Winter: Snow is a kind of winter precipitation in the form of crystals or flakes.
Snowfall - heavy snowfall in winter.
A snowstorm is a strong blowing snowstorm that occurs mainly in flat, treeless areas.
A blizzard is a snow storm with strong winds.
Blizzard - winter phenomenon in inanimate nature, when a strong wind raises a cloud of dry snow, and worsens visibility at low temperatures.
Buran - a blizzard in the steppe area, in open places.
A blizzard is the transfer of previously fallen and (or) falling snow by the wind.
Black ice is the formation of a thin layer of ice on the surface of the earth as a result of a cold snap after a thaw or rain.
Icing - the formation of a layer of ice on the surface of the earth, trees, wires and other objects that form after freezing of raindrops, drizzle;
Icicles - icing with a drain of liquid in the form of a cone pointed downwards.
Frosty patterns are, in fact, frost that forms on the ground and on tree branches, on windows.
Freeze - a natural phenomenon when a continuous ice cover is established on rivers, lakes and other bodies of water;
Clouds are accumulations of water droplets and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere, visible in the sky with the naked eye.
Ice - as a natural phenomenon - is the process of transition of water into a solid state.
Frost is a phenomenon when the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius.
Hoarfrost is a snow-white fluffy coating growing on tree branches, wires in a quiet frosty weather, mainly during fog, appearing with the first sharp cold snaps.
Thaw - warm weather winter with melting snow and ice.
Spring: Ice drift - the movement of ice downstream during the melting of rivers.
Snowmelt is a natural phenomenon when snow begins to melt.
Thawed patches - a phenomenon early spring, when areas that have thawed from snow appear, most often around trees.
High water - a phase that repeats annually at the same time water regime rivers with a characteristic rise in water level.
Thermal winds are common name for winds associated with the temperature difference that occurs between a cold spring night and a relatively warm sunny day.
The first thunderstorm atmospheric phenomenon when between the cloud and the earth's surface there are electrical discharges- Lightning accompanied by thunder.
Snow melting
The murmur of streams
Summer:
A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon when electrical discharges occur between a cloud and the earth's surface - lightning, which is accompanied by thunder.
Lightning is a giant electrical spark discharge in the atmosphere that can usually occur during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder.
Zarnitsa - instantaneous flashes of light on the horizon during a distant thunderstorm. This phenomenon is observed, as a rule, in the dark. Thunder peals are not heard due to the distance, but flashes of lightning are visible, the light of which is reflected from cumulonimbus clouds (mainly their tops). The phenomenon among the people was timed to coincide with the end of summer, the beginning of the harvest, and is sometimes called bakers.
Thunder is a sound phenomenon in the atmosphere that accompanies a lightning discharge.
Hail is a type of rainfall consisting of pieces of ice.
Rainbow is one of the most beautiful phenomena of nature, resulting from refraction sunlight in water droplets suspended in the air.
Downpour - heavy (torrential) rain.
Heat is a state of the atmosphere characterized by hot air heated by the sun's rays.
Dew - small drops of moisture that settle on plants or soil when the morning coolness sets in.
Summer warm rains
The grass is green
Flowers are blooming
Mushrooms and berries grow in the forest
Natural phenomena are ordinary, sometimes even supernatural, climatic and meteorological events that occur naturally in all corners of the planet. It can be snow or rain familiar from childhood, or it can be incredible destructive or earthquakes. If such events take place away from the person and do not cause him material damage, they are considered unimportant. No one will draw attention to this. Otherwise, dangerous natural phenomena considered by mankind as natural disasters.
Research and observation
Characteristic natural phenomena people began to study in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century, and even a separate section of science (natural science) was formed that studies these events. However, despite many scientific discoveries, and to this day, some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly understood. Most often, we see the consequence of an event, and we can only guess and build about the root causes. various theories. Researchers in many countries are working on forecasting the occurrence, and most importantly, preventing their possible occurrence or at least reducing the damage caused by natural phenomena. And yet, despite all the destructive power of such processes, a person always remains a person and strives to find something beautiful, sublime in this. What natural phenomenon is the most fascinating? They can be listed for a long time, but, probably, it should be noted such as a volcanic eruption, a tornado, a tsunami - they are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.
Weather phenomena of nature
Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Each season has its own set of events. So, for example, in the spring the following snowmelt, flood, thunderstorms, clouds, wind, rains are observed. AT summer period the sun gives the planet an abundance of heat, natural processes at this time are most favorable: clouds, warm wind, rain and, of course, a rainbow; but can also be severe: thunderstorms, hail. In autumn they change, the temperature drops, the days become cloudy, with rain. During this period, the following phenomena prevail: fogs, leaf fall, hoarfrost, first snow. in winter vegetable world falls asleep, some animals hibernate. The most frequent natural phenomena are: freezing, snowstorm, blizzard, snow, on the windows appear
All these events are ordinary for us, we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's look at the processes that remind humanity that it is not the crown of all, and the planet Earth just sheltered it for a while.
