Dangerous natural phenomena includes all those that deflect the state of the natural environment from the range, optimal for human life and for the farm leading. They represent the catastrophic processes of endogenous and exogenous origin: earthquake, eruption of volcanoes, floods, avalanches and satieces, as well as landslides, sedimentation of soils.
In terms of time damage, dangerous natural phenomena varies from small to those who create natural disasters.
Natural disaster - any unpredental slope devastating natural phenomenon, causing economic damage and bearing the threat to the health and life of people. When it comes to dimensioning losses, use the term - an emergency (emergency). At the emergency, it is primarily measured by absolute losses - for rapid response, to solve the necessary external assistance to the affected area, etc.
Catastrophic earthquakes (9 points or more) cover the areas of Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Transcaucasia and a number of other mountain areas. In such areas, engineering construction, as a rule, is not conducted.
Strong (from 7 to 9 points) earthquakes are in the territory extending a wide band from Kamchatka to, including, Baikalia, and others. Only seismic buildings should be carried out here.
Most of the territory of Russia refers to the zone in which the earthquake of a small force is extremely rare. So, in 1977, in Moscow were registered by force of 4 points, although the epicenter of the earthquake itself was in the Carpathians.
Despite the great work carried out by scientists on predicting seismic hazards, forecasting earthquakes is a very difficult problem. Special cards, mathematical models are built for solving, organize a system of regular observations using seismic devices, constitute a description of past earthquakes based on the study of a complex of factors, including the behavior of living organisms, analyzing their geographical distribution.
The most effective ways to combat floods are the regulation of the drain, as well as the construction of protective dams and dams. So, in the length of dams and dams is more than 1,800 miles. Without this protection, 2/3 of its territory would be a flooded tide every day. To protect against flooding in the drum is built. The peculiarity of this implemented project is that it requires high-quality wastewater treatment of the city and the normal functioning of the waterproof structures in the dam itself, which is not provided in the dam in the dam. The construction and operation of such engineering facilities requires also determining the assessment of possible environmental consequences.
Floor - annually repeated seasonal long-term and significant increase in water water, which are accompanied by an increase in the water level in line and flooding floodplains is one of the main causes of flooding.
Large floods of floodplains during the salons are observed for most of the CIS territory, in and Eastern Europe.
Seli. — mud or mud and mud threads that suddenly arising in the river river rivers and characterized by a sharp short-term (1 - 3 hours) lifting water level in rivers, wave-like movement and lack of full frequency. Sale may occur when the abundance of heavy rainfall, intense melting of snow and ice, less often due to the eruption of volcanoes, breakthroughs of jumpers of mountain lakes, as well as as a result of human economic activities (explosive work, etc.). Education prerequisites are: case deposit covers, significant slopes of mountain slopes, increased moisturity of soils. The composition differ in the mudek, dirty, mud and vehicle villages, in which the solid material content ranges from 10-15 to 75%. Separate debris, carried by villages weigh more than 100-200 tons. The speed of movement of the villages reaches 10 m / s, and the volumes of hundreds of thousands, and sometimes millions of cubic meters. Possessing a large mass and speed of movement, satiests often bring destruction, acquiring in the most catastrophic cases the nature of the natural disaster. So, in 1921, the catastrophic village stream destroyed Almaty, while about 500 people died. Currently, this city is reliably protected by an anti-sealer dam and a complex of special engineering structures. The main measures of the struggle against the villages are associated with the fixing and vegetation cover on the mountain slopes, with the prophylactic descent of the mountain breakthrough, with the construction of dams and various delicate facilities.
