Education

One of the most significant minerals is oil. This is an oily liquid of black color, which refers to the discharge of combustible substances. Oil color may differ slightly depending on the area in which it is mined. It is found yellow, brown, green, cherry and even transparent look of this fossil. The smell of oil may also differ depending on the chemical composition, which includes hydrocarbons and impurities of other connections. These are some common characteristics. And now a little about what the origin of the oil.

In the process of studying, it turned out that the formation of this substance can last up to 350 million years. This is a very long process. Many scientists adhere to the versions of organic oil origin. This is a biogenic theory.

Its meaning is that the remains of this process are the remains of microorganisms that lived a lot of millions of years ago. The environment of their habitat is the water, mostly shallow water. As a result of the death of microorganisms, there was an accumulation of layers with a high content of organic substances. Since the origin of oil is a long process, over time, these layers immersed deep into the earth. There were an impact of the upper layers on them, which caused an increase in temperature. Biochemical processes occurring at the background of the absence of oxygen converted organic substances into hydrocarbons.

These hydrocarbons were in different physical condition. Some were fixed and solid. Another part of them was in a liquid or gaseous state. As a result of the pressure, she moved up through rock rocks that could be overcome.

As soon as hydrocarbons faced with impenetrable formations, the movement ended. Thus, their mass accumulation appeared. This place became deposit. This is how the organic origin of oil looks.

Oil is known to people since antiquity. But initially it was collected exclusively from the surface. If the oil flows did not meet special underground obstacles, they pierced to the top. In those days, it was not so active. Oil was added to the solution to the mixture for the construction of buildings for better sealing. Also used in the form drug To combat S. skin disease. To a lesser extent, the use of oil was carried out as fuel.

After the invention of the kerosene lamp, the demand for fuel grew significantly. Removing kerosene from this fossil was the cheapest way. People interested in the origin of oil. So began to develop the oil industry.

The first oil tower was drilled in Baku in 1847. Over time, he became a city where there were already several wells.

Oil production methods in those times were manual. But in the autumn of 1864 there was a transition to a mechanical shock-rod method. In this case, a steam engine was used to bring the drilling station into action.

The drilling of oil wells marked the beginning for the extraction of this useful fossil in a cheaper way.

Water that is contained in oil has a greater density. Therefore, oil is located above the water. And the gas is lighter than oil, therefore it is located above oil. When developing wells, gas sometimes appears.

Oil can be from several tens of meters to 5 kilometers deep into the earth's surface. In this gap, oil and gas are found in different proportions. The lower the production level, the greater the gas.

These places where oil lies, are called collectors.

Oil is one of the most important minerals. Its value is difficult to overestimate. The availability of oil in the natural resource complex of the state depends on its economic stability.

Comments

Related Materials

Business
Iron ore, its extraction and application

Iron ore is a special mineral formation, including iron, as well as its compounds. Ruda consider iron if it contains this element in sufficient volumes in order to be ...

Cars
Carbon film, its structure and application.

I think many know what carbon is, is a film that is a composite material. It consists of carbon filaments intertwined. Made layers are fixed with epoxy resins. Such a fiber to ...

Business
Sand species, their characteristics, mining and application

The sand is a sedimentary rock and artificial material, which has in the composition of rock fractions. Quite often it consists of a mineral quartz, which is a substance called ...

home and family
Kulirka - what kind of fabric? Its features and application

Due to the fact that it is pretty the new kind Fabrics, many wonder: Kulirka - what a fabric, and what kind of origin is vegetable, animal or artificial. Kulirka is a form of 100% cotton fabric ...

Health
Grass Rushshop: its properties and application, contraindications, photos

The beneficial properties of such a plant, as a milk, or milk thistle, are known since the ancient centuries. The first to recognized the Greeks and Egyptians. So that the plant showed their beneficial features, it is only picky ...

Computers
Delmer ingot: Methods of production and application

The dweller ingot is just one of the thousands of materials that are used in the crafts of a huge game called "Skyrim". Any user who began his adventure in the province of harsh Nords must necessarily ...

Education
Physiochemical properties Natural gas. Mining and application of natural gas

The gaseous state of the substance is the most common compound compared to other aggregate parameters. After all, in this state there are: stars; interstellar space; planets ...

Education
What composition of bronze has in percentage ratio. Its properties and application

Bronze is an alloy of two metals. It is widely used in different areas human life: From the automotive industry to interior design. What is the bronze? This is copper, fused with tin. Tak ...

Technologies
Bifilar coil - its varieties and application

Bifilar coil is such an electromagnetic coil, which has two parallel, closely located windings. Three wires can also be used, isolated from each other - such devices ...

Education
What is wata? Its manufacture and application

The meaning of the word "wool" is fibers consisting of various materials that have passed special processing. Wool can be both a finished product and material for further processing. There are several ...

Mining and oil use

Stormy scientific and technological progress and high rates of development of various industries of science and world economy in the XIX - XX centuries. led to a sharp increase in consumption of various minerals, a special place among which occupied oil. Oil began to be mined on the banks of Euphrates for 6 - 4 thousand years before our era. It was used as a medicine. The ancient Egyptians used asphalt (oxidized oil) for embalming. Oil bitumens were used to prepare for construction solutions. Oil was part of the "Greek fire". In the Middle Ages, oil was used to illuminate in a number of cities in the Middle East, southern Italy, etc. early XIX. in. In Russia, and in the middle of the XIX century. In America, kerosene was obtained from the oil by sublimation. It was used in lamps. Before mid XIX. in. Oil was mined in small quantities of deep wells near the natural outlets of it on the surface. The invention of steam, and then diesel and gasoline engine led to stormy development Oil industry.

Oil is a liquid natural mixture of various hydrocarbons with a small number of others. organic compounds; valuable mineral, occurring often together with gaseous hydrocarbons; Oil fuel liquidWith a specific smell, usually brown with a greenish or other tint, sometimes almost black, very rarely colorless.

Oil is a rock. It belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks together with sands, clays, limestones, stone salt, etc. We are accustomed to believe that the breed is a solid, from which the earth's crust and deeper subsoil of the Earth. It turns out that there are liquid rocks, and even gaseous. One of the important properties of oil is the ability to burn.

The composition of oil

According to the composition of oil - a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weight, mainly liquid (solid and gaseous hydrocarbons are dissolved). Depending on the oil field, the oil has a different qualitative and quantitative composition. Oil consists mainly of carbon - 79.5-87.5% and hydrogen - 11.0-14.5% of the mass of oil. In addition to them, there are three more elements - sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Them total amount It is usually 0.5-8%. In minor concentrations in oil there are elements: vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium, barium, strontium, manganese, chrome, cobalt, molybdenum, boron, arsenic, potassium. Their total content does not exceed 0.02-0.03% of the mass of oil. These elements form organic and inorganic compounds from which oil consists. Oxygen and nitrogen are in oil only in the associated state. The sulfur can occur in a free state or enter the hydrogen sulfide.

The oil includes about 425 hydrocarbon compounds. The main part of the oil is three groups of HC: methane, naphthenic and aromatic. Along with hydrocarbons in oil there are chemical compounds of other classes. Usually all these classes are combined into one group of hetero compounds (Greek. "Heteros" is different). Over 380 complex hetero compounds also discovered in oil, in which such elements such as sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen are attached to the hydrocarbon nuclei. In oil, there is also no harmonic compounds: asphalt-resinous parts, porphyrins, sulfur and ash part. Oxygen in oil occurs in the associated state also as part of naphthenic acids (about 6%) - CNH2N-1 (COOH), phenols (no more than 1%) - C6H5OH, as well as fatty acids and their derivatives - C6H5O6 (P). The nitrogen content in oil does not exceed 1%, the resin content can reach 60% of the mass of oil.

Oil formation

In recent years, thanks to the works mostly geologists, chemists, biologists, physicists and researchers of other specialties managed to find out the basic patterns in the processes of oil formation. Currently, it has established that oil of organic origin, i.e. It, like coal, arose as a result of the conversion of organic substances. The oil formation process began many millions of years ago along with the development of life and continues to this day. Oil is counted for non-renewable energy sources, a person is unable to create a new oil field in a short time.

Oil and combustible gas accumulates in porous rocks called collectors. A good collector is sandstone reservoir, prisoner among impermeable rocks, such as clay or clay shale, preventing leakage of oil and gas from natural tanks. Most favorable conditions For the formation of oil and gas fields, there are in cases where the sandstone reservoir bent into the fold, drawing by the arch up. Wherein top part Such a dome is filled with gas, oil is located below, and even lower - water.

About how fields of oil and fuel gas were formed, scientists argue a lot. Some geologists - supporters of the hypothesis of inorganic origin - argue that oil and gas fields were formed due to leakage from the depths of the land of carbon and hydrogen, their associations in the form of hydrocarbons and accumulation in breeds - collectors. Other geologists, their majority, believe that oil, like coal, originated from the organic mass, buried to the depth sea precipitatewhere combustible liquid and gas were distinguished from it. This is an organic hypothesis of the origin of oil and combustible gas. Both of these hypothesis explain some of the facts, but they leave their other part without an answer.

On the issue of the source material there were different opinions. Some scientists believed that oil arose from the fat of the dead animals (fish, plankton, etc.), others believed that proteins were played by the main role, the third attached to the carbohydrates. Now it is proved that oil can form from fats, proteins and carbohydrates, i.e. From the entire amount of organic substances. Oil is formed under the surface of the earth in the decomposition process marine organisms. The remains of the tiny microorganisms that lived in the sea and to a lesser extent that they lived on land and were carried out in the sea waves of rivers, plants growing at the bottom of the ocean - all this is mixed with sand and snacks, resting at the bottom of the ocean. Such places rich in organic constituents become the oil produced rock for the formation of crude oil.

Gradually, the deposits are becoming fatter and thicker and under their own weights are immersed deeper into the seabed. When new layers accumulate from above, the pressure on the lower layers increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises a few hundred degrees, dirt and sand hardened and turn into clay slate and sandstone, carbonate precipitate and remnants of shells form limestone, and the remains of dead organisms are transformed into Raw oil and natural gas.

As soon as oil is formed, it begins to move up, closer to the surface of the earth, since oil density is less density sea waterwhich fills cracks in the rocks, sands and rocks forming the earth's bark. Natural gas and crude oil are seeping into microscopic pores of the layers above. Sometimes it happens that oil falls into impenetrable sediment layers or in the environment of a thick layer of rocky rocks, which does not allow her to move on. Oil is trapped, oil deposits are formed.

Oil mining

Oil production is carried out by humanity from ancient times. First, primitive methods were used: the colive of oil from the surface of the reservoirs, the treatment of sandstone or limestone, impregnated with oil, with the help of wells. The first method was used in mussels and Syria, the second - in the 15th century in Italy. But early development oil industry It is customary to consider the time for the emergence of mechanical drilling of wells for oil in 1859 in the United States, and now almost all oil produced in the world is extracted by drilling wells. Over a hundred years of development, some deposits were exhausted, others were discovered, the efficiency of oil production increased, oil recovery increased, i.e. Fullness of oil extraction from the formation. But the structure of fuel mining has changed.

The main machine for oil and gas production is a drilling machine. The first drilling stans that appeared hundreds of years ago, essentially copied the worm with scrap. Only scrap from these first machines was heavier and in shape reminded rather chisel. He was called - drill bit. He was suspended on a rope, which was raised with the help of the gate, they lowered. Such machines are called shock-cable.

Energy Sources - Oil Fields (Oil)

They can be found in some place and now, but this is yesterday's technology: they are very slowly punching the hole in the stone, a lot of energy consuming in vain.

It is much faster and more advantageous to another way of drilling - rotary, at which the well is dried. To the openwork metal four-step tower with a ten-story house hung fat steel pipe. It rotates a special device - the rotor. At the lower end of the pipe - the bur. As the well becomes deeper, the pipe is extended. So that the destroyed breed does not score a well, a clay solution is injected through the pipe through the pipe. The solution is washed with a well, takes up the gap between the pipe and the wells of the well destroyed clay, sandstone, limestone. At the same time, the dense fluid supports the walls of the well, without giving them to collapse.

