In Russia, there is a pretty late need for the construction of hydraulic structures. Unlike other countries, due to the wealth of water resources, Russia has not been laugmented. Numerous full-flow rivers and lakes quite satisfy the need of the population in water. Another feature of Russia is thickening thirst from the spring, the well. Therefore, very many settlements had their respectals, who served for people the main source of water supply. The first hydraulic structures were mainly erected as defensive structures, in the form of channels around fortresses and cities. Given the huge spaces of Russia and the remoteness of many areas from the sea routes, the rivers were binding waterways that allowed the most remote corners to participate in the life of the country. Those riches owned by Rus met precisely on the rivers for which caravans with a cargo, goods. Shipping in Russia required to improve the available waterways or look for new ones. Such work was carried out already in the XII century. Basically, the channels were built to rely inside the cunning thresholds on rivers, which could not be overcome by cheap ships, or to connect river basins. Considering that in those days, shipping was carried out by the wolt, burlaca, attempts were made to hide the river bed to reduce the path of the goods. Currently, hydrodynamic structures are objects created in order to:
use of the kinetic water energy (hydropower station);
cooling technological processes;
amelioration;
protection of coastal territories (dams);
water intake for water supply and irrigation;
fishery;
water level control;
ensure the activities of marine and river ports;
for shipping (gateways).
Large-scale hydroelectric systems are well-developed technologies for receiving electricity due to water energy. In some countries, for example, in Brazil and Norway, a very large proportion of the electricity produced is produced by hydropower systems. These systems can use stormy mountain rivers or be based on massive damage for dam and flooding. There are many ways to use water energy, of which some are commercial and tested, while others based on the energy of the oceans remain under development, but show huge potential.
Hydraulic structures of pressure type are dams that create a rise and, therefore, water pressure, which is then used to rotate any mechanisms: turbines, melnitz blades. Three term should be distinguished here: a dam, dam, hydroeers.
The dam usually creates water lifting, but does not have drain or it is very limited.
Dam is a structure, also creating water pressure, but almost with its constant runoff.
Hydrozel - system of structures and reservoirs associated with a single regimen regimen. The stability and strength of hydraulic structures of the pressure front is set at the maximum calculated values \u200b\u200bof the water level, wind speed, wave height. Social and environmental impact of hydropower technologies. Hydropower technologies have many advantages and at least in terms of large-scale schemes, several large drawbacks. Where the rains are seasonal, low water resources during the droughts can seriously affect the power generation capacity. This can be a significant problem where hydropower is a solid share in the development of the country. Large Damage Schemes cause well-lit problems: relocation of local residents, drying out natural breeders, planting reservoirs, water disputes between neighboring countries and a huge cost of financing these projects. Local questions belong to the ability of fish to get into their spawning places above the flow and visual impact in places of stunning beauty of nature. Wave technologies have to fight a very aggressive medium and it is likely that the cost of such technologies will be high. Potential resources are practically unlimited, and research continues.
About 44 thousand high dams operated currently around the world, of which 43 thousand were erected in the 20th century, including 37.4 thousand since 1950, are the best characteristic of damage in providing sustainable development of civilization for 5,000 years . More than 8000 km3 of the river flow regulated with their help is used for irrigation of 270 million hectares of land, work out almost 2460 billion kWh (18.5% of the world's total) electricity, flood protection, technical and drinking water requirements , creation areas of recreation and shipping opportunities on previously inaccessible areas of rivers. At the same time, the presence of reservoir dams, along with the benefits, entails the creation of various kinds of risks, probabilistic by nature, of which the most well-known for negative consequences are social, material (economic), structural (hydrological, geodynamic, technical), ecological et al. In a broad sense, it means the inability of the object to ensure optimal benefits over a specified period of time. Social, material, environmental risks, as a rule, arise as a result of the implementation of constructive risk, so first of all it is necessary to take into account all the factors providing the required reliability of the structure. Under the constructive risk it means the property of the structure to undergo failures with external influences and the reaction of the structure on them when the requirements of the technical documentation are not fulfilled. The characteristic models of constructive risk are the following:
1. Initial filling of the reservoir (about 80% of the total failure). In this case, the main risk factors will be excessive permeability of the dam dam, deformation heterogeneity, cracking at the base of the dam when interacting with the pressure flow.
2. Hydrological risk - erosion of the base in the lower bent beam.
3. Geodynamic, including seismic risks, is implemented in insufficient strength of the dam on the shift, cracking, significant fluctuations of the piezometric level of water at the base.
4. Other risks - excavation, insufficient shift strength and others. Analysis of the catastrophic destruction of a number of dams, their consequences, the study of the causes and patterns of various risks, their accounting and regulation are of great practical importance.