Avalanches — snow mass, lowered by steep mountain slopes. Especially often, avalanches are going in cases where snow masses form the shafts or snow eaves hanging over the underlying slope. Avalanches occur with disorders of snow stability on the slope under the influence of powerful snowfalls, intense snowstock, rains, non-crystallization of the snowy thickness with the formation of a poorly connected horizon deep. Depending on the nature of the movement of snow on the slopes distinguish: axial - snow landslides sprinkling over the entire surface of the slope; Tray avalanches - moving around the hopes, logs and erosion furrows, jumping from the lesions. When the dry snow occurs, the devastating air wave spreads ahead. The agencies themselves are a huge devastating force, since their volume can reach 2 million m 3, and the blow strength is 60-100 t / m2. Usually avalanche, although with varying degrees of consistency, are confined to the year from the year to the same places - foci of different sizes and configurations.
Protection systems have been developed and created for the fight against avalanches, which provide for the placement of snow protection shields, the prohibition of cutting down and conducting forest-hazardous slopes, the shelling of dangerous slopes from artillery guns, the construction of anti-voltivine shafts and pivov. Fighting avalanches is very complex and requires large material costs.
In addition to the above disastrous processes, there are such as slaughtering, fascinating, walling, drawdowns, destruction of shores, etc. All these processes lead to the movement of a substance, often on a large scale. The fight against these phenomena should be aimed at weakening and preventing (where possible) processes causing a negative impact on the stability of engineering structures that are dangerous people's lives.
natural Catastrophic Danger Extraordinary
There are more than 30 dangerous natural phenomena and processes in Russia, among which the most devastating are floods, storm winds, shower, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, villages, snowy avalanches. Most of the social and economic losses are related to the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and security against dangerous natural impacts. The most frequent on the territory of Russia becomes natural catastrophic phenomena of an atmospheric nature - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), further go earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes, such as landslides and ribs make up 4%. The remaining natural catastrophes, among which forest fires have the greatest frequency, in the amount of 25%. The total annual economic damage to the development of 19 of the most dangerous processes in city territories in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.
From the geophysical emergency events of the earthquake are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive phenomena of nature. They arise suddenly, predict the time and place of their appearance and especially prevent their development is extremely difficult, and most often impossible. In Russia, the zones of increased seismic hazards occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory refer to 8-9-point zones. More than 20 million people live in seismically active zones (14% of the country's population).
Within the seismically dangerous districts of Russia there are 330 settlements, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). The most dangerous effects of earthquakes are the destruction of buildings and structures; fires; emissions of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to the destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous objects; Transport accidents and disasters; Defeat and death of people.
A vivid example of the socitating economic consequences of strong seismic phenomena can serve as a Spary earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. At the same time, the earthquake (magnitude 7.0) suffered 21 city and 342 villages; 277 schools were destroyed or were destroyed, 250 health facilities; More than 170 industrial enterprises have ceased to function; About 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received varying degrees of injury and injury. Common economic losses amounted to $ 14 billion.
Of the geological emergency events, landsluses and villages are greater danger due to the mass character. The development of landslides is associated with displacements of large masses of rocks in the slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. The Russian Federation annually creates from 6 to 15 emergencies related to the development of landslides. Walrong landslides in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, in the Caucasus and the Pre-Bakezier, Sakhalin and other regions are widespread. Especially strongly suffer from urbanized territories: 725 cities of Russia are subject to landslide phenomena. The villages are powerful streams saturated with solid materials, descending on mountain valleys at a huge speed. The formation of the sets is in withdrawal in the rains in the mountains, intense melting of snow and glaciers, as well as a breakthrough of bombing lakes. Selene processes are manifested by 8% of Russia and developing in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, in Kamchatka, the Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. Under the straight threat to the villages in Russia there are 13 cities and 42 more cities are located in potentially peasinally resorts. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and the lads often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, is accompanied by victims and large material losses. From hydrological emergency flood events can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, the floods occupy the first place among natural disasters in frequency, distribution area, material damage and second place after earthquakes in the number of victims and specific material damage (damage coming to a unit of affected area). One strong flood covers the area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities over-20, it is addressed to 1 million inhabitants, and in 20 years, almost all the territory of the country is covered with serious floods.
On the territory of Russia annually comes from 40 to 68 crisis floods. The threat of flooding exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, a large number of economic facilities.