But the rotary drilling has its drawback. Than deeper well, the hardest work the rotor engine, the slower there is drilling. After all, one thing to rotate the pipe with a length of 5-10 m, when the drilling of the well only begins, and completely different - turn the pipe column with a length of 500 m. And what if the depth of the well reaches 1 km? 2 km? In 1922, Soviet engineers M. A. Kapelushnikov, S. M. Volokh and N. A. Kornev for the first time in the world built a car for drilling wells, in which the drilling pipes did not need to rotate. Inventors placed the engine not at the top, but at the bottom, in the well itself - next to the drilling instrument. Now the engine spent all power only on the rotation of the Bura itself. This machine and the engine was extraordinary. Soviet engineers forced the very water that used to wash out the destroyed breed from the well, to rotate the borough. Now, before reaching the bottom of the well, the clay solution rotated a small turbine attached to the drilling tool itself.

The new machine was called Turbobur, with time it was improved, and now the well lowered several turbines planted for one shaft. It is clear that the power of such a multi-dombing machine many times more and drilling is many times faster. Another wonderful drilling machine is an electrolycore, invented by engineers A. P. Ostrovsky and N. V. Alexandrov. The first oil wells drilled by the electric travelers in 1940. This car has the pipe column either does not rotate, only the drilling tool itself works. But it rotates not a water turbine, but an electric motor placed in a steel shirt - a casing filled with oil. Oil is all the time under high pressure, so the ambient water can not penetrate the engine. In order for a powerful engine to fit in a narrow oil well, I had to do it very high, and the engine turned out to be like a pillar: the diameter of him, like a saucer, and height-6-7 m.

Drilling is the main work in the extraction of oil and gas. In contrast, let's say, the oil and gas from coal or iron ore should not be separated from the surrounding array by machines or explosives, it is not necessary to raise the surface of the earth by the conveyor or in trolleys. As soon as the well reached an oil reservoir, oil, compressed in the depths of gases and underground water, herself with power rushes up. As oil is poured on the surface, pressure decreases, and the remaining oil ceases to flow up. Then through the wells specially drilled around the oil field begin to pump water. Water presses on oil and squeezes it to the surface according to the newly revived well. And then the time comes when only water can no longer help. Then in oil well Lower the pump and begin to pump out oil from it.

Oil refining

Alkylation appeared in 1930. In the process of alkyllation, small molecules obtained by thermal cracking are reorganized under the action of a catalyst. As a result, molecules with a branched chain are formed in the boiling zone of gasoline, which have higher indicators, such as an increased anti-knock capacity, this ability has a fuel that ensures the operation of the modern aircraft engines.

Cracking.The cracking is called the process of cleavage of hydrocarbons contained in oil, as a result of which hydrocarbons are formed with a smalight number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The yield of gasoline from oil can be significantly increased (up to 65-70%) by splitting hydrocarbons with a long chain contained, for example, in fuel oil, for hydrocarbons with less relative molecular weight. Such a process is called cracking (from English Crack- split). Cracking invented Russian engineer V. G. Shukhov in 1891 in 1913, the invention of Shukhov began to be used in America. Currently, 65% of all gasoline is obtained on cracking factories in the USA. On cracking plants, the hydrocarbons are not distilled, but are split. The process is carried out at higher temperatures (up to 600 o), often increased pressure. At such temperatures, large hydrocarbon molecules are crushed into smaller.

Mazuta dense and heavy, its proportion is close to unity. This is because it consists of complex and large hydrocarbon molecules. When the fuel oil is exposed to cracking, the part of the components of its hydrocarbons is fragmented into smaller. And small oil products are made of small hydrocarbons - gasoline, kerosene. Mazut - the rest of the primary distillation. On the cracking plant, it is recycled again, and from it, as of the oil at the primary distillation plant, gasoline is obtained, Ligroin Kerosene. With primary distillation, oil is exposed only to physical changes. Light fractions are distilled off from it, i.e., parts of it are selected, boiling at low temperatures and consisting of different hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons themselves remain unchanged.

When cracking, oil is subjected to chemical changes. The structure of hydrocarbons is changing. In the devices of cracking factories, complex chemical reactions occur. These reactions are enhanced when catalysts are introduced into the equipment. One of these catalysts is a specially treated clay. This clay in a fine crushed state - in the form of dust - is introduced into the equipment of the plant. Hydrocarbons located in a vapor and gaseous condition are connected to clay dusting and fragmented on their surface. Such cracking is called cracking with a dust-like catalyst. This type of cracking is now widely distributed. The catalyst is then separated from hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons go their way to rectification and refrigerators, and the catalyst in their tanks, where its properties are restored. Catalysts - the largest achievement of refining. On cracking installations of all systems, gasoline, ligroin, kerosene, solarium and fuel oil are obtained. The main attention is paid to gasoline. He is trying to get more and necessarily better quality. Catalytic cracking emerged precisely as a result of a long-term, stubborn struggle of oil workers for improving the quality of gasoline.

Reforming- (from the English reforming - redo, improve) the industrial process of processing gasoline and ligrine oil fractions in order to obtain high-quality gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbons. At the same time, hydrocarbon molecules are mainly not cleaving, but are converted. The raw material serves a benzinoligroine oil fraction. From the 40s, the reforming is a catalytic process, the scientific foundations of which are developed by N. D. Zelinsky, as well as V. I. Karazhev, B. L. Moldavian. For the first time this process was carried out in 1940 in the United States. It is carried out in an industrial installation having a heating furnace and at least 3-4 reactors at T 350-520 0 C, in the presence of various catalysts: platinum and polymetallic, containing platinum, rhenium, iridium, germanium, etc. in order to avoid deactivation of the catalyst for the seal product Coke, the reforming is carried out under high hydrogen pressure, which circulates through the heating furnace and reactors. As a result of reforming gasoline fractions, 80-85% gasoline with octane number 90-95, 1-2% hydrogen and the rest of the gaseous hydrocarbons. From the tubular oven under pressure, oil is fed to the reaction chamber, where the catalyst is located, from here it goes to a distillation column, where it is divided into products. Reforming is of great importance for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.). Previously, the main source of producing these hydrocarbons was the coke industry.

Use of oil

From oil allocate a variety of products having a large practical value. At the beginning of it, dissolved hydrocarbons are separated (mainly methane). After distilling off the volatile hydrocarbons, oil is heated. The first is transferred to a gaseous state and hydrocarbons are distilled off with a small number of carbon atoms in a molecule having a relatively low boiling point. With an increase in the temperature of the mixture, hydrocarbons with a higher boiling point are distilled. Thus, it is possible to collect separate mixtures (fractions) of oil. Most often, with such distillation, three main fractions are obtained, which are then subjected to further separation.

Currently, thousands of products are obtained from oil. The main groups are liquid fuel, gaseous fuel, solid fuel (oil coke), lubricating and special oils, paraffins and ceresines, bitumens, aromatic compounds, soot, acetylene, ethylene, petroleum and their salts, higher alcohols. These products include combustible gases, gasoline, solvents, kerosene, gas oil, domestic fuel, a wide composition of lubricating oils, fuel oil, road bitumen and asphalt; This also includes paraffin, vaseline, medical and various insecticidal oils.

Oils from oil are used as ointments and creams, as well as in the production of explosives, medicines, cleaning products, the largest use of oil refining products are found in the fuel and energy industry. For example, fuel oil has almost one and a half times higher heat combustion compared to the best coals. It takes little space during combustion and does not give solid burning residues. Replacing solid fuels fuel to fuel on TPPs, factories and railway and water transport gives a huge cost savings, contributes to the rapid development of the main industries and transport.

The energy direction in the use of oil still remains the main world. The share of oil in the global energy balance is more than 46%. However, in recent years, oil refining products are increasingly used as raw materials for the chemical industry. About 8% of oil produced is consumed as raw materials for modern chemistry. For example, ethyl alcohol applies to about 150 industries. In the chemical industry, formaldehyde (HCHO), plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, ammonia, ethyl alcohol, etc. are used. Oil refining products are used in agriculture. Growth stimulants are used here, seed germs, pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, urea, films for greenhouses, etc. In mechanical engineering and metallurgy, universal adhesives, parts and parts of plastics devices, lubricating oils, etc. are used.

Widespread use found oil coke as an anode mass during electroopding. Pressed soot goes to fire-resistant plates in the furnaces. IN food Industry Polyethylene packaging, dietary acids, preserving agents, paraffin are used, produced protein-vitamin concentrates, the initial raw materials for which methyl and ethyl alcohols and methane are used. In the pharmaceutical and perfume industry, embiring alcohol, chloroform, formalin, aspirin, vaseline, etc. derivatives are produced from derivatives of oil refining, formalin, aspirin, petroleum wide application and in woodworking, textile, leather-shoe and construction industry.

Oil is the most valuable natural fossil, which opened the amazing possibilities of "chemical reincarnation." Total oil derivatives are already about 3 thousand. Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy facilities. Its share in the overall consumption of energy is continuously growing. Oil is the basis of fuel and energy balances of all economically developed countries. Currently, thousands of products are obtained from oil.

Oil will remain in the near future the basis for ensuring the energy of the national economy and the raw materials of the oil and gas chemical industry. Here will be much dependent on success in the field of searches, exploration and the development of oil fields. But oil resources are limited in nature. Stormy extension over the past decades of their production has led to relative depletion of the largest and most favorable deposits.

In the problem rational use oil is of great importance to increase their coefficient useful use. One of the main directions here implies the deepening of the oil refining level in order to ensure the needs of the country in light oil products and petrochemical raw materials. Another effective direction is to reduce the specific fuel consumption for the production of thermal and electrical Energy, as well as an ubiquitous reduction in the specific consumption of electrical and thermal energy in all units of the national economy.

Without oil, it is impossible to present modern life. The knowledge of oil and petroleum products for energy, transportation, the countries, the diverse industries are excluded greatly large. Oil plays a decisive role in the development of the economy of any country. In terms of importance and the value of petroleum products, there are no less (and more) an important place than such design materials, both metals and alloys, rubber and plastics. The solution of issues related to improving the quality of used petroleum products is located in one row with such a problem, which determine the technical progress of an increase in the durability, durability and efficiency of the equipment.

Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy balance. Its share in the overall consumption of energy resources is continuously growing. So, in 1900

Mining and oil use

it was 3%, before the First World War - 5%, on the eve of the Second World War - 17.5%, in 1950 - 24%, in 1974 - 42.4%. From 1980 Du-la and natural gas in the global energy balance reached 75%.

All types of liquid fuel are produced from oil: benziers, diesel fuel, boiler room, reactive, gas turbine for locomotives, as well as a huge range of lubricants, special oils and plastic lubricants. In addition, from oil, paraffin, technical carbon (soot) for rubber production, oil coke, butyms, wax formulations and many other product products that are most widely used in all industries and construction are found in all sectors.

Oil and its processing products are excellent and universal chemical raw materials for the production of a huge co-course of chemical products and consumer goods. Per-partitioning is the use of petroleum products as raw materials for the production of proteins and other substitutes of food products.

PreviousNext

Publication date: 2014-11-04; Read: 2543 | Violation of copyright page

studopedia.org - Studdiadia.org - 2014-2018. (0.001 c) ...

Modern types of transport and industry cannot do without petroleum products, and no country can develop its industry without oil.

Despite all the evidence of this situation, the cataclysm of the war was required so that the importance of oil was fully revealed. The nature of the consumption of petroleum products in many countries was largely hidden as a result of competition of oil companies in the markets; It was considered quite natural that the need for oil of any area of \u200b\u200bthe globe immediately satisfied. However, during the Second World War due to an increase in oil use for military purposes and loss of tankers, the possibility of oil supplies for civil societies has been greatly reduced, and only underdeveloped countries have not felt the most acute lack of oil. In the postwar period, the restoration of the destroyed farm also cannot be carried out without oil.

