And factors influencing climate. The main factors are the factors that determine the climate at any point globe. These include: solar radiation, and.
In the mountains climatic conditions change with changes in altitude: as it increases, it decreases, pressure drops, humidity decreases, increases to a certain height, and then decreases, changes in speed and direction in a complex manner, and other climate indicators also change. All this makes it possible to identify altitudes specific to mountains.
The influence of land and surface surfaces is reflected in the fact that they practically do not distort the direct influence of the first two climate-forming factors, receiving the amount of heat corresponding to the latitude and without distorting the direction and speed of movement air masses.
In addition to the main ones, there are factors that have a significant impact on the climate in certain (often vast) areas. In particular, the distribution of land and sea and the remoteness of the territory from the seas and oceans. Land and sea heat and cool differently. Marine air masses differ significantly from continental ones, but as they move deeper into the continents, they change their properties. Therefore, at the same latitude there are significant differences in temperature conditions and precipitation distribution. So, at parallel 60° N. average temperature January in
Determining the main climate-forming factors will be impossible without knowledge of what climate is, and these are frequently recurring weather patterns in a certain area that do not change over time. long period time.
Introduction
There is no one reason. This thesis is confirmed by the presence of not one, but several factors influencing the formation and evolution of climate on Earth. One or even two factors would form climatic zones that would have clear boundaries and coincide with parallels.
In reality, a completely different picture emerges: the climate zones on Earth are not so ideally expressed. This is explained by the fact that the climate in a certain area of land, for example, in Eurasia, was formed due to the combination of all climate-forming factors: astronomical, geographical and human influence on nature.
Astronomical or planetary factors
Astronomical or planetary factors include:
- level solar radiation;
- circulation of air masses;
- moisture circulation;
- rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis.
Solar radiation levels affect transmission solar heat through space. The rotation of the Earth causes the formation of trade winds and monsoons, as well as various cyclones, which, in turn, affect air temperature, precipitation patterns and their distribution throughout the globe. The formation of different climatic zones depending on geographic latitude was made possible due to the spherical shape of our planet.
The movement of the Earth around the Sun is also very important factor: the inclined position of the planet’s rotation axis changes, and with it seasonal changes weather conditions.
rice. 1. Astronomical climate-forming factors
Geographical factors
Geographic climate-forming factors include:
- latitude of place;
- relief;
- underlying surface;
- ocean currents.
The formation of climate in a certain area is influenced by the distribution of land and sea. For example, air temperature, humidity, and the degree of continental climate directly depend on the distance of the land from the ocean shores. For full description It is very important to know the climate and what the terrain is like in a given area. Mountains and the direction of mountain ranges are a serious barrier to the invasion of air masses. Steppe zone, on the contrary, promotes the penetration of continental or oceanic air masses.
Currents in the oceans and seas also play an important role in climate formation. For example, warm currents contribute to increased temperatures and increased precipitation. Cold weather, on the contrary, affects a decrease in temperature and a reduction in precipitation. As for the underlying surface, which refers to the components earth's surface, interacting with the atmosphere, its character directly affects the formation of climate.
Fig.2. Geographic climate-forming factors
Human influence
Human influence on nature and climate is, one might say, a modern climate-forming factor. It became possible thanks to the development human society, and its influence is not always a plus. For example, in big cities there is an increase in air temperature, and dust causes fogs and smogs, which prevent penetration sun rays and increase precipitation. In addition, air pollution has led to the emergence of so-called acid rain, which “infect” the soil and water bodies.
Fig.3. Influence economic activity people on the planet's climate
The destruction of the ozone layer is another scourge of our time, generated by scientific and technological progress. Excessive use of freon, which can be found in various aerosols and refrigeration units, poses a huge danger to the planet - excess ultraviolet radiation.
What have we learned?
Our climate home planet directly depends on the combination of all factors, which, in turn, influence the total amount of solar radiation on Earth, as well as its distribution across hemispheres, continents and seasons. So, let’s once again list all the climate-forming factors: astronomical, geographical and human influence. This article helps to consolidate the material studied in geography and will help prepare homework for a lesson in 7th grade.
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Climate
Climate is a long-term weather pattern characteristic of a particular area, which is maintained over centuries with slight fluctuations. It manifests itself in the natural change of all weather observed in a given area. Like the weather, climate depends on the amount of solar radiation (on latitude), on the movement of air masses, atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones (on atmospheric circulation), on the properties and shapes of the earth's surface. Basic climate indicators: air temperature (average annual, January and July), prevailing wind direction, annual amount and regime of precipitation. Geographic Maps, on which climate indicators are plotted, are called climatic (Appendix No. 7, etc.).
Climate-forming factors
There are three main climate-forming factors and factors influencing climate. The main factors are the factors that determine the climate anywhere in the world. These include: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and terrain.
