Project "mushrooms". Child-parent educational project “Mushroom Kingdom”

kingdom of mushrooms- one of the largest and most prosperous groups of organisms. Currently, about \(100\) thousand species of mushrooms are known. The science that studies mushrooms is called mycology (from the Greek. Mikes- "mushroom", logo- “teaching”).

Fungi live wherever there are organic substances: in soil, in water, in homes, on food products, on the body of humans and animals. Among the mushrooms there are unicellular and multicellular organisms. These organisms belong to eukaryotes, since in their cells there is a core.

Mushrooms occupy a special position in the system of the organic world. They are neither plants nor animals, but have some similarities with representatives of both kingdoms.

Similarities with plants

They, just like plants, motionless, constantly grow at the apical part, have durable cell walls, are able to synthesize vitamins and hormones, breathe oxygen, and often carry out vegetative reproduction.

Similarities with animals

Along with this, mushrooms have many of the characteristics of an animal organism. They, like animals, are heterotrophs, since they do not have chlorophyll, therefore eat ready-made organic substances . Their cell walls contain a substance chitin, which makes up the integument of some animals (insects, crayfish, etc.).

Distinctive features of mushrooms are that the vegetative body of the fungus, called mycelium, or mycelium(from Greek Mikes- “mushroom”), formed by thin branching threads. They are called hyphae(from Greek hypha- “fabric”, “web”). By branching, the mycelium forms a large surface, which ensures the absorption of water and nutrients.

Conventionally, mushrooms are divided into lower and higher.

In lower fungi, hyphae do not have transverse partitions, and the mycelium is one highly branched cell.

In higher fungi, the hyphae are divided into cells ( multicellular mycelium filaments), and cells may contain one or more nuclei. Higher fungi can form fruiting bodies . What we call “mushrooms” in everyday life are fruiting bodies. The typical fruiting body of such a mushroom consists of hats and legs.

The mycelium itself is formed from hyphae and fruiting body, in which they are formed disputes.

Mushroom nutrition

Mushroom propagation

Mushrooms multiply asexually or sexually.

Asexual reproduction occurs with the help of specialized cells - dispute or vegetatively(by areas of mycelium or budding - in unicellular yeast fungi).

General characteristics of mushrooms There are about one hundred thousand different species, but many of them cannot be seen with the naked eye. Mushrooms are amazing creatures, because they cannot be called either plants or animals. They form a special independent kingdom and occupy an intermediate position between animals and plants. Mycologists study mushrooms. It was they who established that the most important signs of mushrooms are those that are characteristic of the animal and plant kingdom. Mushrooms grow everywhere, but most often on the ground, forest floor, and on rotting or living wood. Less commonly, they are found on garbage or manure heaps and at fire sites.

General characteristics of fungi Fungi are a large group of organisms. What we collect and call a mushroom is just a carpophorus, base idiom or fruiting body. The very working part of the fungus, its vegetative body - the mycelium or mycelium, is hidden inside the substrate, in the soil, wood or litter, and consists of the finest intertwined threads, hyphae, which perform their main functions. Fruiting bodies are short-lived. They live for five to ten days, and the mycelium of edible and poisonous mushrooms exists for several tens and even hundreds of years. She tolerates it well very coldy and drought. At the same time, the mycelium stops growth and development, as if it freezes. With the onset of favorable conditions, it begins to awaken again and grow in all directions. As the mycelium develops, it secretes special substances - enzymes, under the influence of which the substrate decomposes. When the surface of the mycelium greatly increases, it becomes able to absorb more nutrients.

Conditions for growing mushrooms. Mushrooms require proper temperature and humidity to grow. Observations show that the mushroom grows well in calm, calm weather; light is not so important for them. The body of mushrooms or mycelium, being in the soil or other nutrient medium, grows in all directions. The lifespan of mushrooms varies from one year to several decades.