With floods are associated annually significant material losses. In recent years, the two largest floods occurred in Yakutia on r. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges were destroyed, 133 dams, 760 km of highways. General damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.
An even more destructive was flooding in 2001 during this flooding water in r. Lena rose to 17 m and flooded 10 administrative regions of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were injured, 43,000 people were resettled. General economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.
A significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive force of floods is played by anthropogenic factors - deforestation of forests, irrational making of agriculture and economic development of the understanding. The formation of flooding can lead incorrect implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the Damb breakthrough; destruction of artificial dam; Emergency recesses reservoirs. The aggravation of flooding problems in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of the basic funds of water management, the placement of economic facilities and housing on the flooding territories. In this regard, the urgent task may be the development and implementation of effective measures to prevent floods and protect against them.
Among the atmospheric dangerous processes occurring in Russia, hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornado, strong shower, snowfall are the most destructive.
Traditional in Russia is such a disaster as a forest fire. Every year, on the territory of the country, there are from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires on an area from 0.5 to 2 million hectares.
Natural phenomena are usual, sometimes even supernatural climatic and meteorological events occurring naturally in all corners of the planet. It may be familiar from childhood snow or rain, and maybe incredible devastating or earthquakes. If such events go away from a person and do not cause it material damage, they are considered not important. No one will sharpen on this attention. Otherwise, dangerous natural phenomena are considered by humanity as natural disasters.
Research and observation
Characteristic natural phenomena people began to study back in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century, even a separate section of science (natural science), which studies these events was formed. However, despite many scientific discoveries, to this day, some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly studied. Most often, we see a consequence of a particular event, and the root causes can only guess and build various theories. The researchers of many countries work on the preparation of forecasts of occurrence, and most importantly, preventing their possible appearance or at least reduction of damage caused by natural phenomena. Nevertheless, despite all the destroying power of such processes, a person always remains a man and seeks to find something beautiful, sublime. What is the natural phenomenon most fascinating? They can be listed for a long time, but probably should be noted such as the eruption of the volcano, tornado, tsunami, are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.
Weather phenomena of nature
Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Every time of year has its own complex of events. For example, in the spring, the following snowy, flood, thunderstorms, clouds, wind are observed, thunderstorms, clouds. In the summer, the Sun gives the planet the abundance of heat, natural processes at this time are most favorable: clouds, warm wind, rain and, of course, rainbow; But they can be harsh: thunderstorms, hail. In the fall, the temperature is changed, the days are becoming cloudy, with rains. During this period, the following phenomena dominate: fog, leaf fall, frost, first snow. In winter, the plant world falls asleep, some animals are immersed in a hibernation. The most frequent natural phenomena are: icebelivery, blizzard, blizzard, snow, on the windows appear
All these events are ordinary for us, we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's consider the processes that remind humanity that it is not a crown of everything, and the planet Earth just sheltered him for a while.
Dangerous natural phenomena
These are extreme and harsh climatic and meteorological processes that occur in all parts of the world, however, some regions are considered more vulnerable to a certain kind of events compared to others. Dangerous natural natural phenomena go to the discharge of disasters when the infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses are the main obstacles to human development. It is almost impossible to prevent such cataclysms, it remains only timely forecasting events in order to prevent victims and material damage.
However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural natural phenomena can be held on different scales and at different times. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, therefore, it is very difficult to predict it. For example, sudden floods and a tornado are though destructive, but short phenomena affecting relatively small territories. Other dangerous cataclysms, such as droughts, can develop very slowly, but are striking entire continents and the entire population. There are such disasters for several months, and sometimes years. In order to control and predict these events, some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are entrusted with the tasks of studying hazardous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, the transfer of ash in air, tsunami, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.
Now consider a little more detail some natural phenomena.