Petroleum products and their use in different countries

In industrial countries, all types of petroleum products are used; But on a global scale, oil is primarily the source of energy, heat, light, as well as raw materials for obtaining lubricating oils. Therefore, when considering the issue of oil use in the focus, such types of petroleum products such as motor fuel, kerosene, oil supplies and lubricating oils should be. Of the 2 billion, the barrels of the annual global production of petroleum products to the war on the products listed above accounted for about 9/10, and everything is less than 1/10, since it includes losses in the processing of oil reserves, etc.

Over the period sufficient to take into account all possible fluctuations, it has been established that the consumption of petroleum products approximately corresponds to the volume of their production. Petroleum products are usually produced in an amount corresponding to demand for them (with the exception of the necessary reserves); For the same, the demand for petroleum products is satisfied in any areas of the globe, their constant influx should be carried out into these areas on a large scale as well as their continuous production.

In 1938, North America was the only continent where the production of petroleum products was almost equal to their consumption. South America I consumed only about the petroleum products produced by it, and Asia is about half. Europe as a whole consumed almost 1.75 times more petroleum products than produced; Africa is about 18 times more than produced, and Oceania almost all the petroleum products that needed it imported from other countries.

Use of oil in North America

In 1938, the United States and Canada consume about 63% of global oil production. Although the proportion of the United States in the total consumption was higher than Canada, oil consumption per capita and in the other country was very high, and the bulk of the consumed petroleum products was motor fuel. In Mexico, on the contrary, the first place was occupied by oil fuel. For almost ninety years, North America not only fully satisfied its oil needs due to own resourcesBut it was its exporter. In 1948, the United States imported oil.

During World War II, in the United States, there was a need to not only increase the production of previous types of petroleum products, but also begin the production of many new ones. Over the past year, the daily production of petroleum products in the country increased by about 1 million barrels. At the same time, it was necessary to reduce the civil consumption of oilflow and gasoline for passenger cars. After the end of the war, gasoline consumption rapidly increased and in 1947 averaged 2,177.5 thousand.

Oil: Origin, Composition, Methods and Processing Methods (p. 1 of 7)

barrels per day compared to 1,828,800 barrels in 1941. This growth was partly due to the huge increase in gasoline consumption in agriculture. In 1948, about 3 million tractors worked on farms compared to 1.6 million in 1941; In addition, the farms were serviced by 1.9 million trucks, which corresponds to an increase of 62% over the same period. A large number of tractors consume gasoline, although many use diesel and tractor fuel, as well as kerosene.

In the period between the two world wars, Kerosene's consumption in the United States remained relatively stable until 1933, when the use of kerosene plates in everyday life caused an increase in kerosene consumption from 105.5 thousand barrels per day in the same year to 190.3 thousand barrels in 1941 and 280.8 thousand barrels in 1947. The latter increase is due mainly to the spread of petroleum heating devices.

In the United States, oil nozzles consuming medium dealers (such as Gasoyl) are widely used, the demand for which since 1941 has almost doubled. During the war, the consumption of these petroleum products was limited due to the fact that diesel fuel and refueling were used for military needs (the consumption of diesel fuel for military targets increased from 2.6 to 22.9 million barrels per year) and for the production of military products. In 1941, the daily need for oil for the heating of residential buildings was determined at 331 thousand barrels. In early 1941, there were 2135 thousand home oil injectors in the United States, and by the beginning of 1948 this number increased to 3650 thousand, so the kerosene fuel was barely enough to ensure them.

Consumption of dealers for last decade Also increased significantly because it expanded the use of diesel engines. In early 1948, railway diesel engines consumed about 21.5 million barrels of oil filled each year compared to 2.7 million barrels in 1941, it was estimated that by 1953 the power of diesel engines, and therefore the amount of fuel consumed by them doubles. The power of stationary diesel installations as of January 1, 1948 was generally 6.8 million liters. with., and ship engines 3.3 million liters. from. The use of both the first and second type of engines is rapidly increasing.

The residual oil supplement, due to its viscosity, requires heating before spraying and is therefore used only in large boiler installations. Most of these petroleum products belong to the type of oil industry produced by oil refining plants under No. 6. This type of fuel is usually applied on major trading ships; The vessels of the Navy during the war consumed a lighter fuel, known as the "Special Fleet Gasoline", a significant part of which was obtained by mixing residual oil powder with dealers.

Statistical data on the use of lubricating oils in the United States is very incomplete. More than half of lubricating oils in peaceful timeApparently, the industry was consumed, and the rest mainly by road. Consumption of lubricating oils in industry reflects its degree of development.

Brief History of Oil and Gas Application

Oil is known to humanity for a long time. Already in 6,000 years before our era, people used oil for lighting and heating.

What is oil? Properties, mining, application and price of oil

The most ancient crafts were on the shores of Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. Mention of oil is found in many ancient sources (for example, the Bible mentions resin keys in the vicinity of the Dead Sea).

Why is oil called oil?

In the languages \u200b\u200bof many nations of the world, there are words similar to the sound with the word "oil". Currently it is believed that the word "oil" was the original word for education "Nafata",what meant "leakage", "arising". The state of the city existed in the IX-VI centuries BC. e. On the border of the territories of modern Azerbaijan and Iran. When the Persians won the mussel, together with a clinical writing and many other achievements of culture borrowed the word "nafata". Gradually, it was transformed into "Neft".This word was designated wells from which oil was mined for sacred fire. Later from the words "Neft" and "Natcha" a Greek word arose "naphtha".

In countries Western EuropeWhere all scientific essays in the Middle Ages wrote in Latin, words derived from the Latin word are widely used to designate oil. "Petroleum",i.e. stone oil (Petros - stone, "oleum" - oil): in England - Petroleum, in France and Romania - Petrole, in Italy - Petrolio.

Another widespread name of oil - "Oil" - also means "oil", "vegetable oil". Since the oil was considered "stone oil", the word "Oil" began to be applied to its designation. These three words were then entered into many other languages.

As noted, oil was widely used for lighting.So, when in 330 BC e. Alexander Macedonian troops reached the Caspian Sea, they found that, unlike ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece, where the lamps fled olive oil, the locals used for this oil.

Oil from a long time applied and as medicine.It was believed that white oil heals from colds, and black - from cough. The Egyptians used petroleum oils when embedded. Ancient Greek scientist Hippocrates (IV-V V.V. before and. Er), which is considered the father of medicine, described a lot of drugs, part of which were oil.

However, the most loud glory of oil brought its use for military purposes.

1. Defenders of precipitated cities were dumped from urban walls on the head of attacking pots with burning oil.

2. The troops of Cenghis Khan (HP-Khsh V.V.) produced last minute booms, oil lubricated

3. However, the most terrible weapon of antiquity was the so-called " greek fire"- a mixture of oil with gray and Selutyra."

First petroleum productwith whom humanity got acquainted was asphalt,presenting a viscous resinous substance obtained as a result of prolonged weathelation of oil. The word "asphalt" introduced Herodotus into literature, which described in 460 ... 450 g. BC. In the "History of Greco-Persian Wars" Persian and Mesopotamian asphalt fields. "Asphalt" - derived from the word "asphaz" (durable, strong, reliable). Ancient called asphalt mountain stenu, and modern ideas - This is one of the types of natural bitumen.

For lighting purposes, humanity used various means; Lucina, olive oil, oil, animal fats, etc. In 1830, the Austrian chemist K. Reheeibach first got lightweight oil by dry distillery, peat and coal. The resulting product, he called "PHOTOGEN" - (from the Greek Words "Photos" - Light and "Genos" - Birth), i.e. "Light referring" or "light giving". Later, the word "photogen" began to call a light transparent liquid obtained by distillation of oil (modern kerosene).

The world's first oil refinery was built in 1745 russian entrepreneur F. S. Pirdunov on the River Ukhta. The plant lasted until 1782, processing annually to 2000 pounds of oil.

In 1825, near the city of Mozdok, the serf peasants brothers of the Dubinins built a refinery factory that existed 25 years. In 1837, the oil engineer N. I. Voskoboinikov built a mining engineer N. I. Voskoboinikov. In 1869, 2 photogoen plants existed in Baku, in 1872 - 57, in 1876. -146.

Where did the word appear "kerosene"?In 1846-1847 Lighting oil production from stone coal organized in USA A. Geesner. It is mistakenly believed that the oil is formed as a result of the decomposition of the substance contained in the corner, similar to wax, it called the resulting liquid "Kerosen Oil" (from the Greek "Keros" - wax), i.e. "Wax oil." In conversational speech, the phrase "Kerosen Oil" gradually transformed into one word "keosen". When in the fifties of the XIX century. The lighting oil in the United States began to receive from oil, he was also called "Kerosene".

The American product quickly won the market not only in the United States, but also in Europe. In the second half of the XIX century. He fully supplanted a photogen in Europe, obtained from coal, and then won the Russian market. Here his name was transformed into Kerosene. After as a result competitive struggle The American product was completely crowded with Russian, Kerosene began to call the domestic "photogen", obtained by distillation of oil.

Currently, the "kerosene" is called the oil fraction, which rolls out at a temperature limits of 175 to 300 ° C. The "Lighting kerosene" is distinguished, used for lighting, "tractor kerosene", used as a fuel for tractors, and "air kerosene" - fuel for jet fools.

From the first days of its occurrence, the process of oil refining was subordinate to the receipt of kerosene (photogen). However, at the same time two by-products were obtained. One of them is a lighter fraction of oil than kerosene - got a name "petrol"(from distorted Arab "Lubsevavi" - a fuel), and the other is a thick dirty-black liquid obtained in the residue and called "Mazut"(from Arabic - garbage). For a long time both were considered unnecessary products.

However, in 1866, A. I. Shpakovsky invented a steam nozzle, as a result of which the fuel oil began to be used in the furnaces as fuel. Then the lubricating oil began to produce out of fuel oil. And in 1890, an outstanding Russian engineer V. G. Shukhov proposed a method for splitting heavy hydrocarbons of fuel oil in order to obtain light petroleum products that called "thermal cracking".

About 100 years old gasoline remained dangerous and unnecessary product. Only invention of the internal combustion engine by the Russian inventor Ignatius Kostotovich in 1879 opened his way to its widespread use. On the growth of gasoline demand can be judged by the number of cars with a carburetor engine, in 1896 there were about 4 thousand in the world, in 1908 - 250 thousand, and in 1910 - 10 million, in 2010 more than 40 million, In 2020, planning their increase by 20-30%.

In 1910, in the fuel balance of countries of the world, the main contribution was made by coal (65%), firewood (16%), vegetable and animal garbage (16%). Oil accounted for only 3% of energy consumed. Natural gas was used in limited scales.

The development of the automotive industry, a little later, the sea and river fleet, and then the aviation, was at the increase in oil consumption of oil.

Currently, oil serves as raw materials for production not only fuels, but also oils, lubricants and many other products: a variety of detergents, alcohols, herbicides, explosives, medical preparations, sulfuric acid, synthetic protein, etc.

Natural gas,like oil, also became known to man for a very long time. In the foothills of the Small Caucasus for 6000 years BC Eternal lights burned. These were randomly inflammable (from lightning or fire, for example) gas outputs on the surface.

In the XIV century, on the Absheron Peninsula, the gas was used for heating, lighting, cooking and burning lime.

At the end of the XVIII century. A method of obtaining artificial gas from stone coal was invented. British V. Mordok applied the obtained gas for lighting own house And the machine-building plant in Birmingham, and then offered this new type of fuel for London's lighting - "Light gas".

The first plant for the production of light gas in Russia was built in 1835 in St. Petersburg. By the end of the last century, such factories were built in almost all major cities of the country. They gave light to streets, factories, theaters, residential buildings. In 1914, 3,000 apartments were gasified in St. Petersburg.

