First of all, it is worth understanding that under the concept of "climate" implies stable perennial weather conditions, which were established on a certain territory of the earth's surface.

It will be fair that the statement that solar heat is absolutely unevenly distributed over the ground surface, as a result of which different earth climates are formed, in other words, climatic belts.

As a rule, the division into climatic belts occurs in the following criteria:

• aerial massesprevailing in a certain region;
• number of solar energywhich falls on the earth's surface.

The strips of the earth's surface, which differ in the peculiarities of the movement of the air masses, as well as the intensity of solar heating, are just called climatic belts.

It is also worth noting the fact that on the planet it is customary to distinguish between 7 main climatic belts and 6 transitional climates.

It is important to understand! The transitional climatic belt is located between the main belts, and its feature is that the air masses in it change depending on the season of the year!

Arctic / climate /

antarctic

The most important of humanity is caused by the Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts, which are the most severe and cold enough.

To expand the horizons of readers about these harsh climates, in this article we will explain in the most detail about the Arctic and Antarctic belts, as well as point out all their features.

Distribution area belts

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts occupy the areas of the earth's surface that are located near the poles. Therefore, this type of belt is still called and polar.

To understand what the difference between the Arctic and Antarctic belts is, it is worth understanding the following important points:

• the Arctic belt dominates on a pole of the southern hemisphere;
• the spread of the Antarctic climate is the pole of the northern hemisphere

Arctic and antarctic climatic belts apply to the following geographic areas of the earth's surface:

• mainland Antarctica;
• northern borders of Eurasia;
• northern Latin America;
• islands of the Arctic Ocean;
• Greenland;
• Baffinova Earth;
• New Earth;
• peninsula Taimyr;
• Spitsbergen.

It is also important that the surface of these geographic areas is usually covered by fragments of stones, glaciers and snow.

What are the types of climate

An important is the aspect that the following types of climates exist in the Arctic and Antarctic belts:

• arctic;
• antarctic;
• subarctic;
• subanartic.

And although in general, the above climates have the overall severity of weather conditions, after all, each of them has its own distinctive characteristics that we will talk about.

Arctic climate

Features of this type of climate are concluded in the following important points:

• weather conditions are unfavorable for people's stay;
• the average air temperature in winter ranges from -35 to -550s;

  Interesting fact! The lowest temperature that was fixed in the Arctic climate was -680c!

• in summer, the temperature can rise to 0 .. + 50c;
• the annual amount of precipitation is 100-200 mm, such insignificance is due to the fact that the constant of the air is preventing the evaporation of moisture;
• the precipitate falls in the form of snow or small frozen particles of ice fog.

The Arctic belt, as a rule, is divided into the following climatic zones:

• internal arctic, which is characterized by a long polar night;
• sibirskaya, which is the most severe of all distinguished zones;
• pacific, having a medium level of severe climate;
• atlantic is considered the warst area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic climatic belt.

Antarctic climate

• much colder than the Arctic zone due to the fact that the surface of the continent consists of heights located on a significant area;
• the average annual air temperature ranges from -30 to -700s;

  Interesting fact! At the Vostok station, a record low temperature was recorded, which was -890c!

• the movement of cold air masses contributes to the appearance of a frosty wind, the strength of which can easily stake human from the legs.

Subarctic climate

This climate has the following features:

• located in the northern hemisphere of land between moderate and arctic climatic belts;
• in winter, air masses of the Arctic belt dominate, and in the summer the air flow comes from a moderate belt;
• summer climate temperature is 0-100 ° C, and winter - from -30 to -450s;
• the amount of annual precipitation is 200-500 mm;
• poor evaporation of moisture contributes to the fact that the earth's surface in this climate is constantly tamped.

Socanctic climate

This climate has the following features:

• located between moderate and antarctic belts, which are in the southern hemisphere;
• the total amount of precipitation per year is 500 mm;
• the climatic zone of this species is largely above the surface of the ocean.

Special zones of Arctic and Antarctic belts

The harsh characteristics of this climatic belt contribute to the emergence of special zones in which weather conditions absolutely affect the flow of all natural processes. The following areas of the earth's surface can be attributed to the zones of this type:

• arctic desert;
• arctic tundra.

Arctic desert

The features of this type of Arctic climatic field are in the following important aspects:

• for more opportunity, they are located in the climatic belt of the northern hemisphere;
• the air temperature, even in the warmest period of summer, does not rise above the zero mark on the thermometer scale;
• depending on the latitude, the polar night can last from 97 to 127 days;
• the average annual temperature regime is from -20 to -300s, but sometimes the temperature is lowered to - 600C;
• the temperature regime contributes to a sufficiently intensive frosty weathering of the soil;
• in the Arctic desert, trees and shrubs do not grow;
• the plant world is represented by an incredible amount of types of moss and lichens, and in places you can meet such herbaceous plants as a palm, stamping and forget-me-not;
• since the floral world of the ice desert is presented very poorly, then, accordingly, here and a small number of representatives of the animal world, to which lemming, sands, arctic wolf and deer of the Novoemel breed are believed.

Arctic tundra

This area of \u200b\u200bArctic and Antarctic climatic belts is characterized by the following features:

• the maximum temperature of the warmest period of the year is 50c;
• moss-licensed cover is most common from the plant world, and on the lines of the watershed, it is sometimes possible to celebrate the tundra shrubs;
• there are few fauna representatives here, but in the summer, many birds appear here.

temperate zone

A moderate belt is a zone characterized by a moderate climate and other characteristic features. However, the main factor in dividing the belt is the climate. Climate is a factor that has a decisive influence on the entire live and non-living nature on the planet. In direct dependence on it there are vegetation, water bodies, animal world, soil cover.

Climatic conditions are formed due to the impact of the following factors:

• features of the underlying surface
• number of solar radiation
• intensity Circulation of the atmosphere

Temperature regime in a specific climatic belt depends on two factors:

• Geographical latitude of the area (determining the angle of falling on the surface of the earth of the sun rays)
• Nearby Ocean

• Sea currents
• Features relief
• The nature of the prevailing winds

To determine more accurate climate characteristics, various indices, coefficients, factors are used. Among them are continentality, moisturizing, aridness.

Temperate zone

According to the adopted characteristics, a moderate belt can be divided into three main types by territoriality:

• moderate climate of oriental coasts
• moderate climate of Western coast
• continental moderate climate.

In this climatic belt, there are many cyclones forcing the weather to change dramatically and extract it snow, then rain. In addition, winds from the West are blowing here, which are reached all year round. Summer in this belt is quite warm (up to + 25 ° -28 ° C), winter winter (from + 5 ° C to -50 ° C). The average annual precipitation from 1000-3000 millimeters, and in the central parts of the mainland - no more than 100 millimeters.

Moderate belt latitude

Moderate climate is formed in the northern hemisphere. More than half of the square in the northern hemisphere occupies sushi, and in southern - almost 98% of the area is covered with seas. The belt is between 40-45 ° and 62-68 ° C.Sh. (Northern hemisphere) and 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh in the southern hemisphere. The climate in this belt is characterized by severe and frequent changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind directions. This is due to the high intensity of cyclones.

