1. Types of climate in the subequatorial zone. The subequatorial belt is characteristic of the South and South East Asia and is located within Hindustan, Indochina, and the Philippine Islands. The location of the belt in Asia is shifted anomalously far to the north in tropical latitudes. Which is determined by the characteristics of the circulation of air masses. Here, in the summer season, the equatorial depression moves anomalously far to the north, forming the South Asian Low (Punjab Depression). In this regard, South Asia is characterized by monsoon circulation (equatorial monsoons) and, accordingly, the emergence of a subequatorial climate in tropical latitudes.
Continental monsoonal subequatorial climate. Characterized by wet summers and dry winters with exceptionally large interseasonal moisture contrasts. Typical high temperatures(especially in spring) and sharp seasonality in precipitation. Dry seasons are winter and spring, wet seasons are summer and autumn. In the barrier shadow and in the north-west of the belt, the dry season extends for 8–10 months. In summer, the equatorial monsoon spreads from the Indian Ocean, as a result of which air humidity increases, the daily temperature range decreases, and heavy rains, mainly torrential, begin to fall.
During the winter monsoon, which is essentially a trade wind current, air humidity on the continents drops sharply, the daily temperature range increases, and the amount of precipitation decreases significantly. Thus, monsoon climate as if composed of two independent climate regimes.
Spring is the hottest, driest and most unfavorable time of the year. At this time the sun reaches its zenith and burns mercilessly; Almost the entire radiation balance goes to warming the air. Therefore, the temperature often exceeds 30–35°; Because of the heat and dryness, the rivers dry up, the earth cracks, and the trees shed their leaves.
In summer, humidity increases, cloudiness increases and the rainy season begins. Precipitation has the usual character of convective showers for equatorial regions. On the windward slopes of the Ghats annual quantity precipitation varies from 1000-1500 mm, reaching more than 12,000 mm on the slopes of the Himalayas (Cherrapunji). On the Deccan Plateau and in the basins of Indochina, the amount of precipitation decreases to 600-800 mm.
In the annual course of air temperature, two minima are observed: the main one in winter and the secondary one in summer. In accordance with this, in the annual course of air temperature, two maximum temperatures occur - in spring and autumn, with spring being the main one. Average January temperatures on the Hindustan Peninsula are about 20°, on the Indochina Peninsula they are lower (18°), which is explained by the relative vulnerability of Indochina from the invasion of air masses from the north. Average July temperatures are about 28-30°, before the start of the rainy season the air temperature is 1-2 degrees higher.
2. Types of climate of the equatorial zone. Equatorial climate typical for the south of Malacca, the Malay Archipelago, the southwest of the island of Sri Lanka, the south of the Philippine Islands. It is characterized by high temperatures with slight fluctuations, the absence of a dry period, abundant and uniform precipitation, and excessive moisture throughout the year.
Continental type of equatorial climate differs little from the oceanic one, as is the case in higher latitudes. Climatic conditions are formed under the influence of abundant insolation throughout the year and high evaporation. Compared to tropical latitudes, cloudiness here is increased, but the amount of solar radiation is high and amounts to about 140–160 kcal/cm2 per year. The radiation balance reaches 80 kcal/cm2 year, accounting for 60–75% of incoming solar radiation.
The temperature regime is characterized by evenness and the absence of significant seasonal fluctuations: the average monthly air temperature varies throughout the year, usually within the range of 24–28° and the annual amplitude is significantly less than the daily one. The annual maximum rarely exceeds 35°, and the minimum rarely falls below 20°. Daily temperature fluctuations on average do not exceed 10–15°.
Air humidity in the lowlands is very high. Absolute humidity can reach more than 30 g/m3, relative humidity even in the driest months of the year the average remains above 70%.
The amount of precipitation almost everywhere exceeds possible evaporation and excess moisture is observed. Thermal convection plays a major role in moisture condensation and precipitation. The annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm, reaching 3000-4000 mm on the mountain slopes, on the island. Java - about 7000 mm. The zenithal maxima are pronounced. Precipitation comes with air masses from both the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Due to the complex combination of land (islands) and sea, there are significant regional differences in the pattern and amount of precipitation.
Precipitation is consistent with its thermal convective origin; they almost always fall in the afternoon, often accompanied by severe thunderstorms.
Characteristics of climatic zones (the table below) is the topic of this article. We will talk about what types of climate exist on our planet, and also consider each of them in detail. To do this, let us recall that climate is the weather regime established over the years, which depends on a specific territory and its geographical location.
Equatorial belt
This climate zone is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic regions within the belt. Concerning temperature regime, then it's hot here. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year and there is plenty of moisture. The weather here changes very dramatically during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second half begins with heavy rains.
The names of climate zones are associated with their characteristics. Equatorial belt located near the equator, which is why it has this name.
