The concept of the methodology of pedagogical science. The term methodology in scientific vocabulary is used in several senses: 1) Methodology is the doctrine of the scientific method of knowledge; 2) Methodology is a combination of methods used in some science; 3) the system of principles and methods of organization and construction of theoretical and practical activity.
The structure of methodological knowledge can be represented by four levels (by E.G. Yudina): philosophical, which is represented by the general principles of knowledge and the categorical system of science as a whole; general scientific, which contains theoretical concepts applied to all or most scientific disciplines; specifically scientific, which is represented by a set of methods, research principles, in a specific special scientific discipline; technological, which includes the methodology and technique of research, ensuring that reliable empirical material and its processing.
Higher, philosophical level: Its content is the most common laws of nature development, society, thinking, general principles of knowledge established by philosophy. Methodological importance is the whole system of philosophical knowledge, defining ideological approaches to the process of knowledge and transformation of reality. The general scientific methodology is theoretical concepts applied to all or to most scientific disciplines (materialistic dialectic, the theory of knowledge, logic).
The specific scientific methodology is a set of principles, methods and procedures of the study used in one or another scientific discipline. The technological methodology is represented by the study technique and technique, that is, a set of procedures that ensure reliable empirical material and its primary processing.
A systematic approach is a general scientific methodological approach in pedagogy. He focuses the researcher and practice to consider phenomena and objects as systems that have a certain structure and laws of functioning. The specific scientific methodology of pedagogy is represented by the following main approaches.
A holistic approach in pedagogy is considered as the development of a systematic approach. It requires the study of the pedagogical process to consider it as a holistic system with a specific structure in which each element performs its function in solving certain problems, and the movement of each element is subordinate to the patterns of movement of the whole. A holistic approach calls to remember that training and education is a single process (pedagogical, educational), which personality is not educated and does not develop in parts.
Personal approach in pedagogy means recognition of the social, active and creative entity of the person. Personality is considered as a product of publicly historical development and a carrier of culture. Adhering to a personal approach in the design and implementation of the pedagogical process, the teacher and teacher and teacher-practitioner focuses on personality as a subject, purpose, result and main criterion for the effectiveness of the pedagogical process.
An activity approach in pedagogy after philosophy and psychology claims that the activity is the basis, the means and factor in the development of the personality. Activities There are a form of human activity, expressed in his practical, transformative and research attitude to peace and to itself. Based on the activity approach, the teacher takes into account that the game, teaching, work, communication as activities are the most important factors and means of education of a growing personality. The task of the teacher to organize these activities by putting a child to the subject's position.
The cultural approach in pedagogy argues that the pedagogical process should be organized as the development of the culture of modern society in all its aspects. This is reflected in particular, the purpose of education (the basic culture of the personality, the culture of self-determination, the culture of labor, the culture of a healthy lifestyle, etc.).
The axiological approach in pedagogy is closely related to the previous one. (Axiology is the doctrine of values, the value structure of the world). This approach means recognizing and implementing the values \u200b\u200bof human life, including the values \u200b\u200bof education and pedagogical activities. It assumes such an organization of the pedagogical process, which would ensure the development of the values \u200b\u200bof the universal culture, the study and formation of their value orientations.
Literature 1. Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary. Orel: OGU. S. I.Nekrasov, N. A. Nekrasova Ozhegov S.I., Swedov N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - M., 2010 3. Krysko V.G. Psychology and pedagogy: Schemes and comments. - M.: Publishing House Vlados-Press, Pedagogy. Ed. L.P. Krivshenko. - M., with Nikandrov N.D. Spiritual values \u200b\u200band upbringing in modern Russia, 9, with Sivashinskaya E.F. Pedagogy: to help passing the state exam. - Brest: Publishing House of Bron named after A.S. Pushkin, 2009.
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Slide 12.
Fat cells, lymphocytes and endothelocytes loose connective tissue
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Slide 13.
Plasmocytes, fat cells, lymphocytes and adipocytes of loose connective tissue
Slide 14.
A characteristic morphological feature of plasmacites is the presence of a light courtyard in the cytoplasm and the specific arrangement of heterochromatin along the periphery of the kernel in the form of "spokes in the wheel"
Slide 15.
Intercellular substance. Lorphology of collagen fiber
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Slide 16.
Morphology of elastic fiber
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Slide 17.