In general, this belt is a climatic zone in which HC - moderate air masses dominate throughout the year. During flight months, the invasion of TV - tropical winds is possible. This belt is also characterized by relatively low atmospheric pressure, intense frontal and cyclonic activities, large seasonal temperature differences. In winter, the instability of weather and climatic factors is obstacious.

Climatic regions of a moderate belt - wind, precipitation

• On the coasts on the eastern side of the continents there are areas of the monsoon climate. It is characterized by the next seasonal change of air masses - warm and wet summer monsions, dry very cold winter monsoon. Summer drops 15-20 times more precipitation than in winter. The Canadian and Asian high pressure centers have a significant impact.
• A sharply continental climate is observed in the inner areas of North America and Eurasia. These areas are isolated from the seas and oceans, the winter cold, summer months are usually hot. Weather type - anticyclonal.
• On the west coasts prevailing the sea temperate climate. It is formed under the influence of the monsoon, which is formed over warm marine and oceanic currents. In the summer in this area, as a rule, a non-jarous, precipitation is much, winter is warm with a large number of drop-down snow.
• Moderately continental climate is characterized by replacing each other with air masses, continental winds prevail. Cold winter, warm summer period. The invasion of tropical winds causes warming, the amount of precipitation is average, but in the summer they are usually greater than in the winter.
• The region of the continental climate is observed exclusively in the northern hemisphere. During the year, continental winds blow. In the southern part of the region, warmer, in North - cooler. The region is characterized by a small amount of precipitation. There is an eternal merzlot, which is supported by stably low temperatures and a small amount of snow.

Moderate climate on the west coasts

On the coasts of the mainland, temperate climate has pronounced marine climates. Sea air masses prevail throughout the year. There is such a climate on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and the coast of the Atlantic in Europe. The natural border that separates the incontinental districts from the coast with the sea climate is the mountains of Cordillera. Almost all the European coast (with the exception of Scandinavia) is fully open to entering the masses of moderate sea air.

Sea air is constantly transferred, this process is accompanied by high cloud. Unlike continental regions, Eurasia in the area there are prolonged spring. Western coasts in this belt warm winter. The main factor affecting the climate in this area is the washing shores warm sea currents. The middle January temperature is plus, it changes (from north to south) from 0 to +6 degrees Celsius. At the same time, in Scandinavia, subject to the invasion of the Arctic winds, the temperature behes down to -25 degrees. During the invasions of tropical winds.

In the summer of Scandinavia (Western coast), the temperature grows sharply. Compared with medium latitudes, the difference can be up to twenty degrees. On the Atlantic coast, the temperature anomaly is not so expressed - it is about 12 degrees. The middle July temperature is 16 degrees of heat. During the daytime, even on the warme days, the temperature almost never rises above 30 degrees.

Since frequent cyclones are characterized for this belt, the weather usually stands rainy and cloudy, most days are not sunny. Particularly large number of cloudy days on the western side of the North American coast. Cordillera block the path of cyclones, and they are forced to slow down.

The average annual precipitation on the mountain slopes is 2000-6000 millimeters, in the rest of the regions - 600-1000 millimeters.

Moderate climate on the eastern coasts

On the eastern coasts of continents, air flows from the North-West dominate in the winter period, in the summer period - air masses from the south-east. The climate has monsoon properties.

In winter, a clear, but windy weather is observed on the coast. At the same time, in the southern areas of precipitation, very few, and Kamchatka and Sakhalin periodically enter the influence of powerful cyclones. It is the cyclones who play a crucial role in education in these areas of powerful snow covers, whose thickness in some areas can reach two meters.

The eastern North American coast is characterized by a climate with marine features. It is expressed in the fact that winter precipitation is dominated. What swinging the temperature regime, then in these areas the maximum temperature is observed in August, (when the ocean temperature reaches the maximum), and the minimum - in February.

Anticyclones in these areas have different features. Azian, unlike Canadian, is quite sustainable. Canadian anticyclone is formed at a high distance from the shores and can be interrupted many times different cyclones.

The average temperature in the summer - 14-18 degrees Celsius, that is, the summer in these areas is quite warm. The North American coast is also characterized by very snowy winter - the thickness of the snow can reach two and a half meters. For these areas, a frequent ice is characterized, which appears by the exposure to the southern wind.

Moderate continental climate

Eurasia is part of the planet on which a moderately continental climate is pronounced most bright. The climate feature in these areas is an impressive temperature amplitude. It can reach 55-60 degrees. The sushi surface quickly cools quickly and intensively, such a phenomenon is called radiation heating. It can be so significant that the lower layers of continental air become colder than air of the Arctic.

The formation of this type of climate is greatly influenced by the geographical features of the continent. Europe, for example, in contrast to North America, is absolutely open, and air masses moving from the Atlantic are freely penetrated over long distances deep.

The average July temperature in Continental Eurasia is 19-22 degrees. In more arid areas, the temperature is slightly higher - 25-28 degrees Celsius. But the amount of precipitation in different areas is significantly different. Thus, on the strong winds, the Alps slopes per year falls 2000 millimeters of precipitation, and on the plain parts of the mainland - only 300-800 millimeters.

In areas with a temperate continental climate, most of the territories are occupied by the mountains. The largest of them are Cordillera, Sayans, Altai, Rocky Mountains, Carpathians and Alps.

tropics and subtropics

Tropical and subtropical belts are the richest natural zones on a variety of vegetable and animal world. Tropical belt is one of the main climatic belts of the planet, and subtropical - one of the transitiones. They are characterized by a rather hot climate, as they are located near the equator. The formation of tropics and subtropics occurs under constant increased pressure of the atmosphere, which leads to the establishment of low clouds and the hottest temperatures compared to the rest of the belts.

Climate

Tropical belt

The tropical belt in its climate shares the natural zones on dry and wet. A distinctive feature of both subzon is considered constant strong dry wind-trade winds, which breathing along the equator.

Dry tropics have a sufficiently hot dry climate. The average temperature of the warmest months reaches + 30 - +35 degrees, and the coldest never falls below +10 degrees. High atmospheric pressure led to the fact that in the territory of this natural zone is extremely low cloudy, there is little precipitation, up to 200 mm per year.

Wet portions of tropics are distinguished by the loss of a large amount of precipitation reaching up to 7000 mm per year. The climate is the same hot, as in dry.

Subtropical belt

The subtropical belt is located immediately after tropical. This zone scientists are separated depending on the amount of precipitation dropped on the wet and the floor wet. In summer, the average temperature of the subtropical belt reaches 20-25 degrees of heat, and in winter - not lower than 5 degrees of heat.

The natural zones of the subtropical belt are found on many continents of our planet. This led to a large number of climate types of this natural zone. Perhaps it is the subtropical belt that boasts a variety of these conditions. By type of climate, the zone described is divided:

• The Mediterranean climate with the characteristic winter abundant moisture;
• Continental climate with pretty poor moisture;
• Musson climate with abundant moisture in the summer

Natural zones

Tropical belt

The tropical belt is familiar to the following natural zones from the east to the West:

• Zone of wet rainforests;
• Rapping zone;
• Zone of dry forests and hot savannas;
• Tropical semi-desert zone and deserts.

As a rule, a person settled a little all zones, with the exception of some areas of eastern sites.