Ensuring security and reliability - the main condition for the construction of dams that are hydrodynamically dangerous objects.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects (GOO) - a construction or a natural education that creates the difference of water levels to (upper beyond) and after (lower bey). These include hydrotechnical facilities of the pressure front: dams, dams, dams, water drills and water intake structures, pressure pools and equalizing tanks, hydroeers, small hydroelectric power plants, structures included in the engineering protection of cities and agricultural land, as well as natural objects that impede free flow water. A feature of the destruction of such obstacles is the formation of a breakthrough wave (milk). Hydrodynamic Accident - This is an extraordinary event associated with the failure (destruction) of the hydrotechnical structure (GTS) or its part and the uncontrollable movement of large mass of water, carrying the destruction and flooding of extensive territories. The main potentially dangerous hydraulic structures include dams, water intake and water collection facilities (gateways). In mountainous areas as a result of earthquakes, collaps, landslides are formed by natural dams (dams), which are almost always dangerous for the lower settlements, industrial and agricultural facilities. Very dangerous destruction of the dam, which may entail extremely negative consequences for the economy and the environment, and the damage to exceed the cost of construction. When damaging the dam water from a high height and, with a huge speed, rushes to the bottom bey, pouring everything on its path. The probability of accidents Plotin begins to steadily rise at the age of facilities more than 30-40 years, which is evidenced by the accumulated information. Over the past 70 years, more than 1 thousand accidents of large hydrotechnical structures occurred in the world. The analysis shows that their main causes are the destruction of the foundation and insufficient throughput of the water supply, when water is overflowed through the crest of the dam. In such cases, water from a high height and with a huge speed rushes to the bottom bey, pouring everything on its path. In such cases, there are two factors: a breakthrough wave and a flood zone, each of which has its own characteristic and is dangerous for people.
From 1902 to 1977 Of the 300 accidents in various countries in 35% of cases, the reason was the exceedment of the estimated maximum discharge consumption, i.e., overflow of water through the crest of the dam, which, among other things, led to the destruction of the base of the dam. The ratio of accidents on various types of dams is shown in the following table (Source: World Damage Commission):
Dam Type Frequency Alarms,%
Earth 53.
Concrete gravitational 23.
Protective dams from local materials4
Arched reinforced concrete 3.
Dams of other types 17
The flooding zone in the destruction of the GTS is called part adjacent to the river (lake, reservoir) of the area flooded with water. Depending on the consequences of the effect of water flow due to the destruction of the GTS on the territory of possible flooding, the zone of the catastrophic flooding (ZKZ) is distinguished. This is part of the flooding zone, within which the breakthrough wave is distributed, which causes mass losses of people, the destruction of buildings and structures, the destruction of other material values. At its external borders, the height of the breakthrough wave greens exceeds 1 m, and its speed is more than 10 m / s. The time during which flooded areas can be under water, ranges from 4 hours to several days.
The parameters of the flooding zone depend on the size of the reservoir, water pressure and other characteristics of a particular hydraulic area, as well as from the hydrological and topographic features of the area. The zone of catastrophic flooding is determined in advance at the design stage of the GTS. In the boundaries of this zone, a plot of possible (probable) is extremely dangerous flooding, i.e., the territory through which the breakthrough wave passes within 1 hour. After an accident on the GTS. There are greatest losses among the population, strong destruction of OE and residential buildings.
Catastrophes on the rivers of the Russian Federation:
1993 Breakthrough of the Kiselevsky reservoir dams (Sverdlovsk region) on p. More than (total damage - 63.3 billion rubles.)
1994. Destruction of the dam of the Tylarland reservoir (Bashkiria) on the influx of p. White (total damage 52.3 billion rubles)
September 1994 Flood in Primorye 1999 and 2001
Flood in Yakutia July 2002
Flooding in the Krasnodar Territory led to the destruction of its hydraulic dispersion, she took the lives of 114,000 people and caused material damage in the amount of 15 billion rubles.
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Hydrodynamic accidents
The hydrodynamic accident is an extraordinary event associated with the failure (destruction) of the hydrotechnical structure or part of its part, and the uncontrollable movement of large mass of water, carrying the destruction and flooding of extensive territories.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects (GOO) are called a cozy and a natural order, creating a dirty water of water to (vertex beyond) and after (lower bey). GOO includes artificial and natural dams, guides, boots, dams, gateways, channels, etc.
Destruction (breakthrough) of hydraulic structures occurs as a result of the action of the forces of nature (earthquakes, hurricanes, blurred dams) or the impact of man (shocking with nuclear or conventional weapons on hydraulic structures, large natural dams of sabotage acts), as well as due to constructive defects or errors Design. Wear equipment, rotting structures, weathered, metal corrosion.
The consequences of hydrodynamic accidents are: - damage and destruction of hydraulic circulation and short-term or long-term cessation of their functions; - the defeat of people and the destruction of the constructions of the breakthrough, resulting from the destruction of the hydraulic structure, having a height from 2 to 12 m and the speed of movement from 3 to 25 km / h (for mountain areas - up to 100 km / h); - Catastrophic flooding of extensive areas of water layer from 0.5 to 10 m or more.
It also has a significant effect on the scope of the PAscript and the height of the wave of the area, which is moving along which it moves. On the lamps, the speed of its movement does not fit 25 km / h, and in the GoPach can reach 100 km / h. Forest arrays, hills, ores, etc. Reduce the speed of movement and the height of the wave of the progress.
Features of the focus of defeat.
The value of the population and the flooding of the population may vary depending on the density of the population in the flooding zone, the amount of and the severity of the state of affected), the speed and height of the wave of the wave, the temperature, water and the winding air (low temperature The fools occurs during which you can still save the victims).
Mechanical concerns can be consequence:
a uni-dynamic impact on the body of a man's wave; transformed action of fragments of buildings and co-visa, dusted wave of progress; The winning effect of the Paznichnaya PNEMETS, engaged in the movement of the wave of the break.
In the flooding zone often creates an unfaithful epidemiological situation. In the future, catastrophydic situations can be created, associated with a lack of power supply, lack of housing and PP.
Material damage for hydrodynamic accidents.
