An ordinary birch can be safely considered a symbol of Russia. This tree is extremely widespread throughout our country. It is unlikely that you can find someone who does not know this plant. It is used in industry, medicine and decorative gardening.
Birch is a leaf fall tree belonging to the birch family. Types of this plant Botany have more than a hundred. Most of Of these are trees, their height can reach 30-35, and sometimes 45 m. Among this diversity there are shrubs that are quite large and very small, fluttering. These plants are usually 200-250 years old, but sometimes their age can translate far over 300.
Birch Description
Root system Birch developed and very powerful. It is a rod and superficial. The seedlock is usually a rod root, but he stops growing enough and dies. Then the side root shoots are beginning to develop, giving many branches. They are located space at an angle of 30-40º and go to the ground shallow. This position of the apparent roots allows birch to have increased stability and durability. A very much in the structure of the roots depends on where the plant grows.
The first few years of their life birch grows very slowly. But when the main root dies and the peripheral part grows, the tree begins to grow much faster. Pretty close to the surface of the roots are taken from the ground all moisture and nutrients. Where birch grows, other plants are extremely difficult to survive.
An adult tree usually has a white, whitish-yellow, boring-reddish, sometimes brown, gray and even almost black, based on a variety. White color is due to the presence in the cells of the tissue of the wheel of a wheel-white painting resinous substance. The outer layer is called bark and is usually easily removed by layers or ribbons. In sufficient old birches, the lower departments of the trunk acquire a dark gray and elected deep cracks. In girth, the trunk is up to 1.5 m.
The leaves at the tree are smooth, with fine zabins around the edges, round or triangular shape with an elongated sharp tip, sit alternately on a short cutter. The leaf plate is clearly visible to the cereal veins, which are edged with tooths. Young fresh sheets are covered with adhesive resin and have gentle green. In the fall, before falling, foliage yellow.
Birch belongs to two-colon, separation and pollinated wind plants. Men's earrings appear in summer, bloom in spring and after that they immediately fall. The women are blocked together with the leaves and after pollination, fruits ripen in them, which are a small fence with nuts, equipped with "wings". Thanks to these refamps, birch fruits are able to carry out the wind over the distance over 100 m.
Varieties
Classification Berez is quite difficult, nerd scientists cannot come to a common opinion about this. The description of them is confusing due to polymorphism. Usually allocate the following 4 groups:
Albae. - This includes trees with bark of white, yellowish, pinkish and others. light shades.
Costata. - Trees with dense wood having various shades (cherry, white, black, yellow). The trunk is the ribbed, and the sheets are interesting volumetric veins.
Acuminatae. - Large trees with large leavesgrowing in subtropical climates.
Nanae. - Dwarf trees with small leaves.
Types of Berezy
Consider some types of birches:
Ordinary (wart, hound). The height is up to 35 m, the thickness of the barrel is 0.7-0.8 m. The most common variety of birches with white bark, which in young plants (up to 10 years old) has a brown color, and then whites. The branches are sleeping with many resinous growths, which are similar to warts, from where and the name - warts. Grows throughout Europe, in Asia and North Africa. The tree is unpretentious, very well tolerates very coldy And drought, but requires good solar lighting.
Fluffy (published). Height - 25-30 m, diameter - up to 0.8 m. Young trees have similarities with alder due to red-brown bark. But with age, resemblance disappears, as the trunk whites. The branch directed almost vertically, the branch form a wide scattered crown. Growing B. Western Europe, Central regions of Russia, in the Caucasus and in Siberia. Very winter-hardy, shadowing, loves wet and even swampy soils.
Erman (Stone). Relatively low tree (up to 15 m) with a cryption barrel, but in diameter there is up to 0.9 m. It has a peeling bark of dark gray and brown paints, which is ulcerated with large cracks with time. Translucent, wide and luxurious crown formed from the reprehensive branches. Perfectly tolerate cold, shadowed and undemanding. Swampy and wet soils transfers very badly, preferring stony terrain. It is often found on the Islands of Japan, in the northern provinces of China, on the Korean Peninsula. In Russia is growing on Far East, in Transbaikalia, Buryatia, Yakutia and in Kamchatka.
Cherry. The height is up to 25 m, thick up to 0.6 m. This birch is distinguished by uneven, cracked, brownish-reddish, almost cherry blossom. Growing on wet, lungs, well-drained soils. In the cold winters can be moderated. Common B. North America, Baltic countries, Belarus and in the central part of Russia.
Black (River). The height is up to 30 m, the girth of more than 1 m. It grows in the southern states of the United States, as it is very thermalized.