Saffron saffron milk caps are grouped into a group of species lamellar mushrooms from the genus Milky.. On the territory of Russia they are found in wooded area– in the European part, in the Urals, Far East, in Siberia. Saffron milk caps grow from July to October exclusively in coniferous forests formed mainly by spruce and pine trees. With these coniferous trees form mycorrhiza. All saffron milk caps are valuable edible mushrooms. Structure. The color of the fruiting bodies of saffron milk caps usually varies from pink-yellow or bluish-green (in spruce forests) to orange-red (in pine forests). The fruiting body is divided into a cap and a stalk. The diameter of the cap is from 3 to 10 cm. In young mushrooms it has a flat-convex shape with a rolled edge; as the fruiting body ages, the cap becomes funnel-shaped with a straight edge. From the funnel-shaped pit in the center of the cap, concentric dark circles extend to the periphery, expressed to varying degrees in different types. On the lower surface of the cap there are narrow, notched, adherent plates of bright yellow or orange color. When touched, they are easily damaged and acquire a greenish tint. The leg of the camelina is 5-6 cm long, 1-2 cm thick, and has the same color as the cap. The stem is cylindrical in shape, dense in young mushrooms, over time it becomes hollow inside, therefore it breaks easily when pressed, and also acquires a greenish tint when touched. When the fruiting body of a camelina is damaged, a milky juice is typically released, colored in various shades of red. The pulp is orange, like the integument of the fruiting body, but turns green when cut. Saffron milk caps reproduce by spores. Mushrooms are milky

Red boletus Cap with a diameter of 415 (rarely up to 30) cm, at first hemispherical with the edge tightly pressed to the stem, then cushion-convex in shape, easily separated from the stem. The skin is red, orange or brownish-red, smooth or slightly velvety, cannot be removed. The pulp is fleshy, dense, elastic in the cap, becomes soft with age, and longitudinally fibrous in the stem. The color on the cut is white, in the lower part of the leg it is bluish, quickly turns blue, then turns black. Taste and smell are not expressed. The color of the cap depends on the growing conditions: in poplar forests it has a gray tint, in pure aspen forests it is dark red, in mixed ones it is orange or yellow-red. Ecology and distribution It has been established that, unlike most representatives of the genus, the red boletus does not have a narrow preference in choosing a mycorrhizal partner, but enters into symbiosis with many deciduous trees, but not with conifers. It is believed that this fungus most often lives together with aspen and poplar, less often with willow, and can form mycorrhiza with oak, beech, hornbeam, and birch. It grows in deciduous and mixed forests under young trees, in deciduous small forests, and is abundant in aspen thickets. In dry summers it appears in damp tall aspen forests. Most often it bears fruit in sparse groups or singly in clearings and along forest roads, in the grass.

Boletus From light gray to dark brown (the color obviously depends on the growing conditions and the type of tree with which the mycorrhiza is formed), hemispherical, then cushion-shaped, glabrous or thinly felted, up to 15 cm in diameter, slightly slimy in wet weather. The pulp is white, does not change color or slightly pinkish, with a pleasant “mushroom” smell and taste. In old mushrooms, the pulp becomes very spongy and watery. Length up to 15 cm, diameter up to 3 cm, solid, cylindrical, somewhat widened below, gray-whitish, covered with dark longitudinal scales. With age, the flesh of the leg becomes wood-fibrous and hard. Distribution: grows from early summer to late autumn in deciduous (preferably birch) and mixed forests, in some years it is very abundant. It is sometimes found in surprising quantities in spruce plantings interspersed with birch. Gives good harvests and in very young birch forests, appearing there almost first among commercial mushrooms.

The flywheel is a medium-sized mushroom. The leg is up to 10 cm, the cap is up to cm. The leg of the yellow-brown moss fly is dense, about 2 cm in diameter, slightly widened towards the bottom. Young mushrooms are somewhat similar in shape to boletus. The dense tubular layer comes in olive or brown shades (in the photo there is a variety with a brown layer). The hat is velvety to the touch; occasionally (in damp weather) it may be slightly slimy. It fits quite tightly on the leg. The shape of the cap is classic mushroom. The pulp of the moss fly is dense, yellowish in color, and turns blue when broken and cut. When cooked and in pickles, it turns brown. The smell and taste of the mushroom are characteristic mushroom, pleasant. Yellow-brown moss mushroom grows in pine or mixed pine-deciduous forests. It grows from June (usually from the end) to October (in the conditions of the Tomsk region, more likely to September), not in large groups. As befits a moss fly, it loves to grow on moss.