Damage and destruction of GTS, residential buildings, roads, power lines, communications; death and harvest; At the insulation and damage of raw materials, products, fuel; h Atrates on evacuation; with the soil of the fertile soil layer; s atrates for the purchase and delivery of food; with the gain of production of products by enterprises; In the occasion of diseases.
Warning events
If you live on the territory adjacent to the hydraulic dispenser, check if it falls into the zone of exposure to the breakthrough wave and possible catastrophic flooding. Find out if you are located near your hill, and what are the shortest ways to move towards them.
Explore yourself and familiarize family members with the rules of behavior when exposed to a breakthrough wave and flooding, with the procedure for general and private evacuation. Specify the collection site in advance, make a list of documents and property exported during evacuation.
Remember the locations of boats, rafts, other plaquinities and girlfriend for their manufacture.
How to act in the threat of a hydrodynamic accident
Upon receipt of information about the threat of flooding and evacuation, immediately, in the prescribed manner, go out (leave) from the danger zone to the designated safe area or on the sublime areas of the area. Take with you documents, values, essentials and food supply for 2-3 days. Part of the property that needs to be saved from flooding, but you can't take with you, transfer to the attic, the upper floors of the building, trees, etc.
Before leaving home, turn off the electricity and gas, tightly close the windows, doors, ventilation and other holes.
How to act in flood conditions for hydrodynamic accidents
With a sudden flooding to save from the blow of a breakthrough wave urgently take the nearest elevated place, pick up a large tree or the top floor of a steady building. If it is in water, when the breakthrough wave approaches, dive into depth at the base of the wave.
Once in the water, climbing or with the help of girlfriend, choose a dry place, best on the road or dam, which can be reached before unexplored territory.
When you flood your home, turn off its power supply, give a signal about finding the house (apartment) of people by hanging out of the window day of the flag from a bright fabric, and at night - the lantern. For information, use autonomous power radio. Made the most valuable property to the upper floors and attic. Organize taking into account food and drinking water, their protection against the impact of arriving water and economical spending.
Preparing for possible evacuation on water, take documents, essentials, clothing and shoes with water-repellent properties, reservoir rescue tools (inflatable mattresses, pillows).
Do not try to evacuate yourself. This is possible only with the visibility of uneplicable territory, the threat of deterioration of the situation, the need to obtain medical care, the consumption of food and the absence of prospects in obtaining assistance from the part.
The actions of the population in the event of an emergency:
Turn on TV or radio - find out the type of emergency. Collect documents. Collect the reserve of simple medicines. Collect the stock of products and water for 3 days, close the products hermetically.
Possible instructions for the alert of the population: to cover in place. Dispersed in terrain. Gather at the point of evacuation.
Evacuation groups: Column - 20-30 people in which the elder stands out. The composition of the column is also divided into groups of 5 people in which the elder is allocated. The average speed of the column is 4 km, when moving around the terrain. Every hour and a half, a hat for 10-15 minutes. After half of the intended path passed, the halt is satisfied for 1-2 hours.
When transporting people, buses, trucks, personal vehicles are used by road. Departure of the column, in every bus, the car and other vehicle is appointed senior. He is responsible for ensuring that the transport, discipline and the organization of movement must be observed, controls the movement of people in the vehicle entrusted.
What products are taken? Canned food. Smoked smoked Concentrates. Solid cheeses. Cracker. It is also necessary to take warm things (three shifts of things).
Everything is packaged into a sealed polyethylene package or other hermetic containers with the smallest weight. The thermos and the flask are taken with it.
How to act after the hydrodynamic accident
Before entering the building, make sure that there are no significant damage to overlaps and walls. Carry out the building to remove accumulated gases. Do not use open fire sources until fully venting out the room and checking the gas supply system.
Check the power of electrical wiring, gas supply, water supply and sewage pipes. To use them is permitted only after the conclusion of specialists about health and fitness
Seeing the room by opening all the doors and windows. Remove the dirt from the floor and walls, throw away the water from the basements. Do not eat foods that were in contact with water.
To ensure safety, in particular in production, in many countries, special legislation, directives, standards, regulating rules and measures to prevent emergency situations are developed.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects - These are hydraulic structures or natural formations that create the difference in water levels before and after this object. Basic hydraulic structures include dams, reservoirs and dams.
Hydrodynamic accident- This is an emergency event associated with the conclusion (destruction) of the hydraulic structure or part of its part and the uncontrollable movement of large masses of water, carrying destruction and flooding of extensive territories.
Destruction (breakthrough) of hydrotechnical structures occurs as a result of the action of the forces of nature (earthquake, hurricanes, flew dams) or human impact, as well as due to design defects or design errors.
Especially dangerous damage in the body of the dam (prost), sampled due to its erosion. The water flow to it forms a breakthrough wave, having a significant height of the crest and the speed of movement and the highest destructive power. The main consequence of the dam on the dam in hydrodynamic accidents is a catastrophic flooding of the area, which consists in the rapid flooding of the wave of the breakthrough of the lower locality and the emergence of flooding.
Catastrophic flooding is characterized by:
■ the highest possible height and speed of the breakthrough wave;
■ the calculated time of the coming ridge and the front of the breakthrough wave into the appropriate target;
■ borders of the zone of possible flooding;
■ maximum depth of flooding a specific area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain;
■ The duration of flooding the territory.