The subequatorial belt is characterized by changes in air masses that occur seasonally. In summer, equatorial ones predominate air masses, and in winter there are more tropical ones. Weather conditions in summer fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather in winter resembles the conditions of the tropical zone. Winter is dry and slightly colder than summer.
Tropical zone
As we already know, the names of climate zones are associated with their location. This type of climate is characterized by tropical air masses all year round. The air is continental. Real weather tropical zone - high pressure and temperature, a big difference temperatures not only throughout the year, but also throughout the day. Water is very scarce in this climate. It is very hot and dry here, and dry winds often occur. There is almost no rain. The weather is usually dry and sunny.
However tropical zone deceptive. The eastern shores of the continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this zone, but have a different climate. Marine tropical air, heavy rainfall, monsoons. Climatic conditions are similar to the equatorial climate.
Subtropical zones are characterized by changes in air masses. Prevails in summer tropical climate, in winter - moderate. Pressure surges in summer and winter are quite high. In winter the pressure is low and in summer it is high. Despite the strong differences in temperature and precipitation throughout the year, the thermometer is above zero the entire year. Sometimes the temperature can even drop to negative values. During such periods snow falls. In flat areas it melts quickly, but in the mountains it can remain for several months. As for the winds, the trade winds rule in winter and the trade winds in summer.
Temperate zone
The temperature of climatic zones largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. IN temperate zone, as the name suggests, temperate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. The temperate climate is characterized big difference temperatures Summers are hot, and winters are cold and long. Relatively low pressure, cyclonicity, instability weather conditions in winter. They blow throughout the year westerly winds, in summer there are sometimes trade winds, and in winter - northeast winds. Massive snow cover every winter.
Arctic and Antarctic belts
In the characteristics of climate zones in the table, you can see what temperatures prevail in these zones. The features of these belts are: low temperatures oh all year strong winds and cold summer. There is very little precipitation.
Subarctic and subantarctic belts
These zones are distinguished by the fact that in summer a temperate climate prevails here. Because of this, a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations occurs. There is a lot in these belts permafrost. In winter, north-east and south-east winds predominate, and in summer - westerlies. The belts have 2 climatic regions, about them below.
Territories of climate zones
Each belt is characteristic of a specific territory. Natural climatic zones have been formed on the planet for a long time, so we can confidently identify certain areas in which the climate of the zone is pronounced.
The equatorial climate is characteristic of Oceania, countries South America and Africa. Subequatorial climate characteristic of Northern Australia and South-East Asia. central part Australia and North Africa- This is a tropical zone. Subtropics are typical for internal regions continents. A temperate climate prevails in the western part and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. the belt predominates in North America and northern Eurasia. The Arctic and Antarctic belts are characteristic of Australia and the Arctic Ocean.
Table of climate zones
The table shows the characteristics of the zones.
Belt | Average temperature in January | Average temperature in July | Atmosphere |
Equatorial | Moist warm air masses |
||
Subequatorial | Monsoons prevail |
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Tropical | |||
Subtropical | Cyclonicity, high atmospheric pressure |
||
Moderate | Western winds and monsoons |
||
Subarctic | |||
Arctic (Antarctic) | Anticyclones |
Climatic regions of the belts
Subtropical zones have three climatic regions:
- Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western shores of continents. In summer it is observed continental climate, and in winter - continental and maritime air masses. Summers are dry and warm, and winters are relatively cool and wet. Insufficient hydration.
- Monsoon climate. Distributed on the eastern shores of continents. Summer monsoons cause extreme heat and a lot of rainfall, and the winter monsoons are cool and dry. Humidity in this area is moderate. Precipitation is typical for the winter season.
- Marine climate. Distributed on continents southern hemisphere. Marine air masses are characteristic. Summer and winter are warm. There is enough moisture, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.
The temperate zone consists of 5 climatic regions:
- Moderate Prevails on the western shores of continents. The weather is shaped by warm currents And western winds. Winters are quite mild and summers are warm. There will be a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Winter is characterized by heavy and frequent snowfalls. There is more than enough moisture. The geography of the climate zone contributes to weather instability.
- Continental temperate climate. Characterized by warm summer and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke cold snap, and tropical air masses - warming. There is little precipitation, it is uniform (cyclonic and frontal).
- Continental climate. Applies only to North hemisphere. Moderate air masses prevail here throughout the year. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area their invasion is possible even in summer). In the warm season there is more precipitation, but in general it is insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
- Sharply continental climate. Typical for internal areas North America and Eurasia. The territory is practically isolated from the influence of seas and oceans and is located in the center high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There is a lot of permafrost. Weather type - anticyclonic. There is little precipitation and little moisture.
- Monsoon climate. Distributed on the eastern side of continents. Characterized by the seasonality of air masses. Summers are humid and warm, while winters are dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous and there is excess moisture.