Drought
The main reason for such a cataclysm is the lack of precipitation. The drought is very different from other natural disasters with its slow development, often its beginning is hidden by various factors. In world history, even recorded cases when this disaster lasted for many years. The drought often has terrifying consequences: they first dry out the sources of water (streams, rivers, lakes, rods), many agricultural crops stop growing, then animals die, poor health and insufficient food become widespread realities.
Tropical cyclones
These natural phenomena are areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating thunderstorm system and winds in size in hundreds (sometimes in thousands) kilometers in diameter. The velocity wind speed in the tropical cyclone zone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour and even more. The interaction of low pressure and wind-caused waves often leads to the occurrence of coastal storm power - this is a huge amount of waters emitted ashore with a colossal force and high speed, which are all flushed on their way.
Air pollution
These natural phenomena arise as a result of harmful gases in the air or particles of substances generated as a result of cataclysms (eruption of volcanoes, fires) and human activity (works of industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Moch and smoke appear as a result of fires on undeveloped lands and forestry arrays, as well as burning residues of crops and logging; In addition, due to the formation of volcanic ash. These infamicating elements have very serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such cataclysms, visibility is reduced, there are interruptions in the operation of road and air transport.
Deserted locust
Similar natural phenomena make serious damage in Asia, in the Middle East, in Africa and in the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather conditions favors the reproduction of these insects, they focus, as a rule, in small territories. However, with an increase in the number, the locust ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. Mall groups formed huge flocks moving in search of feed. The length of such a jamb can reach tens of kilometers. During the day, he can overcome the distance to two hundred kilometers, attaching all the vegetation on his way. So, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the flock) can eat so much food as much as ten elephants or 2500 people eat. These insects create a threat to millions of cattle breeders and farmers living in easily anosecable environmental conditions.
Short term storm flood and flood
Data may occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. Any floods of rivers are vulnerable to floods, and strong storms cause sudden floods. In addition, short-term floods are sometimes observed after drought periods, when very abundant rains fall on a solid and dry surface, through which the aqueous stream cannot leak into the ground. These natural events are characterized by a variety of types: from stormy small floods and to a powerful layer of water, which covers huge areas. They can be caused by tornadoes, strong thunderstorms, monscons, internal and tropical cyclones (their strength can be increased as a result of the impact of the warm current of el-niño), melting snow and ice reasons. In coastal areas, as a result of a tsunami, cyclone or lifting of water levels in rivers, due to unusually high tides, storm hill are often leading to floods. The reason for the flooding of huge territories below the barrier dam is often becoming a flood on rivers, which is caused by melting snow.
Other dangerous natural phenomena
1. Seleva (mud) stream or landslide.
5. Lightning.
6. Extreme temperatures.
7. Tornado.
10. Fires on undeveloped lands or in forests.
11. Heavy snow and rain.
12. Strong winds.
To natural dangers Related natural phenomena that pose a threat to the life and health of people.
All natural hazards are subject to the following laws:
for each type of danger, a certain spatial deritance is characteristic;
the greater the intensity (power) of a dangerous phenomenon, the less often it happens;
each type of dangers are preceded by certain specific signs (forerunners);
the manifestation of any natural danger can be predicted;
in most cases, passive and active protective events may be provided.
The manifestation of natural dangers is significantly affected by anthropogenic impact: according to international statistics, the origin of about 80% of modern landslides is associated with human activity; As a result, the cutting of the forest increases the activity of the villages, the flood flow rate increases; The large-scale use of natural resources led to tangible manifestations of the global environmental crisis.
The study of the causes and mechanisms of natural hazards, makes it possible to predict them, which is the most important prerequisite for effective protection. Protection against natural hazards can be active (construction of engineering and technical structures, intervention (Lat.Interventio - intervention) into the mechanism of the phenomenon, mobilization of natural resources, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters, evacuation). In most cases, active and passive methods are combined.
Localization natural hazards are conditionally divided into 4 groups: lithospheric (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides), hydrospheric (floods, tsunami, storms), atmospheric (hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, hail), cosmic (asteroids, planets, radiation, magnetic storms) .