In the destruction of hydraulic structures flooded part adjacent to the river area, which is called the zone of possible flooding. Depending on the effects of the effect of hydropotypes formed during a hydraulic accident, on the territory of possible flooding, the zone of catastrophic flooding within which the breakthrough wave is distributed, causing mass losses of people, the destruction of buildings and structures, the destruction of other material values.
The time during which flooded areas can be under water, ranges from 4 hours to several days.
The main means of protecting the population from catastrophic flooding is evacuation. The evacuation of the population from the settlements located in the zone of a possible catastrophic population within the 4-hour trip of the wave of a breakthrough of dams of hydrotechnical structures is carried out in advance when declaring general evacuation, and behind these limits - with the immediate threat of flooding. The population evacuated from the zones of a possible catastrophic flooding in an unlottered territory.
Salvation of people and property in catastrophic flooding includes searching for them in a flooded area, loading on floating and helicopters and evacuation in safe places. If necessary, the victims provide first aid. Only after that, they start saving and evacuating animals, material values \u200b\u200band equipment. The order of rescue work depends on whether catastrophic flooding occurred suddenly or before that the relevant measures to protect the population and material values \u200b\u200bwere carried out in advance.
Intelligence links acting on high-speed boats and helicopters, first of all determine the places of the greatest cluster of people. Small groups of people scouts save themselves. For the export of people, boats, barges, barcases, boats, boats, rafts are used.
When searching for people in flooded territories, the crews of the plaspels periodically serve sound signals.
After the completion of the main work on the evacuation of the population, patrolling in the flood zones does not stop. Helicopters and boats continue to search.
To ensure the landing and disembarking of people, temporary berths build up, and the plaques are equipped with similarities. They prepare other devices for removing people from half-sponsored buildings, structures, trees and other items. Rescuers must have bugs, ropes, rescue circles and other necessary means and adaptations; Personal composition, taking direct participation in the salvation of people on water, should be in rescue vests.
In the zones of probable catastrophic floodings of the heads of enterprises and housing bodies, as well as the population necessarily introduce the boundaries of possible zones of flooding and its duration, with signals and methods of alerts against the threat of flooding or flooding, as well as places where people should be evacuated.
Hydrodynamic accident - This is an emergency associated with the failure (destruction) of the hydraulic structure (dam, dams, gateways) or its part. For the hydrodynamic accident is characteristic unmanageable movement of large mass of water, carrying destruction and flooding of extensive territories.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects Call facilities or natural formations that create a difference of water levels to (upper beaten) and after (lower bey). These include such hydraulic structures: dams, dams, dams, water reservoirs and water intake structures, pressure pools and equalization reservoirs, hydroells, small hydroelectric power plants and structures included in the engineering protection of cities and agricultural land.
Types of hydrodynamic accidents:
- damage breakthroughs (dams, gateways, jumpers, etc.) with the formation of a breakthrough waves leading to catastrophic flooding;
- dami breakthroughs (dams, gateways, jumpers, etc.), leading to a breakthrough flood;
- breakthroughs (dams, dams, gateways, jumpers, etc.), leading to a washout of fertile soils or deposition of nanos in large territories.
On flooded territory, four zones of catastrophic flooding are distinguished:
Zone of catastrophic flooding - Zone of flooding, within which mass losses of people, farm animals and plants occurred, material values, buildings and other structures were significantly damaged or destroyed.
First zone It is directly adjacent to the hydrocarbonation and extends 6-12 km from it. The wave height can achieve several meters here. It is characterized by a stormy flow of water at a flow rate of 30 km / h or more. The time of the wave is 30 minutes.
Second zone- rapid flow zone (15-20 km / h). The length of this zone may be 15-25 km. The time of the wave of 50-60 min.
Third zone - The medium-sized zone (10-15 km / h) with a length of up to 30-50 km. The time of the wave of 2-3 hours.
Fourth zone - zone of weak flow (spill). The flow rate here can reach 6-10 km / h. The length of the zone, depending on the terrain, can be 35-70 km.
There are more than 30 thousand reservoirs in our country and several hundreds of industrial waste and waste drives. There are 60 large reservoirs with a capacity of more than 1 billion m 3. Hydraulic structures operated on 200 reservoirs and 56 waste drives are potentially hazardous objects. (Fig.1).
Fig.1. Number of hydrodynamically dangerous objects by region of Russia,%
Hydraulic structures are divided into basic and minor.
TO basicthe facilities of the pressure of the pressure front, the breakthrough of which will entail a violation of the normal life of the population of nearby settlements, destruction, damage to residential buildings or objects of the national economy. These facilities in Russia about 40.
TO secondarythe hydraulic structures of the pressure front, the destruction or damage of which will not entail significant consequences.
Causes of hydrodynamic accidents and their consequences
Destruction (breakthrough) of hydraulic structures occurs as a result of the action of the forces of nature or human impact.
Natural causes of hydrodynamic accidents:
- earthquake
- hurricanes
- collars, landslides,
- the impact of floods.
The reasons associated with human activity:
- design errors;
- constructive defects of hydraulic structures;
- violation of the rules of operation;
- insufficient water supply and overflow of water through the dam;
- sabotage acts;
- applying shock by nuclear or ordinary weapons for hydraulic equipment.
Of the 300 dams of the dam (accompanied by a breakthrough) in various countries in 175 years in 35% of cases, the cause of the accident was a violation of the rules of operation - exceeding the calculated maximum dumping flow (overflow of water through the crest of the dam).