Synthesis collagen
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Slide 18.
Amorphous component
it is formed mainly by fibroblasts. It consists of glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, chondroitinixulfates, dermatansulfate, keratan sulfate, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, as well as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and their complex compounds
Slide 19.
In dense fibrous connective tissue, the fibers prevail over the amorphous component, and in dense unformed, they are located disorderedly (G.-E.; Picrosirius-Orsain; polarization microscopy)
Slide 20.
In dense decorated connective tissue, the fiber is localized strictly parallel to each other. Such a longitudinal and transverse cut
Slide 21.
Connecting fabrics with special properties .Ticulous fabric
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Slide 22.
Fat connective fabric
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Slide 23.
Fatty fabric is white and brown
← In adipocytes, white fabric, the kernel is pushed into the periphery, and the cytoplasm is completely filled with a drop of fat. ← In Adipocyte, the core tissue is located in the center of the cell, and the small drops of fat are located around the kernel
Slide 24.
Skeletal connecting fabrics. Skrying fabric: development
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Slide 25.
Horine cartilage trachea
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Slide 26.
Elastic cartilage of ear shell (M. uv.)
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Slide 27.
Elastic cartilage of ear shell (B. uv.)
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Slide 28.
Fiber cartilage
it is found in intervertebral disks, symphizes, in the seams between the bones of the skull.
Slide 1.
Plan 1. Morphological signs of connective tissues. 2. Functions of connective tissues. 3. Histogenesis. 4. Classification of connective tissues. 5. Actually connecting tissues. 5.1. Loose fibrous connecting fabric. 5.2. Dense fibrous connective tissue. 5.3. Connecting fabrics with special properties. 6. Skeletal connecting fabrics. 6.1. Cartilaginous fabrics. 6.2. Bone tissue. Compiler - Professor N.P. Bumbers Simferopol 2008.
Slide 2.
1. Morphological signs of connective tissues
Connecting fabrics are not accidentally obtained, as they are involved in the combination of all other tissues in the organs. From other tissues, they are distinguished by the presence, in addition to cells, a large amount of the intercellular substance represented by collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, as well as an amorphous component (main substance). In the body, the share of connective tissues accounts for more than half of the entire body weight.
Slide 3.
2. Connecting fabric functions: protective, support, trophic, plastic and morphogenetic, participation in maintaining homeostasis and body temperature
3. Histogenesis. By origin, all types of connective tissues are related, since they all develop from mesenchym.
Slide 4.
Mesenchimocytes are thence of all cells of various types of connecting fabrics.
Slide 5.
4. Classification of compounds
Connecting tissues are divided into two large groups: proper tissue and skeletal connective tissues. The composition of the proprietary tissue includes fibrous connecting tissues and connective tissues with special properties.
Slide 6.
The fibrous group includes: loose fibrous connecting fabric, dense fibrous unformed and dense fibrous decorated connecting fabrics.
Slide 7.
In loose fibrous connective tissue, the amorphous component prevails over the fibrous structures, which are located in the form of a complex network.
Slide 8.
Among the cells of loose connective tissue are available.
Permanent: family of fibroblasts. Family of macrophages. Non-permanent: fat cells, plasma cells, adventitial cells, pericitis, adipocytes, endotheliocytes, lymphocytes.
Slide 9.
Fibroblasts
the most numerous cells involved in the development of the intercellular substance. According to the degree of maturity, they are: unoccoccilted and differentiated fibroblasts and definitive forms - fibrocytes, as well as myofibroblasts and fibroclasts.
Slide 10.
Macrophages - descendants of monocytes - are divided into swelling (migrants) and fixed (settled, or resident). Main functions: Bav secretion (about 100), protective, antigen-representing, activation of the differentiation of immunocompetent cells and stimulation of their functional activity, the production of chemotactic factor for leukocytes, secretion of the antitumor factor, fibroblast growth factor, etc.
Slide 11.
Liver and pancreas macrophages
Teacher Technology: Baktygaliyeva Nadezhda Rakhmetovna
- Mechanical
- Physical
- Technological
crimprint
strength
- Mechanical properties
drapery
- Strength - This is the ability of the fabric to resist the rupture. This is one of the important properties affecting the quality of the fabric. The strength of the tissue depends on the strength of the fibers, the structure of yarn and tissue, on the nature of the tissue finish.