1. Lithospheric hazards
Earthquake. The upper mantle together with the earth's crust form a lithosphere. It is in the mantle (a temperature of 2000-2500 ° C) tectonic (from Greek. Tektonikos - related to construction) processes causing earthquakes.
Earthquake - These are underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in the earth's crust or top of the mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic oscillations. Earthquakes occur in the form of a series of impetus, which include endlows, main push and aftershoki. The main push is characterized by the greatest force, its duration is usually a few seconds. According to psychiatrists and psychologists, under the influence of Aftersokov, people shackled by fear are inactive instead of looking for a safe place and defend themselves.
The earthquake focus is some volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released. Center of the hearth - the conditional point, referred to Gipocenter.. The projection of the hypocenter on the surface of the Earth is called epicenter. The greatest destruction occurs around it. Every year, hundreds of thousands of earthquakes are registered on the globe, most of which relate to weak and people do not notice them. Earthquake power estimates:
on the scale of intensity, which characterizes the scale of the destruction on the surface of the Earth;
on the magnitude scale, which is an energy characteristic of the earthquake.
The International Intensity Scale of the MSK-64, adopted in Russia, is calculated on a 12-point system.
International earthquake intensity scale
|
Power in ballats |
Intensity |
Effects |
|
Unnoticed soil |
Registered only by seismic devices |
|
|
Very weak |
Feel individual people alone |
|
|
Only a small part of the population is felt |
||
|
Moderate |
Easy graining of glasses, creaking doors, walls |
|
|
Pretty strong |
Concussion building, equipment oscillations, cracks in window windows and plaster |
|
|
Partial collapse of the inner walls, wired communication breaks, failures in the operation of sensitive equipment, the occurrence of individual fires |
||
|
Very strong |
Damage, cracks in stone buildings and structures, power lines cliffs. Wooden and anti-seismic buildings are saved |
|
|
Destructive |
Cracks on steep slopes and raw soils. Frequent equipment shifted and damaged. Old buildings are destroyed, the rest are badly damaged. Fall of individual support for LPP, communication lines, ground-based |
|
|
Devastating |
Strong destruction of stone buildings, structures. The curvature of wooden buildings. Partial damage to hydraulic structures |
|
|
Destroying |
Strong destruction of all buildings and structures. Cracks are possible in soil to one meter wide. Destruction of transport highways. Owls from the slopes, landslides |
|
|
Catastrophic |
Complete destruction of buildings and structures, curvature and twisting rail rails. Ubiquitous cracks on the surface of the earth, collaps and landslides. Wraps of underground rooms |
|
|
Absolute or strong catastrophic |
Solid landslides, collaps, huge cracks on the ground surface. Deviations and changes in the flow of rivers, the formation of lakes, waterfalls. Partial change of terrain |
Richter scale - Magnitude scale is based on an estimate of the energy of seismic waves arising from earthquakes and registered by seismographs. Magnid of earthquakes on the Richter scale cannot exceed 9.5. Magnida Earthquake - a conditional value that characterizes the total energy of elastic oscillations caused by an earthquake
When an earthquake occurs, its magnitude is becoming known, which is determined by seismograms, and intensity after some time, after receiving information about the consequences.
|
Magnida |
Intensity |
Magnida |
Intensity |
According to the statistics of the earthquake with magnitude 8 occur every 102 years.
Earthquakes are spilled in the earth's surface very unevenly. Analysis of seismic and geographic data allows you to outline the areas where earthquakes should be expected. This is the essence of seismic zoning. Map of seismic zoning - This is the official document to be guided by the design organizations.
Dangerous for buildings and structures are an earthquake, the intensity of which is 7 points and more. The strongest earthquake of the XX century. It happened on July 28, 1976 near the city of Tancheshan in China. According to one way, 242 thousand people died, more than half a million, the damage was more than $ 2 billion.
There are two groups of anti-seismic measures: 1) preventive, preventive measures carried out to a possible earthquake; 2) Events carried out during and after earthquake, that is, actions in emergency situations.