Karelian. It is capable of being a small bush, but it can also be wrapped in a height of up to 6-8 m. The trunk covers all sorts of irregularities, thanks to which the wood has an extremely interesting marble pattern.
Dwarf. Typical inhabitant mountain terrain and tundra. Looks like a shrub with pretty branched wart branches. Prefers to grow on very moistened, heavy soils.
Application
Bereza finds so much wide application. First of all, it is used by its wood. It makes various carpentry products, Phaneur, laminate. There is even such a color - birch, which is used in furniture manufacturing. Karelian variety for making is especially valued different crafts and furniture. Birch firewood is considered one of the best.
Birch juice is used in food Industry For the preparation of various drinks.
From Berestov, the dry distillation method is obtained to targe, which is used in veterinary medicine and medicine, as well as in the cosmetic industry.
For medical purposes, the use of leaves, bark and kidney birch, having bactericidal, choleretic, wound-healing, expectorant, diuretic, antiseptic and antipyretic properties. Birch brooms since ancient times were used for prevention and treatment various diseases.
These trees are widely used in artificial plantations, in landscape design and gardening. Practically do not require care and very decorative.
There are many versions of what the name "Bereza" came from. It is often associated with the word "Betulus", which is translated from Latin as "attenuated", "Blessed", i.e. He who drove the healing juice. Another version, suggests its origin from the word "Batuere" - Schish, beat. This is associated with the fact that with the help of birch rods punished naughty children.
The emergence of the Slavic word "Birza" belong to the Praslavyansky era. Then it sounded like "Berse", from the verb "Berechery". Such an origin is due to the fact that the Slavs have long been considered the Russian beauty with the gift of the Most High, who protects a person from the troubles and misfortunes.
IN european languages The name of the tree comes from the word "BHE", which is translated as "light", "clean", "white".
There are about 120 types of birrors. Often, a white tree is a plant that achieves 20 - 40 meters in height, but biologists also describe various shrubs, even those that are stealing on the ground.
Birchs have powerful roots that can be superficial or departing deep into. It depends on the cultivation conditions of the tree. The rod root very soon deviates, and the side roots develop quite quickly, and there are a huge number of uroxid roots.
Young birch grows very slowly, but after a few years its growth becomes very active.
The bark bark has a white color, which contributes to the presence of betulin - white resinous substance. The outer part of the trunk cortex, which is called birch, is usually easily disconnected by strips. The lower part of the barrel is almost always covered with dark crust, and large cracks appear on it.
Birch, has a not very thick pyramidal crown. Leaves at the tree reach 7 cm long and 4 cm wide. They are smooth, solid, on the edge of the sheet there are small teeth. The shape of the leaves is described by the rhombic to triangular, they have a wide wedge-shaped basis. IN autumn period, in front of the appeal, the leaves of birch yellow.
On the forest beauty is formed seating alternate kidneys, covered with sticky scales.
In the summer, men's flowers appear in complex inflorescences. First, they have a green color, but gradually boil. Their length reaches 2 - 4 cm. They consist of a large number of consistent servants.
In the spring, the stem of the male flower is lengthened, as a result of the described process, scales are revealed, squeezed by inflorescence, and stamens appear between them, which actively produce pollen.
Women's flowers are developing, always disposed of branches. Fertilized female flower It is lengthened, very often his leg appears.
The sorcement itself (Brunka) thickens and gradually turns into a plug, which matures at the end of the summer - early autumn, after which it crepts.
The male flowers fall immediately after fertilization.
Fruit white tree, They are superfluous nuts that are surrounded by a thin-grained wing. They are in the sinuses of fruit scales. The seeds are very lungs, they are unhindered to the wind over long distances (about 100 m) from the maternal tree.
Birchies are quite highly common trees that are important forest-forming rocks.
Most trees are frost-resistant, they with ease tolerate spring frosts and even eternal Merzlot. Birchs living in the subtropical climate require more Heat.
Birchs grow almost on all types of soil. It can be found on wet coastal territories, and in swampy districts, and in hot steppes, and on stony slopes.
Burizka is often described as a soil-free breed, because They are able to settles the terrain, which devastated as a result of the cutting or action of fire.
In the forest-steppes of Bereznyak, as well as aspen and willow, form small forests, which are called rods. Most often they are found in Western Siberia.
On average, the life expectancy of Birch is about 100-10 years old, but it happens that the trees reach 400 years.
On the surface and under the crust of the barrel lives a large number of Insects and other living organisms, among which are one of the largest beetles - a beetle deer.