IN late XIX. Century in Baku began to use backway oil gas in boiler houses extracted along with oil.

The widespread use of natural gas in Russia and in the world began only in the 50s of the last century.

See more:

Oil is an important mineral. It has sedimentary origins and is mined worldwide. On it in the literal sense of the word the whole world economy is holding.

Prey

Oil mining is maintained in those places where geologists detect its deposit. Special oil facilities are being built in such places. They may be not only on Earth, but also on the water. After all, very often oil deposits are discovering when the coastal shelf examines.

This fossil fuel also called "black gold"because no one can not exist developed country. Russia is one of the main oil suppliers throughout the world. Rich deposits are in Siberia, in the Urals and the Far East, North Caucasus, as well as in some other areas.

But the largest reserves were found in Arab countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia. The economy in them is almost entirely built on the fact that they sell oil to other countries of the world. Why is Black Gold?

Using

Just mined (raw) oil is usually not used. But its processing allows us to obtain many types of fuel, such as gasoline, kerosene.

Methods of oil production

Outflows are obtained from oil, plastic and other materials are made of it. Due to this, the traffic movement does not stop across the planet. Most of the usual items are also made from oil-based materials. It is literally all attributes modern life, ranging from packages and plastic windows and ending with the enclosures for the latest computers.

Different petroleum products are made on different technologies. They also have different prices. For example, gasoline is cleaned of impurities, and what it is cleaner, the more expensive it stands. However, there are negative properties in such a valuable raw material as oil. Its mining and processing damage the environment. And during the combustion of fuel, plastic and other artificial materials in the atmosphere, substances are invented, poisonous for all living things. If the wreck is a tanker ship with a load of oil on board, it becomes an ecological catastrophe.

Stocks

Like other minerals produced oil sooner or later end. After a few decades, she will begin to end, and will have to look for new types of fuel, produce new materials. Now the engines are already developed and tested, which are not needed neither gasoline or kerosene.

But while this is all only experiments. Therefore, the global economy is still entirely dependent on oil. Many things in the world stand from how much barrel stands (the main unit of measure is equal to 159 liters). The task of people is to stop fully dependent on oil. Many analysts believe that then there will be much less wars in the world, and the economy will become much more stable.

If this message was useful to you, I am glad to see you in the VKontakte group. And yet - thanks if you click on one of the "Like" buttons: You can leave a comment to the report.

Sedimentary minerals The most characteristic of platforms is most characteristic, since there is a platform case. Advantageously, these are non-metallic minerals and combustible, leading role among which they play gas, oil, coal, combustible shale. They were formed from accumulated in the coastal parts of the shallow seas and in the lake-marsh conditions of the sushi of the remains of plants and animals. These abundant organic residues could accumulate only in sufficiently wet and warm conditions favorable for lush development. In hot arid conditions in shallow seas and coastal lagoons, salts used to be accumulated as raw materials in.

Mining

There are several ways mining mining. First, it is an open method in which rocks are mined in careers. It is economically more profitable, as it helps to obtain a cheaper product. However, the abandoned quarry can cause the formation of a wide network. A mine coal mining method requires high costs, so it is more expensive. The cheapest method of oil production is a fountain when oil rises along the well under oil gases. The pumping method of production is also distributed. There are also special ways of mining. They are called geotechnological. With their help from the depths of the earth, ore is mined. This is done by downloading hot water, solutions in reservoirs containing the necessary mineral resources. Other wells pump the resulting solution and separate the valuable component.

The need for minerals is constantly growing, mining of mineral raw materials increases, but minerals are exhausted natural resources, so it is necessary to more economically and fully spend them.

For this there are several ways:

• reduction of mineral losses in their production;
• more complete extraction from the breed of all useful components;
• integrated use of minerals;
• search for new, more promising deposits.

Thus, the main direction of use of minerals for the coming years should not be an increase in the volume of their production, but more rational use.

With modern search for minerals, it is necessary to use not only latest technique and sensitive devices, but also a scientific search forecast for deposits, which helps purposefully, on a scientific basis to reconcile the subsoil. It is thanks to such methods that were first scientifically predicted, and then the diamond deposits in Yakutia were opened. The scientific prognosis relies on the knowledge of the relationships and the conditions for the formation of minerals.

Brief description of the main minerals

The hardest of all minerals. In composition, it is pure carbon. It is found in the places and in the form of inclusions in the rocks. Diamonds are colorless, but they meet and painted in different colors. The faceted diamond is called a diamond. Its weight is made to measure in carats (1 carat \u003d 0.2 g). The largest diamond is found in South: he weighed more than 3000 carats. Most diamonds are mined in Africa (98% of mining in the capitalist world). In Russia large deposits Diamonds are located in Yakutia. Transparent crystals are used for the manufacture of precious stones. Until 1430, diamonds were considered conventional precious stones. Fashion legislature on them was the Frenchman Agnes Sorel. Opaque diamonds due to their hardness are used in industry for cutting and engraving, as well as for grinding glass and stone.

The soft forging metal of yellow color, heavy, in the air does not oxidize. In nature is mainly in its pure form (nugget). The largest nugget, weighing 69.7 kg, was found in Australia.

Gold meets and in the form of a placer - this is the result of weathering and erosion of the field, when gold grains are released and carried out in, forming a placer. Gold is bought in the production of accurate devices and various jewelry. In Russia, gold lies on and in. Abroad - in Canada, South Africa. Since in nature gold is found in small quantities and its extraction is associated with high costs, it is considered precious metal.

Platinum (From Spanish Plata - silver) - precious metal from white to gray-steel. Different with refractory, resistance to chemical influences and electrical conductivity. It is mined mainly in placers. Used for the manufacture of chemical dishes, electrical engineering, jewelry and dental business. In Russia, platinum is mined in the Urals and in Eastern Siberia.. Abroad - in South Africa.

Gems (Gem) - mineral bodies with beauty coloring, glitter, hardness, transparency. They are divided into two groups: stones going to cut, and diverse. The first group includes diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, aquamarine. The second group is Malachite, Jasper, a mountain crystal. All precious stones tend to have a magmatic origin. However, pearls, amber, coral - minerals of organic origin. Precious stones are applied in jewelry and for technical purposes.

Tufy - rocks various origin. Lime tuff is a porous rock forming as a result of precipitation of carbon dioxide from sources. Such a tuff is used to obtain cement and lime. Volcanic tuff - crafted. Tufy apply as construction material. It has different colors.

Mica - rock rocks with the ability to split into the finest layers with a smooth surface; In the form of impurities are found in sedimentary rocks. Different mica are used as a good electrical insulator, for the manufacture of windows in metallurgical furnaces, in electrical and radio industry. In Russia, mica is mined in Eastern Siberia, c. Industrial development of mica deposits are conducted in Ukraine, in the USA, .

Marble - Crystal rock formation formed as a result of limestone metamorphism. It happens different colors. A marble is applied as a building material for wall cladding, in architecture and sculpture. In Russia, many of its deposits in the Urals and the Caucasus. Abroad, the marble produced in the greatest fame.

Asbestos (Greek. Non-day) is a group of fibrous non-aggravated rocks that are splitting on soft fibers of greenish yellow or almost white. It lies in the form of a live (lived - a mineral body that fills the crack in the earth's crust usually has a plane shape, leaving vertically on great depths. Length lived reaches two or more kilometers), among the erupted and sedimentary rocks. It is used for the manufacture of special tissues (fire-prevention isolation), tarpaulin, fire-resistant roofing materials, as well as thermal insulation materials. In Russia, the extraction of asbestos is conducted in the Urals, B, abroad - in and other countries.

Asphalt (resin) is a fragile resinous rock breed of brown or black, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The asphalt is easy to melt, burns with a smoking flame, is a product of changes in certain types of oil, of which part of the substances disappeared. Asphalt often permeates sandstones, limestone, Mergel. It is used as a building material for coating roads, in electrical engineering and rubber industry, for the preparation of varnishes and mixtures for waterproofing. The main deposits of asphalt in Russia - the district of Ukhta, abroad - in, in France,.

Apatity - Minerals rich in phosphate salts, green, gray and other colors; meet among various erupted rocks, in places forming large accumulations. Apatity is mainly used to produce phosphate fertilizers, they are also used in the ceramic industry. In Russia, the largest deposits of apatite are located in, on. Abroad they are mined in, South Africa.

Phosphorites - sedimentary rocks rich in phosphorus compounds that form in the breed of grain or fasten various minerals in a dense breed. Coloring phosphorites dark gray. They are used, like apatites, to obtain phosphate fertilizers. In Russia, the Phosphorites field is common in the Moscow and Kirov regions. Abroad they are mined in the US (Florida) and.

Aluminum ores - Minerals and rocks used to produce aluminum. The main aluminum ores are bauxite, nepheline and alunites.

Bauxites (The name went from the terrain of Bo in the south of France) - sedimentary rocks of red or brown. In the north, it lies with 1/3 of their world stocks, and in their prey the country is among the leading states. In Russia, bauxites are mined in. The main component of bauxite is aluminum oxide.

Alunites (The name comes from the word Alun - Alum (Fr.) - minerals, which include aluminum, potassium and other inclusions. Alunite ore can be raw materials for receiving not only aluminum, but also potash fertilizers and sulfuric acid. Alunite deposits are in the US , China, in Ukraine, in and other countries.

Nefelina (The name comes from the Greek "Neke", which means the cloud) - Minerals complicated composition, Gray or green colors containing a significant amount of aluminum. Parts are included in the composition of the erupted rocks. In Russia, nefeline is mined on both in Eastern Siberia. Aluminum obtained from these ores - soft metal, gives strong alloys, is widely used, as well as in the production of household goods.

Iron Ore - Natural mineral clusters containing iron. They are diverse in mineralogical composition, the number of iron in them and various impurities. The impurities can be valuable (manganese chrome, cobalt, nickel) and harmful (sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic). The main is brown Zheleznyak, Red Zheleznyak, magnetic Zheleznyak.

Brown Zheleznyak, or limonite, is a mixture of several minerals containing iron with an admixture of clay substances. It has brown, yellow-brown or black. It occurs most often in sedimentary rocks. If the ores of the brown ironhouse - one of the most common iron ores - have an iron content of at least 30%, then they are considered industrial. The main fields in Russia (Ural, Lipetsk), in Ukraine (), France (Larring), on.

Hematite, or hematite, - mineral from red-brown to black, containing iron to 65%.

It occurs in various rocks in the form of crystals and thin plates. Sometimes forms accumulations in the form of solid or earthy masses of bright red. The main deposits of Red Zheleznyak - in Russia (CMA), in Ukraine (Krivoy Rog), the USA, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Canada, Sweden.

Magnetic Zheleznyak, or magnetite, is a black mineral containing 50-60% iron. This is high quality iron ore. It consists of iron and oxygen, very much magnetic. It is found in the form of crystals, enclosures and solid masses. The main fields in Russia (Ural, Kma, Siberia), in Ukraine (Krivoy Rog), in Sweden and the United States.

Manganese ores - Mineral compounds containing a manganese, the main property of which - to give steel and cast iron with pupility and hardness. Modern metallurgy is unthinkable without manganese: a special alloy is being paid - a ferromargana car containing up to 80% of manganese, which is used to smelter high-quality steel. In addition, the manganese is necessary for the growth and development of animals, is microborus. The main fields of ore are located in Ukraine (Nikolskoye), in India, Brazil and the South Africa Republic.

Tin ores - Numerous minerals containing tin. Tin ores are being developed with a tin content of 1-2% or more. These ores require enrichment - increasing the valuable component and separating the empty breed, therefore ores are in melting, the tin content in which increased to 55% is increasing. Tin does not oxidize that caused its wide application in the canning industry. In Russia, tin ores lie in Eastern Siberia and on, and abroad they are mined in Indonesia, on the peninsula.

Nickel ores - Mineral compounds containing nickel. It does not oxidize in the air. Nickel additive to steels greatly increases their elasticity. Clean nickel is used in mechanical engineering. In Russia, it is mined on the Kola Peninsula, in the Urals, in Eastern Siberia; Abroad - in Canada, on, in Brazil.