Autumn honey fungus Cap: Honey-yellow or rusty-brown, occasionally yellow-greenish or brownish, covered with brown scales, which become darker and denser towards the middle of the mushroom. At maturity, the scales partially disappear. In young mushrooms the cap is semi-spherical, later convex, in maturity flat, with a small tubercle in the middle. Diameter mm. The plates are initially whitish, later yellowish, 48 mm wide, not frequent, thin, descending. Leg: Cylindrical, thickened at the base, cotton wool-shaped inside, mm long and 1025 mm thick, yellowish and ocher-brownish, fibrous-flaky. In young fruiting bodies, the stem and cap are connected by a filmy cotton blanket. After its rupture, a ring remains on the stem. Pulp: White, color does not change when cut, soft in the cap, hard, fibrous in the stem. Astringent taste with inexpressive aroma. Growth: Grows from September to October on coniferous and deciduous trees in large groups.

Summer honey fungus Cap: Diameter from 2 to 8 cm, yellow-brown in color, lighter in the center (in dry weather the color zonation is not so pronounced, sometimes completely absent), at first convex with a tubercle in the center, then flat-convex, in damp weather the weather is sticky. The pulp is thin, light brown, with a pleasant smell and taste. It often happens that mushroom caps " lower tier"are covered with a brown layer of spore powder from the upper mushrooms, and it seems as if they are rotten. Plates: First light yellow, then rusty-brown, adherent to the stem, sometimes slightly descending.. Stem: Length 3-8 cm, thickness up to 0.5 cm, hollow, cylindrical, curved, hard, brown, with a brown membranous ring , dark brown below the ring. Distribution: Grows from June to October (fruits abundantly, as a rule, in July-August, no later) on rotting wood, on stumps and dead wood of deciduous trees, mainly birch. Under suitable conditions it falls into a huge number. Rarely found on coniferous trees.

Oiler Cap The oiler cap has a diameter of 3 to 14 cm; as the mushroom matures, it changes shape. At the beginning of growth, it is hemispherical, changing to a round-convex, plano-convex or flat shape. Sometimes it takes on a tuberculate shape with raised edges. The surface layer is smooth, with a mucous coating. The color of the cap surface can vary from light brown to chocolate; yellow-brown, gray-brown or brown-olive shades of caps are also found. The skin of the cap is easily separated from the mushroom pulp. The cap flesh has a soft and juicy consistency, whitish or yellowish in color. In the stem, the pulp is fibrous, at the base it has a rusty-brown tint. The tubular layer has a yellowish tint. The small pores of the layer have a round shape. They change color as they grow: from whitish to dark yellow. The stem of the oiler is from 3 to 11 cm long and 1 to 2.5 cm wide, has a cylindrical shape, a longitudinal fibrous structure, and a whitish or yellowish color. There is a membranous ring (cover) on the stem. The color of the ring varies from white to brown, almost black. Top part the legs are lemon-yellow or powdery in color, the lower part, located under the ring, has a brownish color. Oiler creates mycorrhiza with double-pine pine, mainly with small trees. Grows in pine, pine-birch, pine-oak forests. Prefers well-drained sandy soil. More often, boletus grows in clearings, lawns, forest edges, along roads, both in illuminated places and in the shade. Butterworts grow under fallen pine needles or in cereal thickets. Avoid wet soil, swamps, and peat bogs. Sanitary cutting of forests has a beneficial effect on the yield of boletus, while the collection of fallen pine needles and pastures of livestock have a detrimental effect. Grows in large groups. There is a joint growth of boletus with such mushrooms as: russula, greenfinches, chanterelles, porcini. Heavy dew and rain can stimulate the yield of boletus. In mountainous areas, these mushrooms grow near stones; the reason for the selectivity of mushroom growth is moisture condensation on the stones. IN summer time boletus mushrooms are susceptible to damage by insect larvae; up to 80% of the total mass of mushrooms may turn out to be “wormy”. In the autumn period, the damaging process by insects sharply decreases. The growth of boletus is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. It is more common in cold temperate climates, but can grow in subtropical and tropical regions.