In birch groves grows many widely described mushrooms. These are inhibitors, white birch mushrooms, black freight, some types of raws that live exclusively in the bereznyak landing community.
Also on birch grows healing Mushroom chaga. It is assessed in medicine.
Birch hanging (Lat. Betula Pendula) - plant type of birch genus (Betula) family (Betulaceae). Other Russian title types: birch bearded (Lat. Betula Verrucosa), birch wrapped, birch hung.
Beautiful wood up to 20 m high, with openwork, wrong crown. the main distinctive feature Birch - barrel, covered with white, smooth, peeling bark - bark. In adult birch trees, the lower part of the trunk is covered with a powerful blackcraft crust, with deep cracks, it is different from most of the most toll birches. Branches mostly hung, for which this birch received in the people the name - Birch wrapped. The young shoots of the riser birch - warts - from here another her name - birch beard.
The leaves of birch rimmed with cherry, gear, rhombic, bare, up to 7 cm, immediately after dissolved - resinous, sticky. In the fall of birch leaves, yellow color is acquired. Birch flowering begins to breaking leaves, flowers are collected in lower earrings. The fruit of birch is an oblong-elliptical winged nut.
The life expectancy of birch is 100-150 years old.
Birchs have a fairly large root system that gets moisture and nutrients from the upper soil layers, so vegetation under the birch of the scanty. The root system of Birch is strongly developed, but he penetrates the soil shallowfield, so trees are often subjected to windy.
Main characteristics and useful properties:
Bereza hung - a very light-minded breed, the conditions of the city transfers well.
- drought resistant;
- frost resistant;
- undemanding to soil conditions;
- rapidly growing;
- Wood birch (in production, for heating, etc.) is very widely used;
- from branches of Berzov knit brooms for a bath;
- kidneys and birch leaves are used in folk and official medicineThey have a diuretic, choleretic, cooler, blood purity, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. The leaves of the birch emit phytoncides that can kill pathogenic microorganisms after 3 hours;
- Spring birch juice is a tasty and healthy drink;
Application in landscaping:
Due to its unpretentiousness, birch is used in group landings, to create alleys (but necessarily on the lawn), small forest plantings, protective stripes, for landing in squares and parks, gardening areas of recreation, etc. It is possible to single landing of birch, but it should be borne in mind that they are losing foliage and twigs throughout the summer, so the territory around them requires periodic care.
Berbs are decorative with their openwork crown, bright colorful bark, light green foliage in spring and golden yellow - autumn. Birch hung is particularly good in conjunction with rowanins, splashes, oaks, linden, maples, bug, cherry, as well as on the background of coniferous rocks.
The best landing place:
Birch is a good lighting. With a lack of light birch, they become chili and oppressed.
The soil:
Birch - a tree undemanding to soils, but prefers light sandy.
Landing:
Birch transplant is best done in early spring. Birch transplant is carried out under the age of 5-7 years, since more adult copies are poorly accepted. Adult birchs are planted in winter, with a frozen room. The autumn transplant Berez is not recommended, as it has a greater percentage of seedlings. When landing the distance between plants at least 3 - 4 m. The soil mixture for planting consists of a sheet of land, peat and sand (2: 1: 2). It is desirable to a sand drainage device (layer 15 cm). Watering is obligatory during the landing and three or four days after it.
Very important mandatory rule When landing birch - in no case can no break the root neck of the seedling. If it is at least just below the soil level - the tree will suffer for several years, and then dies anyway. The fact is that, in this case, mycorrhosis is completely dying on birch roots, and without mushroom-symbiontes, there can be no birches. For the very reason, the birch does not tolerate soil embankments over the roots of adult trees and increasing the level of groundwater.
Care:
Birch care is minimal. The roots of Biros are shallow, so require watering into drought.
The feeding is possible early in spring, before the appearance of leaves, and in the late spring: on the water bucket - 1 kg of a cowboy, 10 g of urea, 15 g of ammonia nitrate. 10-year-old plants require 30 liters of such a solution, in 30 or more years - 50 liters.
The soil is loosened to a depth of 3 cm during weeding weeds. Mulch the prioritone circles peat, peat apart, wood chop layer 8-12 cm.
Trimming birch is not exposed so that the crown structure does not break, only dry branches are cut off.
Protection against diseases and pests:
Birch pests are dangerous as the May Beetle, an unpaired silkworm.
Beetles-tubes damage young shoots and leaves. The affected leaves are recommended to collect and burn, and the prioric circles are retrieving. The caterpillars of a silkworm-monastery and buccophal of the hurry eat leaves, leaving some veins. The caterpillars shake down, and plants are treated with insecticides. May beetles and their larvae eat roots. Pumping soil and selection of larvae
Birchs are subject to many mushroom diseases, the rutoff mushrooms that destroy the wood are especially dangerous. You should delete them.