Uranium-radiy ores - Mineral clusters containing uranium. Radium - product of the radioactive decay of uranium. The radium content in uranium ores is negligible - up to 300 mg per 1 ton of ore. They are of great importance, since the division of the nuclei of each gram of uranium can give 2 million times more energy than burning 1 gram of fuel, so they are used as fuel at nuclear power plants to produce cheap electricity. Uranium-Radia ores are mined in Russia, USA, China, Canada, Congo, and in other countries of the world.

I would be grateful if you share this article on social networks:

Oil - One of the representatives of the class of liquid minerals (in addition to it, the artesian water is included in it). She received his name from the Persian "oil". Together with ozocerite and natural gas, it forms a group of minerals called petrolites.

What is oil from the point of view of physics and chemistry

This is a fat, oily substance, the color and density of which varies depending on the place of production. It can be bright green or cherry-red, yellow, brown, black, and in rare cases - colorless. The fluidity of oil is also very different: one will be like water, the other is viscous. But that relatives are so different in the physical properties of the substance, so this is their chemical composition, which is always a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. For other properties, impurities are sulfur, nitrogen and other compounds, of which the smell depends mainly on the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds.

The name of the main component of oil - "hydrocarbons" exhaustively talks about its composition. These are substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, whose general formula is written as sch. The simplest representative of this series is methane CH4 present in any oil.

The elementary composition of the average oil can be represented as a percentage form:

• 84% carbon
• 14% hydrogen
• 1-3% sulfur
• <1 % кислорода
• <1 % металлов
• <1 % солей

FEATURES OF OIL AND GAS SALE

Oil and gas are usually travelers, that is, they find them together, but it only happens with a depth of location from 1 to 6 kilometers. Most deposits are located in this range, and the combinations of oil and gas are different. If the depth of climbing is less than a kilometer, then there are one oil, and over 6 kilometers - only gas.

The layer where oil was found is called a collector. These are usually porous rocks that can be like a solid sponge, which is gaining and retaining oil, gas, as well as other moving fluids (for example, water). Another mandatory condition for the accumulation of oil is the presence of a reservoir, which prevents the further movement of the fluid, which is why it turns out to be locked in a trap. Geologists are looking for such traps, which are then called deposits, but this is not a completely true name. Because oil or gas originated much lower, in layers under high pressure. In the upper layers, they fall due to the fact that, being fluids, they strive up. They are literally squeezed out to the surface of the Earth.

Where and when oil was born

To understand the oil formation mechanism, you need to move mentally over millions of years ago. According to the biogenic theory (it is the theory of organic origin), starting from the coal period (350 million years BC) and up to the middle of Paleogen (50 million years BC) Numerous areas of shallow water became places of accumulation of the remains of organic Life - dying microorganisms and algae fell on the bottom, forming the bottom layers of the organic. Very slowly, these layers were closed by other, inorganic - sand nans, for example, and lowered even lower. The pressure increased, the closing layers were hardened, there was no access to the oxygen to the organic. In the dark, under the action of pressure and temperature, there was a transformation of the remains into simple hydrocarbons, some of which became gaseous, part - liquid and solid.

As soon as the fluids were given the opportunity to escape from the parental reservoir, they rushed up until they were trapped. True, the rise also occupied a lot of time. In the traps of fluids are usually distributed as follows: on top of gas, then oil, and at the very bottom - water. This is due to the density of each of them. If there was no impermeable layer on the path of fluids, they turned out to be on the surface where their destruction and scattering occurred. Natural oil yields to the surface are usually a lake of a thick malta and a semi-liquid asphalt, or it impresses the sand, forming the so-called bituminous sands.

Human history of oil

The yield of oil to the surface could not but attract the attention of an ancient person. There are practically no information about the earliest stages of dating, but in the period of well-developed material culture, oil was used in construction - they are told about this from Iraq, where evidence of oil use to protect homes from moisture is found. In Egypt, a flammability of oil was discovered, and it was used for lighting. In addition, she found an application in mummification and as a sealant for boats.

Being rare, oil has become a valuable product in antiquity: Babylonians traded it in the Middle East. It is assumed that it is this trading in many cities and villages. It is also possible that oil was used when creating one of the famous "Wonders of the World" - the hanging gardens of seminimides. There she came in handy as a sealant that does not pass water.

The Chinese were the first to be satisfied with the sources leaving on the surface. It was they who invented drilling of wells using for this hollow bamboo trunks with a metal "brown" at the end. At first they were looking for salted sources for salt mining, but then found oil and gas. With the help of the latter, they evaporated the salt - firing it. There is no data on the use of oil in China for that period of data.

Another ancient way to use oil was the treatment of skin diseases. About such practices, residents of the Absheron Peninsula speak march polo in notes.

For the first time, oil in Russia is mentioned only in the XV century. Historians found mention of collecting crude oil on the Ukhta River, where she formed a film on the surface of the water. There it was collected and made a medicine or a light source from it - usually it was impregnation for torches.

The new application of oil was found only in the XIX century, when the kerosene lamp was invented. She was developed by the Polish chemist of Ignatiy Lukasevich. It is possible that he was also the inventor of the method of extracting kerosene from oil. A few years before the Canadian Abraham Geesner, the method of obtaining kerosene from coal was invented, but it turned out to be more profitable from oil.

Kerosene was actively used for lighting, so the demand for him was constantly. Therefore, it was necessary to solve the issue of its prey. The beginning of the oil industry was found in 1847 in Baku, where the first well was drilled, which gave oil. Soon the wells became so much that Baku nicknamed a black city.

But those wells still crammed manually. The first well, a drilled steam engine that drills the drilling rig appeared in Russia in 1864 in the Kuban region. Two years later, a kekinskoye deposit was completed by the mechanical drilling of another well.

In the world, the beginning of industrial oil production was put in 1859 by Edwin Drake, who drilled the first oil well in the US in the United States - she had a depth of 21.2 meters and was located in the town of Titusville in Pennsylvania, where before during the drilling of artesian wells often found oil.

Drilling of oil wells sharply reduced oil production and led to the fact that in a short time this product became the most important for modern civilization. At the same time, it became the beginning of the development of the oil industry.

Application of oil

Currently, we no longer use oil in pure form. However, there are many products of its processing, without which our world is unthinkable. After the first distillation, five types of fuel are obtained:

• aviation and automotive gasoline
• kerosene
• rocket fuel
• diesel fuel
• mazut

Fractions of fuel oil - source of another row of products for further distillation:

• bitumen
• paraffin
• oil
• boiler fuel

The further fate of bitumen is to compound it with gravel and sand to obtain asphalt. Another product of oil, which is also used for road works - this is a guards, which is a concentrate of oil residues after its distillation. Another residue, oil coke is used in the manufacture of ferroalloys and electrodes.

The chemical industry uses the simplest hydrocarbons as raw materials for reactions that change the formula of the compounds. As a result, plastics, rubber, fabrics, fertilizers, dyes, polyethylene and polypropylene are obtained, as well as many household chemicals.

MKOU Nizhne-Ilenskaya Sosh

Educational project

"Oil - the basis of civilization"

VTikhina N., Bakhtina K.

Borovikova A., Dokuchaeva I.

Leader:

d.N-Ilenka

Relevance of the topic

This project is very significant not only for us, eleventh graders, but also for every resident of the Earth. There has always existed the problem of environmental protection, the choice of environmentally friendly "harmless", cost-effective energy sources. And it is necessary that each person thinks about it, since this problem worries many (slide # 2).

The topic of our study has become oil. Why did we take this topic to study? Why are oil called "black gold" and "basis of civilization?"

First, this geological resource is the most important on our planet. This is the main "strategic liquid" of our days. Oil gives a huge amount of raw materials for the production of fuel, various plastics, varnishes, paints, i.e., without which it is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person.

Secondly, oil is mined in 80 countries of the world. For most, the oil industry has become the main, and sometimes the only sector of specialization. Oil is money, the country's prosperity is life. The global economy depends entirely on oil.

And finally, on the example of mining, the use of this invaluable resource can be traced a barbaric attitude not only to her, but also the rest of nature. A person is trying to pump out everything from the ground that she can give, without thinking about the fact that the natural reserves of the Earth are not infinite. Oil reserves will not be able to replenish, because thousands of years will come to it. In the end, humanity can be without oil. In order for this does not happen, you need to know how oil was nascent, under what conditions it happened, how to get it right, use and process.

In addition, the extraction and consumption of oil is the most important indicator of the industrial development of states; The organization of its processing reflects the level of chemical science and technology.

Ensuring the educational project:

2. Create a presentation of its activities in the form of the oil stand for a more productive study of the topic (Slide # 3).

Project characteristics.

6. Suiting the plan and content of the research project based on the extracted information.

A) Speech with the results of research work on the influence of oil pollution on the vital activity of living organisms (using the media).

B) Videos "Technogenic catastrophes" (fires and explosions on oil and gas fields, in mines and houses; from the media).

7. Registration of research results using the presentation and the "oil" stand.

In the process of studying the topic that interest us, we had questions that we systematized and decided to conduct research work on them.

What is oil?

How much oil on the planet?

Why are oil called "black gold"?

How to use oil rational?

What is more effective: use oil as a source of energy or as a resource for the petrochemical industry?

1. From the history of oil and petroleum products ................................................ .6

2. Riddle of the origin of oil ......................................................... eight

3. Petroleum building ................................................................................... ..8

3. 1. Distribution of oil fields .............................. ..9

4. Deposits in Russia ............................................................ .10

5. Stock dynamics ..................................................................... .10

6. Oil production ............................................................................11

6.1. Oil fishery ............................................................ .12

6.2. Stages of the development of oil production ................................................ .13

7. Petrochemistry ........................................................................... ... 13

7. 1. Petrochemical processes ................................................ ... 14

8. Effect of oil on the environment .......................................... ..15

8.1. Dangerous fishing ............................................................ ..19

8.2. Harmful production ........................................................................20

8.3. Only facts ................................................................................ ... 21

9. As long as oil enough? ............................................ .................................... 21.

10. Positive influence of oil production on the environment ......... ... 24

11. Equipment ................................................................................. 27.

12. The sick of the main used sources of information ............................................................................................. 28

1. From the history of oil and petroleum products.

Oil is known to humanity from ancient times, which is illustrated in the following data:

Having used to call oil "Black Gold", we do not always think about how true this definition is. Meanwhile, oil and in fact the most important mineral resources. This is a real storage room, the main "strategic liquid" of our days, throughout the twentieth century. Often quarreling and relevant states. A person's acquaintance with her took place several millennia ago.

The mention of the combined brown or dark-brown oil liquid with a specific smell is found in the works of ancient historians and geographers - Herodotus, Plutarch, Strabo, Senior Plinia.

Already in those long-standing people, people learned to use "stone oil" ( lat.petroleum) as agricolan called oil. The most widespread use in antiquity was found heavy oil - solid or viscous substances that are now called asphalt or bitumens.

The asphalt has long been used for maintaining roads, to miss the walls of water tanks and the bottom of the ships. Babylonians mixed it with sand and fibrous materials and used during the construction of buildings.

Liquid oil in Egypt and Babylon used in the form of disinfecting ointment, as well as as a groove. The peoples of the Middle East used it in the lamps instead of oil. And the Byzantines shelled the enemy ships pots, filled with a mixture of oil and sulfur, as incendiary shells. This Terrible Weapon entered the story called "Greek Fire".

However, only in the twentieth century, oil has become the main raw material for the production of fuel and many organic compounds.

"Oil is not fuel. It is possible to drown and banknotes "- these words became housing, but it is just partly. At the beginning of the twentieth century Lifetime, the transfer of the navy largest powers from coal fuel on the oil began. By 1914, by the beginning of the First World War, he practically ended in most countries, including in Russia. This increased the power of power plants by one third without the construction of new ships.