Pink volnushka The volnushka grows mainly in birch forests, but quite often they are also found in mixed deciduous forests. Pink volnushka is a fairly dense mushroom, and in this way it resembles chanterelles. Thanks to this property, the mushrooms retain their shape during collection and transportation, making this mushroom an invaluable commercial product. However, only young mushrooms have dense edges of the cap; in old mushrooms they are fragile, the waves are colorless, and the cap is more convex in shape. As the mushroom ages, its plates turn from pink to yellow, and now outwardly it is more of a pink mushroom than a mushroom. Pink volnushka is a representative of the russula genus; it belongs to medium-sized mushrooms. The diameter of the cap of the wavefish reaches fifteen centimeters. If the mushroom grows in conditions of constant high humidity, then it has a sticky, strong cap. A young wavefish has a dense leg (diameter - 3 cm), with age, voids appear in it, which is why it becomes so fragile. The light pink color of the stem matches the shade of the cap, on the surface of which you can observe expressive concentric circles or so-called waves. The spore layer has a soft pink or gray tint. Birch, often older trees, is used for the formation of mycorrhiza. Grows in forests of birch and mixed with birch types. Fruiting occurs in groups. Habitat: northern part of the forest zone.

Porcini mushroom Porcini mushrooms grow all over the world, where climatic conditions allow the formation of mycelium. To form a mycelium for porcini mushrooms, the soil environment, temperature, humidity, climate, and the presence of forest are required. The porcini mushroom cannot be grown under artificial conditions. The mycelium of the porcini mushroom develops over decades, representing a kind of web in which nodes are formed where the fruit accumulates. The diameter of the mycelium can reach several tens of meters. From this area, the mycelium collects nutrients, including microelements necessary for the human body in proportions known only to nature. The nutrient medium for this fruit comes through this web. The fruit can take several years to form, creating a critical mass. In the presence of this mass, at certain weather conditions, there is an “eruption” of the fruit, the growth of the fungus. The mass of the fungus depends on the accumulated mass of the fruit, and its size changes during its above-ground life. The structure of the mushroom is tubular. In the first 2-3 days, the mushroom is young, its structure is dense, and the bottom of its cap is white. Over the next 2-3 days, the mushroom swells, its tubes become saturated with moisture and expand, and the color of the bottom of the cap changes to yellow. The mushroom is still dense, but already ripe. Over the next 2-3 days, the mushroom ages, its tubes expand, gaining more and more moisture, the color under the cap becomes light green, it swells, increasing in volume and weight due to the moisture gained. In the following days, the mushroom swells so much that its structure resembles cotton wool, its density is lost, and it gradually rots. Mushroom ripening depends on temperature environment. In July-August, mushrooms ripen faster. At temperatures below 10 degrees, the mushroom ripens more slowly and its density is higher.

Russula food Russula food grows in June August in deciduous and coniferous forests, singly and in groups; it is also found on the edges, in bushes, and on lawns. The cap is up to 10 cm in diameter, at first hemispherical, later flat-convex, depressed in the center, dry, sometimes wrinkled, with a smooth or slightly ribbed edge, with a skin that cannot be removed or is slightly separated only from the edge of the cap, pink, burgundy, red or red-brown colors, many mushrooms have large light spots. The plates are frequent, attached or slightly running downwards, branched, narrow, white or yellowish. The leg is up to 8 cm long, up to 4 cm thick, dense, cylindrical, smooth, somewhat tapering downwards, sometimes wrinkled, white. The pulp is dense, white, smooth, sweetish, with a pleasant fruity smell.