The first group includes the study of the nature of earthquakes, the disclosure of its mechanism, the identification of precursors. The following abnormal phenomena can be precursor to earthquakes: the disappearance of constant weak earthquakes; changes in the electrical and magnetic properties of rocks; The drop in the level of groundwater, a decrease in their temperature and a change in the chemical composition, the release of methane from the earth's crust.
The effectiveness of actions in earthquakes depends on the level of emergency and rescue, the effectiveness of the system alert and training system.
With the first push of the earthquake, it is necessary to urgently leave the building (there are 10-15 seconds in stock) or take the safest place inside the building: under the doorway, in the openings of capital inland walls or in the corners of these walls.
Eruption of volcanoes. Owls are geological formation on the surface of the surface, hemagmavoids on the surface, forming, volcanic stones. These eruption products are thrown into a height from 1 to 5 km and are transferred over long distances. Magma (from Greek. Magma. - thick ointment) is a molten mass of predominantly silicate composition formed in the deep zones of the Earth.
Volcanoes are divided into valid, sleeping and extinct.
TO Sleeping There are volcanoes whose eruptions are not available, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them.
Extinct - These are volcanoes without any volcanic activity.
In Russia, the dangers of volcanic eruptions are subjected to Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island. The basis of the forecast of the eruption is seismic shoes characterizing the beginning of the eruption.
Basic hazards are lava fountains, hot lava flows, hot gases. Also, the explosions of volcanoes can initiate landslides, collaps, avalanches, and on the seas and oceans - tsunami. During Krakatau eruption in 1883, a sea wave with a height of about 20 m covered around the island, which led to the death of 36 thousand people.
The most reliable way to protect yourself from the eruption of the volcano is the choice of place of residence at the maximum distance from the active volcanoes.
Snow avalanches. Avalanche - This is a snowy collapse, the mass of snow, falling or sliding from the mountain slopes under the influence of any impact and fonds on its way new snow masses.
The hazard of avalanche lies in the large kinetic energy of avalanche mass, which has a huge devastating force. Avalanches are formed on flames of steepness of 15 ° and more. The optimal conditions for the formation of avalanche occur on the slopes of 30 ... 40 °. With a steepness of more than 50 °, the snow crepts to the foot of the slope, and the avalanches do not have time to form. The gathering rate of avalanche can reach 125 m / s, an average of 20-60 m / s. The accurate forecast of the allowance of avalanche is not possible.
Anti-voltable preventive measures are divided into 2 groups: passive and active.
Passive methods They are used by supporting structures, dams, avalaniefs, snow supporting shields, landings and restoration of the forest.
Active methods Enclosed in artificial provoking of avalanche. For this purpose, explosions of aimed action are organized, strong sound sources are used.
Nature is not always so serene and beautiful, as in the photo above these rows. Sometimes she shows us their dangerous manifestations. From strong eruptions of volcanoes to terrible hurricanes - the rage of nature is better to contemplate from afar and from the part. We often underestimate the amazing and destructive power of nature, and it reminds us from time to time. While in the photos, all this looks exciting, the consequences of such phenomena can be very scary. We must respect the power of the planet on which we live. For you, we made this photo and video formation of frightening nature phenomena.
Tornado and other types of tornado
All these types of atmospheric phenomena are dangerous vortex manifestations of elements.
Tornado or Smerd It occurs in a thunderstorm cloud and applies down, often until the surface of the Earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or a trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Tornado can appear in many forms and sizes. Most tornadoes occur in the form of a narrow funnel (just a few hundred meters in diameter), with a small garbage cloud near the earth's surface. Tornado can be hidden fully wall of rain or dust. Such tornadoes are especially dangerous, since even experienced meteorologists can not recognize them.