Solar radiation is a factor determining the intake solar energy to certain areas of the earth's surface. The amount of heat is determined by geographic latitude. All life processes on Earth, as well as other climate indicators - pressure, cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, etc., directly depend on the amount of heat.
Atmospheric circulation is a factor that determines the movement of air masses both vertically and along the earth's surface. Thanks to this, inter-latitudinal exchange of air occurs, as well as its redistribution from the surface to the upper layers of the atmosphere and vice versa. Air masses carry clouds, which determines precipitation; they significantly redistribute pressure, temperature and humidity of the air and form winds.
Relief is a factor that qualitatively changes the influence of the first two climate-forming factors. Mountain elevations and ridges have a specific temperature and precipitation regime depending on the exposure, orientation of the slopes and the height of the ridges. They may reflect a large number of solar energy, create vast shaded mountain areas, and the most high peaks, thousands of meters away from the plain, receive less solar energy and are often covered with ice and snowfields throughout the year. Mountains serve as mechanical barriers to the movement of air masses and fronts; in some cases they act as boundaries climatic regions, sometimes change the character of the atmosphere or exclude the possibility of air exchange. There are many areas on the surface of the Earth where, due to this, either a lot of precipitation falls or there is not enough of it. Yes, dryness Central Asia This is explained by the fact that powerful mountain systems rise along its outskirts.
In the mountains, climatic conditions change with changes in altitude: with its increase, the air temperature decreases, atmospheric pressure drops, humidity decreases, the amount of precipitation increases to a certain height and then decreases, the wind changes in speed and direction in a complex manner, and other climate indicators also change. All this allows us to identify high-altitude climatic zones specific to mountains.
Influence flat surfaces land and surface of the World Ocean is reflected in the fact that they practically do not distort the direct influence of the first two climate-forming factors, receiving the amount of heat corresponding to the latitude and without distorting the direction and speed of movement of air masses.
In addition to the main ones, there are factors that have a significant impact on the climate in certain (often vast) areas. In particular, the distribution of land and sea and the remoteness of the territory from the seas and oceans. Land and sea heat and cool differently. Marine air masses differ significantly from continental ones, but as they move deeper into the continents, they change their properties. Therefore, at the same latitude there are significant differences in temperature and precipitation distribution.
So, at parallel 60° N. the average January temperature in the Atlantic is 0°, in St. Petersburg it is already -8°, in the Urals -14°, on the Yenisei -30°, and on the Lena -40°C. The amount of precipitation decreases in the same direction: in coastal areas Norway receives more than 1000 mm of rainfall, in the European part of Russia - about 500 mm, in Eastern Siberia- about 300 mm per year. Other climate indicators are also different. These differences between coastal and inland climates make it possible to distinguish two subtypes of climates: marine and continental (sometimes an intermediate subtype is distinguished - transitional from marine to continental).
Marine, or oceanic, climate is the climate of the ocean, islands and western or eastern coastal parts continents. It is formed with a high frequency of marine air masses and is characterized by small annual (≤10°C over the oceans) and daily (1-2°C) amplitudes of air temperatures and big amount precipitation.
Continental - continental climate, with low precipitation, high summer and low winter air temperatures, large annual and daily amplitudes. The continental climate can be different, so its degree is determined by the annual amplitude of air temperatures. The greater the annual amplitude of air temperatures, the more continental the climate.
Sea currents have a great influence on the climate. They transfer heat (or cold) from one latitude to another, heating or cooling the air masses located above them. Air masses, acquiring new properties under the influence of currents, come to the mainland already changed and cause different weather on the coast, not typical for these latitudes. Therefore, the climate of the coasts washed by warm currents, usually warmer and softer than on the continents. Cold currents, in addition, increase the dryness of the climate; they cool the lower layers of air in the coastal part, which prevents the formation of clouds and precipitation.
A striking example of the different influence of warm and cold currents on climate is the climate east coast Canada and the western coast of Europe in the area of the 55th and 70th parallels. The Canadian coast is washed by the cold Labrador Current, the European coast by the warm North Atlantic Current. The first lies in an area with average annual temperatures of 0 and -10°C, the second +10 - 0°C. The duration of the frost-free period on the Canadian coast is 60 days a year, on the European coast it is 150-210 days. On the Labrador Peninsula and the Canadian archipelago there is tundra, in Europe there are coniferous and mixed forests.
Climate, long-term weather regime in a given territory. The weather at any given time is characterized by certain combinations of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed. In some climates, the weather varies significantly every day or seasonally, while in others it remains constant. Climate descriptions are based on statistical analysis of average and extreme meteorological characteristics. As a factor in the natural environment, climate influences the geographical distribution of vegetation, soil and water resources and, consequently, land use and the economy. Climate also affects human living conditions and health.