Breast Cap 520 cm, at first flat-convex, then funnel-shaped with a pubescent edge turned inward, dense. The skin is slimy, wet, milky white or slightly yellowish in color with vague watery areas, often with adhered particles of soil and litter. Leg 37 cm high, 25 cm, smooth, white or yellowish, sometimes with yellow spots or pits. The pulp is dense, strong, white, with a very characteristic odor reminiscent of fruit. The milky juice is white and has a pungent taste. The plates are quite frequent, wide, white with a yellowish tint. Cap soil litter Stem Pulp Milky juice Plates Variability In old mushrooms, the stem becomes hollow, the plates turn yellow. The color of the plates can vary from yellowish to cream. There may be brown spots on the cap. Ecology and distribution Ecology Forms mycorrhiza with birch. Found in deciduous and mixed forests (birch, pine-birch, with linden undergrowth). Distributed in the northern regions of Russia, in the Upper and Middle Volga region, in the Urals, and in Western Siberia. It is found infrequently, but abundantly, usually growing in large groups. The optimal average daily fruiting temperature is 810 °C on the soil surface. Season August September. mycorrhizal birch deciduous mixed linden Volga region Ural Western Siberia

False honey mushrooms False honey mushrooms include several types of mushrooms. They have some external resemblance to edible honey mushrooms. Not all false mushrooms contain poisonous toxins, but remembering the first rule of a mushroom picker - do not collect unfamiliar and suspicious mushrooms, it is better not to experiment and classify them as poisonous for yourself. To do this, remember the distinguishing feature false mushrooms. They have loudly bright caps of brick-red or sulfur-yellow color, without scales, and edible autumn honey mushrooms have caps of dim tones that are light brown with thin, small brown scales. U edible honey mushrooms there is a white, clearly visible ring on the stem; false ones have almost invisible remains of the ring. This is easy to remember with a short rhyme: Has edible honey fungus There is a ring of films on the leg, and the false mushrooms have bare legs to the toes. The plates of false mushrooms are yellow, those of older ones are greenish or olive-black, while those of edible mushrooms are yellowish-white or cream. False honey mushrooms emit an unpleasant earthy odor, while edible ones have a pleasant mushroom aroma. When collecting honey mushrooms, it would not be amiss to return from the forest and once again carefully check all your prey. Let me remind you once again - the main thing is hallmark false mushrooms are the absence of a clearly visible ring.

Amanita muscaria The cap of the mushroom is spherical when young and grows up to 20 centimeters in diameter. Subsequently it becomes prostrate to very thin, the color ranges from extreme red to reddish. The entire surface of the cap is dotted with large flakes of white or slightly cream color. The plates of the spore-bearing layer are uneven, quite frequent, white at first, and turn yellow in older mushrooms. The leg is straight, white on the leg, there is a clearly visible ring, and a clearly visible sac at the base. The pulp of the mushroom is light, with a pleasant mushroom taste and smell. The red fly agaric is widespread everywhere, forms a microse with birch, less often with coniferous trees, in particular with pine and spruce. The bright colors protect the mushroom well from attacks, in the best traditions of signaling in nature, the mushroom seems to say: “Look, I’m poisonous,” so it can be confused It is problematic with others; of all the poisonous fellows, the red fly agaric can be considered the most honest. You can come across red fly agarics in all types of forests, provided that satellite trees grow in them from the end of July until late autumn.

Panther fly agaric Unlike the red type of poisonous mushroom, it has a calmer color. The main shade is olive, which can vary between light green and dark brown. In adulthood, the diameter of the cap reaches a record 13 cm. At the initial stage of formation of the mushroom body, the cap has the shape of a ball. Then the edges are gradually straightened until the shape of a concave saucer is formed. In some cases, large white flakes with a scaly structure are visible on the outer surface. These are the remains of the shell in which the initial stage of cap formation is formed. The reverse side of the cap has a lamellar structure. White color. The arrangement of the plates is dense. The cut reveals visible flesh of a dense, tight consistency. There is an unpleasant intrusive odor. The taste of the flesh is indeterminate. The length of the leg is standard within 7-9 cm. At the same time, a small thickness is noted - only 1.5 cm. The thickening is determined at the base in the form of a tuber with a cavity. A ring is rarely present. Usually it is quite blurry and quickly disappears under the influence of heavy rains. The first specimens appear immediately after the average daily air temperature rises above 20 degrees Celsius. In this case, the appropriate soil moisture and the absence of frost on the soil are important. middle lane In Russia this time usually coincides with the beginning of June. Deciduous and mixed types of forests are suitable for growth. They form a certain symbiosis with coniferous trees.with coniferous trees.