Agrowing factors of hydrodynamic accidents
1. The main one - Action breakthrough waves In the form of a direct shock impact on people and facilities, the mass of water moving at high speed, and the fragments of destroyed buildings and structures, other items. This wave is formed in the lower bese as a result of a rapid drop in water from the upper bey.
The breakthrough wave destroys a large number of buildings and structures. The degree of destruction will depend on their strength, as well as from the height and speed of the wave.
2. Catastrophic flooding of terrain With the destruction of systems that provide livelihoods, threat of life and health of people (stay in cold water, neuropsychic overvoltage, supercooling, drowning).
The consequences of hydrodynamic accidents
The consequences of accidents on hydrodynamically hazardous sites can be difficult.
1. Calculated, as a rule, in the draw or higher through the flow of large settlements and being occasional risk objects, during the destruction, they can lead to a catastrophic flooding of extensive territories, a significant number of cities and villages, economy facilities, to the mass death of people, long-term termination of shipping , agricultural and fish production.
Population losses in the breakthrough wave zone can reach at night 90%, and during the day - 60%.
The greatest danger is the destruction of hydraulic structures of the pressure editor - dams and dams of large reservoirs.
When they are destroyed, there is a catastrophic flooding of large areas and the destruction of significant material values.
In June 1993, a breakthrough of the dams of the Kisylene reservoir on R. Kakwe and a strong flood in Serov Sverdlovsk region took place. Emergency situation arose due to a catastrophic flood formed as a result of heavy rains and spring floods. With a sharp rise in water in R. Kakve, the flooding occurred 60 km 2 In its floodplain, residential arrays of Serov and nine other settlements. 6.5 thousand were injured from the flood, 12 of them were killed. 1772 houses hit the flood zone, of which 1250 became unsuitable for housing. Many industrial and agricultural facilities were injured.
2. The consequences of catastrophic flooding can be aggravated by accidents on potentially dangerous objects entering its zone.
3. In the zones of catastrophic flooding, the water supply, sewage, drain communications systems, garbage collection sites and other garbage can be collapsed (eroded). As a result of impurity, garbage and garbage pollute the flooding zones and apply downstream. The danger of the occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases increases. This also contributes to the accumulation of the population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in the material and domestic living conditions.
4. Emergencies in the flood zone are often accompanied by secondary striking factors:
- fires due to cliffs and short circuit of electrical cables and wires;
- landslides and collaps as a result of the smear of the soil;
- infectious diseases due to contamination of drinking water and a sharp deterioration in the sanitary and epidemiological state in the flooding zone and near it, especially in the summer.
Measures to reduce the effects of accidents on hydrodynamically dangerous objects
The safety of the population is ensured by the advance exercise of measures aimed at preventing or limiting the scale of accidents, namely:
- the right choice of the placement of the dam and settlements;
- restriction of the construction of residential buildings and economy facilities in places subject to the action of a possible breakthrough wave;
- foreign accommodation of settlements and agricultural land (system of barrier facilities);
- creating reliable drainage systems;
- conducting bererectic work to prevent landslides and collaps;
- a device of waterproofing and special fortifications on buildings and facilities;
- planting of low-ranging forests (from poplar, alder and birch) capable of reduce the speed of the breakthrough wave;
- planned discharge of water from the reservoir during the spring flood in case of danger of a breakthrough of artificial dam;
- strengthening the walls of the dams of the natural reservoir, if there is a risk of breakthrough.
Basic measures to protect the population:
- timely notification of the population about the threat of catastrophic flooding and the adoption of the necessary measures for its protection;
- independent population out of the zone of possible catastrophic flooding to a breakthrough wave approach;
- organized evacuation of the population in safe areas before the breakthrough wave approach;
- the shelter of the population at the unlottered parts of buildings and structures, as well as on the sublime areas of the area;
- organization and conduct of emergency and rescue work in the flooding zone;
- providing qualified and specialized assistance to victims;
- emergency work to ensure the life of the population.
Rules of safe behavior in hydrodynamic accidents
Cities and other localities located below the flow from dam, threatening the danger of flooding. Therefore, people living in them should know the rules of safe behavior and the procedure for the hydrodynamic accidents.
Basic rule: pre-provider a few possible evacuation routes on the sublime areas of the terrain.
I. Actions in the threat of a hydrodynamic accident
When receiving information about the threat of flooding and evacuation:
- immediately go out (leave) from the danger zone in a safe area or on the sublime areas of the area;
- take with you documents, money, essentials and stock products for 2-3 days;
- turn off the electricity and gas before leaving, close the windows, doors, ventilation and other holes.
II. Actions in case of sudden hydrodynamic accident:
- with a sudden flooding to save from the blow of a breakthrough wave urgently take the nearest elevated place or climb to the top floor of a steady building.
- when you flood your home, disconnect its power supply, apply a signal about finding the house (apartment) of people by hanging from the window Day of the flag from a bright fabric, and at night - the lantern.
- organize accounting and protecting food and drinking water. Do not eat foods that were in the water, and do not use unverified water to drink.
III. If you are in the water:
- replicate hazardous items with sharp edges;
- hold on for floating items;
- try to tie out of floating rafts and climb on it.
IV. Actions after a hydrodynamic accident:
- before entering the building, make sure that there is no danger of its further destruction;
- entering the room, do not use matches or other open flames, use battery lights;
- open all doors and windows to remove accumulated gases and drying rooms;
- do not use electricity sources until the electrical network is checked.