Dangerous natural phenomena
These are extreme and severe climatic and meteorological processes that occur in all parts of the world, but some regions are considered more vulnerable to certain types of events than others. Hazardous natural phenomena become disasters when infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses represent major obstacles to human development. It is practically impossible to prevent such cataclysms; all that remains is timely forecasting of events in order to prevent casualties and material damage.
However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural phenomena can take place on different scales and at different times. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, and therefore it is very difficult to predict it. For example, flash floods and tornadoes are destructive but short-lived events affecting relatively small areas. Other dangerous disasters, such as droughts, can develop very slowly, but affect entire continents and entire populations. Such disasters last for several months, and sometimes even years. In order to monitor and predict these events, some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are entrusted with the task of studying dangerous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, airborne ash, tsunamis, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.
Now let's take a closer look at some natural phenomena.
Drought
The main reason for this cataclysm is the lack of rainfall. Drought is very different natural Disasters its slow development, often its beginning is hidden various factors. There are even recorded cases in world history when this disaster lasted for many years. Drought often has devastating consequences: first, water sources (streams, rivers, lakes, springs) dry up, many crops stop growing, then animals die, widespread realities become poor health and malnutrition.
Tropical cyclones
These natural phenomena are areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating system of thunderstorms and winds hundreds (sometimes thousands) of kilometers across. The speed of surface winds in the zone of a tropical cyclone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour or even more. The interaction of low pressure and wind-driven waves often results in a coastal storm surge - a huge volume of water washed ashore with tremendous force and high speed, which washes everything in its path.
Air pollution
These natural phenomena occur as a result of the accumulation in the air of harmful gases or particles of substances resulting from cataclysms (volcanic eruptions, fires) and human activities (work industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Haze and smoke come from fires in undeveloped lands and forest areas, as well as burning the remains of agricultural crops and logging; Moreover, due to the formation volcanic ash. These atmospheric pollutants have very serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such cataclysms, visibility is reduced, there are interruptions in the operation of road and air transport.
desert locust
Such natural phenomena cause serious damage in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather favor the reproduction of these insects, they are concentrated, as a rule, in small areas. However, with an increase in the number of locusts, it ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. From small groups, huge flocks are formed, moving in search of food. The length of such a jamb can reach tens of kilometers. In a day, he can cover distances of up to two hundred kilometers, sweeping away all vegetation in his path. So, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the flock) can eat as much food per day as ten elephants or 2500 people eat. These insects pose a threat to millions of pastoralists and farmers living in vulnerable environmental conditions.
Flash floods and flash floods
Data can occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. Any flood plains are vulnerable to floods, and violent storms cause flash floods. In addition, flash floods are sometimes even observed after periods of drought, when very heavy rains fall on a hard and dry surface through which water flow cannot seep into the ground. These natural events are characterized by the most various kinds: from violent small floods to a powerful layer of water that covers vast areas. They can be caused by tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, monsoons, extratropical and tropical cyclones(their strength can be increased by exposure to warm current El Niño), melting snow and ice jams. AT coastal areas as a result of tsunamis, cyclones or rising water levels in rivers, due to unusually high tides, storm surges often lead to flooding. The reason for the flooding of vast territories below the barrier dams is often the flood on the rivers, which is caused by melting snow.
Other natural hazards
1. Debris (mud) flow or landslide.
5. Lightning.
6. Extreme temperatures.
7. Tornado.
10. Fires on undeveloped lands or in forests.
11. Heavy snow and rain.
12. Strong winds.
It is known that the earth's crust, together with part of the upper mantle, is not a monolithic shell of the planet, but consists of several large blocks (plates) with a thickness of 60 to 200 km. In total, 7 huge slabs and dozens of smaller slabs are distinguished. The upper part of most plates is both the continental and oceanic crust, that is, on these plates there are continents, seas and oceans.
The plates rest on a relatively soft, plastic layer of the upper mantle, over which they slowly move at a rate of 1 to 6 cm per year. Neighboring plates approach, diverge or slide one relative to the other. They "float" on the surface of the plastic layer of the upper mantle, like pieces of ice on the surface of water.