The physical mechanisms that determine external influences on the climate system, as well as the main interactions between the links of the climate system, are called climate-forming factors.
Earth position
When the Earth revolves around the Sun, the angle between the polar axis and the perpendicular to the orbital plane remains constant and amounts to 23°30". This movement explains the change in the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth's surface at noon at a certain latitude throughout the year. The greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on Earth in this place, the more efficiently the Sun heats the surface. Only between the Northern and Southern tropics (from 23°30" N to 23°30" S) the sun's rays fall vertically on the Earth at certain times of the year, and here the Sun at noon always rises high above the horizon. Therefore, the tropics are usually warm at any time of the year. At higher latitudes, where the Sun is lower above the horizon, the heating of the earth's surface is less. There are significant seasonal changes in temperature (which does not happen in the tropics), and in winter the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is relatively small and the days are much shorter. At the equator, day and night always have equal duration, while at the poles the day lasts throughout the summer half of the year, and in winter the Sun never rises above the horizon. The length of the polar day only partially compensates for the low position of the Sun above the horizon, and as a result, summers here are cool. During dark winters, the polar regions quickly lose heat and become very cold.
Distribution of land and sea
Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. Therefore, the air temperature over the oceans has smaller daily and seasonal changes than over the continents. In coastal areas, where winds blow from the sea, summers are generally cooler and winters warmer than in internal areas continents at the same latitude. The climate of such windward coasts is called maritime. Inland areas of the continents temperate latitudes characterized by significant differences in summer and winter temperatures. In such cases they speak of a continental climate.
Water areas are the main source of atmospheric moisture. When winds blow from the warm oceans onto land, there is a lot of precipitation. On windward coasts it is usually higher relative humidity and cloudiness and more days with fogs than in inland regions.
Atmospheric circulation
General circulation The atmosphere determines the climate and weather in all regions of the Earth. It is formed due to uneven heating of the surface of our planet by the Sun and unequal distribution atmospheric pressure over different areas.
All processes occurring in the Earth's air envelope change with latitude. From the equator to the poles, the air temperature decreases and atmospheric pressure changes. On both sides of the equator a region is established low blood pressure, which, together with the Sun, moves between the Northern Tropic and the Southern Tropic according to the seasons. Regions located above 30 latitudes and poles high blood pressure, and between them - in temperate latitudes - the pressure is low. Air moves from areas of high atmospheric pressure to areas of low pressure - this is how the system is formed constant winds blowing over the planet.
At the equator, where atmospheric pressure is low, air heated by the Sun rises and spreads in the upper layers of the troposphere towards the poles. Cooling down, it descends into tropical latitudes and creates an area high pressure, from which tropical winds blow near the Earth's surface towards the equator easterly winds trade winds. They are constant throughout tropical zone and during the times of sailing they provided invaluable assistance to seafarers. Directed from the tropics to the equator, the trade winds, under the influence of the Coriolis force, deviate to the west. In the Northern Hemisphere they blow from northeast to southwest, and in the Southern Hemisphere they blow from southeast to northwest. Trade winds originating over the ocean are wet, they bring precipitation to the eastern coasts of Africa, Australia and South America. Trade winds, originating in the dry and hot interior of Eurasia, carry dry and hot air masses to North Africa. Here is the most vast desert world - Sahara.
From tropical areas High pressure blows winds towards high latitudes, which are deflected to the east by the Coriolis force. In both hemispheres they are called westerly winds temperate latitudes. IN Southern Hemisphere these winds blow over southern parts Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, carrying along huge masses of water and creating powerful current western winds.
In the polar regions, eastern air transport is created. Here, persistent easterly polar winds blow from high pressure areas at the poles. Toward moderate latitudes, where the pressure is low, under the influence of the Coriolis force they are deflected to the west. Forming over the polar regions, these winds carry cold and dry air.
The interaction of the world's oceans with the atmosphere largely determines both the climate and weather on the planet. The amount of heat supplied to upper limit The atmosphere of the Earth is almost the same from year to year, but the proportions of heat transfer in the ocean and atmosphere may change. The Gulf Stream brings warmth to North Atlantic, and then this heat passes into the atmosphere and goes to Europe with winds and cyclones. At the same latitude average annual temperature may differ by tens of degrees: on the coast of Norway it is +10–12 °C, and on the Labrador Peninsula in North America can drop to –20 °C. In Labrador, located at the latitude of Paris, forest-tundra predominates because the cold Labrador Current comes here. In the Canary Islands, which lie at the latitude of Cairo, there is always moderate temperatures. The Canary Current passes through here surface water which is relatively cold, since as it moves south, the current accepts waters rising from the depths of the Atlantic.