Hydrodynamically hazardous objects (GDOO) are hydrotechnical structures or natural formations, creating a difference of water levels before and after this object.
The main hydraulic structures include: dams, reservoirs, dams.
The hydrodynamic accident is an emergency event associated with the conclusion (destruction) of the hydrotechnical structure or its part and the uncontrollable movement of large waters, carrying the destruction and flooding of extensive territories.
Destruction (breakthrough) of hydrotechnical structures occurs as a result of the action of the forces of nature (earthquake, hurricanes, flew dams) or human impact, as well as due to design defects or design errors.
Especially dangerous damage in the body of the dam (prost), sampled due to its erosion.
The flow of water rushing into the banner forms a breakthrough wave having a significant height of the crest and the speed of movement, and having a large destructive force. The speed of promotion of the breakthrough wave is in the range from 3 to 25 km / h, and height is from 2 to 50 m.
The main consequence of the dam break in the hydrodynamic accidents is a catastrophic flooding of the area, which consists in the rapid flooding of the breakthrough of the breakthrough of the extended terrain and the emergence of flooding.
Catastrophic flooding is characterized by:
- ? the maximum possible height and speed of the breakthrough wave;
- ? The calculation time of the coming ridge and the front of the breakthrough wave into the appropriate target;
- ? borders of the zone of possible flooding;
- ? maximum depth of flooding a specific area of \u200b\u200bthe area;
- ? The duration of flooding the territory.
In the destruction of hydraulic structures flooded part adjacent to the river area, which is called the zone of possible flooding.
Depending on the effects of the impact of hydropotypes formed during a hydraulic accident, on the territory of possible flooding should be isolated by the zone of catastrophic flooding, within which the breakthrough wave is distributed, causing mass losses of people, the destruction of buildings and structures, the destruction of other material values.
The time during which flooded areas can be under water, ranges from 4 hours to several days.
The main means of protecting the population from catastrophic flooding is their evacuation. The evacuation of the population from the settlements located in the zone of a possible catastrophic population within the 4-hour trial of the wave of a breakthrough of dams of hydrotechnical structures is carried out in advance when declaring the overall evacuation, and behind these limits - with the immediate threat of flooding. The population evacuated from the zones of a possible catastrophic flooding in an unlottered territory.
Salvation of people and property in catastrophic flooding includes searching for them in a flooded area, loading on floating and helicopters and evacuation in safe places. If necessary, victims provide first aid. Only after that, they start saving and evacuating animals, material values \u200b\u200band equipment. The order of rescue work depends on whether catastrophic flooding occurred suddenly or before that the relevant measures to protect the population and material values \u200b\u200bwere carried out in advance.
Intelligence links acting on high-speed boats and helicopters, first of all determine the places of the greatest cluster of people. Small groups of people scouts save themselves. For the export of people, boats, barges, barcases, boats, boats, rafts are used.
20.3.4. Chemically hazardous objects
Chemically hazardous objects (HOO) are objects, with an accident on which or during the destruction of which may be defeated by people, farm animals and plants, or chemical infection of the environment with hazardous chemicals in concentrations or quantities exceeding the natural level of their content in the environment.
The main striking factor in the accident on the Hoo - chemical infection of the surface layer of the atmosphere; At the same time, it is possible to infect water sources, soil, vegetation. These accidents are often accompanied by fires and explosions.
The most dangerous accidents at enterprises producing, using or storing poisonous substances and explosive materials. These include factories and combines of the chemical, petrochemical, oil refining industry. A special danger is an accident at railway transport, accompanied by spilling transported potent substances (having sought).
sday - these are toxic chemicals, widely accessible in industry, agriculture and transport and capable of leakage from destroyed (damaged) technological containers, storage facilities and equipment lead to air infection and cause mass lesions of people, farm animals and plants.
Among the numerous poisonous substances used in industrial production and the economy, chlorine and ammonia received the greatest distribution.
Chlorine is yellow-green gas with a sharp smell. It is used on cotton combines for bleaching tissues, in the manufacture of paper, manufacturing rubber, at water stations for water disinfection. When spilling out of faulty containers, chlorine "smokes". Chlorine is heavier than air, so it accumulates in low sections of the terrain, penetrates the lower floors and basement buildings. Chlorine is strongly annoying the respiratory organs, eyes and skin. Signs of chlorine poisoning are a sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, rubbed in the eyes, tearing.
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp smell of "ammonia alcohol". It is applied at objects where refrigeration plants (meat processing plants, vegetable bases, fish repair plants) are used, as well as in the production of fertilizers and other chemical products. Ammonia easier air. Acute poisoning ammonia leads to the affix of the respiratory tract and eye. Signs of ammonia poisoning - runny nose, cough, suffocation, tearing, rapid heartbeat.
In addition to chlorine and ammonia, syntic acid, phosgene, carbon monoxide, mercury and other poisonous substances are also used in production.
Sinyl Acid is a colorless light-giving fluid with a smell of bitter almond. Sinyl Acid is widespread in chemical enterprises and plants for the production of plastics, plexiglas and artificial fibers. It is also used as a means of combating pests of agriculture. Sinyl Acid is easily mixed with water and many organic solvents. Mixtures of vapor of blue acid with air can explode. Signs of poisoning with blue acid - metal taste in the mouth, weakness, dizziness, anxiety, expansion of pupils, slowing down the pulse, seizures.