As a result of the movement of plates in the depths of the Earth and on its surface, complex processes constantly occur. So, for example, when plates collide with the oceanic crust, deep sea trenches(troughs), and in the collision of plates, which are the base of the continental crust, mountains can form. When there is a convergence of two plates with the continental crust, their edges, together with all the sedimentary rocks accumulated on them, are crushed into folds, forming mountain ranges. With the onset of critical overloads, the folds are displaced and torn. Breaks occur instantly, accompanied by a push or a series of pushes that have the character of blows. The energy released during the rupture is transmitted in the thickness of the earth's crust in the form of elastic seismic waves and leads to earthquakes.
The boundary regions between the lithospheric plates are called seismic belts. These are the most restless, mobile areas of the planet. Most are concentrated here active volcanoes and occurs at least 95% of all earthquakes.
Thus, geological natural phenomena are associated with the movement of lithospheric plates and changes occurring in the lithosphere.
Dangerous geological phenomenon- an event of geological origin or the result of an activity geological processes arising in earth's crust under the influence of various natural or geodynamic factors or their combinations that have or may have damaging effects on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the natural environment.
Hazardous geological natural phenomena include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and landslides.
Meteorological natural phenomena
Dangerous meteorological phenomenon- natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or combinations thereof that have or may have damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic objects and the natural environment.
These processes and phenomena are associated with various atmospheric processes, and above all with the processes occurring in bottom layer atmosphere - troposphere. About 9/10 of the total air mass is in the troposphere. Under the influence solar heat entering the earth's surface, and the force of gravity in the troposphere forms clouds, rain, snow, wind.
Air in the troposphere moves in both horizontal and vertical directions. Strongly heated air near the equator expands, becomes lighter and rises. There is an upward movement of air. For this reason, a belt of low atmospheric pressure forms near the Earth's surface near the equator. At the poles, due to low temperatures, the air cools, becomes heavier and falls down. There is a downward movement of air. For this reason, near the Earth's surface near the poles, the pressure is high.
In the upper troposphere, on the contrary, above the equator, where ascending air currents predominate, the pressure is high, and above the poles it is low. Air is constantly moving out of the area high blood pressure to the region reduced pressure. Therefore, the air rising above the equator spreads towards the poles. But due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the moving air does not reach the poles. As it cools, it becomes heavier and sinks at approximately 30° north and south latitudes, forming regions in both hemispheres high pressure.
Large volumes of air in the troposphere with uniform properties are called air masses. Depending on the place of formation air masses four types are distinguished: equatorial air mass, or equatorial air; tropical air mass, or tropical air; moderate air mass, or temperate air; arctic (antarctic) air mass, or arctic (antarctic) air.
The properties of these air masses depend on the territories over which they formed. Moving, air masses retain their properties for a long time, and when they meet, they interact with each other. The movement of air masses and their interaction determine the weather in those places where these air masses come. The interaction of various air masses leads to the formation of moving air in the troposphere. atmospheric vortices cyclones and anticyclones.
Cyclone is a flat ascending vortex with a low atmospheric pressure in the center. The diameter of a cyclone can be several thousand kilometers. The weather during the cyclone is overcast, with strong winds.
Anticyclone is a flat descending vortex with high atmospheric pressure, with a maximum in the center. In an area of high pressure, air does not rise, but falls. The air spiral unwinds in the northern hemisphere clockwise. The weather during the anticyclone is cloudy, without precipitation, the wind is weak.
With the movement of air masses, with their interaction, the appearance of dangerous meteorological phenomena that can cause natural disasters. These are typhoons and hurricanes, storms, snow storms, tornadoes, thunderstorms, drought, very coldy and fogs.
Hydrological natural phenomena
Water on the surface of the Earth is found in the oceans and seas, in rivers and lakes, in the atmosphere in gaseous state and in glaciers in a solid state.
All the waters on Earth that are not part of rocks, are united by the concept of "hydrosphere". The volume of all water on Earth is so large that it is measured in cubic kilometers. A cubic kilometer is a cube with each edge measuring 1 km, completely filled with water. The weight of 1 km 3 of water is 1 billion tons. The Earth contains 1.5 billion km 3 of water, 97% of which is the World Ocean. Currently, it is customary to divide the oceans into 4 separate ocean and 75 seas with bays and straits.
Water is in constant circulation, while closely interacting with the air shell of the Earth and with land.
The driving force behind the water cycle is solar energy and gravity.