- Synthetic fiber tissues have the greatest strength. Whitening, dyeing leads to some loss of strength
- Crimprint - This is the ability of the tissue during compression and pressure to form small wrinkles and folds. Reinforceability depends on the properties of fibers, the type of yarn and fabric and on the nature of the fabric finishing.
- - This is the ability of the fabric when it is hanging, descending with soft rounded folds. It is not by chance that the curtains and the curtains on the windows are called draperies.
Strength
Stability fabric
To the effects of sunny rays
Stretching
By friction
To washing
Crimprint
Fabric property stem
Soft fabrics made of natural silk and some woolen fabric are well draped. Hard, dense cotton and linen fabrics are draped worse. Artificial leather and suede, fabrics from complex kapron threads and mono Capron, from wool with lavsan, dense tissues from twisted yarn and fabrics with a large number of metal yarns have significant rigidity.
Good rapidness have fabrics made of natural silk, woolen cloths of strong weave and soft flip wool fabrics. Fabrics made of vegetable fibers - cotton and especially linen - have less drapery than woolen and silk.
dust
gigroscopic
- Physical properties
heat shield
- Heat shield properties - This is the ability of the tissue to maintain the heat of the human body. Heat shield properties depend on the fibrous composition, thickness, density and finishing type. Dust - This is the ability of the tissue to hold dust and other contaminants. Ductility depends on the fibrous composition, structure and character of the fabric finishing. Gigroscopic – This property of the tissue is absorbed by moisture the person allocated by the body and produce it into the environment. Air permeability - The ability to pass air - depends on the fibrous composition, density and finishing of the fabric. Good breathability has low-voltage fabrics.
Fabric property detain dust on its surface
Property fabric
To accumulate heat
Estimated by the human body
shrinkage
syspability
- Technological
slip
Slip It can occur when striking and tissue steps. Slide depends on the smoothness used under the weaving of the threads and on the type of their weave. Here you can help clamping the fabric, keeping something or someone. Or decay in the corners of the table of something small, optional, but heavy, on top. Syspability The fabric lies in the fact that the threads are not held in open sections of the material and slip, they are trembling, forming a fringe. It depends on the type of yarn and interlacing, as well as on the density and finishing of the tissue. Shrinkage - This is a decrease in the size of the fabric under the influence of heat and moisture. For example, you are writing a wet fabric, and it sits down. The fabric can sit down when washing. Shrinkage depends on the composition of fibers, buildings and finishes.
"Painting on fabric" - flashing fabric (tritik). Nodel batik. Technologies. We start painting with brighter surfaces. The contours of the picture and individual sections are covered with a hot reserve. Flaving fabric (tritik). Fabric preparation: Figure Preparation: Cold Batics Features. Before working, the cloth needs to be wrapped (shop soap.
"Fabric Application" - depicting pattern or ornament. I wish you a happy journey in the world of patchwork paints! Fairy tales, stories ... And now a few recommendations! Safety in working with scissors. Scene: I. Contact scissors very carefully. Appliques are: Decorative: Carefully work with white and black flaps.
"Man's fabrics" is a live cage in bone lacuna. Fatty fabric. Human skin. The intercellular substance of the bone. Large bone canal with blood vessels and nerves. Operation: Table. Blood man. Breast epithelium. The breast epithelium includes cubic shape cells that allocate milk. The cells of the lower layer (left) are divided by updating the fabric.
Biology fabrics - lesson tasks. Lesson on the topic: "fabrics" Biology 8 class. Cells are small, firmly adjacent to each other, the intercellular substance is not enough. Large cells are located loosen. List the types of connective tissue. Muscle. Functions of nervous tissue. Epithelial fabric. There is an intercellular substance. Neuroglia.
"Tyment species" - finishing materials. The color of the skin can be natural and painted. Playing materials: Flizelin, Singrytepon, Dublerin, Fortorate. Piercing materials are used to give stiffness to details of the sewing product. Assortment of laying materials. Lace, oblique beyk, kanta, sort. Nonwoven, insulation, laying and finishing materials.
"Tissue properties" - What affects the strength and fermentation of the fabric? The properties of the tissue to crumble with string. Phone physical and mechanical properties. Property tissue spine. Technological properties of tissues. What are the hygiene properties affect? Hygienic properties of tissues. Fabric property to hold heat. The process of creating clothes is very complex and multifaceted.