Doctors are increasingly recording mushroom poisonings about the dangers of mushrooms. Reasons: inability to distinguish between edible and inedible mushrooms, purchasing mushrooms on a spontaneous market, lack of information about the impact of global human activity to biochemical and species composition mushrooms, etc. Mushrooms are often collected by destroying the mycelium. Overripe, wormy and softened mushrooms are not suitable for food, because... may cause gastrointestinal diseases. At the same time, they are a source of spores that renew mycelium. 20 species of mushrooms are considered especially dangerous - pale toadstool (green fly agaric), red fly agaric and other types of fly agaric, line, false gray-yellow honey fungus, puffball, chanterelle, reddish and dark-scaly champignon, satanic mushroom etc. Most often, cases of severe poisoning are associated not with poisonous, but with so-called conditionally edible mushrooms, in particular with the thin mushroom. If prepared incorrectly, poisoning occurs. At different stages of development, mushrooms contain different quantity poisons, it changes depending on growing conditions. It has been established that mushrooms growing on humus soils and in conditions of high humidity are more poisonous than those growing on poor dry soils and in dry years. It is important to remember that after cutting a mushroom, it must be processed as soon as possible, because after 3-5 hours due to the beginning of the protein tissue of the fungal body when room temperature secondary metabolites accumulate in it. Mushrooms can be stored in the cold longer, but not more than a day after collection. They are stored, without transferring, in containers with hard walls, because in plastic bags, the decomposition process is accelerated, and the lack of air and moisture released by mushrooms change the chemistry of decomposition reactions - substances that are even more harmful to health are formed. Mushroom dishes Store in the refrigerator in enamel or clay containers. Mushrooms edible species can accumulate toxic substances, growing near large highways with busy traffic, military training grounds, chemical plants, zones of environmental disasters and in radiation-hazardous areas; each such situation requires special consideration.

About the benefits of mushrooms Mushrooms contain proteins (more than 5% of the mass of mushrooms), fats (about 1%), carbohydrates (3%), as well as macro- and microelements necessary for humans - potassium, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, cobalt. Fresh mushrooms also contain fat-soluble vitamins A and D, B vitamins, ascorbic (vitamin C) and nicotinic (vitamin PP) acid. Mushrooms are also used in medicinal purposes, in scientific medicine the importance of penicillin and other antibiotics contained in mushrooms for the treatment of infectious diseases. Kombucha, which has anti-inflammatory and anesthetic properties, is widely used in Eastern medicine. IN folk medicine for the treatment of diseases nervous system fly agaric is used, alcoholism - dung beetle, radiation leukopenia and tumors - birch chaga mushroom. Edible also has antitumor and tonic properties. White mushroom(boletus), better known for its taste properties. He is called the king of mushrooms. By properly harvesting and processing mushrooms, they can be used all year round.

Mushroom Picker Rules You need to go to the forest to pick mushrooms in comfortable clothes and shoes - the walk should give you pleasure. Collect only those mushrooms that you know well. If in doubt, consult with specialists. And if there is no specialist nearby, do not take a questionable mushroom. You cannot pick mushrooms in the city or outside the city along highways. Do not use old, overripe mushrooms. Even in edible boletus and boletus mushrooms, microorganisms that are poisonous to humans can multiply. Don't put your "booty" in plastic bags! The mushrooms in them wrinkle and break. In addition, the temperature inside the bag can be so high that the mushrooms “suffocate and spoil.” You need to process mushrooms as soon as you return home from the forest. Otherwise, in a few hours the mushrooms will have time to turn into worms. It is better to cut mushrooms with a knife. But you can also carefully twist it out of the ground. The main thing is not to stir up, not to rake moss, dry leaves, pine needles under the “root”, and not to destroy the mycelium. Do not knock over fly agarics and toadstools, do not trample underfoot.