Subtropical belt

The zones of the tropical belt are more diverse, as their individual sections are found at each mainland. On the western part of the coastal coast, they are as follows:

• Tighted forests;
• Subtropical steppes;
• Subtropical semi-deserts and deserts;

Southern Hemisphere Deep on the Continent "hides" zones:

• Subtropical steppes;
• East - short forest subtropics;
• In high regions - subtropical evergreen forests.

Vegetable world

Tropical belt

The tropical belt due to its favorable location can boast a rich floral world. It is in this natural zone that employs more than 75% of all the Flora representatives on Earth.

Swampy forests

In the swamps of the tropical forest there is a strong depletion of soil with oxygen, which is why the species composition of the plants here is meager. All Flora representatives have an external root system, which allows to obtain enough oxygen. Usually, this type of wet forest is formed in wetlands and is characterized by a minor variety of species.

Mangra

Mangrove forests grow in coastal areas or in areas with a temperate climatic belt, the prerequisite for everyone is access to warm currents. Here you can see, as if by levels, plants:

• Rizophores;
• Avizennia;
• Brugriy Cocorps;
• Ceriopsy;
• Egietrace;
• On the border with the forest - Palm Nipia.

Crowns of the Mangrove Forest trees are very tight, so the light through them almost does not go to the lower tiers. Almost all litter of the forest occupy a wandering roots that make it difficult to promote.

Mountain forest

Such forests grow at an altitude of a more kilometer. Because of the abundant precipitation, the fog is strongly condensed here. The forest is formed by two poorly formed tiers:

• Upper - woody. It is represented by tree ferns, magnolias, camellias, evergreen oaks-giants, rhododendons.
• Nizhny tier herbal. Presented with mshami and lichens, ferns, teen trees and herbs.
• There is an extra-Russian vegetation: lianas and moss-epiphytes.

Seasonal forests

Seasonal forests get less precipitation during certain months. On the foliage of the forest discarded in the drought, they divide on:

• Evergreen forests (for example, eucalyptus);
• Holdership (the upper tier resets the foliage, and the bottom - no);
• Rewrked are represented by one type.

By location in the climatic belt:

• Monsoon: laurel, sugar cane, annual herbs, lianas and epiphytes;
• Savannovy: palm trees, bottled trees, cacti, mochary and herbs;
• Spiky Cerophilic: legumes (acacia and mimovose), thin lyans and herbaceous cereals;

Subtropical belt

Tighted forests are located in the Mediterranean climate, usually represented:

• On the upper tier: oak, olive tree, cedar and pine black;
• On the second: strawberry tree, samshet and phillion;
• On Lower: herbs and mosses.

The monsoon mixed forest is formed by evergreen oak (and other representatives of beech), magnolias, pines, laurels, fir, camellias, palm trees and lianas. Closer to the equator, the species composition is significantly impoverished.

Evergreen (hemigilee) from their tropical neighbors are distinguished by a smaller variety of species. The plant world is represented by tree ferns, evergreen oaks, camellias and camphor lavrom. There are bamboo bamboo among herbaceous.

Animal world

Tropical belt

By the number of animal living animals, tropical forests exceed almost all other natural zones. Animals here usually live in the crowns of high trees. Among the mammals of the tropical belt are: proteins - flying, hippo, elephants, rhinos, palm squirrels, many types of monkeys (spider monkey, root, toys), sloth, tapir, wood dictations,
Sandy proteins, leopards, tiger, hedgehogs, Ogapi, Lemur Laurie.

Among the amphibians are a huge variety of frogs (bright supergrowers), toad-pips, worms and quacs.

Subtropical belt

The fauna of the subtropical belt is represented by the types of tropics and moderate belt. The previous animals are added: mouflon, noble deer, lan, ferret, fox, jackal, otter, championship, shoe and black stuffed.

The subtropical and tropical belt differ in the rich vegetable and animal world, possess a comfortable warm climate.

equatorial belt

It should also be noted that equatorial and subequatorial climatic belts are the greatest interest among the average man. For the reader to understand what the equatorial and subequatorial belt is represented, in this article we will describe in detail about the main features of these types of climate, as well as indicate the main aspects of weather conditions in these natural areas.

Geographical location

The characteristics of the location of the equatorial belt are in the following important features of climatic conditions:

• is the central belt of our planet;
• got its name due to location in the region of Earth's equator;
• it covers the territory of the earth's surface between the coordinates of 5-7 0 of the northern latitude and 4-10 yu. sh.

Features of the geographical location of the subequatorial belts are to be in the following aspects:

• located on both sides of the equatorial climate;
• distinguish the Northern and South Sub Escavatorial Climates;
• the territory of the propagation of weather conditions of these climatic belts reaches respectively to 20 0 southern latitude and 20 0 s. sh.

Terrestrial surface area covered by equatorial belt

This climatic belt is common in the following areas of the earth's surface:

• part of South America, which is located within the Amazon lowland;
• equatorial part of Africa;
• Guinean bay;
• most of the territory of the water area of \u200b\u200bthe big city islands.

Regional location of the subequatorial climate

The climatic belts of this species are subject to the following areas of the earth's surface:

• northern South America;
• southern part of North America;
• Australia;
• pacific Islands;
• south Asia.

Climate

Climate of Equatorial belt

The climatic features of the equatorial belt are in the following important aspects:

• summer is a single season of the year;
• the average temperature varies from 25 to 30 0 s;
• increased air humidity contributes abundant atmospheric precipitation;
• annual precipitation averages 2000-3000 mm;
• winds have short-term and weak character;
• the main view of the winds are tropical trade winds;
• stable high temperatures.

Climatic conditions of subequatorial belts

The climate of these belts is notable for the following properties:

• air temperature ranges from 15 to 350s;
• air masses change off the season, in other words, in winter - dry tropical air prevails, and in the summer - the wet wind;
• cloudy weather conditions are sufficient;
• the rainy period with thunderstorms can continue until 9 months.

The soil

Distinctive features of the soil of equatorial belt

Features of the soil and relief of this climatic belt are concluded in the following important points:

• wide river valleys with inherent flooding floods;
• river valleys in the mountains are usually narrow and deep;
• plain areas have side erosion;
• large probability of landslides;
• soils have a sour-ferallic type;
• the content of humus in the soil is no more than 3%.

Characteristics of soils of subequatorial belts

The main feature of the soils of sub-screen climatic belts is that the full range of red-color tropical soils is presented, ranging from yellow-red, and ending with red brown-dry species.

Such an abundance of soil species can only say that there are quite stormy vegetation in these climatic belts.

Vegetable world

Plant world of equatorial belt

The unique climatic features of the equatorial belt favorably contribute to the growth of evergreen forests, which have the following longline structure:

• the upper tier is represented by trees that have a horizontal rhizome and even barrel;
• on average tier, as a rule, there are local plants;
• the lower tier is represented by such useful types of trees, like breadwinner, rubber and cocoa.

Vegetation of subequatorial belts

Savannes are a special zone of the plant world of sub-screen climatic belts. A variety of vegetation in this region contributes to the rapid decomposition of organic substances in the soil.

The vegetation of savanna includes the following types:

• trees with edible fruits (palm trees, coffee trees);
• high-quality trees are represented by baobabas and acacia;
• the abundance of different grasses is inherent in the entire distribution of the subequatorial climate.