Nowadays, in industrial-developed countries, all the oil produced and the resulting oil is processed. But at the same time, 90% of the entire mass of petroleum products - fuel and oil, and only 10% - raw materials for petrochemistry.

Thus, oil is not only fuel, but also the basis of many absolutely necessary fuels. And the need for them continues to grow.

In 1896 there were several cars in the world. After 15 years, their number was calculated by millions. During the Second World War, there were 40 million cars and tractors, over 200 thousand aircraft, almost 150 thousand tanks. For the work of all this techniques, hundreds of millions of tons of motor and lubricants were required.

Briefly about the most important petroleum products.

Petrol.Regarding - gasoline. A complex mixture of light oil hydrocarbons used mainly as fuel for carburetor engines. The boiling point is not higher than 205 degrees, but 10% of the mass must be distilled in a temperature of 68 - 79 degrees. This is the so-called trigger fraction, the ease of engine starts depends on its characteristics. Gasolines are obtained both with a direct distillation of oil and in the processes of its recycling. Part of the gasoline produced in the chemical industry as a solvent.

Kerosene -this mixture of hydrocarbons scolding at a temperature of 180-320 degrees, but some kerosene, for example, from Surukhan and Grozny oil, begin to boil at a lower temperature. A hundred years ago, Kerosene was called differently - a photogen that translated from Greek means "referring light". At that time, Kerosene was only fuel on the luminary lamps. However, later it became and engine fuel: first for tractors, and then for jet aircraft. Kerosene use both fuel in liquid rocket fuel.

Diesel fuel. Diesel is operating on this fuel - the internal combustion engine. This is the middle and part of the heavy fractions of oil.

Mineral oils: Motor, industrial, instrument, transmission, turbine, compressor, etc. These are all lubricating oils, and there are also non-magic: transformer, cable, absorbing.

Among the petroleum products there are medical preparations, for example vaseline oiland just Vaseline. All this is quite severe oil fractions subjected to special cleaning.

Paraffin, Ceresina -solid hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. The composition of paraffin includes saturated hydrocarbons from C19N40 to C35N72 with melting temperatures 50 - 70 degrees. A mixture of higher solid saturated hydrocarbons of the small-crystalline structure of the composition C37N76 - C53N108 is called ceresine. Most of the paraffin uses the match industry - they are impregnated with wood so that it burns smaller. In the chemical industry, paraffin is used to produce alcohol carboxylic acids, detergents, surfactants.

In addition, in the processes of oil refining bitumen and oil Cox (from the most severe fractions), South, the most important solvents - benzene and toluene.

Oil technical bitumens are widely used in the national economy: road, construction bitumens, etc.

2. Riddle of oil origin.

Oil (Greek. ναφθα, or through the tour. neft., from Persidsk. petroleum; goes back to Akkad. attam - Flambed, ignite) - a natural oil combustible liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and some other organic compounds. Oil color is red-brown, sometimes almost black, although sometimes there is a weakly painted in yellow-green color and even colorless oil; It has a specific smell, distributed in sedimentary rocks of the Earth. Today, oil is one of the most important minerals for humanity.

3.Next formation

The problem of the origin of oil is one of the most mysterious pages of earth science.

In the knowledge of the nature of oil and conditions of its formation, several periods can be distinguished.

First Of them - (dadar) lasted until the Middle Ages. So in 1546, Agrikola wrote that oil and stone coals have inorganic origin, the latter are formed by thickening and hardening oil.

Second The period is (scientific guessing) - is associated with the date of publication of labor "On the Earth's layers" (1763), where the theory of distillation origin of oil was expressed, from the same organic matter, which gives rise to stone coals. These ideas of Lomonosov are far ahead of the scientific thought of that time looking for sources of oil among inanimate nature.

The third The period in the evolution of knowledge about the origin of oil is associated with the emergence and development of the oil industry. During this period, various hypotheses of inorganic (mineral) origin of oil were proposed. In 1866, the French chemist M. Berthlo suggested that oil is formed in the depths of the Earth when exposed to carbon dioxide for alkali metals. In 1871, the French chemist G. Biasson made an idea about the origin of oil by the interaction of water, CO2, H2 S with a grill iron. In 1877, he proposed a mineral (carbide) hypothesis, according to which the occurrence of oil is associated with the penetration of water into the depths of the land in faults, where under the influence of "carbon metals" carbides - hydrogen and iron oxide are formed.

The conversion of organic precipitation is a complex chemical process. Oil reserves are finite, as finite the reserves of organic matter in the rocks.

3.1. Distribution of oil fields.

Oil fields are formed where there are favorable conditions for the deposition of precipitation for the accumulation of the initial organic material in them.

Map of oil production in the world

4. Deposits in Russia.

By oil reserves, Russia ranks 2nd in the world.

The main base of the country is Western Siberia (70% of oil production). The largest deposits - Samotlor, Surgut, Megion. The second largest base is Volgo-Uralskaya. It has been developed for 50 years, so stocks are very exhausted. From the largest deposits, Romaskinskoye, Tuyimazinskoye, Ishimbaevskoe is noted.

In the future, the development of new deposits on the Caspian shelf, as well as the Barents, Kara and Okhotsk seas, is possible.

Part of the oil is processed, but most refineries are located in the European territory of Russia.

5. Stock dynamics.

Since 1992, due to the reduction in geological exploration work, the growth of reserves has not been compensated for oil production. The average annual increase in reserves in 1992 - 2000 amounted to 245 against 1105 million tons in 1985 - 91. (a decrease of 4.5 times. As a result, the proven oil reserves by 2001 decreased in the country as a whole by 13%. Their increase is expected primarily in Western Siberia, as well as in less studied areas, such as Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the continental shelf of the Barents Sea. In these regions there are geological perspectives.

Currently, the industry has positive changes associated with the development of refining processes and an increase in the depth of oil refining, which increased from 65% in 1990. up to 70% in 2000.

6. Oil production.

Oil production - branch of the oil industry, carrying out the extraction of oil and accompanying its gas from the subsoil with drilling wells or mines and other mountain workings. The tasks of oil production are: rational development of oil deposits in the most advanced methods that ensure maximum extraction of underground oil reserves in a given time, with minimal energy and labor costs; Organization of collection and pre-treatment (cleaning) of produced products with the smallest loss of oil and gas. Almost all oil produced in the world is extracted from oil wells, drilling in the earth's surface or from the bottom of marine water bodies. Only a minor part of the oil is mined through small wells. In relation to shallow depleted deposits, the operation of which is ineffective using wells, begins to use a method for open development of oil fields (Slide №4.5) in identifying.

6.1. Oil fishery.

Oil industry is called an enterprise carrying out oil and gas production, their collection and accounting, preliminary processing of oil to remove water from it, and sometimes volatile components, storage of oil and gas and subsequent transportation on commercial oil pipelines and gas pipelines, as well as repairs of wells and equipment . Depending on the size of the oil field, one or more fishers are organized in it. Geographically, the fishery can occupy the area of \u200b\u200bthe oil-bearing area. Very different sizes - often less than 100 hectares and up to 40 - 50 km2. The number of oil wells on the fishery sometimes reaches 500 or more.

6.2. Stages of oil production stages.

Oil production has existed since ancient times (Slide # 6). Oil, which was gathered at the exit of oil reservoirs to the surface of the Earth, was used to lubricate the wheels, for lamps and torches, as well as for therapeutic purposes. Oil is mentioned in the Babylonian manuscripts and Sanskrit writers (the beginning of our era). passed with his troops on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, lamps filled with oil liquid were added to his tent; It was oil mined in the Absheron Peninsula.

The well oil production existed even in deep antiquity in Mesopotamia, China and other regions of the East. Oil dredied with leather vest and merged into the pit. From yam oil spilled in the Burdyuki and delivered for sale.

Until the end of the XIX century, the main methods of oil production were fountain and piston. The first powerful oil fountain hit in Russia in 1873 in the Balkans from the well depth of only 15 meters. Initially, oil from fountains beat jets directly into the atmosphere and flew out throughout the neighboring territory, with such a mining a lot of oil lost.

7. Petrochemistry.

Petrochemistry, petrochemical synthesis -chemical industries, producing chemical products from oil, passing and natural gases and individual components. Petrochemistry accounts for over a quarter of all chemical products in the world. The orientation of the economy of developed countries on oil raw materials allowed petrochemistry in the middle of the twentieth century a qualitative leap and become one of the important branches of the heavy industry (Slide # 7).

Usually, telling about the history of the emergence of petrochemistry, the point of reference is taken in 1918, when the first production of isopropyl alcohol from cracking gases was founded in the United States. Alcohols are now widely used in industry (mainly for the production of acetone). But, probably, the main products of petrochemistry became the materials, originally did not have any relations to it.

These were rubbers and elastomers. The first of our rubbers were made exclusively from alcohol, which was obtained from food raw materials. Now all rubbers are synthesized from petrochemical raw materials. Rubber obtained from rubber goes mainly on tires for cars, airplanes, tractors.

Many other substances produce from oil raw materials, the production of which was originally based on the chemical processing of food products. It is enough to recall the fatty acids and detergents. Petrochemistry saves not only food products, but also significant means.

One of the important monomers for rubber - Divinyl - during production from Bhutan costs something more cheaper than when it is obtained from food alcohol.

Five first representatives of saturated methane hydrocarbons - methane CH4, ethane C2 H6, propane C3 H8 Bhutan C4N10, Pentane C5H12 - became the most important petrochemical raw materials, although each of them, including methane, predominant in natural gas, is a bit of oil. In the reaction of the attachment, saturated hydrocarbons do not enter, so substitution reactions are extremely important for petrochemistry: chlorination, fluoridation, sulfoculation, nice, as well as incomplete oxidation. All these methods of chemical impact on limit hydrocarbons allow you to obtain more reactive connections.

Pyrolysis of saturated hydrocarbons can be obtained ethylene, acetylene, etc. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, on the basis of which many organic compounds are synthesized. Ethylene is particularly valuable. It is necessary for obtaining synthetic alcohol, vinyl chlorine, styrene, polyethylene, etc. At the end50 - GG. On the basis of petrochemical raw materials in our country, only 15% of plastics and synthetic resins were manufactured, now more than 75%.

Petrochemistry also produces aromatic compounds, organic acids, glycols, raw materials for the production of chemical fibers, fertilizers. In recent decades, a group of biotechnological production was born on the basis of petrochemistry.

7.1. Petrochemical processes.

Distillation (from history).

The distillation of oil was already engaged in the Middle Ages in the Transcaucasus, in Western Ukraine, in Malaya Asia. The first factory oil refinery in the world was built at the beginning of the 20th century. However, this method of oil distillation has been widely used only in the 4th century, when there was a need for a combustible for household kerosene lamps. The first time they simply flooded with oil.

In 1823, an industrial plant for distillation of oil was built in the North Caucasus, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Mozdoka. In England, such a process began to master only from 1848

At the end of the twentieth century For distillation of oil, special devices are used - distillation columns. Inside each of them there is a set of plates - partitions with holes, through which, gradually cooling, climb oil pairs. At the same time, high-boiling fractions, burning when cooled, remain on the lower plates, and the volatile pairs rise up.

The low-boiling fractions were considered useless for a long time, and paraffin was obtained from high boiling, which came to the production of candles and vaccines (thick black paint). The most valuable product distillation to the end of the twentieth century. There was Kerosene.

One of the high-boiling fractions of oil - fuel oil began to use as fuel in paraffin boilers in the middle of the XIX century, when the mechanism was invented to injected liquid fuel into the burning furnace. Also from high-boiling fractions learned to make lubricating oils.

The substances remaining after distillation - bitumens, or asphalt, from which the history of oil use began. They are still widely used in the construction of roads, in the production of roofing materials and printing paints.