Mushrooms in folk wisdom Proverbs about mushrooms Beans are not mushrooms: if they are not sown, they will not sprout. To be afraid of wolves, to be without mushrooms. There will be rain, there will be fungi; and if there are fungi, there will be a box. You can't live near a forest hungry. They don’t ride in a carriage to pick mushrooms. Making noise in the forest only scares away mushrooms. Every fungus knows its time. They pick up every mushroom, but not every mushroom they put in the back. A mushroom that has been torn out is dead forever; if it is cut off at the root, it produces a sack of offspring. Where there is one mushroom, there is another. A mushroom is not bread, and a berry is not a herb. Mushroom signs live in winter too. Mushrooms grow in the village, but they are known in the city too. Mushrooms on one leg will not come into the basket on their own. Noble dish - two mushrooms on a plate.

About mushrooms Elena Dolgikh If the cap is red, There are a lot of white dots, Then the matter is clear - The mushroom is poisonous! We won't take it, so as not to get poisoned. This colorful army must be avoided. If it looks unprepossessing, It hides skillfully, This is the most delicious mushroom Under the name “white”! Carefully cut it, put it in a basket, marinate, salt and eat until spring, all winter! And on an old stump, And especially in the shade, mushrooms grow like a family - Together, like soldiers, honey mushrooms stretch out. There are boletus in the spruce forest. Those unpretentious ones, snotty caps. They seem ugly, but if you fry them, it’s great! Everything is clear with these. There is also a mushroom - a milk mushroom, which will drive away sadness from the soul. He looks like a funnel, White in color, Often hides to the side From the daylight. Salted breast milk is something! All mushrooms taste better! What fun to hunt for mushrooms, let's go to the forest as soon as possible!

The presentation was prepared by Natalia Vyacheslavovna Popova, biology teacher at KOGOAU “Kepl”

Slide 2

• Kingdom Mushrooms - about 100 thousand species.
• The science that studies mushrooms is mycology.
• Distributed everywhere - on soil, on plant remains and food products, in the tissues of plants, animals and humans
• Life expectancy: from several days (y molds) up to several years (in caps).

General characteristics of mushrooms

Slide 3

1. Common characteristics of fungi with plants are immobility, unlimited growth, absorption of nutrients, reproduction by spores, and the presence of a cell wall.

2. The common characteristics of fungi with animals are that they have no chlorophyll, are heterotrophs, have chitin as part of the cell wall, a reserve nutrient is glycogen, and a metabolic product is urea.

3. Special characteristics of mushrooms - they have a mycelium consisting of hyphae and a fruiting body for reproduction.

Why were mushrooms allocated to a special kingdom?

Slide 4

The body is formed by mycelium, consisting of thin threads - hyphae. Yeasts have no mycelium and their body consists of single cells. In some fungi (mukor) the body consists of one highly branched cell. The cell wall is formed by chitin.

• Fruiting body cap mushrooms
• Yeast cells
• Mucor mycelium

1. The structure of mushrooms

Slide 5

• Asexually
• Sexually
• Budding
• Disputes
• Parts of mycelium
• Yeast budding
• Development cycle of a cap mushroom

2. Mushroom propagation

Slide 6

3. Groups of mushrooms by nutrition

3. Saprophytes (caps, molds) - settle on the dead remains of plants and animals, decompose dead organic matter

4. Predators - catch nematodes and amoebas living in the soil using hyphae, and then suck out their contents

1. Symbionts (caps) - associated with higher plants (mycorrhiza) or algae (in lichens)

Slide 7

Mycorrhiza (fungal root) is a symbiosis of the mycelium of cap mushrooms with tree roots. Mushrooms absorb water from the soil, and trees supply the fungus with organic substances.

Symbiosis is the mutually beneficial existence of organisms.

What is mycorrhiza

Slide 8

4. The diversity and importance of mushrooms. Molds: mucor

Molds cause food spoilage. Mucor forms on food products in the form of white and then black mold. The body (mycelium) consists of one highly branched cell with many nuclei. Spores mature in spherical sporangia at the top of the sporangiophores.

Slide 9

Molds: penicillium

Penicillium is a multicellular mycelium that forms green mold. Spores develop in formations resembling panicles. Penicillium is used to produce the medicine penicillin.

• brush (conidia) with spores
• conidiophore
• multicellular green hyphae