On climate Northern Hemisphere and Europe in particular is influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation is associated with changes in the difference in atmospheric pressure between the maximum off the Azores and the minimum off the coast of Iceland. How more difference these pressures, the stronger the so-called westerly transport (air movement from west to east) in the atmosphere of temperate latitudes.
Relief of the earth's surface
The relief has big influence on climate. Large landforms - mountains - have a particularly significant influence on climate. Mountains trap air masses coming from cold places, such as the north. In this case, mountain ranges can serve as a boundary separating areas with different climatic conditions. Thus, the climatic conditions of the regions lying north of the Caucasus Mountains will be different than those to the south.
Mountain ranges located perpendicular to the prevailing moist winds create favorable conditions for condensation of water vapor. Because of this, more precipitation falls on the slopes facing the humid winds than on the opposite slopes.
The entire Black Sea coastline protected by the Caucasus Mountains is wet and warm winter. In Sochi the average winter temperature is about 7°, in Batumi - about 8°. The amount of precipitation to the south is increasing, and Batumi, as you know, belongs to the rainiest areas in Russia. The Colchis lowland - the Rioni valley, surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges and open to moist sea winds from the west - is very different high humidity And high temperatures. Tea, bamboo, tangerines, lemons, rice and other subtropical plants are successfully cultivated here.
The Himalayas have a great influence on the distribution of precipitation. The southwestern, very warm and humid monsoon leaves on the southern slopes of the Himalayan mountains an amount of moisture that is not observed almost anywhere on the globe. Cherrapunji station is included in all textbooks as a place with maximum number precipitation: on average, 11,640 mm falls here annually, of which 10,150 fall from May to September.
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Climate– long-term weather regime in a particular area. Climate is the result of climate-forming processes that continuously occur in the atmosphere. K. is determined mainly by the flow of radiant energy from the sun onto the underlying surface and into the atmosphere (more precisely, by its incoming and outgoing balance), as well as by differences caused by the distribution of land and ocean. K. is also affected by many other geographical factors.
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Radiation factor– the amount of solar energy received by the territory. The radiation regime of a territory is characterized through total solar radiation and radiation balance. Climatic conditions are influenced by their annual values and seasonal changes.
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The amount of solar energy determines the degree of heating of the earth's surface, which, in turn, heats the air, which determines the air temperature and affects the value of atmospheric pressure.
Due to the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes throughout the year, which affects the amount of solar radiation and determines the allocation of thermal seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer, autumn.
Under circulation factor understand character prevailing winds and the types of air masses (Am) they carry. Wind is the horizontal movement of Vm in lower layers troposphere from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
Due to the uneven heating of the surface of the globe, 7 zones are formed, differing in atmospheric pressure: equatorial zone low blood pressure; 2 high pressure zones over the thirties latitudes (1 in each hemisphere); 2 low pressure zones in temperate latitudes (1 in each hemisphere); 2 high pressure zones over the poles (north and south). A constant exchange of Vm develops between these areas, i.e. a system of constant winds is formed: trade wind circulation in tropical latitudes, westerly transport in temperate latitudes, northeastern and southeastern constant winds high latitudes in the polar regions.
Diagram of the distribution of pressure and winds on the globe.
Marine VMs predominate in the oceanic sectors, and continental VMs predominate in the inland sectors. The cloudy one is associated with the sea, rainy weather, with continental WM – clear dry weather.
In the collision zone, Vm are formed atmospheric fronts, which are always associated with windy, inclement weather with precipitation.
Orographic factor– this is the absolute height of the territory and the presence of mountain barriers on the path of movement of the Vm. On the windward slopes of mountains there is always much more rainfall. atmospheric precipitation than on the leeward slopes and on the plains behind the mountains. From absolute altitude depends annual course temperature, because With every kilometer you rise upward, the temperature drops by 6 0 .
Underlying surface. When characterizing macroclimatic differences within the continent, only the degree of distance from the coasts and the nature of sea currents near the coasts are taken into account. Oceanic regions are characterized by a more uniform temperature pattern throughout the year, a small annual temperature range, and a large amount of precipitation. Inland areas are characterized by: clear seasonal rhythm, large annual amplitudes temperatures, decrease annual quantity atmospheric precipitation, increasing the share of summer rains.
Warm currents increase air temperature in coastal areas (this is especially pronounced in winter time in temperate and subarctic climate zones), increase the amount of precipitation. Cold currents reduce air temperature and precipitation.
The influence of sea currents. Warm currents are associated with increased air temperatures in coastal areas and increased precipitation. Above warm currents, as hotter surfaces, evaporation increases, more water vapor enters the air and, consequently, the amount of precipitation increases.
Cold currents, on the contrary, prevent precipitation. This is due to the stable stratification of the atmosphere above them.
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