Against rust conducts a spraying of fungicides, such as copper chlorokis (0.4%).
Dynamics of rising birch rim:
Birch lives up to 100-150 years old, he continues to grow to 50-60 years old, in thickness up to 80 years. During this period, the growth rate is changing so in the first 5-6 years height is moderate, subsequently significantly increases and, starting from about 10 years, reaches 75-90 cm per year. The final size is about 20 m in height.
From about 20 years of Birch, the hanging starts fruit. Scatters birch seeds very early, giving many seedlings.
Partners:
Croon Birch gives a thick shadow, and the branched root system deprives the land of moisture, so that the plants growing under the birch should be shadowed and carrying soil dryness.
You can plant next to the birch bubbler Kalinoliste and his varieties, some spirires, Karagan tree, deren white, hawthorn, honeysuckle Tatar and potatoes (although they will reduce the abundance of their flowering).
When landing, Berez should consider her neighborhood as the "hollow", especially birching with thin hanging branches, which are particularly suffering from coniferous.
You can buy seedlings with delivery in Yekaterinburg, by sending us a request for e-mail [Email Protected] Or contacting our experts by phone:
A brief message about birch can be used in preparation for the lesson. The story about birch for children can be complemented by interesting facts.
Report about Berezu
Bereza (Lat. Betula) belongs to the leaf fall trees of the Birch family. Birch is one of the most common trees in our country. There are about 100 types of birches.
Birch is a typical "resident" of the northern hemisphere. Her Area spread out of hot subtropics to areas with a very harsh climate.
Birch Description
The appearance of birch is familiar to everyone, the songs sing about it, poems compound, different parts of it are widely used in everyday life and in medicine.
This tree can reach a height of 20-40 m, and the girth of its barrel is 100-150 cm.
Crown birch fluffy, bright green. Leaves are small, up to 7 cm long and up to 4 cm wide, heart-shaped with a toothed edge. The cort is most of the trees white or yellowish. The outer part of the cortex - berson is usually very easy to peel. The tree has a powerful root system, or superficial or deeply flowing into the soil. It depends on the conditions for its growth. Young trees grow slowly, but after a few years the growth is significantly accelerated. Characteristic feature, distinguishing birch from many other trees, is the presence of so-called sergek.
How do people use birch?
For many centuries, a man uses birch in everyday life. Firewood is used to heat the dwellings, and in the bath are indispensable birch brooms. Wood is used for the manufacture of souvenirs and household items. Tar in the old days used as lubricant For the wheels, and today he has been widely used in perfumes and medicine.
One of their most luxurious eggs of the Great Faberge was manufactured in 1917 from the wood of the Karelian Birch.
Besides, in therapeutic purposes Kidney and birch leaves are used as a diuretic and bactericidal agent. Birch juice collected at the beginning of spring is used to prevent blood diseases. Tea from chaga ( birch mushroom) Helps to remove headache, improves appetite and restores forces.
We hope the outlined information about Birch helped you. And you can leave your message about birch through the comment form.
For Russians there is no tree Rodnaya Birch. The Word itself appeared in the VII century from the verb "Berechin". For the ancient Slavs symbol of fertility, as well as a defender of people was a deity - Bereginy, which they represented in the appearance of birch. In all likelihood, it came to us from those old days. Do you know how much and what types of birches grow in Russia? Today we have to find out.
Description
Many species of birches are trees, height reaching from 30 to 45 meters, in the girth, the trunk grows up to 150 centimeters, although there are large and small shrubs, including and sharpening, barely elevated above the ground. All representatives of the birch family are one-bedroom, separately,
The root system of the trees of this kind is powerful, it can be both superficial and oscillating incoming depth (depending on the conditions of growth). Flewing the rod root The seedling occurs quite quickly, but the side with huge number Thin uroxillary roots are developing rapidly. In the first years of birch, it grows very slowly, but over time, it starts to strive upwards, having won the victory over herbal vegetation.
The cort is from most types of white, yellow, pinkish or reddish-brown shade, although there are varieties with gray, brown and even a black outer part of the trunk. Cork tissue cells are filled with easily peeled betulin (resinous substance white color). In long-lived trees, quite often at the bottom of the trunk you can see the dark crust with many deep cracks.
The leaves of the representatives are regular, gear on the edges, solid, ovid-rhombic or triangular-ovoid shape, smooth, monosymmetric, in length reach 7 centimeters, in width - 4.