Phosgen is colorless, very poisonous gas. It is distinguished by a sweet s smell of rotten fruits, the breakdown of foliage or wet hay. Heavy air. Used in industry in the production of various solvents, dyes, medicines and other substances. With phosgen poisoning, as a rule, four characteristic periods are observed. First period - Contact with an infected atmosphere, characterized by some irritation of the respiratory tract, a feeling of an unpleasant taste in the mouth, a small drooling, cough. Second period It is observed after leaving the infected atmosphere, when all these signs quickly pass and the victim feels healthy. This is a period of hidden action of phosgene, during which with external well-being for 2-12 hours (depending on the severity of intoxication) develops lung damage. For third period Characterized by rapid breathing, temperature rise, headache. There is an all amplifying cough with an abundant release of liquid foamy sputum (sometimes with blood), the pain in the throat and chest is felt, the heartbeat increases, the nails and the lips are shine, and then face and limb. The fourth period It is characterized by the fact that as a result of the development of the lesion, the lungs take place, which reaches the maximum by the end of the first day and lasts for 1-2 days. If during this period affected does not die, then from the 3-4 days its gradual recovery begins.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas, in its pure form without odor, is slightly lighter than air, poorly soluble in water. Widely used in industry to obtain various hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Carbon monoxide, as a by-product when using oil, coal and biomass, is formed with incomplete carbon oxidation, in conditions of insufficient air access. Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning - headache, dizziness, violation of the coordination of movements and the reflex sphere, a number of mental shifts that resemble alcohol intoxication (euphoria, loss of self-control, etc.). Characterist redness of the skin affected. Later, convulsions are developing, the consciousness is lost, and if not to accept emergency measures, a person can die due to stopping the breath and the work of the heart.
Mercury is a liquid silver-white metal, which is used in the manufacture of fluorescent and mercury lamps, measuring instruments (thermometers, barometers, pressure gauges), in the production of amalgams, means that prevent the decoration of wood, laboratory and medical practice. Mercury poisoning symptoms are manifested in 8-24 hours and are expressed in general weakness, headaches, pain when swallowing, increasing temperature. Someone later observed the soreness of the gums, pain in the stomach, gastric disorders, sometimes inflammation of the lungs. It is possible to death. Chronic intoxication (poisoning) develops urgent, and for a long time proceed without explicit signs of the disease. Then there are increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, apathy, emotional instability, headaches, dizziness. At the same time, trembling of hands, language, eyelids develop, and in severe cases - legs and all body.
Accidents at enterprises producing or using poisonous substances may be accompanied by the emission of these substances into the atmosphere. Finding into the atmosphere, poisonous substances in a gaseous or vapor state form a chemical contamination zones, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich sometimes reaches several tens of kilometers or more.
In the event of an accident at the chemical and appearance in the air and on the terrain of poisonous substances, a civil defense signal "Attention to everyone!" - Sirens, intermittent coats of enterprises and special vehicles, and on radio and television reports are transferred by local authorities or civil defense.
The main measures for the protection of personnel and the population with accidents on the Hoo are:
- ? the use of individual means of protection and shelters with isolation mode;
- ? the use of antidotes and heat treatment tools;
- ? compliance with behavioral regimes (protection) on an infected area;
- ? evacuation of people from the zone of infection arising from the accident;
- ? Sanitary processing of people, degassing clothing, territory, facilities, transport, machinery and property.
Workers and employees, having heard alert signal, immediately put the means of individual protection primarily by gas mask. Each at its workplace should do everything possible to reduce the destructive consequences of the accident: to ensure the correct shutdown of power sources, stop the units, devices, block gas, steam and water communications in accordance with the technological conditions and safety regulations. The staff is then covered in prepared asylums or comes out of the zone of infection. When declaring a decision on evacuation, workers and employees are obliged to appear on the prefabricated evacuation points of the object.
Residents in obtaining information about the accident and the danger of chemical infection should be put on the means of individual stamps of the respiratory organs, and in absence to use the simplest means of stamps of respiratory organs (nasal scarves, paper napkins, pieces of matter moistened with water) and leather (harvesters, capes) and hide In the nearest shelter or leave the area of \u200b\u200bpossible chemical infection.
If it is impossible to leave the dwelling (if the cloud has already covered the area of \u200b\u200baccommodation, or moves at such a speed that it does not have time to leave it), the home premises should be sealed. To do this, close the doors, windows, ventilation and chimneys. Entrance doors to curtail with blankets or a dense cloth. Shoots in the doors and windows stick with paper, scotch tape, leukoplasty or plug with wet rags.
It is necessary to leave the chemical contamination zone aside, perpendicular to the direction of the wind. According to the infected area, it is necessary to move quickly, but not to run, do not lift dust and do not touch the surrounding subjects, avoid transition through tunnels, ravines, dell, where the concentration of poisonous substances is higher. Throughout the path of movement, the means of stamps of respiratory and leather organs should be used. Coming out of the zone of infection, you need to remove the upper clothes, rinse your eyes and open areas of the body with water, rinse your mouth. In suspected poisoning to poisonous substances, exclude any physical exertion, take abundant drinking and contact your medical worker.
When assisting victims, the respiratory authorities should be protected primarily on the further effects of toxic substances. To do this, put on the affected gas mask or a barley bandage, pre-mixed it in poisoning with chlorine water or a 2% solution of drinking soda, and with ammonia poisoning - 5-% solution of citric acid, and evacuate it from the zone of infection.