Determination of connective tissue Connecting tissues This is a complex of mesenchymal derivatives consisting of cell differentials and a large amount of intertoral substance (fibrous structures and amorphous substances) involved in maintaining the homeostasis of the inner medium and differ from other tissues less need for aerobic oxidative processes.
Determination of connective tissue Connecting fabric: - is more than half of the mass of human body; - Participates in the formation of stroma organs, grounds between other tissues, leather dermis, skeleton; - forms anatomical formation - fascia and capsules, tendons and bundles, cartilage and bones. The polyfunctional nature of the connective tissues is determined by the complexity of their composition and organization.
Loose fibrous connecting cloth loose fibrous connecting tissue (Textus Connectivus Collagenosus Laxus) is found in all organs, accompanies blood and lymphatic vessels and forms a stroma of many organs. The structure of loose fibrous connective tissue in various organs has similarities. Consists of cells and an intercellular substance.
Loose fibrous connective tissue The main cells of the connective tissue are: - Fibroblasts (family of fibril-forming cells), - macrophages - fat cells - adventitial cells, plasma cells, - pericitis - fat cells - leukocytes migrating from blood - sometimes pigmented Cells. Cellular composition
Loose fibrous connecting tissue to the macrophagic system includes a set of all cells with the ability to capture from the tissue fluid of the body foreign particles, dying cells, non-cellular structures, bacteria, etc. Phagocyte material is subjected to an enzymatic cleavage cell ("complete phagocytosis"), due to which the harmful are eliminated For the body, agents arising from local or penetrating from outside. The concept of the macrophage
Loose fibrous connecting tissue to the macrophage system include: - Macrophages of loose fibrous connective tissue, - star cells of sinusoid vessels of the liver, - free and fixed macrophages of hematopoietic organs, - Macrophages of the lung, - peritoneal macrophages of inflammatory exudates, - bone osteoclasts, - giant foreign cages bodies, - glial macrophages of nervous tissue (microgelia). The concept of the macrophage
Ruffle fibrous connecting fabric fat cells (tissue basophiles, labrocytes). These terms call cells in the cytoplasm of which there is a specific grain, resembling basophilic leukocyte granules. Puffed cells are regulators of the local homeostasis of the connective tissue. They take part in lowering blood coagulation, increasing the permeability of the hematotic barrier, in the process of inflammation, immunogenesis. Fat cells
Loose fibrous connecting tissue adipocytes (fat cells, lipocytes). So called cells that have the ability to accumulate backup fat in large quantities participating in trophic, energy education and water metabolism. Adipocytes are arranged by groups, less often, and, as a rule, near the blood vessels. Accumulating in large quantities, these cells form fatty tissue. Adipocytes.
The form of single aligning fat cells spherical. Mature fat cell typically contains one large drop of neutral fat, occupying the entire central part of the cell and surrounded by a thin cytoplasmic rim, in the thickened part of which is the kernel. Adipocytes loose fibrous connecting fabric
Ruffy fibrous connecting fabric Pigment cells (pigment, melanocytes). These cells contain a pigment melanin in their cytoplasm. There are many of them in the birthmarks, as well as in the connecting tissue of people with black and yellow races. Pigmentcites have a short, non-permanent form of processes, a large number of melanos (melanin granules) of 1525 nm and ribosomes. Part of the melanos from melanocytes of the skin migrates to other cells of the epidermis. Pigmented cells
Ruffle fibrous connecting fabric Intercellular substance, or matrix (substantia intercellularis), connective tissue consists of collagen and elastic fibers, as well as from the main (amorphous) substance. The intercellular substance, both in the embryos and in adults, is formed, on the one hand, by secretion, carried out by the connective tissue cells, and on the other from the blood plasma coming into the intercellular spaces. Intercellular substance
Sources 1.Alexandrovskaya O.V., Radostein T.N., Kozlov N.A. Cytology, histology and embryology. M.: Agropromizdat, p. 2.Gistology. Ed. Yu.I. Afanasyev. M.: Medicine, p. 3.Serov V.V. and Shehter AB Connecting tissue, M., 1981; 4. Chrutov N.G. Histogenesis of connective tissue. M.: Science, Ham A., Kormak D. Gistology. M.: Mir, t with. T with. 6.Shubnikova E.A. Functional fabric morphology. M.: Moscow State University, p.
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