Fauna

Fauna Equatorial belt

The animal world of this climatic belt is characterized by a variety of types of animals, among which the following can be noted:

• monkeys of many breeds;
• amusements;
• sloths;
• the bats;
• snakes and frogs;
• elephants;
• hippo;
• tapir;
• rhinos;
• leopards;
• jaguars;
• lions;
• big variety of feathered.

Such a saturation of fauna representatives can impress any person.

Animal world of subequatorial belts

The stormy vegetation of this climatic belt contributes to the habit of many animal species in this region. Among the representatives of the subexvatorial climatic belts can be distinguished by the following animals:

• giraffes;
• elephants;
• hippo;
• okapi;
• buffaloes;
• zebras;
• antelope;
• lions;
• cheetahs;
• shakals;
• hyena;
• among the feathers, you can allocate storks, ostrichs and marabou;
• many types of lizards and small snakes;
• wet soil is the habitat of many invertebrates.

Human accommodation in such conditions

An important aspect of the climatic conditions of equatorial and subequatorial belts is that they are absolutely unsuitable for human vital activity, despite the rapid development of flora and fauna. This is due, first of all, with the following factors:

• high temperature permanence;
• high humidity;
• wet and warm environment is a source of many infections that are dangerous to human health;
• the presence in these climatic conditions of many species of poisonous plants and animals represented by snakes and insects.

As we can see, natural conditions of equatorial and sub-screen visits contribute little to the accommodation and vital activity of people in this climate, it can significantly cause damage to human health.

Thus, in this article, we tried to describe all the climatic features of the equatorial and subequatorial belts as much as possible. We hope that the information set out in the article to significantly expand the horizontal of the reader in the field of climatic belts on the earth's surface.

In the western parts of the mainland, the Mediterranean climate is formed. In addition to the Mediterranean, it is common in the southern coast of the Crimea, in Western California, on average Chile, on the south-western tip of Africa, in the south-west of Australia. Summer roast, cloudless, without precipitation; Winter cool, windy and rainy. The annual precipitation amounts are usually 400-600 mm, which creates half-sized conditions. Temperatures in the summer + 20- + 25 s, in winter +5 - +10 S. Climate is extremely favorable for a person's life. It is grown by valuable subtropical cultures - citrus, grapes, olives, etc.

57. The climate of moderate latitudes.

The climate of moderate latitude is a climate characteristic of a moderate geographical belt mainly of the northern hemisphere.

The climate of moderate latitude is formed in the zone of the year-round predominance of air of moderate latitudes (polar), marine or continental origin, under the influence of intensive cyclonic activity, leading to frequent and strong changes in the pressure and temperature of the air, as well as wind directions.

Distinguish:

Marine climate observed in the west of the mainland;

Continental climate and sharply continental climate characteristic of the intra-projectal districts of the northern hemisphere;

The climate of monsoon monster latitudes, typical of East outskirts of Eurasia.

Boreal climate - climate within a moderate belt with well-pronounced seasons of the year: snowy winter and relatively short warm summer. In regions with a boreal climate, landscapes of taiga and mixed forests prevail.

58. Equatorial and subequatorial climate.

The subequatorial climate is a climate of the subequatorial latitude, characterized by a high air temperature, small annual oscillations and significant precipitation (2000-2500 mm per year), coming for the summer. On the slopes of the mountains addressed to the summer monsoon, the maximum amount of them falls on the globe - on average about 12,000 mm per year. From the equatorial climate, the subequatorial climate is distinguished by a sharply pronounced dry winter period. Atmospheric circulation has the nature of tropical monsoons.

Equatorial climate - hot and humid climate covering areas near the equator. Equatorial climate is different:

Predominantly reduced atmospheric pressure (Equatorial depression);

High air temperatures that almost do not change during the year (24-28 degrees at sea level);

Abundant precipitation falling out more or less evenly during the year;

Weak winds (zone of the clutch).

High temperatures and excess moisturizing contribute to the predominance of landscapes of wet equatorial forests on land.

59. Passat climate and tropical deserts.

Passat climate is the climate of the regions under the influence of trade winds. The trade service climate is distinguished by the resistance of the direction and speed of winds (trade winds), moderate cloudiness and low precipitation.

The average temperature of the summer months is 20-27 degrees, in the winter months it is reduced to 10-15 degrees. The annual precipitation amount is about 500 mm, their amount increases sharply on the slopes of the mountainous islands addressed to the Passat, and with relatively rare tropical cyclones.

On land, the areas of ocean trade winds correspond to the territory with the climate of tropical deserts.

The climate of tropical deserts is a tropical climate characterized by very hot summer and warm or hot winter. Daily fluctuations in temperatures are large (in some places are over 40 degrees), precipitation is a bit (up to 100-250 mm per year). In the same latitudes over the ocean, a trade-mounted climate is formed.

Due to the uneven heating of our planet, the Sun and the distribution of atmospheric precipitation on the earth's surface, the climates of the Earth are very diverse. The first classifications of climates appeared in the 70s of the XIX century and had a descriptive character. According to the classification of Professor MSU B.P. Alisov, there are 7 types of climates that make up climatic belts. 4 of them are the main, and 3 transition. The main types include:

Equatorial climatic belt. For this type of climate, the dominance of equatorial air masses is characterized throughout the year. In the days of the Spring (March 21) and the autumn (September 21), the sun over the equator stands in the zenith and heats up the land. Air temperature in this climatic belt is constant (+ 24-28 ° C). At sea, temperatures fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual precipitation amount is significant (up to 3000 mm), at the winding slopes of precipitation can fall out to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, so the soil in the equatorial climate is marshy, and thick and high wet forests grow on them. The climate of this belt is influenced by the Passats, bringing the abundance of precipitation here. Equatorial climate type is formed over the northern regions of South America; On the coast of the Guinean Bay, on the Congo River Basin and the Nile Verkhovyev, including the shores of Lake Victoria in Africa; Above mostly, the Indonesian archipelago and the adjacent part of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in Asia.

Tropical climatic belt. This type of climate forms two tropical climatic belts (in the northern and southern hemisphere) over the following territories.

In this type of climate, the condition of the atmosphere over the mainland and the ocean is different, so the mainland tropical climate and the ocean tropical climate are distinguished.

The mainstream climatic belt: the high pressure region dominates over a significant area, therefore very few precipitation falls here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is very hot in summer (+ 35-40 ° C). In winter, the temperature is significantly lower (+ 10-15 ° C). Daily daily fluctuations (up to 40 ° C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (the clouds could delay the heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature differences contribute to the destruction of rocks, which gives a mass of sand and dust. They picked up with winds and can be transferred to considerable distances. These dust sand storms are a big danger for the traveler in the desert.

The mainland tropical climates of Western and Oriental coasts of continents are very different from each other. Along the Western Coast of South America, Africa and Australia, cold currents are undergoing cold flows, therefore the climate here is characterized by a relatively low air temperature (+ 18-20 ° C) and a small amount of precipitation (less than 100 mm). Along the eastern coasts of these continents, warm currents pass, so the temperatures here above and precipitation falls more.