The subarctic and subantarctic belts have two regions:
- continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little rainfall, swampy area);
- oceanic climate (fog, high rainfall, mild winters and cool summers).
The characteristics of climatic zones in the table do not include two areas of the Arctic and Antarctic zones:
- continental (little precipitation, temperatures below zero all year);
- oceanic climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).
Temperature in oceanic climate can rise to +5 during polar day.
To summarize, let's say that the characteristics of climatic zones (in the table) are necessary for every educated person.
In geography, there are seven main climatic zones. One of them is the subequatorial belt. It is divided into 2 types - northern and southern. They are located in the corresponding hemispheres, which border the equatorial and tropical zones.
The territories of subequatorial belts extend up to 20° N. w. and 20° S. w.
Natural zones of the subequatorial climate zone
Due to the fact that the belt is transitional, different air masses dominate here - equatorial air masses in summer, and tropical air masses in winter. Average monthly temperatures range from +15 to +32 degrees. And the temperature of the water surfaces is almost stable, it is +25 degrees.
Equatorial masses bring with them a period torrential rains in summer. In winter it is always dry here, because the influence of tropical air begins. But, despite the change of seasons, it is always hot here.
Proximity to the equator affects the amount of precipitation - the closer, the more. Wherein most of precipitation falls in the form of heavy summer rains. Cloudy periods accompanied by thunderstorms and rain can last up to 9 months. During this time, 250-2000 mm of precipitation falls here. In areas far from the equator, the period of heavy rains is reduced to 3 months. The highest amounts of precipitation are recorded in the mountains, which are under the influence of the summer monsoons - 12,000 mm of precipitation falls here per year.
There are quite a lot of rivers and lakes in the territories of the subequatorial belt. In summer they overflow their banks and dry up in winter.
Territories located near the equator are covered with deciduous evergreen tropical forests. Behind them are monsoon forests. And low-moisture areas are suitable for savannas and woodlands.
From the animal world there are artiodactyls, predators, rodents, birds, insects, snakes and others. Their habitats directly depend on their life adaptability. For example, forest animals find shelter in monsoon forests. And species that can live in open spaces live in both forests and savannas.
Human activity has significantly affected the natural areas of these places. The landscapes of the subequatorial belt have undergone special changes. Trying to grow cultivated plant species, breeding, fertilizing and polluting the surface of the earth, people have made their own ambiguous contribution to these territories.
Temperature values
(averaged, approximate for the subequatorial climate zone)
~ July +24 °C,
~ January +24 °C.
Countries of the subequatorial climate zone
The following are subject to the subequatorial climate zone: South part North America, part of the Caribbean Islands, Northern part South America, the Brazilian Plateau, parts of Africa, much of South and Southwest Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands.
In America, this belt includes Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela and Guiana.
The African savannah belt from Dakar to Somalia is also located in the subequatorial climate zone.
India, Bangladesh, Burma, Indochina, South China, the Philippines - all these territories are subject to the influence of the subequatorial belt.
subequatorial climate, subequatorial climateSubequatorial climate or Tropical monsoon climate- climate type according to the Alisov classification, where the tropical monsoon regime prevails, widespread in some parts tropical oceans, in particular in Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific Ocean, as well as over South Asia and in the tropics of Africa and South America. The intertropical convergence zone, together with the equatorial depression, moves through these areas twice a year - from south to north and from north to south. Therefore, in these areas, the eastern (trade wind) transport prevails in winter, changing to a western transport in summer.
Along with a more or less sharp seasonal change in the prevailing air currents, there is also a change from tropical air to equatorial air from winter to summer.
- 1 Temperature
- 2 Precipitation
- 3 Characteristics
- 4 Links and sources
Temperature
The air temperature in the tropical monsoons over the ocean is as high and has the same small annual amplitude as in equatorial climate. Over land, the annual temperature amplitude is greater and increases with geographic latitude. This is especially noticeable in southern Asia, where the tropical monsoon circulation extends most far into the mainland to the north.
In Cuiaba average temperature in October +28˚. It decreases slightly with the onset of the summer monsoon, which brings sea air, to +27˚ in July. In winter, in January, it decreases to +24˚. Annual amplitude, thus, is small - only about 4˚.
Precipitation
Precipitation in tropical monsoon climates is very unevenly distributed. In some places they are as large as in an equatorial climate. But with latitude they usually decrease, especially on the plain inland. Africa, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, for example, in Conakry they almost reach 5,000 mm.
Remarkably pronounced annual course precipitation in the tropical monsoon zone. The same is found in this zone and on other continents. Conakry receives 15 mm of precipitation in December–March, and 3,920 mm in June–September. Goiania with an annual amount of 1,750 mm, in winter (from May to September) 90 mm falls, and in summer (from November to March) 1,390 mm.