When ammonia poisoning, skin cover, eyes, nose, mouth rush to water. Drink 2-3 drops of a 30-% solution of albucida, and in the nose - olive oil. Making artificial respiration is prohibited.
When the chlorine is poisoning, the skin, mouth, nose rush to 2% solution of drinking soda. When stopping the breath, make an artificial respiration.
In case of poisoning with blue acid, in case of contacting it in the stomach, call vomiting immediately. Rinse the stomach with clean water or 2% drinking soda solution. When stopping the breath, make an artificial respiration.
Anti Phosgen has no specific medical or preventive tools. With phosgen poisoning, fresh air is needed, peace and heat. In no case cannot do artificial respiration.
With carbon monoxide poisoning, let me inhale the ammonia alcohol, impose a cold compress on your chest, if possible, let's breathe moistened oxygen, while stopping the breath, make artificial respiration.
When mercury poisoning, it is necessary to rinse the stomach with water from 20-30 g of activated carbon or protein water through the mouth, and then give milk, whipped with water egg yolk, and then laxative. With sharp, especially inhalation, poisoning, after exiting the lesion zone, it is necessary to give a victim to the victim, after which it is hospitalized.
In order to eliminate the possibility of further defeat of the population in an accident with the release of toxic chemicals, a whole range of works on the degassing of the terrain, clothing, shoes, household goods are carried out.
Most often use three degassing methods: mechanical, physical and chemical.
Mechanical methods Measure the removal of toxic chemicals from the terrain, objects or insulation of the infected layer. For example, the upper contaminated layer of the soil is cut and exported to specially designated places for the burial, or it is covered with sand, earth, gravel, rubble.
Physical methods They are in the processing of infected items and materials hot air, water vapor.
The essence chemical methods The degassing is the complete destruction of toxic chemicals by decomposition and transfer to other non-toxic compounds with special solutions.
Degassing clothes, shoes, household items are carried out by the most diverse ways (ventilating, boiling, water vapor treatment), depending on the nature of the infection and properties of the material from which these items are made.
Hydraulic structures are engineering or natural facilities for water resources or to combat the destructive action of water.
Hydraulic structures are created with the goal:
Using kinetic water energy (hydropower station);
Hydroelectric station(HPP) is a power plant, as an energy source using water stream. Hydroelectric power plants typically build on rivers, building dams and reservoirs.
Amelioration;
Melioration (Lat. melioratio. - Improvement) is a complex of organizational and economic activities to improve the efficiency of the use of land and water resources to obtain high and sustainable crop yields.
Protection of coastal territories from flooding (dams);
dama is a protective hydraulic structure that protects the territory from the water element: floods, waves.
For water supply of cities and irrigation of fields;
Regulation of water level during floods;
Ensuring the activities of marine and river ports (channels, gateways).
By appointment, hydraulic structures are divided into: water intake structures (dams, dams); waterframes facilities (channels);
water intake Constructions are designed to fence water (rivers, lakes) in order to use it for the needs of hydropower, water supply or irrigation of fields.
waterframes The facilities are designed to relieve excessive (flood) water from water bodies, as well as for passing water into the bottom besefish hydroelectric power plants (hydropower plants) of the besef - this is part of the reservoir: the upper beyon is located over the above dam (gateway) of the lower beyond the waterfront.
1. Top beyond 2. Lower
Special facilities are designed to lift or lower vessels from one water level on another (gateways, shippedouts, etc.).
All these objects are definitely necessary in modern conditions for the development of the national economy, but they are potentially dangerous to humans and the environment.
Hydrodynamic accident - This is an emergency related to the failure (destruction) of the hydrotechnical structure or part of its part and the uncontrollable movement of large mass of water, carrying the destruction and flooding of large territories.
Causes of hydrodynamic accidents:
Natural phenomena or natural disasters (earthquakes, collaps, landslides, destroyed by flood water dams, blurring soils, hurricanes, etc.);
Technogenic factors (destruction of structures of structures, errors in design and operation, wear and aging equipment, violation of the regime of the catchment, etc.)
World Cup: Modern means of lesion (SSP) and terrorist acts.
The main affixing factor of the hydrodynamic accident is breakthrough wave, which is formed in the lower beaten as a result from the upper bey. The striking action of the breakthrough wave is manifested in the form of a direct shock action on people and the facilities of the mass of water moving at high speed, and the fragments of destroyed buildings and structures, other items.
Characteristic for flooding in the event of destruction of hydraulic structures is a significant speed of propagation (3-25 km / h.), Height (10-20 m) and shock force (5-10 t / cm 2) breakthrough waves, as well as the rate of flooding of the entire territory.
When flooding the threat of life and health of people, except for the action of a breakthrough wave, represent in cold water, neuropsychic overvoltage, as well as flooding (destruction) of systems that provide the vital activity of the population.
Emergency situations in the flooding zone are often accompanied by secondary affecting factors: fires as a result of cliffs and short circuit of electrical cables and wires, landslides and collapsing as a result of soil erosion, infectious diseases due to contamination of drinking water and a sharp deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological state in settlements near the flooding area and areas of temporary placement of victims, especially in the summer.
The consequences of catastrophic flooding can be strengthened by accidents on potentially dangerous objects that fall into its zone.
In the zones of catastrophic flooding can be destroyed (blurred) water supply, sewage systems, drain communications, garbage collection sites. As a result of sewage and garbage pollute the flooding zones and extend downstream. There is a risk of occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases.
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