The ocean tropical climate is similar to equatorial, but differs from less cloudiness and resistant winds. Summer over the oceans is not so roast (+ 20-27 ° C), and the winter is cool (+ 10-15 ° C). The sediments fall predominantly in summer (up to 50 mm). Summer. There is a significant influence of Western winds bringing precipitation all year. Summer in this climatic belt is moderately warm (from + 10 ° C to + 25-28 ° C). Winter is cold (from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C). Annual precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm in the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the inner areas. Vividly manifest differences in season seasons. This type of climate also forms two belts in the northern and southern hemispheres and is formed over the territories of moderate latitudes (from 40-45 ° Northern and southern latitude to the polar circles). Above these territories the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure, active cyclonic activity is formed. Moderate climate is divided into two subtypes:
sea, which prevails in the western parts of North America, South America, Eurasia, is formed with the direct effects of Western winds from the ocean on the mainland, therefore it is distinguished by a cool summer (+ 15-20 ° C) and warm winter (from + 5 ° C). The precipitate, brought by Western winds, falls out all year round (from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm);
continental, dominant in the central areas of the mainland, is different from him. Cyclones here penetrate less frequently than in seaside areas, so summer is warm (+ 17-26 ° C), and winter cold (-10-24 ° C) with a stable multi-month snow cover. Due to the significant length of Eurasia from the west to the east, the most bright continental climate is observed in Yakutia, where the average January temperatures can be lowered to -40 ° C and there are little precipitation. This is because the inner areas of the mainland are not subjected to such an influence of the oceans as the coast, where the wet winds not only bring precipitation, but also soften the heat in summer and frost in winter.

The monsoon subtype of a moderate climate, dominating in the east of Eurasia from Kamchatka to Korea and in the north of Japan, in the north-east of China, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) by season, which affects the amount and regime of precipitation. In winter, the cold wind is blowing here from the continent, so winter is clear and cold (-20-27 ° C). Summer winds from the Pacific Ocean bring warm rainy weather. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin drops from 1600 to 2000 mm of precipitation.

In all subtypes of moderate climate, only moderate air masses dominate.

Polar climate type. Above 70 ° Northern and 65 ° South latitudes dominates the polar climate forms two belts: Arctic and Antarctic. All year the polar air masses are dominated here. Sun for several months does not appear at all (polar night) and several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice emit more heat than it is received, so the air is very cooled, the snow cover does not melt all year. Throughout the year over these territories, the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure is dominated, so the winds are weak, there are almost no clouds. The precipitation falls very little, the air is saturated with small icy needles. Sundaying, they give in the amount of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average temperature of the summer does not exceed 0 ° C, and winter -20-40 ° C. For summer, a typical continuous crust.

Equatorial, tropical, moderate, polar climate types are considered basic, since air masses characteristic of them are prevalent within their belts. Between the main climatic belts there are transitional, having a "sub" prefix in the title (Lat. "Under"). In transient climatic belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from adjacent belts. This is due to the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, there is a shift of climatic belts to the north, then to the south.

Three additional climate types are distinguished:

Subscance climate. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate this belt, and in winter - tropical.

Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), the average air temperature + 30 ° C. The sun is still in the spring reaches zenith and mercilessly palette.

Winter is cooler than summer (+ 14 ° C). The precipitates falls little. Soils after summer rains enhanced, therefore, in the sub-screen climate, unlike the equatorial, the swamps are rare. The territory is favorable for population people, so it is here that many civic centers are located here - India, Indochina, Ethiopia. According to N.I.Vavivova, it was from here that many varieties of cultivated plants occurred. To the northern subequatorial belt include: South America (Panaman End, Venezuela, Guinea); Africa (Sachel belt); Asia (India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, All Indochina, South China, Philippines). The southern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Amazonian lowland, Brazil); Africa (Center and East of the Mainland); Australia (North Coast of the mainland).

Subtropical climate. Here, in summer, air tropical masses dominate, and in winter, air masses of moderate latitudes are invaded here, bearing precipitation. Such circulation of air masses determines the following weather in these areas: roast, dry summer (from +30 to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, sustainable snow cover is not formed. Annual precipitation of about 500 mm. Inside the continuity in subtropical latitudes of precipitation little and winter. It is dominated by the climate of dry subtropics with hot summer (up to + 50 ° C) and unstable in winter, when frosts are possible to -20 ° C. In these areas of precipitation drops 120 mm and less. In the western parts of the mainland, the Mediterranean climate is dominated, which is characterized by hot, incentive summer without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winter. In the Mediterranean climate, precipitation falls more than in dry subtropics. The annual precipitation amount here is 450-600 mm. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for a person's life, so it is here that the most famous summer resorts are located. Square subtropical cultures are grown here: citrus, grapes, olives.

The subtropical climate of the eastern shores of the mainland is monsoon. Winter here is relatively comparatively with other climates of the subtropical belt Cold and dry, and the summer is roast (+ 25 ° C) and wet (800 mm). This is explained by the influence of monsoons that flow in winter from sushi to the sea, and in the summer from the sea to land and bringing sediments in the summer. The monsoon subtropical climate is well expressed only in the northern hemisphere, especially on the east coast of Asia. Abundant precipitation in summer make it possible to develop lush vegetation. On fertile soils, agriculture, supporting the lives of more than a billion people, is developed here.

Subpochar climate. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). Like everywhere, the precipitation increases on the above-ground slopes. Despite the small amount of precipitation, the moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subepolar belt, large territories are swallowed. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, therefore there are long, cold winters, the temperature can reach and -50 ° C. Subolar climatic belts are located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America and in the navaltarctic waters.

If you look at the card, then you can see that the boundaries of climatic belts are not strictly in parallels, but deviate to the north, then to the south. This is explained by the fact that not only the uneven heating of the Earth and the geography of atmospheric precipitation is influenced by the formation of climatic belts, but also other climate-forming factors: relief, ocean flows, glaciers and others.

Arctic and Antarctic belts

Arctic air prevails in the Arctic and Antarctic belts during the year. Snowy and ice surfaces well reflect the sun rays, which are dropped here at an angle close to 180 °. Therefore, the temperature and humidity of the air here are very low here, only in some way in the summer months the thermometer column rises to +5 ° C. In the Antarctic of temperature in winter (in August), it is sometimes reaching -71 ° C, and in the most warm months only until - 20 ° C. precipitation on the poles falls little.

In subanctic and subnutrctic belts, air masses are changed: the Arctic (Antarctic) air is dominated in winter, in summer - moderate air masses. Winter is long (up to 9 months) and cold: the average temperature of the coldest months reaches -40 ° C and even lower. In the summer, the thermometer column rises only a few degrees above zero. Moisturizing excess, although it drops to 200 mm / year. It is connected with low evaporation. Complex climatic conditions are aggravated by frequent and strong winds. Subolar belts pass through the North Coast of Eurasia and North America, the Commander and Aleutian Islands, as well as the islands of Antarctica.

Temperate zone

In a temperate climatic belt, winds of Western directions prevail, and on the eastern coasts - monsoons. The amount of precipitation in the moderate belt differs greatly and depends on the proximity to the sea and the nature of the relief. When moving deep into mainland, the amount of precipitation becomes less. In the northern and western parts of the mainland, moisturizing is excessive, and in the southern and central - insufficient. For a moderate belt, essential temperature differences between the summer and winter, as well as between the land and the sea. Winter temperatures are significantly lower here than in the previous belt, so the falling snow forms the cover, which is preserved up to several months.