8. Effect of oil on the environment.

Starting the exploitation of oil and gas fields, a person himself, who did not suspect, released Gina from the bottle. At first it seemed that oil brings people only benefits, but gradually it turned out that her use had the opposite direction. What does oil brings more oil, benefit or harm? What are the consequences of its use? Will they not be fatal for humanity? (Slide number 8)

Atmosphere

The use of oil and gas as fuel is a big danger. During the combustion of these products, carbon dioxide, various sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxide, etc. are released into the atmosphere, including the combustion of all types of fuel, including coal, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by almost 288 billion over the past half century. . t., and spent more than 300 billion tons of oxygen. Thus, since the first bones of primitive person, the atmosphere has lost about 0.02% oxygen, and acquired up to 12% carbon dioxide. It is now annually, humanity burns 7 billion tons of fuel, to which more than 10 billion tons of oxygen is consumed, and the carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere reaches 14 billion tons. In the coming years, these figures will grow due to the total increase in production combustible minerals and burning them. According to, by 2020. About 12,000 billion tons of oxygen will disappear in the atmosphere (0.77%). Thus, after 100 years, the composition of the atmosphere will change significantly and should be considered not for the better (slide number 9).

Reducing the amount of oxygen and the growth of carbon dioxide, in turn, will affect climate change. Carbon dioxide molecules allow shortwave solar radiation to penetrate through the atmosphere of the Earth and delay infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface. There is a so-called "greenhouse effect", and the average space temperature increases. It is assumed that warming from 1880 to 1940 largely should be attributed to this. It would seem that in the future warming should increase progressively. However, another human impact on the atmosphere neutralizes the "greenhouse effect".

Humanity allocates a huge amount of dust and other microparticles shielding solar rays and powered carbon dioxide heating action. According to the American specialist K. Fraser, over Washington, clouding atmosphere from 1905 to 1964 amounted to 57%, and 88% over one of the Swiss cities. Over the Pacific Ocean, the transparency of the atmosphere decreased by 30% in just ten years 0 from 1957 to 1967

The contamination of the atmosphere is in itself and another danger - it reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth.

A large role in the pollution of the atmosphere belongs to jet aircraft, machines, plants and factories. To cross the Atlantic Ocean, the modern jet liner absorbs 35 tons. Oxygen and leaves inversion traces that increase cloudiness. Significantly contaminate the atmosphere of cars, which are already already there are more than 500 million. According to the calculations of the specialists of the machine "breed" 7 times faster than people. In the United States, 15 thousand people die each year from diseases caused by air pollution. Americans are not a joke. Projects of cars operating on another type of fuel appear. Electric vehicles are no longer news, in many countries of the world there are prototypes, but while their widespread introduction to life is constrained due to the low power of batteries.

Recently, a new idea has appeared - a car with an inertial engine. The American companies Lira Motor and Yu were launched to the construction of it. Flyvis. It will be equipped with two heavy flywheels working in vacuum. To spin them, before departure there is an electric motor feeding from the household network. The stored kinetic energy of the flywheels through the gearbox is actuated on the drive wheels. One charging is enough for 80 km run at a speed of 96 km / h. The maximum speed of such a car reaches 160 km / h. The car that does not need neither gasoline nor another fuel and which does not produce exhaust gases will soon be implemented.

Not a small contribution to the poisoning of the atmosphere, various plants, heat and power plants contribute. The average power of the power plant operating on the fuel oil ejects 500 tons of sulfur daily into the environment in the form of sulfur anhydrite, which, connecting with water, immediately gives sulfuric acid. For an example, the thermal power station of the company "Electricity de France" ends into the atmosphere from its pipes 33 tons of sulfuric anhydrite, which can turn into 50 tons of sulfuric acid. Acid rain covers the territory near this station within a radius of up to 5 km. Such rains have great chemical activity, they corrode cement, limestone, marble.

Hydrosphere.

Recklessly pollutes the man and water pools of the planet. Every year in the world ocean for one or another reasons is reset from 2 to 10 million tons of oil. Aerial photography from satellites recorded that almost 30% of the ocean surface is covered with oil film. Especially contaminated by the Water of the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and their shores (Slide # 10).

Oil liter deprives oxygen, so necessary fish, 40 thousand liters of sea water. Ton of oil pollutes 12 km 2 ocean surfaces. Many fish eggs are developing in a near-surface layer, where the danger of meeting with oil is very large. At its concentration in seawater in the amount of 0.1-0.01 ml / l, the eggs dying in a few days. Over 100 million larvae of fish may die on 1 hectare of the sea surface, if there is an oil film on the surface. To get it, it is enough to pour 1 liters of oil.

Sources of oil flow in the sea and oceans are quite a lot. This is an accident tankers and drilling platforms, a discharge of ballast and sewage water, bringing polluting components by rivers.

Currently, 7 - 8 tons of oil from every 10 tons mined in the sea are delivered to seeds of sea transport. In some parts of the world's ocean, literally a porcitution occurs. For example, through the strait of La - Mans, whose width is 29 km, more than 1,000 ships passes daily. The number of tanker disasters in this place is great.

A threatening question arises: what to do with these "black oceans"? How to save their inhabitants from death?

Build various plans. Swedish and English specialists for seawater cleaning from oil offer to use old newspapers, pieces of wrap, trimming with paper factories. All this is crushed into a strip of 3 mm long. Abandoned on the water, they are able to absorb themselves - a multiple amount of oil compared to their own mass. Then the fuel from them is easily removed by pressing. Such paper strips placed in large nylon "Avoski" are proposed to be used to collect oil into the sea at the site of the tanker disasters.

Russian scientists found that some residents of the seas suffer from oil pollution. In Caspian, for example, the mollusk lives - Cardium. This is a tiny creature that received its name for the heart shape of the shell, plays an important role in water purification, producing in this way and food, and oxygen for breathing. Nature "planned" the need to purify the seas and oceans, because the natural flow of oil in these reservoirs is also known. Penetration of it from under the ground was recorded, for example, off the coast of California, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela in the Persian Gulf. At one of the sections of the DNA of the California Gulf, in the Santa - Barbara Strait, a natural leakage of oil from the subsoil flow from 350 to 500 m per day was recorded. It is assumed that this process has been tens of thousands of years here, and first was registered in 1793 by the English navigator D. Vancur. According to US scientists, the annual flow of oil in the world ocean with natural seepage is from 200 thousand tons to 2 million tons. The first limit is most likely, it is only about 6% of the total oil entering the sea and the oceans of the planets of their anthropogenic planets Sources. It is enough that with a mentioned tanker accident "Tory Canyon" in the ocean, the same oil has resulted in the water as seeping into the water from California deposits for 28 years. Such quantities are not under the strength of the living sanitation of the sea, the person has not yet to have significant help.

In addition to oil, in the sea and oceans, many other products of human life polluting these reservoirs are made. According to J.-I. The coo, the upper layer of the oceans to the depth of 300 m contains lead, mercury, cadmium, which kill fish and even people. For the information of the scientists of the University of California, only in the Northern Water area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean at the beginning of the 80s. Floating about 5 million old rubber shoes, 35 million. Empty plastic bottles and about 70 million glass. J.-I. Kusto writes: "The sea has become a waste hole, where all pollutants endowed with poisoned rivers flow; All pollutants that wind and rain are collected in our poisoned atmosphere; All those pollutants that throw tankers. Therefore, it should not be surprised if there is little - life from this sewing is life. "

Barbaric attitude towards nature in the development of oil fields is also manifested in our country. For various reasons for the mining and transport of "black gold", some of the raw materials are poured onto the earth's surface and in the reservoirs. Only in 1988, in the breakthrough of oil pipelines at the Samotlorsk deposit, about 110 thousand tons of oil fell into the same lake. There are cases of solid fuel oil and crude oil in the river Ob and other water artery countries.

At the same time of the river - these natural reservoirs of running fresh water - are often used as transport for industrial waste. Annually, the rivers are thrown into the sea and oceans 2.3 million tons of lead, 1.6 million tons of manganese, 6.5 million tons of phosphorus. The amount of iron that is taken out by rivers in the sea is equal to half of the world steel products (Slide #11).

8.1. Dangerous fishery (slide №12)

Oil fishery has always been and remains risky, and mining on the continental shelf is dangerous doubly. Sometimes the mining platforms are drowning: whatever the heavy and stable design, there is always its "ninth shaft" on it. Another reason is the explosion of gas, and as a result - a fire. And although large accidents are rare, on average every year in a decade (more stringent safety measures and discipline compared to land extraction), but they are even more tragic. From the flaming or sinking steel island, people simply have nowhere to go - around the sea, and help does not always come on time. Especially in the north. One of the largest accidents occurred on February 15, 1982, 315 km from Newfoundland's shores. Built in Japan "Ocean Ranjnr" was the largest half-loaded platform of that time, thanks to its big size, she was uncomplyed, and therefore it was used to work in the most difficult conditions in the Canadian waters "Ocean Ranjnr" was already two years old, and people did not expect surprises . Suddenly began a strong storm, huge waves poured the deck, disappeared the equipment. Water penetrated the ballast tanks, tilting the platform. The efforts of the Platform Salvation team were in vain - it was tone. Some people jumped overboard without thinking that they would succeed only a few minutes to hold out in ice water without specials. Rescue helicopters could not fly because of the storm, and the team who came to the aid of the vessel unsuccessfully tried to remove oil workers from a single boat. Neither the rope, nor a raft, nor long six hooks were helped - so high were waves. All 84 people died.

Accident in the Mexican Bay - man or nature?

The accident in the Gulf of Mexico, where after the explosion and flooding of the drilling platform on the water, a huge oil spot was formed, became the first such disaster in the history of mankind. For its liquidation, as experts noted, it may have to apply extraordinary funds, and the consequences of emergency may force to revise the development plans for oil production on the sea shelf.
The oil platform managed by BP in the Gulf of Mexico sank on April 22 after a 36-hour fire that followed after a powerful explosion. Oil on this platform was mined from a record depth of 1.5 thousand meters. Now the oil stain reached the coast of the state of Louisiana and approaches the shores of the two other US states - Florida and Alabama. Experts fear that animals and birds will suffer from the National Reserve in Louisiana and the surrounding national parks. Under threat of biological resources of the bay (slide №13).

Coast Guard and the US mineral resources management service leads to investigate the causes of the bustling platform.

Who is guilty?

About the causes of the accident and methods of its decision, Russian experts spoke at a press conference in RIA Novosti "Ecological situation in the Gulf of Mexico: how to prevent this in Russia?" (video).

The reason for the accident could be a sudden oil release due to the movement of the landform platforms, the leading researcher of the laboratory of carbon substances of the biosphere of the Geographical Faculty of Moscow State University Yury Pikovsky.

According to the expert, in this situation, it is impossible to rely entirely on human and technological factors - the main cause of the accident could be the impact of all subsoil users on the earth's bark in the area, which could lead to a sudden ejection of oil under high pressure (video).
A completely recent tragedy on the sea is caused by Hurricane "Katrina" and "Rita", raging in August - September 2005 on the east coast of the United States.

The element went through the Gulf of Mexico, where 4,000 mining platforms work. As a result, 115 structures were destroyed, 52 were damaged and 535 segments of pipelines were damaged, which completely paralyzed production at the bay. Fortunately, it cost without human victims, but this is the biggest damage, ever caused by the oil and gas industry (Slide # 14).

8.2. Harmful production.

Oil and gas mining is not found to be one of the most dirtiest industries. The ambient damage is applied at each stage, starting with exploration of deposits. It would seem that the sea was lucky in this respect more than land. Not so long ago, there are already exhaust technologies in their hands, and with the active interference of the "green" organizations. The problem, however, is that pollutants spread in water much faster, because of the life of marine inhabitants can be violated by the slightest intervention from the outside. The problem of the soil, exploratory drilling, the arrangement of the platform, the laying of the pipeline - all this damages the bottom and negatively affects the bottom ecosystems. Very harmful drilling solutions and other chemicals used during wells, including conventional water. Therefore, in the industry since the end of the 80s of the twentieth century, the standard "zero discharge" was introduced, which prohibits dumping into the sea any used on the drilling fluid.