Under the influence sun rays water evaporates from the surface of the ocean and land (from rivers, reservoirs, soil and plants) and enters the atmosphere. Part of the water immediately returns with rain back to the ocean, part is carried by winds to land, where it falls to the surface in the form of rain or snow. Getting on the soil, water is partially absorbed into it, replenishing the reserves of soil moisture and groundwater, and partially flows into rivers and reservoirs. Soil moisture partly passes into plants, which evaporate it into the atmosphere, and partly flows into rivers. Rivers fed by surface and groundwater, carry water to the oceans, making up for its loss. Water, evaporating from the surface of the World Ocean, again finds itself in the atmosphere, and the cycle closes.
This movement of water between constituent parts nature and all areas earth's surface occurs continuously and continuously for many millions of years.
The water cycle in nature, like a closed chain, consists of several links. There are eight such links: atmospheric, oceanic, underground, river, soil, lake, biological and economic. Water constantly passes from one link to another, linking them into a single whole. In the process of the water cycle in nature, dangerous natural phenomena constantly arise that affect the safety of human life and can lead to catastrophic consequences.
Dangerous hydrological phenomenon- an event of hydrological origin or the result of hydrological processes arising under the influence of various natural or hydrodynamic factors or their combinations that have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the natural environment.
Natural hazards of a hydrological nature include floods, tsunamis and mudflows.
Biological natural hazards
Living organisms, including humans, interact with each other and the environment. inanimate nature. In this interaction, there is an exchange of substances and energy, there is a continuous reproduction, growth of living organisms and their movement.
Among the most dangerous natural phenomena of a biological nature, which have a significant impact on the safety of human life, are:
- natural fires (forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat fires and underground fires of fossil fuels);
- infectious diseases people (isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of unknown etiology);
- infectious animal diseases (single outbreaks of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, enzootics, epizootics, panzootics, infectious diseases of farm animals of unknown etiology);
- defeat of agricultural plants by diseases and pests (epiphytoty, panphytoty, disease of agricultural plants of unknown etiology, mass distribution of plant pests).
natural fires include forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat fires. The most common forest fires that occur annually, bring enormous losses and lead to human casualties.
Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area. In dry weather and wind, forest fires cover large areas.
In hot weather, in the absence of rain for 15-20 days, the forest becomes a fire hazard. Statistics show that in 90-97% of cases the cause of forest fires is the life of people.
Epidemic- the widespread spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory. The usual (minimal) incidence for a given area is most often isolated cases of diseases that do not have a connection with each other.
epizootics- mass infectious diseases animals.
Epiphytoties- mass diseases of plants.
The mass spread of infectious diseases among people, farm animals or plants poses a direct threat to the safety of human life and can lead to emergencies.
infectious diseases- This is a group of diseases that are caused by specific pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Characteristic features infectious diseases are: contagiousness, i.e., the ability to transmit pathogens from a sick organism to a healthy one; stages of development (infection, incubation period, illness, recovery).
Space hazardous natural phenomena
The Earth is a cosmic body, a small particle of the Universe. Other space bodies can provide strong influence to earthly life.
Everyone has seen “shooting stars” appear and go out in the night sky. it meteors- small celestial bodies. We observe a short-term flash of hot luminous gas in the atmosphere at an altitude of 70-125 km. It occurs when a meteor enters the atmosphere at high speed.
Consequences of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. Photo 1953
If during the time of movement in the atmosphere the solid particles of the meteor do not have time to completely collapse and burn out, then their remnants fall to the Earth. it meteorites.
There are also larger celestial bodies that the planet Earth can meet. These are comets and asteroids.
Comets are fast moving starry sky body solar system moving in highly elongated orbits. As they approach the Sun, they begin to glow and they have a “head” and “tail”. central part"head" is called the nucleus. The core diameter can be from 0.5 to 20 km. The core is an icy body of frozen gases and dust particles. The "tail" of a comet consists of gas molecules and dust particles that have escaped from the nucleus under the influence of sunlight. The length of the "tail" can reach tens of millions of kilometers.
asteroids- These are small planets, the diameter of which ranges from 1 to 1000 km.
About 300 are currently known. space bodies, which can cross the Earth's orbit. In total, according to astronomers' forecasts, there are approximately 300 thousand asteroids and comets in space.
The fall of the Sikhote-Alin meteorite
The meeting of our planet with the big ones celestial bodies poses a serious threat to the entire biosphere.
The world around us natural environment is constantly changing, there are processes of metabolism and energy in it, and all this, taken together, gives rise to various natural phenomena. Depending on the intensity of the manifestation and the power of the ongoing processes, these natural phenomena can pose a threat to human life and an emergency situation. natural character.
Test yourself
- Name the main groups of hazardous natural phenomena.
- List the main natural phenomena geological nature and explain why they occur.
- What are the main natural phenomena of a meteorological and hydrological nature? Specify their interdependence.
- Describe natural hazards of a biological nature. Name the reasons for their occurrence.