Characteristic
Absolute and relative air humidity (maximum in summer) and cloudiness (sharp maximum in summer and sharp minimum in winter) also change sharply over the seasons; for example, in Kolkata the cloud cover is 84% in July and 8% in January. It can be said that during the summer monsoon conditions extend towards high latitudes equatorial zone, and during the winter monsoon conditions extend to low latitudes subtropical zone high pressure.
One area of the tropical monsoon zone has the highest average annual temperatures on Globe. The southwestern shores of the Red Sea in Eritrea sometimes receive the summer monsoon from the southern hemisphere, crossing the Ethiopian Highlands. At the same time, its temperature further increases as a result of the foehn process. Therefore, very high air temperatures are observed on the coast of Eritrea.
Links and sources
- Meteorology and climatology. Leningrad, 1968 Author – Khromov S.P.
- Atlas of the world. SNPP Cartography, 2005
| Classification of climate types according to Alisov | |
|---|---|
| Equatorial belt | Equatorial climate |
| Subequatorial belt | Subequatorial climate or Tropical monsoon climate | Monsoon climate on tropical plateaus |
| Tropical zone | Tropical climate: Tropical dry (desert) climate | Trade wind climate |
| Subtropical zone | Subtropical climate: Subtropical inland climate | Mediterranean climate| Subtropical monsoon climate | High subtropical highlands climate | Subtropical oceanic climate |
| Temperate zone | Temperate climate: Inland temperate climate | The climate of mountainous areas in temperate latitudes| Temperate maritime climate | Moderate monsoon climate | Temperate oceanic climate |
| Subpolar belt | Subpolar climate: Subarctic climate | Subantarctic climate |
| Polar belt | Polar climate: Arctic climate| Antarctic climate |
| Others | Continental climate | Maritime climate| High mountain climate | Arid climate| Humid climate | Nival climate | Solar climate | Monsoon climate |
subequatorial climatic, subequatorial climatic, subequatorial climatic, subequatorial climatic
In geography, there are seven main climatic zones, one of which is subequatorial. Essentially, this is a transitional link between the equatorial climatic zone and tropical. The proximity to these belts influenced the characteristics of the natural zones of the subequatorial belt.
Features of the subequatorial belt
Since the subequatorial belt is transitional, different air masses reign here: equatorial in summer, and tropical in winter. As a result, summer is a season of heavy rainfall, while in winter the weather is always dry and moderately warm.
Proximity to the equator affects the number of annual atmospheric precipitation: the closer you get, the more of them there are. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of precipitation is presented in the form of heavy rains in summer period. For nine months there may be continuous rain and thunderstorms, but as you move away from the equatorial line, the period rainy weather reduced to three months.
On the territory of the subequatorial belt there are many lakes and rivers that dry up in winter and overflow their banks with the onset of summer.
The territories located on the border with the equator are occupied by the forest subequatorial natural zone. They are followed by monsoon forests. And low-moisture areas are occupied by savannah and open forest.
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Description of natural areas
- Savannas and woodlands
Savannas are vast flat areas in which trees occur in small groups. Open spaces covered with forbs and grasses.
Rice. 1. The nature of savannas.
For this natural area characteristic hot weather, and in winter the air is drier, tropical, and in summer humid equatorial masses. The predominant soil type is red-brown soil.
In savannas, the temperature difference between seasons is not significant, but the daily temperature difference is quite large, and can reach 20-25 degrees Celsius.
Vegetable and animal world The savannah is very diverse, and here you can meet such rare and unusual animals as armadillos and anteaters. The savannas are home to zebras, antelopes, elephants, giraffes and a wide variety of predators.
Rice. 2. The anteater is an unusual representative of the savannas.
- Natural zone of variable-humid (monsoon) forests
The main feature of this natural zone is a clear division of the climate into two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. Local vegetation has adapted to the peculiarities climatic conditions, and is represented mostly by broad-leaved deciduous trees. With the onset of drought, the foliage turns yellow and falls off, but with the onset of the rainy season, the lush greenery is fully restored.
In the zone variable-humid forests lives big variety mammals, reptiles and insects, some of which are listed in the Red Book.
- Permanently humid subequatorial forests
They are located on the border with the equator, and therefore their climate, soils, flora and fauna are practically no different from humid ones equatorial forests. Characteristic feature this zone is very high humidity and air temperatures, which remain stable throughout the year.
Constantly rain forests are an incredibly dense, impenetrable jungle, which contains a huge species diversity plants and animals.
Rice. 3. Impenetrable jungle of permanently humid forests.
Even now, rainforests have not been fully explored, and many of their corners are untouched by humans. It is very important to prevent their destruction, since these forested areas have a huge impact on the regulation of climate on the planet.
What have we learned?
Natural complexes of the subequatorial belt largely depend on the degree of their distance from the equator. On its border there are constantly wet forests, followed by monsoon or variable wet forests, which give way to savannas and open forests
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