In a temperate belt, 4 climatic regions are distinguished: marine temperate climates (Western coasts of the mainland) - relatively warm winter, cool and rainy summer, transition from marine to continental, continental climate - the maximum amount of precipitation falls in warm season and monsoon - cold and dry winter , cool and rainy summer.

Tropical and subtropical belt

In tropical climatic belts, dry and hot tropical air prevails during the year. The difference in the temperature regime between the winter and the summer is more significantly. The average temperatures of the warmest month are + 30-35 ° C, cold - usually not lower than +10 ° C. For tropical belts, significant temperature differences between at night and day are characteristic. Sometimes they reach 40 ° C, and the average annual about 20 ° C. In the tropics of precipitation falls very little: 50-150 mm / year. The exception is only the coast of the mainland, which is brought from the ocean.

In subtropical climatic belts in the summer, dry tropical air is dominated, in winter - more humid moderate. Characteristic is the presence of dry and wet periods. Naturally, summer here is dry and roast (average temperatures about 30 ° C). Wet wet and warm, although sometimes temperatures are still falling below 0 ° C. Sometimes it even falls out, but the snow cover is not formed. The amount of precipitation as a whole is insufficient (200 - 500 mm / year). In the subtropics allocate several climatic areas: Mediterranean (dry and hot summer and rainy warm winter), monsoon subtropical (summer roast and rainy, winter cold and dry), subtropical continental (summer roast and dry, winter is relatively cold with a small amount of precipitation).

Equatorial and subequatorial belt

The average monthly temperatures of the equatorial belt are 25-28 ° C, and the differences are small. For this belt is characterized by weak winds and high humidity (1000-2000 mm of precipitation falls per year). In the equatorial belt there are two rainy periods separated by less rainy. The equatorial belt passes through the Amazonian lowland of South America, the coast of the Guinea Bay and the lowland of the Congo in Africa, the Malacca Peninsula, the Stern Islands and New Guinea.

To the south and north of the equatorial belt are the subequatorial belts. In the summer, wet equatorial air comes here, in winter - dry tropical. Due to this, the amount of precipitation falling in the summer far exceeds this parameter in winter. The average annual precipitation is excessive - 1000-1500 mm / year, and on the slopes of the mountains it reaches 6000-10000 mm / year. The average temperature of the subequatorial belt ranges from 22 to 30 ° C. Their difference between in the winter in the summer is relatively small, but more than in the equatorial belt. The subequatorial belt takes place through the Brazilian and Guinean Hingesties of South America, in Central Africa, in Industan and Indochite and North Australia.

The characteristic of climatic belts (table is shown below) is the topic of this article. We will tell about what types of climate exist on our planet, and consider in detail each of them. To this end, we recall that the climate is called weather regime established years, which depends on the specific territory, its geographical position.

Equatorial belt

This climatic belt is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic areas inside the belt. As for the temperature regime, it is hot here. During the year there are many precipitation, moisturizing in excess. The weather here is changing very sharply during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second begins with abundant rains.

The names of climatic belts are associated with their features. Equatorial belt is located near the equator, therefore it has such a name.

The subequatorial belt is characterized by changing the air masses, which occurs seasonally. In the summer, equatorial air masses prevail, and in winter there are more tropical. Weather conditions in the summer fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather is reminded by the conditions of the tropical belt. Winter dry and a little colder summer.

Tropical belt

As we already know, the names of climatic belts are associated with their location. For this type of climate, the tropical air masses are characterized by the whole year. Continental air. This tropical belt weather is high pressure and temperature, a large temperature difference not only during the year, but also during the day. Water in such a climate is very lacking. It is very hot and dry here, often dry winds. There is almost no rainy. The weather is usually dry and sunny.

However, the tropical belt is deceptive. Eastern shores of continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this belt, but have another climate. Air turopical air, abundant precipitation, monsoon. Climatic conditions are similar to the equatorial climate.

For subtropical belts, the air mass change is characteristic. In the summer, the tropical climate prevails, in winter - moderate. Pressure jumps in summer and winter are quite high. In winter, the pressure is low, and in the summer - high. Despite the strong difference in temperature and precipitation during the year, on the thermometer all the year above zero. Sometimes the temperature may fall even to negative values. Snow falls at such periods. On the plain localities, he melts quickly, but in the mountains can lie for several months. As for the winds, in winter they rule in the summer - trade winds.

Temperate zone

The temperature of the climatic belts is largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. In a temperate belt, as it is clear from the name, moderate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. Moderate climate is characterized by a large temperature difference. Summer roast, and winter frosty and long. Comparatively low pressure, cyclone, instability of weather conditions in winter. Western winds are blowing throughout the year, summer sometimes there are trade winds, and in winter - northeastern wind. Every winter massive snow cover.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

In the characteristic of climatic belts in the table, you can see which temperatures prevail in these belts. Features of these belts at low temperatures all year, strong winds and cold summer. The precipitation is very small.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belt

These belts are distinguished by the fact that a moderate climate is dominated in the summer. Because of this, there is a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations. In these belts there are a lot of eternal permafrost. In winter, northeastern and southeastern winds prevail, and in the summer - Western. The belts have 2 climatic areas, about them below.

Territories of climatic belts

Each belt is characteristic of a certain territory. The natural climatic belts were formed on the planet for a long time, so it is safe to designate certain areas in which the climate belt is pronounced.

Equatorial climate is characteristic of Oceania, countries of South America and Africa. The subequatorial climate is characteristic of Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. The central part of Australia and North Africa is a tropical belt. Subtropics are characteristic of the internal regions of the continents. Moderate climate dominates in the western and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. The belt prevails in North America and the northern part of Eurasia. The Arctic and Antarctic belt is characteristic of Australia and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean.

Table climatic belts

The table shows the characteristics of the zones.

Belt	The average temperature in January	The average temperature in July	Atmosphere
Equatorial			Wet warm air masses
Subexvatorial			Mussons prevail
Tropical
Subtropical			Cyclonality, High Atmospheric Pressure
Moderate			Western winds and monsoons
Subarctic
Arctic (Antarctic)			Anticyclones

Climatic areas of belts

Subtropical belts have three climatic areas:

1. Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western banks of the mainland. In the summer there is a continental climate, and in winter - continental and sea air masses. Summer arid and warm, and winter is relatively cool, wet. Moisturizing is insufficient.
2. Monsoon climate. Widged on the eastern banks of the mainland. Summer monsoons cause severe heat and a lot of precipitation, and winter monsions - coolness and dryness. Moisturizing in this area moderate. The precipitation is characteristic of winter season.
3. Sea climate. Distributed on the mainland of the southern hemisphere. Characterized sea air masses. Summer and winter warm. Moisture is enough, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.

