) - 3 tbsp. Spoons, leek husks (crushed) - 1 tbsp. Spoon, hot boiling water - 0.7l. Preparation and reception: vegetable raw materials brew hot boiled water And withstand with the average heating another 5-7 minutes. Cool for two hours when the pan is closed with a lid, in which boiling. The tincture is taken in the amount of half a glass 3 times a day daily for a month, after a break for 10-12 days.
In addition, there is a mononificent recipe for ate. At the same time, the needles with water are connected in the ratio of 1: 2, and the effect of adding honey or sugar can be added to the effect of taste. The tincture is taken at half a glass in the morning and before bedtime.
Contraindications for fir medicinal raw materials
With the entire mass of the beneficial substances that are part of this plant, the spruce has a negative impact on human health. In particular, the doctors found that the technique of etheric oils ate adversely affects the state of people suffering from such diseases of the kidneys, like jade or nephrosis. In addition, Fitoncides ate are a rather powerful allergen, so taking fir drugs allergies should be careful.
Acceptance of aqueous extracts and smells were contraindicated with people suffering from the ulcerations of various intestinal departments, as well as gastritis.
Reception of coniferous baths should be carried out with caution to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, in particular, hypertensive. Varicose veins and thrombose varicose veins are also contraindicated to receiving lying or sedent baths with sprues.
The state of cancer patients can also worsen when adhere to coniferous baths.
Child rodes include 45 species growing throughout the world. There are ate with a bluish, bluish-white and golden cheese. Some fir trees reach 2 m in diameter, and the height of the trees is 40-50 m.
Lives fir up to 500 years. Forms a slim pyramid of crowns with raised branches. The trunk is large, straight, covered with a red-brown scaly bore. Coupling prickly, quadruple, sharp.
The bumps were narrow and long. At the end of winter, they open and from there fly seeds. The winged seeds picks up the wind and carries far from the native tree. Seeds grow young tender Christmas trees. In the open field, they can climb. And under the protection of adult trees, the frost they are not terrible.
Adult fir becomes a lady of the forest. In her shadow can not live with pine, nor birch. Only moss are growing in a spruce forest and rare herbs with white flowers. In the dusk, white flower quickly notice insects. In addition to them, pollinate flowers no one. Could the wind, but he does not happen in the spruce forest.
Spruce is considered evergreen. But her needle is not eternal. The needles every 7-9 fall fall. By autumn, spruce drops no less than the seventh parts of the needles, gradually changing its outfit.
Wood goes to the manufacture of paper, furniture, on a barred and saw forest. The resonant fir (spruce grown in the mountains) goes to make musical instruments. The spruce gives the gilly, which contains rosin and turpentine.
The ancient inhabitants of Germany believed that the Spirit of the Forest lives, guarding plants, animals and birds. They believed that Spruce could cope with the evil forces, as her branches in needles.
It's hard to imagine without a tree new Year's celebration. A spruce as a New Year's tree came to the decree of Peter I "On the celebration of the New Year" of December 20, 1699. Samples of the branches were exhibited in the living room. "Fighter fun" were appointed on Red Square, it was ordered to shoot from guns and muskets and to let rockets.
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