Tornado with zipper:
Tornado in Oklahoma, USA (May Site 2010):
Superchair thunderstorm In Montana, the United States formed by a huge rotating thunderstorm cloud with a height of 10-15 km and d.about 50 km in diameter. Such a thunderstorm creates a tornger, a squall wind, a large hail:
Thunderstorm clouds:
View of hurricane tornado from space:
There are other, outwardly similar, but various vortex phenomena:
It is formed as a result of a rise in heated air from the surface of the Earth. Tornado-vortex, in contrast to the tornado, develop from the bottom upwards, and the cloud over them, if it is formed, is the result of the vortex, and not its reason.
Dusty (sandy) whirlwind - This is a vortex air movement that occurs at the surface of the Earth during the day in the cloudless and usually hot weather with a strong warming of the earth's surface with sunbeams. The vortex raises dust, sand, pebbles, minor items from the ground, and transfers them sometimes to the site a considerable distance (hundreds of meters). The vortices pass a narrow strip, so that with a weak wind, its speed inside the vortex reaches 8-10 m / s or more.
Sandshot:
Or a fiery storm is formed when a post of hot, ascending air interacts with fire on earth or becomes its reason. It is a vertical fiber of fire in the air. The air is heated above it, its density decreases, and it rises up. From the bottom in its place they do cold mass of air from the periphery, which immediately heated. Sustainable streams are formed, screwed down the spiral from the ground to a height of up to 5 km. The effect of the smoke tube occurs. The head of hot air reaches hurricane speeds. The temperature rises to 1000 ° C. Everything burns or melting. At the same time, everything that is near, "absorbed" into the fire. And so until everything burns everything that can burn.
The site is a funk-like air-water vortex, by nature, similar to the usual tumor, formed above the surface of a large reservoir and is connected to a cumulus cloud. Water tornado can be formed in the event of a conventional tornger over the aqueous surface. Unlike the classic tornadow, the water tornhead exists only 15-30 minutes, much less in diameter, the speed of movement and rotation is two or three times lower, is not always accompanied by a hurricane wind.
Dusty or sandy storms
Sand (dusty) storm - This is a dangerous atmospheric phenomenon that manifests itself in the form of transferring a large number of soil particles, dust or small grain of the ground from the ground. The height of the layer of such dust may be a few meters, while horizontal visibility significantly deteriorates. For example, at the level of 2 meters, visibility is 1-8 kilometers, but often a review in a bora is reduced to several hundred and even tens of meters. Dust storms occur site mainly with a dry surface of the soil and wind speed more than 10 meters per second.
The fact that the storm approaches can be understood in advance by incredible silence, which is formed around, as if you suddenly got into a vacuum. This silence oppresses, creating an inexplicable alarm inside you.
Sand storm on the streets of Onslow in the northwest of Australia, January 2013:
Sand storm in the village of Golmud, Qinghai Province, China, 2010:
Red sandstorm in Australia:
TSUNAMI
- This is a dangerous natural disaster, which is sea waves resulting from a seabed shift with underwater and coastal earthquakes. Formed in any place, the tsunami can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km / h) several thousand kilometers, while the height of the tsunami was from 0.1 to 5 meters. When shallow water is reached, the wave height increases sharply, reaching the height from 10 to the site of 50 meters. Huge masses of water emitted ashore lead to flooding and destroying the terrain, as well as to the death of people and animals. Before water shaft, an air shock wave is spread. It acts like an explosive wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often, this is a series of waves, rolling ashore with an interval of 1 hour and more.
Tsunami in Thailand caused by an earthquake (9.3 points) in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004:
Catastrophic floods
Flood - flooding with water, which is a natural disaster. Floods are of different species and are caused by different reasons. Catastrophic floods lead to the death of people, irreparable environmental damage, cause material damage, covering huge territories within one or more water systems. At the same time, the economic site and production activity is fully paralyzed, the vitality of the population is temporarily changing. Evacuation of hundreds of thousands of population, the inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes the problem of all over the world.