Moderate belt consists of 5 climatic areas:

1. Moderate Prevails on the western banks of the continents. The weather is formed under the influence of warm currents and western winds. Winter is pretty soft, and summer is warm. For the year there will be a lot of precipitation. Winter is characterized by abundant and frequent snowfall. Moisture is more than enough. The geography of the climatic belt contributes to the instability of the weather.
2. Continental moderate climate. It is characterized by a warm summer and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke a sharp cooling, and tropical air masses - warming. Precipitation is a bit, they are uniform (cyclonal and frontal).
3. Continental climate. It applies only to the northern hemisphere. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area, their invasion is possible in the summer). In the warm season, precipitation is greater, but in general they are insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
4. Sharply continental climate. It is characteristic of the internal regions of North America and Eurasia. The territory is almost isolated from the influence of the seas and oceans and is located in the center of high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There are a lot of eternal freezlot. Weather type - anticyclonal. The precipitation is a bit, the moisturia is not enough.
5. Monsonic climate. Distributed on the eastern side of the mainland. Characterized by seasonality of air masses. Summer wet and warm, and winter dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous, excessive moisturizing.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belts have two areas:

• continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little precipitation, wetlability of the territory);
• ocean climate (fog, a lot of precipitation, soft winter and cool summer).

The characteristic of climatic belts in the table does not include two areas of Arctic and Antarctic belts:

• continental (little precipitation, the whole year the temperature is lower than zero);
• ocean climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).

The temperature in the oceanic climate can rise to +5 during the polar day.

Summing up, let's say that the characteristic of climatic belts (in the table) is needed to every educated person.

Equatorial climatic belt It occupies the region of the Congo River basin and the Gulf Coast in Africa, the Amazon River pool in South America, the Zonda Islands off the coast of Southeast Asia. The rupture of the climatic belt on the eastern shores of the continuity is due to the domination of subtropical baric maxima over the oceans. The greatest air flow comes along the equatorial periphery of the baric maxima, he captures the eastern shores of the continents. In the equatorial belt, there is a moisturizing of tropical air brought by trade winds. Equatorial air is formed under reduced pressure, weak winds and at high temperatures. The value of total radiation 580-670 kJ / cm 2 per year is slightly lowered due to the large cloudiness and humidity of equatorial latitudes. Radiation balance on the mainland is 330 kJ / cm 2 per year, on the ocean is 420-500 kJ / cm 2 per year.

Equatorial VM is dominated by the Equator all year. The average air temperature ranges from + 25º to + 28º C, high relative humidity remains, 70-90%. In equatorial latitudes on both sides of the equator, the internal convergence zone is isolated, which is characterized by the convergence of the trade winds of two hemispheres, which causes powerful ascending air flows. But convection develops not only for this reason. The heated air saturated with water vapors rises, condensed, cue-rain clouds are formed, of which rainseed rainfall fall out after noon. In this belt, the annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm. There are places where the amount of precipitation increases to 5000 mm. High temperature throughout the year and a large amount of precipitation create conditions for development on land of rich vegetation - wet equatorial forests - guilles (in South America, wet forests are called Selva, in Africa - jungle).

The mainland and oceanic types of the equatorial climate differ slightly.

Climate of the subequatorial belt It is timed to the huge spaces of Brazilian Highlands, Central Africa (north, east and south of the Congo River Basin), Asia (on the Peninsula of Industan and Indochina), Northern Australia.

The total solar radiation is about 750 kJ / cm 2 per year, the radiation balance 290 kJ / cm 2 per year on land and up to 500 kJ / cm 2 per year on the ocean.

The subequatorial climatic belt is characterized by monsoon air circulation: the air moves from the tropical latitudes of the winter hemisphere as a winter dry monsoon (Passat), after crossing the equator, it is transformed into a summer wet monsoon. The characteristic feature of this belt is the change of air masses for the seasons: the equatorial air is dominated in summer, in the winter - tropical. Two seasons are allocated - wet (summer) and dry (winter). In the summer season, the climate is slightly different from the equatorial: large humidity, abundant precipitation caused by rising equatorial air currents. The total amount of precipitation is 1,500 mm, on the high-wired slopes of the mountains, their amount increases sharply (Cherapundy - 12,660 mm). In the winter season, conditions change dramatically with the arrival of dry tropical air: the hot dry weather is installed, the herbs burn out, trees are discharged by foliage. Inside the continents and on their Western shores, the vegetation cover of the subequatorial belt is represented by the savannas, wet equatorial forests dominate in the eastern shores.

Tropical climatic beltin the southern hemisphere applies to a solid strip, expanding over the oceans. On the oceans during the year, permanent baric maxima dominate, in which tropical VM are formed. In the northern hemisphere, the tropical belt breaks over indoching and indoors; The rupture of the belt is explained by the fact that the domination of the tropical VM is not observed throughout the year. In the summer, the equatorial air penetrates into the South Asian minimum, in the winter - from the Asian maximum, the moderate (polar) Vm invads.

The annual amount of total radiation on the mainland is 750-849 kJ / cm 2 per year (in the northern hemisphere to 920 kJ / cm 2 per year), on the ocean 670 kJ / cm 2 per year; Radiation balance - 250 kJ / cm 2 per year on the mainland and 330-420 kJ / cm 2 per year on the ocean.

In the tropical climatic belt, tropical VMs are dominated throughout the year, which are distinguished by high temperatures. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds + 30º C, on certain days the temperature rises to + 50º C, and the surface of the earth is heated to + 80º C (on the North Africa coast, the maximum temperature is fixed + 58º C). Due to the increased pressure and downward air currents of the condensation of water vapors, it is almost not occurring, so precipitation is very small at most of the tropical belt - less than 250 mm. This causes the formation of the greatest deserts of the world - Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, Australia.

In the tropical belt climate, not everywhere dries. The climate of Oriental coasts (Passats blow from the ocean) is distinguished by a large amount of precipitation - 1500 mm (large Antilles, the east coast of Brazilian Plateau, the east coast of Africa in the southern hemisphere). The characteristics of the climate are also explained by the influence of warm currents suitable for the eastern shores of the mainland. The climate of Western coasts (called "Garua" - the drosty fog) is developed on the Western shores of North and South America, Africa. The climate feature is that in the absence of precipitation (in an attack of 0 mm per year), the relative humidity of the air is 85-90%. On the formation of the climate of Western coasts, there is an impact of a constant baric maximum over the ocean and cold flows off the coast of the mainland.

Climate of subtropical beltdeveloped by a solid strip of about 25º and 40º latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. This belt is characterized by a change of air masses for the seasons: in the summer in baric maxima on the oceans and in thermal depressions, tropical VM are formed on land; In winter, moderate VM dominate. Therefore, two climatic regimes are observed in the subtropical belt - moderate and tropical.

The total solar radiation is equal to 585-670 kJ / cm 2 per year, the radiation balance is 200 kJ / cm 2 per year on the mainland and 290-330 kJ / cm 2 per year on the ocean.

The climate of Western coasts is called Mediterranean (Mediterranean coast in Europe, California in North America, the northern part of Chile in South America, South West Africa and Australia). Its feature is that in the summer there is a high pressure area from the tropics, where tropical dry air is formed, and the air of moderate latitudes comes in winter and, due to the activation of the polar front, precipitation falls out (up to 1000 mm).