We reviewed general description Representatives of this kind. Now I would like to stay in some varieties in more detail. Do you know how many types of birch exist in the world? Biologists have about 120 varieties of slender, white-bar, light trees, in Russia, it grows about 65 varieties that differ in some signs. It was not for nothing that Birch became a symbol of our country.
In addition to the usual blond trees with long earrings, there are, it turns out, the varieties of a completely different appearance. The most common types of birches in Russia as hung and fluffy, although they are found in our country and trees with a crust of yellow, purple, cherry, gray, brown and black colors. In these unique trees, only experienced nerds will be able to recognize the representative of the genus birch. So, for example, in the Far Eastern Taiga, birch with a shaggy crust instead of Beresta grows. Also there are trees with a dark purple outdoor part of the trunk. This species received the name of the iron birch due to solid wood, the strength of which is only inferior to the Boccuit (wood growing in the tropics).
Betula Pendula.
As we said, the symbol of Russia is birch. Types and varieties of the most common trees in our country we will be considered in the article. And let's start with the birch by the rim (warthog). This tree in height can reach 30 meters at a stem diameter of 60-80 centimeters. It is characterized by an openwork crown, with hanging down escapes, snow-white or grayish-white bark with various cracks, the form of which depends on the type of birch. At the bottom of the trunk it is possible to form a rough crust. Birchs with a diamond-fictional shape are growing accelerated, respectively, with rudeness - slowly. The main feature of this species is the presence of small growths, so-called warts on young branches. Karelskaya is considered the most valuable variety of birch.
Betula Pubescens.
Fluffy birch is a straight branch with outstretched branches, smooth white or gray-colored bark and hanging down young escapes. Capital birch is especially valued.
Betula Pubescens meets in almost all zones, the exception is the extreme northern and southern places where the shrub species are growing. Description of the growth area of \u200b\u200btrees: The most common types of birches are often growing in one forestarks, despite the fact that their environmental properties are different; For birch, dry places on the hill are preferably preferably preferably, and for fluffy - very moistened; Sometimes even occurs on swampy sites. These types of birches grow beautifully with deciduous and coniferous trees.
Mini-tree
What are the types of birches, except the above-mentioned varieties on the expanses of our country? In addition to high-private white-sided trees in the mountains of Russia, dwarf birches grow. Some species are found in the Altai and Highland Central Asia. Botany numbered about 12 varieties of low-spirited trees growing around the world. So, for example, in Altai, you can admire the mellular birch, on the Pamiro-Altai - Altai and Turkestan, and in Tian-Shan - Birch Sapozhnikov and Tien Shanskaya.
In our country are found in the extreme north, mainly in the brass landscape zone subarctic belt northern Hemisphere With characteristic moss-lichen vegetation and mountain tundra eastern Siberia. The most common low birching is a dwarf, skinny, birch of Middendorf and Komarov.
Some species are so small that height is inferior to the mushrooms-underbest. In certain areas you can find dwarf trees, appearance More resembling shrubs: Birch Kuzmishchev, Gmlin, low-spirited, coaty, ovalnoliste and Far Eastern. Grow mainly in the forest areas, on swamp plots in the forest.
Berez Daurskaya
Tamble trees are widespread in the Far East, although some of them can admire and in Eastern Siberia.. These belong to Birch Dauroskaya. A tree with an openwork crown grows up to 25 m in height. The main difference from other species is the original bark: in young birchings, it is a pinkish shade, in old - dark gray, less than black and brown, with cracks along the fibers. Beresta can periodically peel and partially fall out the remaining part that hangs by shreds, creates an effect of curlyness. Dark green leaves of the birch of Dauros (black) oval shape to the autumn acquire a yellow-brown shade. Blossom starts immediately after the dissolution of the leaves. The duration of the growing season is shorter than other species.
Birch groves
In the mountains Black Sea coast South of Tuapse and the Riona Basin are small forest arrays Berezia Medvedev. Due to the good rooting of the branches, this species often grows on the slopes, new subsidiaries are formed from rooted shoots.
Unusual view of a grove formed by Birch Rude with Red-Pink Best. Sole representative sharp trees in Russia - the birch of Maximovich, which occur only on the very southern Island Kunashir (Kuril Rud).
Moscow Collection
In the main botanical garden of the capital, only two varieties of North American trees are allocated from the entire collection. How they are not like our blond species birches! Only the presence of numerous earrings typical of this plant indicate that we native sister Our Berezonka. There are also trees with golden shiny bark. This is one of North American species.
Now you know how many types of birches are growing on everything globe and that Russia has become the richest species composition Birosis country.
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