Flood in Khabarovsk and Khabarovsk Territorycaused by intense rains that engulfed the entire Amur River basin and ongoing about two months (2013):
Flooding of New Orleans after a hurricane.New Orleans (USA) stands on cheese soil, which is not able to maintain the city. Orleans plunges slowly into the ground, and the Mexican Bay gradually rises around it. Most of the new Orleans are already from 1.5 to 3 meters below sea level. This largely contributed to Hurricane Katrina in 2005:
Flood in Germany, in the Rhine River Basin (2013):
Flooding in Iowa, United States (2008):
Thunderstorm Lightning
Thunder discharges (lightning) They are a giant electric spark discharge in the site of the atmosphere, with a very long spark length, usually occurs during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright outbreak of light and accompanying it thunder. The total length of the zipper channel reaches several kilometers (on average 2.5 km), and a significant part of this channel is located inside the thunderstorm cloud. Some discharges extend in the atmosphere to a distance of 20 km. The current in the discharge of lightning reaches 10-20 thousand amps, so far from all people survive after the lightning strike.
Forest fire - This is a spontaneous, uncontrollable spread of fire in forest areas. The reasons for the emergence of fires in the forest can be natural (lightning, drought, etc.) and artificial, when people are the cause. Forest fires are several species.
Underground (soil) fires In the forest, most often associated with the ignition of the peat, which becomes possible as a result of the drainage of the swamps. It can be low and spread to a depth to a site of several meters, as a result of which they represent an additional danger and are extremely poorly perfect. As, for example, a peat fire in the suburbs (2011):
For low fire Forest bedding, lichens, mosses, herbs that fell on the ground branches, etc.
Horse forest fire It covers the leaves, chevy, branches and the whole crown, can embrace (in the case of a cooking fire) of herbal-moss soil and teenage. They usually develop during arid windy weather from the bottom fire, in plantings with low-lowered crowns, in various-age plantings, as well as with abundant coniferous teen. This is usually the final stage of the fire.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes - It is geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust, most often in the form of a mountain, where the magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, stones and pyroclastic flows. When a molten magma is poured through the cracks in the earth's crust, a volcanic eruption occurs, the site named so named the Roman God of Fire and forge.
Volcano Karymsky one of the most active volcanoes of Kamchatka:
Underwater volcano - Tonga Archipelago Coast (2009):
Underwater volcano and subsequent tsunami:
The eruption of the volcano, photographed from space:
Vulcan Klyuchevskaya in Kamchatka (1994):
Sinabung volcanic eruptions in Sumatra was accompanied by several mini-tornadoes:
Puyueue volcanic eruption in Chile:
Lightning in the cloud of asholcan Chatien in Chile:
Volcanic zippers:
Earthquake
Earthquake - These are underground shocks and fluctuations in the surface of the Earth caused by natural tectonic processes (the movement of the earth's crust and the displacements and breaks in it) or artificial processes (explosions, filling the reservoirs, and collapse of underground cavities of mining workings). They can entail the eruption of volcanoes and tsunami.
Earthquake in Japan followed by Tsunami (2011):
LANDSLIDE
Landslide - Separated mass of loose rocks, slowly and the site gradually or jumps rolling along the inclined plane of the separation, while maintaining often its connectedness, monolith and not tilting its soil.
Sel.
Sel. - A stream with a very large concentration of mineral particles, stones and thresholds of rocks (something mean between liquid and solid mass), suddenly occurring small mountain rivers and caused, as a rule, violent precipitation or rapid melting of snow.
Snow avalanches
Snow avalanches belong to landslides. This is a lot of snow, falling or scaling from the slopes of the mountains.
This is one of record Lavin. The size of 600 thousand cubic meters. The shooting group did not suffer:
"This is the consequence of avalanche - snow dust, she pulled highly, and everything disappeared as in the fog. All the snowy dust, which continued to move at the inertia at the speed of Burana. It became dark as at night. Because of the petty-small snow, there was a difficult site to breathe. Hands and legs instantly stolen. I have not seen around anyone. Although there were people nearby, "said Anton Woizhkhovsky, a member of the filming group.
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