The climate of Oriental coasts has a monsime character and is especially well expressed on the east coast of Asia, the southeastern part of North America. In summer, there are wet tropical mass of air from the ocean (summer monsoon), bringing more cloudy and precipitation (the temperature is + 25º C). Winter monsions bring the streams of continental air temperate latitudes, the temperature of the coldest month + 8º C. The total amount of precipitation is about 1000 mm.

The mainland climate (arid) is developed in North America (large pool), in the inner areas of Asia (East Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan). During the whole year, dry mass of air predominate: in summer - tropical, in winter - continental air of moderate latitudes. The average monthly temperature in the summer of about + 30º C, the maximum temperature is greater than + 50º C; In winter - + 6º - + 8º C, the minimum temperature drops below 0º C. The annual temperature amplitude is 25º C. The total amount of precipitation is 300 mm. In the central regions of the mainland are desert.

Moderate climatic belt It is common between 40º North and South latitude and polar circles. In the southern hemisphere, the climate is mainly oceanic, in the northern hemisphere there are four types of climate: mainland, oceanic, western and eastern coasts.

The total radiation is 330-500 kJ / cm 2 per year, the radiation balance is 85-170 kJ / cm 2 per year. In the summer, the magnitude of the radiation balance is almost equal to the magnitude of the radiation balance of tropical latitudes due to the long duration of the day. In winter, the magnitude of the radiation balance is negative due to a small height of the sun over the horizon, a small duration of the day and a large albedo of snow cover.

In a moderate climatic belt, moderate (polar) air masses are dominant throughout the year, but their relative domination: very often arctic and tropical air masses invade moderate latitudes. A feature of the circulation of the atmosphere is the Western winds most stable in winter, and cyclonic activity.

The mainland climate is distributed in Eurasia (Central regions of the Central Strip of Russia, Ukraine, North Kazakhstan) and North America (South of Canada). In the summer, there is an intensive transformation of air masses coming from the ocean and from the north. Air heats up, additionally moistened due to moisture, evaporating from the surface of the mainland. The average monthly temperature of July increases from + 10º C at a border with a subarctic belt to + 24º C at a border with subtropical. The July isotherms are located subshiro, in the continent deviating to the pole due to stronger warming up. The maximum summer temperature reaches + 46º C on the border with a subtropical belt. January temperatures are reduced from -5 - -10º C in a moderately continental climate to -35 - -40º with in a sharp continental climate. The annual amplitude of temperature increases to 60º.

The mainland climate is characterized by a temperate continental type of annual precipitation with a summer maximum. The total amount of precipitation decreases from the west to the East: in a moderately continental climate of 800 mm, in continental - 600 mm, in a sharp continental-nom - about 300 mm. In winter, a stable snow cover is characterized, the duration of which increases from 4 months in a moderately continental climate to 9 months in a sharp continental climate. A wide range of zones from taiga forests to desert is developed.

The climate of Western coasts (marine) is formed under the influence of Western winds running from the ocean (Western Europe, West North America, Canada, South of South America - Chile). The average monthly temperature of July +12 - + 15º C, the average monthly temperature of January + 5º C, the annual amplitude of temperatures is 10º. There is a moderate marine type of precipitation of the annual movement: the sediments fall almost evenly during the year with a slight winter maximum. The total amount of precipitation is 1000 mm, on the western slope of Cordiller in North America, their magnitude increases to 3000 mm, glitstic oak and oak-robust forests grow here.

The climate of the eastern coasts is most widespread on the east coast of Asia (Northeast China, the Far East). The originality of the climate is to monsoon circulation of air. In the summer of permanent baric maxima on the oceans, sea tropical air mass moves to the eastern shores, it is transformed along the way and turns into a marine moderate (polar) air mass.

The average monthly temperature of July is
+18 - + 20º C.

In winter, cold moderate (polar) air mass is suitable in winter from seasonal baric maxima on the coast. The temperature in winter is -25º C, the annual amplitude of temperatures is 45º. There is a monsoon type of annual precipitation with a large summer maximum, the total number is 600-700 mm, coniferous and mixed forests grow.

The oceanic climate is developed in the southern hemisphere over a solid ring of water in moderate latitudes. In the northern hemisphere, it is formed in the northern part of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Permanent baric minima remain over the ocean during the year: in the northern hemisphere - Icelandic, Aleutsky, in the South - the pointerctic reduced pressure belt. Summer temperature is + 15º C, winter - + 5º C, the annual amplitude of the temperature is 10º. All year there is a cyclonic activity that increases in winter. The sediments fall out all year with a small winter maximum, a total of about 1000 mm.

Climate of subogenous belt It is located north of a moderate belt in the northern hemisphere and to the south - in the southern hemisphere. These are transitional belts - subarctic and subnutrctic, for whom the air mass change is characterized by seasons: in summer - air of moderate latitudes, in winter - arctic (Antarctic).

The amount of total radiation is 330 kJ / cm 2 per year, a radiation balance of about 40 kJ / cm 2 per year. Most of the year, the radiation balance is negative. In the belt there is a phenomenon of polar night and a polar day.

The mainland subarctic climate is developed in the northern hemisphere in North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm, short, the average temperature of July is +5 - + 10º C. Winter harsh, the average monthly temperature of January decreases from -10º C, on the Western shores (the influence of warm flows and western winds) to -55º C inside the continent. On the poles of the cold in Oymyakne and Verkhoyansk, a minimum of temperature -71º C is noted. The annual temperature amplitude is 60º. The mainland climate is characterized by a small amount of precipitation with a maximum in the summer, the total number is 200 mm. In winter, steady snow cover is installed, a long-term permafrost is common, the landscapes of the tundra are dominated.

The oceanic climate in the northern hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian seas, in the southern hemisphere - around Antarctica. The average monthly temperature in the summer (July in the northern hemisphere, January - in southern) is +3 - + 5º C, the average monthly temperature in winter from -25º to -30ºС, the annual temperature amplitude is 30º. The whole year is cyclonic activity, the amount of precipitation compared to the mainland climate is more than 400 mm. Tumans are characterized due to the large relative humidity of the air (about 80-90%).

Climate polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) are developed around the poles and is characterized by cold air masses in an increased pressure.

The amount of total radiation is 250 kJ / cm 2 per year, the radiation balance is zero. Most of the year, the radiation balance is negative. The duration of the polar day and polar night increases from one day on the line of the polar circle until six months - on the pole. In the climatic belt in the northern hemisphere during the year, the Arctic VM dominates, in the Southern Hemisphere over Antarctic - Antarctic VM.

The mainland climate is formed in permanent baric maxima - Greenland in the northern hemisphere and Antarctic in the southern hemisphere. The polar type of annual temperatures is observed: one maximum after the day of the summer solstice (in the northern hemisphere), the average monthly temperature of July is -8º C, in the southern hemisphere in January, the temperature is -30 ○ C. Winter temperatures are lowered to -50 - -55º C. In Antarctica, the absolute minimum temperature of -89.2º C is recorded. The annual amplitude of the temperature of 30º C. On the outskirts of Antarctica, winds are observed at a speed of 100 m / s. The precipitation is not enough, the total amount is about 100 mm. In Greenland and Antarctica, fog, relative humidity of about 80%. A modern coating glaciation is developed here, an ice shield capacity in Antarctica reaches 4 - 4.5 km.