After lessons
Learn from adults, look on the Internet and record in a safety diary the main natural phenomena of the geological, meteorological, hydrological and biological origin in your region.
Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 7 Petrov Sergey ViktorovichFrom the book The ABC of Safety in Emergencies. author Zhavoronkov V.
7. 1. DANGEROUS FINDINGS The Russian land is wide. She is big and rich. It is rich in forests, fields, clean forest lakes. It is sometimes rich in unexpected danger lurking for decades. Almost sixty years have passed since the Great Patriotic War by territory
From the book All masterpieces of world literature in brief. Plots and characters. Foreign literature XVII-XVIII centuries the author Novikov V IDangerous Liaisons (Les liaisons dangereuses) Novel (1782) The events described in the letters that make up the outline of the narrative fit into a short period of time: August - December 17 ... But in such a short period of time from the correspondence of the main characters we comprehend their life
From the book of Miracles: A popular encyclopedia. Volume 1 author Mezentsev Vladimir AndreevichThe most dangerous One of the most dangerous creatures for humans is the "sea wasp", a small jellyfish of the Indian Ocean. It is called "the horror of Australian beaches." She kills a person in seconds by touching her tentacles. Penetrating into the blood, poison " sea wasp» calls
From the book How to circumnavigate the world. Tips and instructions for making dreams come true author Yordeg ElisabettaDangerous animals in tropical seas great amount animals. Some of them, very few, are dangerous, and you need to be able to recognize them. Don't think about sharks right away. In my entire life, I've only met a man with a shark bite scar once. It happened on
From the book In the world fun facts the author Zemlyanoy BDANGEROUS NEIGHBORS In a survey of 29 states, grain losses, according to the UN, during storage reach 5 percent, which is about 26 million tons in total. Half of this grain is destroyed by the granary weevil, grain moth and other granary pests. known
From the book of Misfortune of the Neva banks. From the history of the St. Petersburg floods the author Pomeranets KimWeather forecasts in St. Petersburg and around. Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena and storm
From the book Encyclopedia of dowsing author Krasavin Oleg AlekseevichHazardous Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Storm Warnings A special place in synoptic practice is occupied by forecasts of hazardous phenomena (HP) that pose a threat to human life and activities. According to data for 1980-2000. in the northwestern region of Russia annually
From book Big Encyclopedia canning author Semikova Nadezhda Alexandrovna From the book Daring book for girls author Fetisova Maria Sergeevna From the book Computer Terrorists [ The latest technology in the service of the underworld] author Revyako Tatyana Ivanovna1. Dangerous signs A lot has been written about signs and superstitions. Serious thinkers often speak of them with irritation. They are upset that people often believe in something dubious. But there was such a not always serious, but very smart scientist - the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. Above
From the book I know the world. Insects the author Lyakhov PetrDangerous Liaisons Police in the small town of Russellville, Arkansas were twice preoccupied with calls from 54-year-old Patricia Walton. As it turned out, her 40-year-old husband Marion (Marion) Walton regularly cheated on her via the Internet with an unidentified partner from Canada. Patricia
From the book Rock Encyclopedia. Popular music in Leningrad-Petersburg, 1965–2005. Volume 2 author Burlaka Andrey PetrovichDangerous Digital Keyboards The District Court of Brooklyn, New York, has ordered Digital Equipment to pay $5.3 million to 50-year-old Patricia Geressy, a former executive secretary of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Jeressy in his statement of claim accused
From the book Autonomous Survival in extreme conditions and autonomous medicine the author Molodan IgorEspecially dangerous cocoonworms "Especially dangerous!.. Threats!.. Center of mass destruction!.. Massive raid!.. Many hectares destroyed!" - no, these are not reports from the front, where weapons of mass destruction are being used with might and main, these are just excerpts from scientific papers,
From the book Survival Primer extreme situations the author Molodan IgorDANGEROUS NEIGHBORS In the second half of the 1980s, the St. Petersburg group DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS achieved success by offering groovy, lively and cheerful rock and roll, melodic ballads as a healthy alternative to the socially critical pathos and monumentality of domestic rock stands
From the author's book3.8. Dangerous phenomena weather 3.8.1. Thunderstorm If there is a danger of falling into the epicenter of a thunderstorm, it is necessary to take, if possible, a dry or slightly wet place 1.5–2 meters from rocks or individual trees towering 10 meters or more. Lightning most often hits
From the author's bookDangerous weather phenomena Dried feather grass can be used to predict the weather. It is sensitive to all changes in the atmosphere: dry clear weather its panicle twists into a spiral, and straightens with an increase in air humidity. Homemade barometer. For
Loading...