8.3. Only facts.

· The amount of hydrocarbon deposits open on the shelf of the world's ocean exceeds 2,000.

· The shelf has been installed more than 6,000 platforms, from the bottom 4,000 in the Gulf of Mexico.

· The largest deposit of Safania Oil - Hafji is in the Persian Gulf. Its reserves - 4.3 billion tons.

· More than 120 fields are open on the Arctic shelf, 20% of them are gigantic and large.

· Within Russia, more than 1,000 oil deposits are open, 830 of them are developing.

The deepest well in the world Located in Russia on the Kola Peninsula, it is located at a depth of 12.3 kilometers, but the truth refers to the discharge of scientific. Scientific wells are used mainly to study the geological and chemical composition of land layers.

9. As long as oil is enough ?

And it does not seem strange the fact that only, a hundred years after the start of mass production of oil, humanity is at the stage of the exhaustion of this necessary resource. Yes, indeed, unusual - just a hundred and small years of production and resources that have formed millions of years, the end. But everything is controversial in our world.

Compare two simple average numbers of the world oil production volume: the volume of oil produced by 1920 is equal to 95 million tons, by 1970 is 2300 million tons. At the moment, experts estimate the overall world volume of oil reserves in 220-250 billion tons. Of course, this figure is given in account of undiscovered reserves, which make up about 25% of the above figures. And yet let's try to count together, how much is enough oil to our planet based on the explored global oil reserve and the average annual world demand:

● Deployed oil reserves 200 billion tons

● Annual oil demand 4.6 billion tons.

Here I would like to emphasize once again that 43.5 years is the average figure. The exact figure, i.e., the number of years for which no specialist can receive the amount of oil, due to the fact that constantly:

♦ Changes the volume of global oil demand

♦ Changes data on oil reserves in each country

♦ Oil production technologies develop

♦ Energy production technologies are developing.

Also in calculations do not take part of undiscovered reserves.

How to be?

One of the most promising ways to fencing the environment from pollution is to create a comprehensive automation of production processes, transport and oil storage. In our country, such a system was first created in the 70s. and applied in areas of Western Siberia. It took to create a new unified oil production technology. Previously, for example, oil and natural gas could not be transported on the fishery together on one pipeline system. To this end, special oil and gas communications with a large number of objects dispersed in large territories were built. The crafts consisted of hundreds of objects, and in each oil area they were built in their own way, it did not allow them to tie them a single system of television management. Naturally, with such a production and transport technology, many products were lost due to evaporation and leakage. It was possible to specialists using the energy of the subsoil and deep pumps, ensure the supply of oil from the well to the central oil treatment points without intermediate technological operations. The number of commercial objects has decreased by the Vaset.

On the path of sealing systems for collecting, transporting and preparing oil, other major countries of the globe are also held. In the United States, for example, some fishery located in densely populated areas are skillfully hidden in homes. In the coastal zone of the resort town of Long - Beach, four artificial islands were built, where maritime areas are being developed. With the mainland, these peculiar fishery are associated with a long-term pipeline network over 40 km. and an electric cable length of 16.5 km. The area of \u200b\u200beach island is 40 thousand m2, here you can accommodate up to 200 operating wells with a set of necessary equipment. All technological objects are decorated - they are hidden in the tower of colored material around which artificial palm trees, rocks and waterfalls are placed. In the evening and at night, all this butafory is highlighted by colored spotlights, which creates a very colorful exotic sight, affecting the imagination of holidaymakers and tourists.

So, we can say that oil is a friend with whom it is necessary to keep the ears of the elder. Careless attitude with "black gold" can turn into a big trouble.

Currently, humanity is experiencing a hydrocarbon era. The oil industry is the main for the global economy. In our country, this dependence is especially high. Unfortunately, the Russian oil industry is now in a state of deep crisis. It was listed a lot of problems. What are the prospects for the development of the industry? If you continue the predatory operation of deposits, with large losses in transportation and irrational oil refining, the future of the oil industry seems very gloomy. Already today, the reduction in production rates is an average of 12 - 15% per year, which is fraught with a complete collapse of a strategically important industry for power. For example, large volumes of Eastern Siberia oil are difficult because of the complex geological structure, require huge investments in production. And therefore, the development will go weakly. The effect of geological exploration is higher in Western Siberia, however, in this region, highly productive deposits are already significantly exhausted.

For these and many other reasons, Russia needs to reform the oil industry. For this, first of all you need:

· Set high penalties for the irrational use of natural wealth and violation of ecology.

· Less rigidly adjust prices within the country, supporting them slightly below the world level. The export of oil abroad will only lead at world prices.

· Partially restore centralized management in the industry. This will lead to a rational system of oil pipelines.

· Find a well-thought-out investment program in the oil industry.

· More rational use oil.

· Conduct planned geological exploration in order to replenish oil and gas reserves.

The adoption and implementation of these measures in practice contributes to a significant improvement in the economy of our country, and more durable use of this important natural resource.

It is well known that oil production brings enormous harm to the environment. Wastewater and drilling rigs during their incomplete cleaning can make water bodies where they are reset, completely unsuitable for habitat flora and fauna and even for technical purposes. Significant damage to the ecology and emissions into the atmosphere are applied. Recently, Rosprirodnadzor has been actively checking the activities of oil and gas companies at an angle of view of environmental conservation and directs their conclusions about the revocation of licenses in those firms that violate the environment in the territories of their activities. These violations, unfortunately, are diverse. In the last state-published state report "On the status and environmental protection of the Russian Federation in 2005", it is noted that the largest total amount of emissions into the atmosphere was recorded for enterprises for the extraction of crude oil and oil (associated) gas - 4.1 million tons (The fifth part of the total emission from stationary sources in Russia as a whole). About 2000 million cubic meters are used in total enterprises. m fresh water, including during the extraction of crude oil and natural gas - 701.5 million cubic meters. m.

10. Positive influence of oil production on the environment

At the same time, the latest studies have established that this negative impact of oil production under certain conditions can be mitigated.

Let's start with the fact that the chemical-physical properties of oil in different ways (and not only negatively) affect the environment. The fact is that oil is characterized by a high freezing and viscosity. In order for oil to flow through pipelines with the required speed, it is heated. For this pipe is isolated, since otherwise, due to large heat losses, it will be necessary to build heating items too often. In addition, high heat transfer leads to the tip of the upper layer of the eternal soils, which leads to an increase in the growing season in plants and favorably affects the number of animals (especially during the years with extreme conditions) (Slide # 5).

The change in the status of permafrost leads to a change in the gas condition of the atmosphere. An increase in the depth of the throat changes the relationship between the aerobic zone of the soil, located above the level of groundwater, and the zone below the anaerobic (oxygen). The aerobic zone is the source of carbon dioxide generation formed by the decomposition of the organic organics in the oxygen medium, and the anaerobic zone produces methane. The greenhouse effect of methane exceeds the effect of equal amount of carbon dioxide by about 20 times. Thus, the destruction of the upper layer of the eternal rocks leads to a decrease in methane in the atmosphere, which stabilizes the climate on the planet. The extraction of carbon dioxide contained in the upper layers of the perplexed rocks and is absorbed when melting with feuds and plankton, much reduces the effect of global climate warming, which occurs when the gas is admitted to the atmosphere, not digestible by the biota, methane.

Positive (although not so significant) the ecological effect arising from oil production, it is necessary to take into account when drawing up plans for assessing the environmental impact (EIA). According to the operation of oil led objects, thermal losses from oil pipelines and increased waterproofing of territories adjacent to embankments should be used. For the effective use of heat losses in protercomeratovye gear and in the zones of meadow vegetation along the pipelines, places with a higher concentration of animals and plants should be selected. In these zones, the thermal insulation of pipes can be reduced so that the thermal flows reach the earth's surface and increase the air temperature, increasing the growing season. Resetting warm waters in reservoirs and watercourses during the cold year of the year can contribute to the formation of quasi-stationary worn, which under certain circumstances can ensure the existence of chain birds.

11. Conclusions:

So, as a result of your research project, we looked at oil, its main characteristics and, most importantly, the environmental impact and the value for a person. We have proven that oil is the basis of civilization, "black gold". We are a new generation, and the future of the country depends on us. And if each of us is consciously refer to the information we get, the world will change for the better.

12. List of information sources used

1. http: // CNIT. ***** / ORGANICS / INDEX. Htm.

2. http: // Festival: 1 ***** / / Inde

3. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia Internet.

4. WWW. ***** /// EFFECTS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRONMENT.

Oil - useful fossil, representing an oily liquid. This is a furyed substance, often black, although oil colors in different areas differ. It can be brown, and cherry, green, yellow, and even transparent. From a chemical point of view, it is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an admixture of various compounds, such as sulfur, nitrogen and others. Its smell may also be different, as it depends on the presence in its composition of aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds.

Hydrocarbons from which oil consists are chemical compounds consisting of carbon atoms (C) and hydrogen (H). In the general formula of the hydrocarbon - CXHY. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, its formula - CH4 (schematically it is depicted on the right). Methane is a light hydrocarbon, always present in oil.

Depending on the quantitative ratio of various hydrocarbons, oil components, its properties are also vary. Oil is transparent and fluid like water. And it happens black and so viscous and low-alignment, which does not flow out of the vessel, even if you turn it over.

From a chemical point of view, the usual (traditional) oil consists of the following elements:

Carbon - 84%
Hydrogen - 14%
Sulfur - 1-3% (in the form of sulphides, disulfides, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur as such)
Nitrogen - less than 1%
Oxygen - less than 1%
Metals - less than 1% (iron, nickel, vanadium, copper, chrome, cobalt, molybdenum, etc.)
Salts are less than 1% (calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.)
Oil (and cooable hydrocarbon gas) lies at depths from several tens of meters to 5-6 kilometers. At the same time, at depths 6 km and only gas is found below, and at depths 1 km and above - only oil. Most productive reservoirs are at a depth between 1 and 6 km, where oil and gas are found in various combinations.

Locals oil in rocks called collectors. The reservoir is a mountain rock capable of accommodating fluids, i.e. Mobile substances (these may be oil, gas, water). A simplistic collector can be represented as a very hard and tight sponge, in the pores of which and contains oil.

Oil origin
Oil formation is the process very and very long. It takes place in several stages and takes some estimates of 50-350 million years.

The most proven and generally recognized today is the theory of organic occurrence of oil or, as it is also called, a biogenic theory. According to this theory, oil was formed from the remains of microorganisms who lived millions of years ago in extensive water basins (mainly in shallow water). Filming, these microorganisms were formed at the bottom of the layers with a high content of organic matter. The layers, gradually plunging everything deeper and deeper (remind, the process takes millions of years), they experienced the impact of reinforcement pressure of the upper layers and increasing the temperature. As a result of biochemical processes occurring without access of oxygen, the organic substance was transformed into hydrocarbons.

A portion of the resulting hydrocarbons was in a gaseous state (the lighters), part in liquid (heavier) and some part in solid. Accordingly, the movable mixture of hydrocarbons in a gaseous and liquid state under the influence of pressure gradually moved through the permeable rocks towards smaller pressure (as a rule, up). The movement continued until the thickness of impermeable layers met on their ways and further movement was impossible. This is the so-called trap formed by a collector with a reservoir and its impenetrable plast coating (drawing on the right). In this trap, the mixture of hydrocarbons gradually accumulated, forming what we call the oil deposit. As you can see, the field is not really a place of birth. It is more likely to be seat. But, whatever it was, the practice of the titles has already developed.

Since oil density, as a rule, is significantly less than the density of water, which is always present in it (evidence of its marine origin), oil is consistently moved up and accumulates above the water. If there is gas, it will be at the very top, above oil.

In some areas, oil and hydrocarbon gas, without having met on their path the trap, went on the surface of the Earth. Here they were exposed to various surface factors, as a result of which they were dissipated and destroyed.